How to make a profile pipe

Everything you need to know about the production of profile pipes

The production of profile pipes allows us to obtain products characterized by high strength and resistance to shock and deformation loads. The scope of application of rolled metal products is extensive, which explains its high popularity. Such products are distinguished by a number of positive qualities (structural rigidity, durability, ease of processing and installation).

Profile pipe

What is a profile pipe?

This is the name of shaped metal products made from metal sheets or blanks. For this, different types of steel are used:

• carbon (St3);
• low-alloy structural;
• special steels characterized by improved properties: heat and chemical resistant;
• stainless.

Other materials are also used: aluminum and alloys based on it, copper, brass. Such products can have an oval, flat-oval, rectangular or square cross-section. At one stage of production, a round billet is formed, but then it passes through the rolls of a rolling machine, acquiring the desired shape. If such a need arises, a triangular or polygonal pipe is made, but this is only possible on an individual order.

Products are divided into types, differing in the production method and properties of the finished products:

• cold-rolled profile pipes;
• hot-rolled seamless products;
• cold rolled electric welded products.

The first option is often used because it is durable and characterized by sufficient elasticity, which allows it to withstand deformation loads (tensile, compression). Hot-rolled seamless products are also durable. They are installed in areas with high loads. Additionally, the resistance of such products to the negative effects of aggressive substances and corrosion is noted.

Electric welded pipes are produced by welding a workpiece. Such products are durable, despite the presence of a seam connection. Modern technologies make it possible to obtain high quality products that will serve for a long period. After the pipes are manufactured, the strength of the seam joints is assessed. Scope of use of such products:

• construction of objects based on metal structures;
• production of greenhouses, canopies;
• setting up a production line for commercial equipment;
• fencing;
• furniture industry;
• laying a gas pipeline (for copper products);
• industry;
• agriculture, etc.

Technology

The cold deformation method is often used to obtain products intended for use in non-critical areas. This technology for manufacturing profile products helps reduce their strength. It is more often used not in factories, but in small enterprises, since equipment for cold deformation of finished products with a round cross-section is characterized by small dimensions.

A profile pipe production line based on full-cycle technology is used to produce products that can withstand increased loads. The manufacturer uses rolled metal, characterized by different thicknesses. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to obtain products with varying degrees of strength.

Equipment

If you plan to use the cold deformation method, you will need a machine for the production of profile pipes. It's called rolling. To manufacture products of the required shape, standard round pipes are prepared.

An alternative option requires the use of such equipment:

• automatic machine for unwinding metal sheets;
• pipe bender;
• welding machine;
• pipe cutting machine.

This list contains equipment for the production of profile pipes using full cycle technology.

Products with increased strength are more popular. You should consider the option of manufacturing profile pipes using full cycle technology.

Strip processing

This is the name of rolled sheet metal. It is characterized by different dimensions. However, to manufacture a profile product, strips are cut and blanks of suitable size are formed. For this, a slitting machine is used. The output is long metal strips of the required width: from 50 mm or more. They are then welded together and wound onto a drum, avoiding downtime of the rolling machine during production.

Making a blank

At the next stage, the metal strips are sent to the machine, where round blanks are formed. The products are not yet subject to heating. After this, the workpiece is passed through welding equipment. At this stage, the edges of the product are joined. Moreover, the rollers continue to influence the workpiece. Thanks to this, burr (melt that appears on the inner walls) is removed.

Pipe profiling

At the next stage, the workpieces are cooled. After this, it is necessary to give them the correct shape, for which sizing rollers are used. Then all that remains is to form a rectangular or square pipe from the resulting workpiece. Rollers are also used for this. If you need to produce oval or flat-oval products, the manufacturing process is somewhat simplified. In these cases, only one pair of rollers is used. Moreover, the cooling process does not stop.

Slicing

At this stage, cutting of a continuous workpiece that was formed earlier is carried out. A saw is used for this. The cooling process does not stop during cutting of products.

Quality control

When producing profile products, the condition of the surface, cuts, and welds is assessed. Before moving on to cutting continuous workpieces, quality control is carried out. Basic methods:

1. Eddy current flaw detection is a method based on measuring the interaction of the external electromagnetic field of eddy currents and the electromagnetic field of eddy currents that appear in the object under study. The purpose of the method is to assess the quality of heat treatment and identify errors (curvatures, irregularities) of the surface.
2. Visual control. At the same time, at the last stage of production, an assessment of the condition of the products (external inspection) is performed. In this way, defects resulting from wear or breakage of the rollers are detected. The flaw detector will not detect these errors in the quality of the product.

Heat treatment

After cutting, the product is heated. This measure will eliminate stress in areas of forced bending. After complete cooling of the finished pipes, their strength increases significantly. This stage should not be excluded when producing pipes using the cold deformation method using only a rolling machine.

The result is products with an extended service life. This is due to a decrease in the wear rate of profile pipes, especially in areas where they are constantly exposed to deformation loads. Heat treatment does not affect external characteristics.

Source: https://trubyda.ru/profilnye/proizvodstvo-truby

Steel profile pipe production: process and equipment

Profile products are among the most in demand in many industrial and economic sectors. Organizing an enterprise that produces profiled metal products is a reasonable decision, but it requires significant investments, even in the case of setting up a small workshop (it makes no sense to launch a powerful line right away). The first thing an entrepreneur should do is to become familiar with the production technology and study the needs of potential buyers in the region.

Modern enterprises produce profile pipes of various types, shapes and purposes

What are specialized products and what types do they come in?

Profile pipes are manufactured for the assembly of metal structures of various sizes and purposes: frames, hangars, temporary and permanent greenhouses. Standard rolled metal with a round cross-section is not suitable for such purposes, just as profile pipes for water and gas pipelines are not suitable.

To ensure the feasibility of producing profile pipes, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the wide list of areas of application of these products:

• profile pipes of standard configuration. The scope of use has expanded to the construction of scaffolding, pipelines, protection of cable equipment, formation of irrigation systems or fencing.
• main profiles. They are used in the construction of large-sized pipelines with frequent pressure drops as support segments (these pipes are most often manufactured according to the manufacturer’s specifications and for individual orders).
• profile rolled metal with increased resistance to chemical compounds. In demand in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
• mechanical engineering profiles. They are used in the production of automobile pistons, shafts, cylinders, and bearings.

The types of sections of profile products are also different. It can be oval, flat-oval, square, rectangular, polygonal. On a separate order, the company may be able to produce profiles with a cross-section in the shape of a triangle, hexagon, etc.

In the construction industry, square and rectangular pipes are in demand

There are several ways to make profiles. Depending on the production method used, the properties of the product will differ:

1. Seamless hot-rolled profile products: used in environments that require increased strength. Usually anti-corrosion, resistant to any aggressive acids and substances.
2. Cold-rolled profiles or standard ones: more elastic structures that can withstand significant pressure changes.
3. Cold-rolled electric-welded profiles: strong and durable structures, but only if operating standards are observed.

Mass production of pipes for various purposes requires adjustments in the list of required equipment. Below is a diagram for the production of standard profile pipes, which should be varied in accordance with the developed business plan.

Profile pipe manufacturing technology

Theoretically, the creation of profiles with a square or rectangular cross-section requires the presence of only one machine - a rolling machine, capable of providing conditions sufficient for molding. This production method involves the purchase of ordinary steel pipes with a round cross-section and their modification on a rolling mill.

One of the ways to produce profile pipes is to roll round products on a rolling machine

The resulting rolled metal product will visually fully correspond to the consumer’s ideas about rectangular profiles, but in technological terms such products will be considered unprofessionally made. The method of rolling from ready-made round pipes is suitable for those entrepreneurs who do not plan to launch a line of profiles for large-scale tasks (such as building frames for hangars or even residential buildings).

Important! Profiles deformed on a rolling mill can only be used as a basis for outdoor advertising (passing signs), to meet the needs of private construction, furniture and decorative interior elements.

These products will be in consumer demand, but they will not be at all suitable for organizing those structures that are subject to higher safety and reliability standards.

If you plan to produce higher-quality products (which significantly expands the sales options for finished products), then the most acceptable option for organized enterprises would be the production of profile pipes in a full cycle, including many successive stages.

Full cycle production of profile pipes

The technology for the production of profile electric-welded products under full-cycle conditions implies the following operations:

• strip processing;
• formation and welding of a round workpiece for a profile;
• round pipe profiling;
• quality control check;
• heat treatment.

The full pipe production cycle begins with the processing of strip - a steel strip of the required width

The basis for creating blanks for rolling will be metal strips - sheets of steel of the required grade (usually low-alloy or carbon steel), supplied to the production site in rolls. Profile manufacturing companies arrange supplies of sheet metal directly from metallurgical plants, which allows not only to reduce production costs, but also to ensure quality control over each unit of goods.

Helpful advice! The strip differs not only in the grade and quality of steel, but also in thickness. The company's availability of blanks of various thicknesses makes it possible to produce pipes of all levels of reliability and expand the range of products offered.

The first step in strip processing will be its unwinding and cutting into segments of the required width. To cut a roll of sheet steel into even longitudinal sections, it is necessary to use a special cutting machine. It is designed for cutting metal strips with a thickness of 5 cm (different machines have their own indicators, and they also depend on the thickness of the strip). For the convenience of further actions, the resulting segments are welded into a single continuous strip.

The resulting tape after cutting and welding is wound onto a constantly rotating drum. This production principle is implemented so that the rollers do not stand idle and the profile is rolled continuously. A reserve of future workpieces is wound onto the drum, which must also be periodically updated.

The next step is to transfer the metal strip to the forming mill. Here, in several stands, rollers form a workpiece, round in cross-section. The workpiece has an infinite length, the molding machine continues to produce it until the tape in the drum runs out. Usually this stage occurs without heating, with the participation of cold sheet steel, but sometimes the steel strip is immediately subjected to heat treatment.

An electric-welded pipe can be easily distinguished by the presence of a seam on one side

The workpiece with an open seam is transferred to a welding machine, where its edges are welded using high-frequency currents. In parallel with this process, the product continues to be compressed by the rollers, which is why excess melt, burr, is released along the entire length of the seam, both outside and inside the pipe, which is immediately removed with cutters. Workpieces that have passed the welding stage are cooled with emulsion compositions.

Principle of rolling and inspection of profile pipes

The cooled billet goes to the profiling stage, which is carried out in several cycles:

1. The rolled products are sent through rollers to give the most identical round shape along the entire length of the product;
2. The round pipe goes to a profiling machine for crimping on four sides: the result is rolled metal with the required cross-sectional shape.

The second technological stage is necessary only if the production of pipes with a rectangular (square, polygonal) cross-section is planned. For flat oval or oval profiles, rolling through the first, control rollers is sufficient. After this, the workpiece is cut into pieces of a given measured or unmeasured length, during which it is subjected to continuous cooling.

The most “weak point” in electric welded structures is the welded seam, which must be tested for leaks. Manufacturing is not considered completed, and rolled metal is not considered accepted for sale, if the following verification methods have not been carried out:

1. Eddy current flaw detection. The flaw detector works on the principle that the electromagnetic characteristics of any metal, including steel, are affected by various degrees of stress caused by weld defects, internal cavities and other undesirable factors.
2. Visual inspection. A quality control specialist inspects the seam to detect damage resulting from malfunction of the forming and profiling rollers, or electric welding defects. The specialist can also identify visual defects that the flaw detector is unable to determine: irregularities, mechanical damage.

Only those pipes that have passed quality control are put on sale.

These control methods can be used both in parallel and individually. In addition to inspecting finished products, it is necessary to carry out systematic preventive maintenance of all equipment in the production workshop in order to avoid mass rejection of products.

To improve the strength properties of steel, the finished product is reheated at the final stage of the cycle. This is necessary for the reason that when steels are deformed, internal stresses are formed in them.

The hot product is left until it cools completely, after which it is transferred to the packaging department. Rolled products that have passed this stage have a slightly higher cost. This explains the absence of this process in some enterprises.

Whether or not to include the additional hardening stage in the production cycle depends on the concept of the planned enterprise.

Equipment for the production of profile pipes

The quantity of equipment purchased directly depends on what level of quality the company expects to receive and what possible distribution channels exist. There is no point in purchasing high-performance equipment if the only currently available option for selling products is furniture or advertising companies, small construction enterprises.

The main criteria for choosing a hardware component are the approximate starting capital and volumes of products. For a young enterprise, a low- or, in extreme cases, medium-power line will be sufficient.

The standard line on which profile pipes will be rolled will have the following hardware parts:

• machines for unwinding, preparing and processing metal sheets (usually a cantilever unwinder);
• rolling mill for forming into a round pipe;
• unit for welding the workpiece;
• unit for cutting the edge of the weld;
• cooling section;
• polygonal tube forming machine;
• cutting knife for cutting finished profiles.

To cut finished pipes in an industrial environment, you will need a special machine.

Important! If a galvanizing section is planned in a production workshop, it will also be mandatory to equip the line with a special bath for galvanizing products.

Production lines can be either fully automated or with the mandatory use of manual force. Automated lines have a higher cost, but also greater productivity. Standard lines are equipped with rectangular shafts only. To increase the power of the enterprise and, accordingly, profit, you will have to buy additional shafts that allow you to give the profile a square or polygonal shape.

In addition to the purchase of equipment, it is necessary to take into account the initial costs of rolled metal, rent and wages for staff. In a production workshop, two people can work on one profile pipe line - a machine operator and an auxiliary worker. You will have to invite not only working personnel directly to the workshop, but also a technologist, and, if possible, laboratory assistants who monitor the compliance of manufactured products with standards.

This type of construction metal, such as profile pipe, is relevant in modern industry. Even a small, but well-equipped enterprise with a good reputation can have a stable income and regular customers in a wide variety of production areas.

Source: http://TrubaMaster.ru/primenenie/proizvodstvo-profilnoj-truby.html

How profile pipes are manufactured

Profile pipes include all products that are not round in cross-section. At first glance, this solution seems paradoxical, since the best solution for transferring liquid is round. But rolled metal products are used not only for organizing supply systems, and therefore the requirements for them are sometimes very different.

Pipe production

The production of profile pipes offers the following types.

• Oval - the main advantage of a round conduit is a small area with a maximum internal volume. However, for areas such as cooling radiators or coils, this feature turns out to be a disadvantage, since heat must be transferred here. Oval conduits have a much larger surface area, so when cooling - in hydraulic systems, for example, they are much more efficient.

Another use is decorative. The products are used to decorate buildings and interiors in modern styles.

• Square - a pipeline, especially of large diameter, is often used as the basis of load-bearing frames. However, a product with a round cross-section bends quite easily, since it is not designed for lateral loads. In a square pipe, the load is distributed at an angle of 90 degrees to any of the surfaces. As a result, a square-section product can withstand the same loads as a solid metal rod with the same dimensions. At the same time, the metal consumption of profile pipes is much lower.

An additional useful quality of this solution is ease of transportation and storage. It is much easier to store a pipeline with a square cross-section, and for the same area the volume of stored material is greater.

Installation of profiled metal products is also much easier. The products have planes that are much easier to connect accordingly. Attaching to the planes of sheet material also does not cause difficulties.

• Rectangular - the load on the frame element may be uneven. In this case, it makes sense to replace the square section with a rectangular section of appropriate dimensions so that the main load falls on the wide part of the pipe.

For decoration, square and rectangular products are used even more often than oval ones: the fastening in this case is very simple.

• Polygonal - from a triangle to a honeycomb shape in cross-section. Such pipes are rarely of large diameter, since their main use is in design. You can see a sample in the photo.

Manufacturing of profile products

The starting raw material is carbon or low-alloy steel - the so-called black pipes. Since the product is mainly used as part of frames, the metal’s own resistance to corrosion is usually sufficient.

If part of the structure or the entire structure will be exposed to weather factors, then it is preferable to use a stainless steel pipeline, despite its higher cost. Products coated with a layer of zinc or chrome are also more resistant to corrosion. The production of the latter is often intended for interior structures, where decorativeness is important.

Production stages

The blank for manufacturing is a round pipe obtained by electric welding or drawing. It depends on the purpose of the product. The pipeline obtained by drawing is characterized by higher strength and resistance to stress, since it does not have welding seams. Its production is more labor-intensive and expensive, but the quality of the product is higher.

Thin-walled pipes of large diameter are most often produced by drawing. The welding seam in this case greatly reduces the performance.

Production includes the following stages.

• A strip is cut to size - a sheet of metal of the appropriate width.
• The strip is rolled into a blank with an open seam - longitudinal, along the product, or spiral. The latter option provides greater reliability.
• The seam is welded. Induction welding is used, in an inert gas environment, and so on.
• The product is cooling. The seam must be checked, since the strength of the future pipeline depends on its quality.

Blanks obtained by drawing are more reliable. In this case, the first stage of production looks different: the workpiece is pulled through a drawing ring several times to form a product of the required diameter.

• The round blank is fed to the forming rollers. Under pressure from the rollers, the product takes on the required shape and size.
• The product undergoes heat treatment - heating and cooling according to a developed temperature schedule. In this way, the stress that arises during production by cold deformation is relieved.

Source: http://TrubyGid.ru/izgotovlenie-profilnyh-trub

Do-it-yourself products from profile pipes

Products made from profile pipes are structures that have increased strength and wear-resistant characteristics. With their help, you can make a large number of the most varied and useful things in the household, such as canopies, fences, stairs, greenhouses, gazebos and even pieces of furniture. All of them will help create the most comfortable conditions for living or working.

Profile pipes have high strength, which allows them to be made into various designs

Features of professional pipes

Corrugated pipe is a material that has a high hardness index, but is easy to process even at home. It has many advantages that allow it to be considered one of the most popular and frequently used. But there are also some disadvantages that must be taken into account when making products from professional pipes with your own hands.

Manufacturing process

Before you start manufacturing any structure, you need to study the production technology of profile pipes. This process is carried out on an industrial scale in specialized enterprises. However, if you have the necessary equipment, you can make a small batch yourself.

This video shows how to make a swing from a profile pipe:



Procedure for creating source material:

1. The metal sheet is unwound and leveled.
2. A cylindrical product is formed from it.
3. After this, the workpiece is welded using a seamless method.
4. Once the finished pipe is cooled to a certain temperature, it is given the desired size.
5. At the next stage of work, it straightens.
6. At the very end, the pipe is cut into pieces of the required length and undergoes heat treatment.

Main advantages

To choose what can be made from a profile pipe, you need to take into account the features of working with it and the main advantages. Thanks to this, you can choose the highest quality material that is suitable for a specific type of product.

The strength of the future structure depends on the quality of the selected profile pipes.

The advantages of a professional pipe include:

1. Very high strength values. Thanks to them, it is possible to produce structures that must withstand enormous loads and not deform under their influence.
2. Cheapness. Despite the many manufacturing stages, corrugated pipes have a relatively low cost and can be afforded even by financially strapped builders.
3. Ease of processing and installation. The easiest way to connect two profile pipes together is by welding. However, they do not require special pre-treatment.
4. High reliability. This type of product goes through many stages of heat treatment, so it becomes incredibly strong. Thanks to this, structures made from them are distinguished by their reliability.
5. Durability. With proper care and appropriate corrosion protection, this material can last for decades. At the same time, it will remain just as durable and retain all its characteristics.

Profile pipes are protected from corrosion, which makes them a very durable material

Negative sides

In addition to the large number of positive aspects of professional pipes, there are also negative ones. All of them are in one way or another associated with financial costs and difficulties of manufacturing at home. The disadvantages include the following:

1. The need to use expensive equipment to create pipes yourself.
2. The whole process requires large free areas.
3. High weight of finished products.

Methods for manufacturing structures

There is more than one item on the farm that can be made from a profile pipe. All of them are done quite simply, but require certain skills for such work and significant financial costs.

The profile pipe has a high cost, which is not always relevant for non-permanent structures

Scaffolding

This item, needed at any construction site, can easily be made from a profile pipe. For work it is best to use ordinary steel. This will simplify the disassembly process, since at the end of construction the structure will become useless. For the same reason, individual parts of the structure should not be secured by welding. The best option would be a bolted connection . During the manufacture of scaffolding, the following blanks will be needed:

• for spacers - with a cross section of 15 mm;
• for rack - 30 mm;
• connecting inserts - 2.5 cm.

If it is not possible to find samples with similar sections, then you can make a product from a 20x20 profile pipe. This will slightly change the characteristics of the finished product, but will maintain its design.

The scaffolding manufacturing process consists of several simple steps:

1. They create a drawing of future forests. If you don’t have the talent of an engineer, you can always find the corresponding picture on the Internet and print it.
2. The necessary markings are applied to the professional pipes according to the drawing.
3. Blanks of the required size are cut from the source material.
4. Then the locations of the future connection are outlined and holes are drilled.
5. One by one, all the workpieces are fastened together and securely fixed with bolts.
6. A wooden board is installed on the top.

The profile pipe is bent using a special machine to the shape you need

Simple stepladder

One of the most popular items among gardeners and summer residents is a stepladder. A large number of works are performed with its help, so it must meet all safety requirements, be convenient and neat. To bring your ideas to life, you need to prepare the following materials:

• 2 sections of professional pipe 2 m each and the same number - 1.5 m each;
• 1 three-meter blank;
• 4 M12 bolts (extended);
• metal plate;
• hook made of the same material.

To carry out this work, you need to decide on the dimensions of the future stepladder and only after that make a detailed drawing. The staircase is made as follows:

1. Pre-prepared pipe sections are marked.
2. The three-meter part is cut into struts and steps.
3. Steps are fixed between two-meter pipes by welding.
4. Two 1.5 meter samples are fastened to each other using spacers.
5. A few tens of centimeters are retreated from the top edge of the stairs and holes are drilled for the bolts.
6. Similar actions are performed on the opposite side.
7. The next step is to screw in the bolts. There is no need to tighten them too tightly for the finished product to fold.
8. A metal plate and hook are welded to the last step. This must be done in such a place that you can hook the opposite side and fix the product in a disassembled state.

Strong gate

This design is not made for one month, so it is best to fasten the workpieces together using a welding machine. It is not recommended to use other types of fastening.

Step-by-step instruction:

1. All necessary measurements are made, according to which the drawing is drawn.
2. Corrugated pipes are marked and cut into separate pieces. For these purposes, you can use a grinder.
3. After this, the support posts are installed. They are concreted for strength.
4. All cut parts are carefully welded together and form a frame.
5. Hinges are hung and securely fastened.
6. The structure is placed on concrete racks.
7. Metal parts are treated with anti-corrosion compounds and painted in the chosen color.
8. At the final stage, the gates are sheathed with finishing material.

Profile pipes make fairly light and durable gates

Durable table

In some situations, it is necessary to use the most durable tables that can withstand heavy loads and will not lose their shape during prolonged exposure. This product can be further decorated and given originality.

The simplest way to create a strong table consists of the following steps:

1. According to a pre-prepared drawing, blanks from corrugated pipes are formed. Among them there should be 4 legs and the same number of crossbars.
2. A transverse part is welded to two adjacent table posts. It will strengthen the structure and prevent its destruction.
3. The same steps are performed for the remaining legs.
4. A pre-cut tabletop is placed on top, in which holes are made. It is attached to the structure using bolts.

You can make a chair in the same way. The only difference will be the addition of a backrest. It can be welded separately or made from a single pipe.

Convenient bench

You can make a very simple and convenient bench from a professional pipe. It can be placed in your favorite place in the garden, in the backyard, or just near the entrance of an apartment building. This design will be strong and durable. In order to make it, you will need the following items:

• professional pipe;
• wooden planks approximately 3 cm thick;
• galvanized screws M6 or M8 with a length of at least 80 mm;
• washers and nuts of the appropriate diameter;
• hardware with a semicircular head.

It is recommended to use the highest quality materials that will not lose their properties with frequent and long-term use of the bench.

Before building a bench from a profile pipe, you need to draw up a careful drawing and follow it in the process

Making master class:

1. At the initial stage, the purchased material is marked and cut along the drawn lines, while it is necessary to ensure the required angle at the cut site
2. A welding machine is used to connect two rectangular supports.
3. At this stage, the resulting corners at the attachment points are monitored.
4. 2 jumpers are welded to the supports.
5. All joints are thoroughly cleaned using a grinding machine.
6. After this, the installation of wooden blocks begins. To do this, they are applied to a metal structure, and holes are drilled in the places of future attachment. Any burrs that appear are cleaned off.
7. The bars are attached to the overall structure.
8. All wooden blanks are impregnated with special protective compounds and covered with several layers of varnish.
9. The frame is treated with a primer and covered with enamel.
10. After all parts have dried, the bench is ready for use.

: fence made of profiled pipe.

Products made from corrugated pipes are distinguished by their diversity, reliability, strength and durability. If the work is done correctly and all recommendations are followed, you can make a truly useful thing that will be practical, original and attractive.

Source: https://zaborprofi.com/rukodele/izdelija-iz-profilnoj-truby.html

Manufacturing technology of profile pipes

Profiled pipes are not used for pipeline installation due to insufficient resistance to internal loads and lower throughput compared to round ones, but they are used in industry, the construction of buildings for various purposes and private development.

Metal profiles differ from conventional pipes not only in appearance, but also in purpose, technical characteristics and manufacturing technology.

What is a profile pipe

Profile are hollow pipes whose cross-section is made in the shape of a square, rectangle or oval. Rarer pipes with a triangular or polygonal cross-section are usually made to order.

Profiled pipes are used for the manufacture of furniture, sports equipment, fencing, and the construction of frames for industrial and commercial buildings, residential buildings and outbuildings. The profiled ones are used to assemble scaffolding, pipeline supports, and advertising structures.

The widespread use of profile pipes is due to the many advantages of this type of rolled metal. In terms of its ability to withstand loads, a metal profile is not inferior to a wooden beam. At the same time, it is cheaper, easier to install, lighter, not afraid of water and does not burn.

To solve various problems, pipes are produced with different technical characteristics: wall thickness, shape and cross-sectional dimensions.

Steel pipes with rectangular and square cross-sections are used for the construction of load-bearing structures. Metal profiles of other cross-sectional shapes are more often used for the manufacture of furniture and decorative elements.

Production technologies

Rolled metal manufacturers produce profile pipes in two ways: by rolling a round pipe, when it is converted from regular to profiled, and full-cycle production, which is the production of a profile pipe from sheet material.

Round pipe profile

To make a metal profile from a round pipe, just one rolling machine is enough. The necessary equipment is affordable and compact and is used by both pipe rolling companies and individuals . The technology, called cold deformation, does not require much time and energy.

We recommend that you read: Installing a deflector on a chimney with your own hands

Production consists of only two stages: procurement of the workpiece and its completion. A welded or seamless pipe is given the desired shape by passing it between the rollers of the machine.

The profiled pipe obtained in this way has sufficient strength for the manufacture of furniture and decorative elements, construction of a gazebo or greenhouse. Such pipes are not suitable for the construction of serious objects requiring high strength.

Full production cycle

For the construction of structures that have high demands on their strength, only profile pipes obtained under full cycle conditions are used.

Such rolled metal is more expensive, but much more reliable than profiled round pipe.

To manufacture a profile pipe, strip is used - sheet material made of low-alloy or carbon steel. A round blank is made from the strip, which is then profiled.

The full cycle line includes several machines, the main ones:

• profile bending,
• welding,
• rolling,
• cutting line.

During the full production cycle, pipes undergo quality control. Additionally, galvanization and heat treatment are carried out.

Stages of metal profile production

The main stages of the full production cycle are as follows:

• strip processing,
• production of round blanks,
• pipe profiling,
• slicing,
• quality control,
• heat treatment.

How profile pipes are produced - product options, equipment, technologies

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The growing popularity of specialized products is an understandable incentive to organize enterprises for their production. However, you need to study the production technology, the potential sales market in advance, and also be prepared for considerable investment.

Purpose and types of profile products

With the help of profile pipes, various metal structures are assembled, differing in size and purpose: frames, hangars, all kinds of greenhouses. Round type products are inconvenient to use in this case; the same applies to main-type profile pipes.

To make sure that the production of profile pipes is a very relevant topic, a brief overview of the areas of their use will help:

1. Standard configuration products . In addition to the usual use in the construction of pipelines, scaffolding, cable protection, irrigation systems and all kinds of fencing are assembled from products of this type.
2. Trunk profiles . They are used to construct large-sized pipelines, which are characterized by constant pressure fluctuations: they act as supports. In the manufacture of these products, the manufacturer's specifications or customer requirements are mainly used.
3. Rolled metal profile type with increased chemical resistance . Scope of application: food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
4. Mechanical engineering profile . They are used to make automobile pistons, shafts, cylinders and bearings.

The cross-sectional shape of the profiles can be different - oval, flat-oval, square, rectangular, polygonal. In some cases, when there is a corresponding order, it is possible to produce triangular, hexagonal and other non-standard profiles.

The exact method of manufacturing profile products that was used directly affects its properties:

• Hot rolled profiles without seams. An excellent option in situations where a high level of strength is required. Most often, they have good anti-corrosion protection, tolerating aggressive chemical environments well.
• Cold rolled (standard) profiles. These products are characterized by great elasticity, allowing them to withstand serious pressure fluctuations.
• Electric welded cold rolled profiles. This product is characterized by strength and durability, subject to proper use.

If the production of profile steel pipes is widespread, then the list of necessary equipment may undergo adjustments, depending on the purpose of the product. The business plan for the production of profile pipes has a direct impact on making some changes to its scheme.

How to make a profile pipe

To produce a square or rectangular profile, you will need only one machine - a rolling machine, which has all the necessary functions for forming this type.

In this case, you need to purchase ordinary steel pipes with a round cross-section and modify them with a rolling mill (read: “How to roll pipes - options and methods”).

The resulting products will have excellent visual identity with the ideas of ordinary consumers about what a rectangular profile should be.

As for technological considerations, such products are quite far from professional performance. Rolling a finished round pipe is an acceptable option in setting up the production of products that will not be used to solve serious problems - building hangar frames or residential buildings. From profiles that have undergone deformation by rolling, it is possible to produce frames for outdoor advertising, furniture, decorative interior elements, and to cover the needs of private construction.

Consumer interest in this product is ensured, but it will not be possible to build safe and reliable structures from it.

Organizing the production of higher quality products will require a full production cycle of profile pipes, which consists of a number of successive stages.

As a result, you will have to purchase additional machines for the production of metal pipes. The increased financial costs in this case are fully compensated by the expansion of the market for finished products.

Full production cycle of profile pipes

The full cycle of manufacturing profile electric-welded products includes the following operations:

• Strip processing.
• Forming and welding of round profile blanks.
• Profiling a round pipe.
• Quality control test.
• Heat treatment.

Metal strip is used as the initial raw material from which the blanks are created - sheet steel of the required grade, supplied to production in roll form. Typically, low-alloy or carbon steel is used for these purposes.

It is best that the sheet metal is supplied directly from the metallurgical plant: this will allow you to reduce the purchase price by an order of magnitude and be sure that each unit of goods will pass the appropriate quality control (read also: “Making pipes from sheet metal - what you need to do it yourself”) . The strip can have not only a different grade and quality, but also thickness.

It is desirable that the enterprise has blanks of different thicknesses in stock: this will make it possible to have in its assortment products with a wide range of reliability levels, which will significantly increase its level of competitiveness.

At the first stage, the strip is unwound and cut to specific sizes. To cut rolled steel into identical longitudinal pieces, a special cutting installation is used. With its help, you can produce metal strips with a thickness of more than 50 mm (this indicator can be influenced by the machine model and the thickness of the sheet workpiece). To make further actions more convenient, individual sections are welded into one continuous strip.

The cut and welded strip is wound on a special drum: thus, continuity of profile rolling is achieved when the rollers are not idle. The drum accumulates stock for future products: it needs to be updated from time to time.

At the next stage, a solid metal strip enters the mill for the production of a profile pipe: several stands are engaged in forming a round billet from a roller. The length of this blank is not limited: its production by the molding unit continues until the drum is completely empty.

Most often, heating is not used at this stage: it involves cold sheet steel. In some cases, the steel strip also undergoes heat treatment.

The workpiece, which has an open seam, is supplied to a welding plant, where high-frequency currents are used to weld its edges. During this operation, a compressive force continues to be applied to the product using rollers: this makes it possible to remove excess melt - burr - from the entire length of the seam, along its internal and external surfaces, for the removal of which cutters are used. Emulsion compositions are used to cool welded workpieces.

By what principle is a profile pipe subjected to rolling and inspection?

Profiling a cooled workpiece includes the following cycles:

1. The rolled product undergoes rolling, which gives it the most uniform round shape along the entire length of the workpiece.
2. A round pipe is crimped on four sides on a profiling machine: this allows the rolled metal to be given the required cross-sectional shape.

The need for the second technological stage arises in situations where it is necessary to produce square, rectangular or polygonal profile pipes.

Flat-oval and oval profiles are quite satisfied with rolling using the first, control rollers (read also: “How to roll a profile pipe - equipment, technology”).

After this, the workpiece can be cut according to the required parameters, continuously cooling them during this operation. The weakest area of ​​an electric welded product is the weld seams, which must be checked for leaks.

To achieve product completeness, with the possibility of obtaining permission to sell, it is checked using several methods:

1. Eddy current flaw detection . The operating principle of the flaw detector is based on the susceptibility of electromagnetic indicators of metals to the influence of various voltage levels. Similar phenomena occur due to seam defects, cavities and other structural defects of the steel.
2. Visual inspection . The company employee responsible for quality control conducts a visual inspection of the seams for damage and defects that may be caused by faulty forming and profiling rollers or electric welding. Thus, it becomes possible to identify visual defects that are beyond the capabilities of a flaw detector. This primarily concerns unevenness, differences, and mechanical damage.

The use of these quality control methods can be either regular or occasional. When inspecting finished products, you should not forget to carry out regular preventive maintenance of all machines and mechanisms with which the production workshop is equipped: otherwise, mass rejection of finished products may occur.

To increase the strength of steel products, they are reheated at the final stage of the cycle. In this way, the internal stress that occurs at the stage of profile deformation is relieved.

To do this, the product is first heated to a certain temperature, after which it must cool down before being transferred to the packaging line. After passing this stage, the price of rolled steel increases: this explains why not all production includes it in the necessary cycles.

Whether or not additional hardening is needed as part of the production process depends on the goals set for the planned enterprise.

What equipment is needed

What kind of equipment is purchased for the production of profile metal pipes is directly influenced by the enterprise’s demands for quality level and sales markets. For example, if a product is produced for furniture shops, small construction firms and advertising companies, there is no need for high-performance equipment. The main criteria when choosing the right equipment are the level of start-up capital and expected production volumes.

A standard line for the production of profile pipes includes the following mechanisms:

• Machines for unwinding, preparing and processing sheet metal.
• Mill forming a round section.
• Welding unit.
• A device for cutting edges on welding seams.
• Cooler.
• Mill for producing polygonal pipes.
• Cutter for finished products.

On production lines, both full automation and the possibility of using manual labor can be used. Automated lines are more productive, although their cost is higher. The equipment of standard lines includes only rectangular shafts.

In addition to equipment costs, the enterprise estimate will include the purchase of rolled products, rental costs and wages for workers. Typically, one production line requires the participation of two people - a machine operator and a helper.

In addition, you will definitely need a technologist and laboratory assistants who will control the quality of the product. Thanks to the wide popularity of profile pipes, even small enterprises are guaranteed good profits and the presence of regular customers.

The main thing is to organize everything correctly, without missing a single production cycle. 

Source: https://trubaspec.com/vidy-trub/kak-proiskhodit-proizvodstvo-profilnykh-trub-varianty-produktsii-oborudovanie-tekhnologii.html

Description of methods for bending a profile pipe at home - Machine

Such structures are made from bent pipes, since they transmit a lot of light and are highly stable and durable when compared with other devices. It may seem that bending metal is very difficult, but if you understand this issue , then it is quite possible to effectively perform this procedure yourself and without the use of special tools.

Difficulty in bending profiles

The essence of the process of bending rolled metal is to give the profile a partial or full bend. This operation is usually performed in two ways : by applying pressure to the pipe or by heating a certain area in the area where the bend needs to be made.

As a metal pipe bends, two forces act on the surface of the metal:

1. The compressive force that falls on the inside of the bend.
2. The tensile force to which the outer part is subjected.

It is precisely the influence of such multidirectional forces that causes various difficulties that are typical in the process of bending any metal pipe.

Common Problems

• The wall, which is located on the outside of the bend, will be subject to strong stretching, and therefore may not withstand any loads and simply burst.
• The inner wall is also subject to compression, so it is covered with folds that resemble corrugation in shape .
• Many people who try to bend a pipe on their own for the first time, instead of giving it the required shape, simply crush the product and ruin it.
• To avoid such problems, it is necessary to take into account not only the characteristics of the material, but also geometric parameters, such as:

• Wall thickness;
• section dimensions;
• the radius to which the bend must be made.

If you have information about all of the above, you can choose the appropriate pipe bending technology. As a result, the material will not wrinkle or get a corrugated surface.

Profile accounting

Profile pipes include products that have different cross-sectional shapes:

• square;
• round;
• flat-oval;
• oval.

A large number of profiles are sold in stores. There are different geometric parameters, the main ones of which are cross-sectional area and wall thickness. It is also worth looking at the plastic capabilities of the material. This indicator will show the minimum acceptable radius of curvature and will help determine the radius to which the pipe can be bent so that it does not deteriorate.

To determine the minimum bending radius parameter, you need to know the profile height. If you are going to bend a profile pipe that has a rectangular or square cross-section, then you should follow some recommendations.

If there is a profile no more than 20 mm, then it must be bent in those areas whose length exceeds a value equal to 2.5 xh (h is the height of the profile).

If the product profile exceeds 20 mm, then it can be bent in areas whose length is 3.5 xh or more.

These recommendations will be useful to those people who are going to bend a metal profile with their own hands to make a rack, canopy or other similar structures.

But it should be borne in mind that for high-quality bending it is also necessary to take into account the wall thickness. A product whose thickness is less than 2 mm is completely unsuitable for bending, and therefore it is necessary to choose a thicker structure.

If the wall thickness is less than 2 mm, then it is better not to bend the pipe, but to use welding to connect the parts.

If you need to bend a pipe at home that is made of carbon or low-alloy steel, you need to take into account a number of nuances. Such metals, after bending, can spring back and return to their original position, and therefore such structures must be re-checked using a template.

The amount of springback is characterized by such a parameter as the moment of resistance - Wp. This parameter is indicated in the construction documentation. And the lower it is, the less likely it is that the profile will return to its original position during bending.

Before bending, only pipes with a cross-sectional diameter greater than 10 cm should be heated.

If you need to bend square or rectangular structures, then you should only rely on your own experience and the advice of craftsmen who have already been involved in such an operation.

If the profile height is no more than 10 mm, then it is not necessary to bend it using heat. If the profile is larger than 40 mm , then heating is required.

If the pipe is small in size, it can be bent in a cold state using hand tools.

To obtain a workpiece with a small bending radius, you can use a stationary plate with stops or a vice, as well as a roller device.

If a large radius of curvature is required, then you need to use fixed mandrels or plane-parallel plates on which the part can be fixed.

When hot, the metal must be bent only if the profile height exceeds 40 mm. Heating is carried out using a blowtorch or gas burner flame. The pipe should take on a cherry-red hue. The length of the red section should be approximately 6 pipe diameters.

Of course, the easiest way to bend is to use a pipe bender; with it you can very easily cope with the task. If there is no such device, then it is necessary to conduct preliminary tests on an unnecessary piece of metal.

Then it will be possible to decide whether the pipe should be heated or whether this is not necessary. One end of the pipe must be clamped in a vice, and a tube with a large internal cross-section must be attached to the other.

If you can bend metal with such a lever , then the process can be carried out without heating.

Preheat

In order to bend a pipe yourself using the hot method, you must first fill it with sand. This way the bending will be uniform and of high quality. The metal will be very hot, and therefore all work must be carried out with special gloves.

Bending is carried out in the following sequence:

1. Both ends of the pipe are plugged with plugs. The length of the plugs should be 10 times the width of their base.
2. After the fitting of the plugs has been successful, it is necessary to make 4 longitudinal grooves on one of them, through which gas vapors that accumulate inside when heated will escape.
3. The area that will heat up must first be annealed.
4. Medium grain sand should be poured inside. If you don’t have good cleaned sand, you can take any from the playground, but first you need to sift it through a good sieve to remove all the small pebbles.
5. Preparatory sand must first be calcined at a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius.
6. Before filling the sand, one end of the pipe must be plugged, and the plug must be inserted into the second end only when all the sand is completely inside. To fill the pipe completely with it, you need to tap on the walls of the product. To do this, it is better to take a wooden or rubber mallet.
7. Now you can close the second plug.
8. The area that will be heated must be marked with chalk.
9. The pipe is secured in a vise with a template or in a special clamp. Do not clamp the weld if there is one, as it may burst.
10. The area that was marked with chalk is heated red-hot using a burner. Then they carefully begin to bend the pipe in one step, applying enough force.
11. When the metal cools, the product must be compared with the template. If everything is fine, then plugs and sand can be removed from the pipe.

This method can be easily applied at home, and should be used if there is a need to form a single angular bend. It is better to avoid repeated heating of the material , since strength will be lost, and this will be detrimental to the arched structure.

Bending without heating

If the pipe is small, then instead of sand you can fill it with a steel spring, which will ensure uniform deformation. You need to choose a spring so that it fits inside freely, but sits there tightly enough. To avoid problems with removing the spring after the operation, it is necessary to attach a wire to the extreme link.

The bend is obtained using simple devices such as a vice, bending plate or mandrel.

It is much easier to use a manual pipe bender, which has a round profile. Working rollers are attached to this device, the shape of the recess in which corresponds to the profile of the pipe .

A profile bending machine, which you can purchase or make yourself, is very effective in bending.

Bending devices

Cold bending can be performed using the following devices:

1. If the pipe is soft and steel with a profile height of no more than 10 mm, then you will need a flat plate with holes where the stops will be inserted. Using these pins, bending will be carried out according to the required parameters. This method has disadvantages: the bending is not precise enough, and when applied, a large amount of physical force must be applied.
2. If the profile is 25 mm high or more, then roller devices must be used. The pipe must be firmly fixed in a vice, and the force must be applied using a special roller. Such a device will allow you to get a better bend, but it will also require a lot of effort.

Bending plate

The role of the plate is played by a panel that can be cut from thick metal. Such a panel is welded to a stand that is installed on a special pedestal. 2 holes are drilled into the panel to install bolts that will serve as supports. A nozzle is attached to one bolt, with which the bending radius will be adjusted. To ensure alignment , you need to prepare a metal plate and secure it with bolts.

Bending a profile pipe at home is, of course, not an easy task, but it is quite doable. You just need to have some plumbing skills and tools.

Source: https://regionvtormet.ru/beton/opisanie-sposobov-sgibaniya-profilnoj-truby-v-domashnih-usloviyah.html

Production of profile pipes: technology and equipment for manufacturing

Hello, dear guest.

Today I propose to pay attention to the profile pipe. The same one from which greenhouses, furniture, fences, house frames and a bunch of other necessary and important structures are made. Steel profile pipes are very common in our lives. We encounter them every day and do not pay the slightest attention to them.

But in vain. Therefore, the production of profile pipes is a real gold mine even for a novice entrepreneur. The initial capital can be increased significantly, and in the shortest possible time.

Therefore, in today’s article we will take a detailed look at all the technological stages of profile production and learn how to organize pipe production on a small “home” scale.

And also, exclusively for visitors to our site, I will reveal some secrets of making a profit that you will not find in other sources.

So, make yourself comfortable - we're starting.

Round Pipe Forming and Welding

The next stage is feeding the metal strip to the machine to produce the workpiece. On the mill, a billet with a round cross-section is formed using rollers in several stands. Typically this stage occurs without heat treatment.

After the section is formed, the workpiece is transferred to a welding installation, where its free edges are welded using high-frequency currents. At the same time, the pressure of the rollers continues and promotes the removal of excess metal (burr). The burr is removed using cutters installed on the mill. After welding, the workpieces are cooled with special emulsions.

Important! Most profile pipes are electric welded. An electric-welded pipe differs from a seamless pipe in the presence of a weld seam.

Profiling

During the cooling process with emulsion solutions, the round billet is fed to the next rollers - calibration rollers. They make it even along its entire length.

At the next stage - the next special rollers, crimping. It is they who, squeezing the workpiece from four sides, form the finished product. After this, the pipe is cut into the required lengths.

Control

The weak point of any electric welded pipe is the seam. Therefore, before allowing a profile for sale, it is necessary to evaluate its quality.

Quality control of finished products is carried out using the following methods:

• Eddy current flaw detection.

In this method, eddy currents are recorded by a receiving meter. Their intensity determines the presence of voids, cavities and other defects in the metal.

An inspection specialist (he must have confirmed high qualifications) inspects the pipe and identifies all external defects - cracks, unwanted marks of profiling rollers, welding defects, mechanical damage.

Ideally, both of these methods are used in parallel, but in a production facility with a large volume of products you cannot inspect every pipe, so it is necessary to systematically carry out mandatory preventive maintenance of all equipment in the workshop

Equipment and equipment of the workshop. Line composition

Ready-made factory lines include several units. Depending on the required number of output products, the power and productivity of each pipe production machine may be different, but the operating principle remains the same. Let's consider the full production cycle step by step.

Unwinder

The apparatus necessary for unwinding the strip. The most common is console. The cantilever decoiler is available with manual and automatic blade expansion drives, weighing from 300 kg to 4 tons.

Rolling mill. Types and principle of operation

The following types of rolling mills are found in modern production shops:

Used to shape sheet metal. Such equipment is used to create simple profiles - gutters, ebbs, consoles.

This technique is used to form tubular products and rolled profiles. The power of the device depends on the clamping mechanism. If the force generator is a regular clamp connected to a pressure roller, the productivity of the unit will be extremely low. To increase the force, replace the clamp with a hydraulic drive.

• Four roller machine

The four-roll machine is equipped only with a mechanical drive. It has the ability to form a profile of any section. It features increased energy consumption and is used in serial enterprises.

Cutting device

After rolling, the profile product goes to the cutting device.

There are three types of cutting devices.

Cuts using a saw made of high-speed steel in the form of a closed band. They are mainly used in large enterprises.

Here the cutting tool is a saw blade mounted in a frame. There are manual and electromechanical options. Compact, simple and reliable. Common in small industries.

• Device with cutting disc

The most popular unit with a circular saw as a cutting tool. They are characterized by simplicity and low energy consumption. Most often used in small production workshops.

Receiving device with roller conveyor

A roller conveyor is necessary for transporting finished profile pipes to the storage location (in the so-called “pockets”). A standard receiving device with a roller conveyor includes a drive section, a frame with idle rollers, and a mechanism for dropping pipes into pockets.

The drive section supports the pipe and sets it in motion; a frame with rollers moves the pipe along the roller conveyor to the dropping mechanism. The release mechanism sends the product into the pockets.

Auto control system

The automatic control system allows you to control the rolling speed, regulate the length and number of products and regulate pauses in the production cycle.

Equipped with a control panel with an indication system of basic parameters and, ideally, an emergency warning signal.

Requirements for premises and personnel

For small batch production it will be enough:

1. Area of ​​at least 4×18m;
2. Lifting equipment - at least 5 tons;
3. Service personnel - at least 1 operator and 1 assistant;
4. The service life of equipment for the production of profile pipes must be at least 10 years.

Important! For the production of large-sized pipes, it is necessary to select units with increased power.

Examples of products produced on the line

The dimensions of the finished products range from 15×15mm to 300×300mm.

The photographs below are examples of finished products:

machine operation

A few examples of how the machine works are in the video below.

Who to sell the pipe to

Profile pipe is used everywhere. Therefore, the pipe sales market is huge.

The product is used in the following areas:

1. Building frames (including popular low-rise frame construction);
2. Construction of bridges;
3. Construction of building trusses;
4. Mechanical engineering;
5. Furniture manufacture;
6. Advertising;
7. Partitions;
8. Metal hangars.

And this is not a complete list of activities.

All organizations specializing in any activity from the list purchase a profile pipe and can become your clients.

How much income does the business bring?

To calculate profits, you need to draw up a business plan, which should take into account all expenses.

Main expenses:

• Purchase of equipment and its launch;

The average cost of a full-cycle factory production line is −1.5-2 million rubles

If you collect it yourself, you can get by with a smaller amount.

Per month, depending on the region, from 30 thousand rubles and above.

• Staff salaries;
• Purchase of raw materials.

A ton of sheets with a thickness of 1-1.5 mm can be purchased wholesale for 40,000 rubles. The price of the finished product starts from 50,000 rubles per ton. By producing 50 tons of pipes monthly, the enterprise will pay for itself in just six months, and after a couple of years, the production of profile pipes will begin to bring a stable, good profit.

Manufacturers of profile pipes have enough competitors, but the sales market is also huge.

And in conclusion - some promised valuable advice:

1. Don't try to produce all sizes. According to statistics, the most popular sizes of profile pipes are 40×25×1.5, 60×30×1.5, 40×20×1.5. Choose the optimal sales market for yourself, monitor the needs of customers, and start from there;
2. Master the production of products with an intermediate wall −1.2 and 1.8. They are found less frequently on the market and are extremely in demand;
3. Hot-rolled sheets are an order of magnitude cheaper than cold-rolled sheets.
4. Master night production - electricity tariffs are lower at night;
5. A smaller profile is cheaper to produce and easier to sell.

That's all for today. I hope the article turned out to be interesting and useful for you, and for someone it will even become a guide to action.

Follow the news on social networks, share your experience and join our communities - I promise, the most interesting things are yet to come!

(1 4,00 out of 5)

Source: https://vseotrube.ru/materialy/metallicheskie/proizvodstvo-profilya