What steel are files made from?

Metal file steel grade

Wear-resistant tools and parts, the strength of which is subject to increased demands, require the use of tool steels, which have a number of important differences from structural steels.

Round tool steel blanks

Areas of application of tool steels

Tool steel is an alloy with a carbon content of at least 0.7%. Its structure can be hypoeutectoid, ledeburite or hypereutectoid.

Tool steels with different structures are distinguished by the presence of secondary carbides. There are no secondary carbides in alloys with a hypoeutectoid structure.

Meanwhile, in each of these structures, carbides are necessarily present: they are formed during eutectoid modifications or are the result of the decomposition of martensite.

Scheme-classification of instrumental materials

In modern industry, tool steels are widely used. They are used to produce:

• working parts of dies operating on the principle of cold and hot deformation;
• high-precision products;
• cutting tool;
• measuring instruments;
• casting molds that operate under pressure.

Depending on the area of ​​application of tool steels, certain requirements are imposed on them. However, there are compliance criteria common to all brands:

• a sufficient level of viscosity (this characteristic is especially relevant for parts subject to shock during operation);
• high strength;
• wear resistance;
• high level of hardness.

Options for using tool steels (using carbon as an example)

Name Steel grade Application

Carbon instrumental	У7У7А	Hammers, cores, screwdrivers, chisels, blacksmith tools, scythes
Carbon instrumental	У8У8А	Scissors, chipper knives, hand carpentry tools, frame saws
Carbon tool, high hardness	У10У10А	Drills, small diameter cutters, band saws, reamers
Carbon tool, increased hardness	У12У13	Wood turning tools, metal hacksaw blades, needle files, files, engraving tools

Brands of alloys intended for use in cold deformation conditions must, in addition, have a smooth working part, the ability to retain size and shape, and also have different yield and elasticity strengths. And tool steel, suitable for work under conditions of hot deformation, must have high thermal conductivity, resist tempering and be resistant to temperature fluctuations. The grades of steel used for the production of cutting tools must also meet special requirements.

Requirements for tool steels

All carbon tool steels are subject to the following requirements:

• good machinability by metal cutting;
• low sensitivity to overheating;
• low susceptibility to the processes of adhesion and welding to workpieces;
• good grindability;
• susceptibility to calcination;
• hot plasticity;
• ability to resist decarbonization;
• resistance to cracking.

Types of tool steels

All grades of steel for the production of tools are divided into 5 main groups.

Heat resistant and viscous

As a rule, these are hyper- and hypoeutectoid steels, which contain molybdenum, tungsten and chromium. carbon in such alloyed tool steels corresponds to medium and low values.

Highly hard and viscous, non-heat resistant

Such alloys are distinguished by a low content of alloyed elements and a medium content of carbon. They are also characterized by low hardenability.

High hardness, heat resistant and wear resistant

These grades include high-speed alloy steels (the content of alloying elements in them is very high), as well as alloys with a ledeburite structure containing more than 3% carbon.

Wear resistant, high hardness and medium heat resistance

These are steels with a hypereutectoid and ledeburite structure, which contain 2-3% carbon and 5 to 12% chromium.

High hardness and non-heat resistant

The composition of such tool steels with a hypereutectoid structure either does not contain alloyed elements at all, or contains them in insignificant quantities. The level of hardness of such alloys is ensured by the large amount of carbon in their composition.

Classification of tool steel in the form of a diagram

An important parameter of tool steels is their level of hardness. As a rule, it is undesirable to use high-hardness steels for the production of tools that are subject to shock loads during operation. This is explained by the fact that such alloys have low viscosity and significant fragility, which can lead to breakage of the tool that is made from them.

Based on the level of hardness, two categories of tool steels can be distinguished:

• with a high level of viscosity (carbon content in the range of 0.4-0.7%);
• with high wear resistance and hardness (they contain more carbon: 0.7-1.5%).

High hard steel hydraulic hammer part

Steel grades are also classified according to the degree of their hardenability. According to this criterion, alloy steels with increased (possible hardening diameter 80-100 mm), high (50-80 mm) and low (10-25 mm) hardenability are distinguished.

About marking of tool steels

To determine the type of tool steel, knowledge of the markings is required, which includes both alphabetic and numerical designations. It's not difficult to figure this out. Very often the letter “U” is found in the marking of alloys.

It means that this is carbon steel. The numbers following this letter indicate the carbon content in the alloy, calculated in tenths of a percent.

The letter “A” is also found in the marking of carbon tool steels, indicating that the alloy is high-quality.

Marking of tool steel (using carbon as an example) indicating the content of additional elements

A large category of tool steels consists of high-speed alloys, which are designated by the letter “P”. This letter is followed by numbers that can be used to determine the content of the main alloying element for steels of this category - tungsten.

the remaining elements in the composition of high-speed alloy steels (molybdenum, vanadium and cobalt) are determined by the numbers following the corresponding letters in their markings - “M”, “F” and “K”. The composition of high-speed alloys must include chromium, but its amount is determined by default - no more than 4%.

Very often, the marking of tool steels begins with a number (for example, 9ХС, 9Х, 6ХГВ), which indicates the content (in tenths) of carbon in their composition, if it does not exceed 1%. If the alloy contains about 1% carbon, then the number at the beginning of their marking is not placed at all. The content of the remaining elements (in whole fractions) is indicated by the numbers that appear in the markings behind the letters indicating the corresponding alloying element.

Quenching and tempering of carbon tool steels

GOST 1435 specifies both the composition of carbon steels and their main characteristics. carbon in such alloys (which can be determined by their grade) ranges from 0.65 to 1.35%.

In order to obtain the optimal structure and required hardness, these alloys are annealed before tool production begins. In this case, for tool steels with a hypereffectoid structure, spherodizing type annealing is performed.

Heat treatment carried out using this technology leads to the appearance of granular cementite. And the cooling rate, which can be easily adjusted, allows you to obtain grains of the required size.

Steel hardening production process

After the tool is manufactured, the tool steel is subjected to hardening and subsequent tempering. This makes it possible to obtain a material of the required hardness. It is also quite easy to regulate the hardness of the finished tool; this is achieved by selecting a certain temperature for the tempering operation. DIY metal carving

Thus, for tools that are subjected to systematic shock loads during operation, the optimal hardness is from 56 to 58 HRC, which is obtained by tempering at a temperature of 290 degrees Celsius. The most stringent requirements are imposed on the hardness of dies, engraving devices, and files (62-64 units on the HRC scale). It is achieved by tempering at a temperature of 150 to 200 degrees Celsius.

Hardening increases the hardness of carbon steels for the reason that it is with its help that it is possible to obtain the optimal structure of the alloy of iron and carbon. Variants of this structure:

• carbides with martensite;
• only martensite.

Tool die steel

Metal products produced by deformation can be processed in a heated or cold state. Accordingly, the dies with which such parts are processed can be cold- or hot-deformed. Naturally, the production of different types of dies requires the use of different grades of tool steel.

Thus, for dies of cold-deformed type and small thickness (up to 25 mm), carbon steels U10, U11 and U12 are used.

The hardness of alloys of these grades ranges from 57 to 59 HRC units; they are distinguished by sufficient toughness, a good level of resistance to plastic deformation, and the ability to withstand wear during operation.

For larger tools (thickness greater than 25 mm), which experience greater loads during operation, steels with a high chromium content (X9, X, X6VF) are used.

Tool die steel in stock

During their operation, hot-deformed dies are subjected not only to significant mechanical but also thermal loads. Naturally, special requirements are imposed on tool steels for the production of these dies (for example, 5ХНМ and 4ХСМФ), such as:

• increased resistance to cracking under conditions of constant heating and cooling of the tool;
• high level of thermal conductivity and hardenability;
• resistance to scale formation.

Source: https://respect-kovka.com/marka-stali-napilnika-po-metallu/

File knife

Every craftsman needs a high-quality knife; it is possible to make a good knife at home. In the last century, when there was a shortage of knives, cutting tools were made from scrap parts. A file is made of hard metals that can withstand increased loads; it is from this tool that a knife is made.

Gift knife made from a file

Required tools and materials

The process of making a knife involves many difficulties, including the selection of materials. For manufacturing, you need to select a file more than 3 cm wide; it is advisable to look for a Soviet-made tool. The cross-section of the file surface should be flat or diamond-shaped; if the latter is found, this will be the best option, since the shape of the steel is stronger and will withstand loads.

The manufacturing process will require the following tools and items:

• Rivets made of brass alloy.
• Etching is performed with ferric chloride.
• Magnet for checking the degree of hardening.
• To process surfaces you will need sandpaper.

Processing is carried out with a grinder or grinder. You also need to decide on the material of the handle of the future knife. A file knife can have a metal or wooden handle, its weight and purpose depend on this. Before manufacturing, it is worth preparing a sketch of the future product; usually it is drawn on paper.

The process of making a knife from a file

Firing the workpiece

The files are made from U10 steel, which is enriched with carbon; a file made from this steel is fragile and can easily crack under load. In order for the metal to be hard and not crumble when struck, it must be hardened. Usually the procedure is carried out in a special oven, the temperature of which reaches 700 °C.

To harden a knife made from a file, which you made yourself, you can use a regular gas stove.

The combustion temperature on the stove is not high, reaching no more than 300 degrees. To achieve the required heat, you need to use a kind of screen. In the absence of a special thermometer, you can use ordinary table salt, its melting point is equal to the hardening of knife steel.

Knife hardening

Hardening of the file is necessary only in the cutting part. Checking for uniform hardening occurs visually; after reaching the temperature, the knife should be uniformly reddish in color.

The product must be kept at maximum temperatures for at least 4 hours. Cooling is done smoothly; if you cool the part right away, it will simply crack.

Cooling of the part occurs through a gradual decrease in temperature; heating decreases every hour by a quarter of its initial intensity.

How to harden a knife from a file

After firing, you can begin to form the future product. The workpiece is secured in a vice, the parts are processed with a grinder and all excess slag and layers of metal are removed. The sharpening machine is used with a coarse-grained abrasive wheel. The degree and shape of sharpening is carried out according to the prepared sketch. On the handle compartment you need to drill one or two holes to attach the handle.

After the tool is hardened from the file, it is necessary to treat the entire surface except the handle. A burner can be a tool for hardening, since the temperature is higher and the knife will harden faster.

Uniform tempering of a knife from a file will give strength to the future product. The correct hardening of a knife made from a file can be determined with a magnet; if there is no reaction with the metal, then it is suitable for further use.

After the process, the metal needs to be cooled, just put it in a bucket of water.

File knife and drawing for it

There is such a thing as metal stress. With this action, the metal crumbles and crumbles. To avoid adverse consequences, it is necessary to heat the instrument in the oven at the maximum temperature for several hours.

Making the handle

Before making a handle for a product, you should decide on the appearance, materials and shape. You can use any material that is at hand. A wooden handle is considered a harmonious option.

File knife handle

The process includes several stages:

• Selection of materials, it is possible to use different types of wood for a unique design.
• It is necessary to make a bolster, the lower part of the knife. The remainder of a file or other metal is used.
• Wooden pieces are placed on top of each other and glued together with epoxy glue.
• To glue the pieces together better and faster, you need to use a press.
• The excess parts are trimmed with a saw, after which they are processed with sandpaper to the required shape.
• When finished, the handle is varnished for greater preservation; it is possible to use stain to darken it.

It is important to understand that all knives, regardless of category, are considered edged weapons. However, a cutting product whose blade length is no more than 90 cm and whose thickness is more than 6 mm can be removed from the category of edged weapons.

Sharpening is done in the usual way on a grinding machine.

The handle can be made of leather, deer antler or other materials. Installation depends on the form; each type requires an individual approach. The leather belt is tightly placed over the handle area, glued with special glue.

Proper processing

The initial processing of the knife blade is performed with any available tool. Sharpening a knife from a file can be done on a grinding machine, which will speed up the process and make the blade more uniform across the plane. The initial sharpening does not require ideal parameters, since the etching process occurs after it.

Etching the blade in citric acid

Etching occurs chemically using ferric chloride, which can be purchased at radio components or hardware stores. It is necessary to completely lubricate the product with the solution, or lower it into a flat container with it. The process will give the blade a film formed on the blade, which will provide protection and it is highly not recommended to remove it. At home, you can use citric acid mixed with vinegar for etching.

After all the processes carried out to process and produce a knife from a file, it is necessary to carry out final processing. The blade is carefully sharpened on a grinding machine to give it sharpness. The handle is polished with a solution of wax and turpentine or varnished.

File knife pros and cons

Making a homemade knife may seem impractical given the various choices on the market. The knife is made for uniqueness, studying the production process. The drill part of the drill or any other material can be used as materials. For a hard and high-quality knife, steel is used, which contains carbon.

File knife

There are several disadvantages in manufacturing.

1. A labor-intensive manufacturing process that requires care and compliance with technical condition. It is not recommended to make mistakes, as the workpiece may be damaged or not strong enough.
2. It will not be possible to make a flexible product from the selected material. The structure of the metal is such that when bent it can crumble and damage other surfaces or a person.

The advantages include steel parameters, technology and manufacturing process.

1. The durability of properly hardened material will give you confidence when performing difficult tasks.
2. The available material is a file, which can be found in any household or garage. The complex process can be worth the cost of the finished product.
3. The thickness of the structure is more than 6 millimeters, which does not classify it as a bladed weapon.

A homemade product made from a file will make everyday work unique. Manufacturing, if you follow all the instructions and steps, is not so difficult, and even interesting. Fans of cutting materials should definitely make a knife themselves.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/tehnologii/nozh-iz-napilnika.html

What metal are files made of?

Having selected used tools (needles, files, rasps, braids, etc.), first of all you should determine what grade of steel they are made of. To keep your search as limited as possible, you should know what types of steel a particular tool is made from.

Thus, files can be made of both tool carbon steel (U10, U11, U12, U13) and alloy steel (ShKh6, ShKh9, ShKh15). You can learn more about this from the list of tools below.

The files presented in the KovkaPRO assortment are made of high-alloy steel with a hardness of 64-66HRC

Products made of tool and alloy steel:

Files - U10, U11, U12, U13, ШХ6, ШХ9, ШХ15 Needles - U10, U11, U12 Rasps - U7, U7AShabers - U10, U12 Chisels, chisels - U7, U8 Taps - U10, U11, U12, P9, 9ХС, Р18 Wood drills - 9xsewrla for metal -r9, P18 Exverts-P9, P18, 9XS cutters-P9, P18 Zubila, screwdriver-U7A, U8A, 7XF, 8XFPROPERS-U8 Acernerers-U7A, 7XF, 8XFSHEVENENETEN NE7A, U8APILA-U8 Gapolotnita Rules-UN U8GA, U10 Hacksaw blades – U8, U8A, U9, U9A, U10, U10A, U11, U12 Metal shears – U12AMhammers and sledgehammers – U7, U8 Axes – U7 Scythes, sickles – U7, U8 Forks, teeth (peckers) – U7, U8 rakes

Blacksmith tools – U7, U8

Stage 2: determination of carbon content in steel

How can you determine specifically whether, for example, a file is made of carbon or alloy steel? To do this, you should resort to a simple old method. Craftsmen noticed that small metal shavings obtained when processing metal with an abrasive wheel, when heated, produce a sheaf of sparks, which have their own characteristic features for each metal.

The “straws” that make up a sheaf of sparks, each brand has its own special ones: long, short, continuous, intermittent, heaped and sparse, smooth or thickened; from each of them small bright stars can be separated, sometimes very abundantly; The brightness of the glow of the sheaf of sparks is taken into account, as well as color shades - from light yellow to dark red.

The higher the carbon content in the steel, the more bright stars there are in the sheaf of sparks. If the steel contains a little carbon, for example about 0.12%, then the sparks coming out from under the abrasive disk will fan out in the form of slightly curved lines of yellow-straw color, with thickenings in the middle and at the end (1, see Fig. on page 105).

Steel containing 0.5% carbon and having an average hardness produces approximately the same sparks, but a small number of stars separate from the place of average thickening (2). Copious sparks with stars (3) are released from the high-carbon tool steel.

Chromium steel has long, orange-red sparks; from them, like thin branches from the main branch, short sparks with stars at the end extend from them at different angles (4). Tungsten steel sparks intermittently, and also has small thickenings at the end (5).

Chrome-tungsten high-speed steel produces both short and long sparks of a dark red color with thickenings at the end (6).

Stage 3: Tool Test

Now let's get back to the file. Before you start testing it, you must wear safety glasses and place a sheet of black-painted plywood near the sanding wheel. On a black background, the sparkling metal is visible much more clearly, and the eyes have to strain less.

If we forcefully run a file over the emery wheel and get abundant sparks of a bright yellow color with many stars separating from them, we can conclude that it is made of high-carbon tool steel (U10-U13).

Conversely, a sheaf of orange-red long sparks with branches and stars at the end indicates that the file is made of alloy steel (ШХ6, ШХ9, ШХ15). Of course, in this way only the approximate chemical composition of steel is determined, but for amateur practice this is quite enough.

Knowing that the file is made of tool steel of the indicated grades, the heat treatment mode is determined from the table.

The table shows that the U11-U13 steel from which the file is made is annealed at a temperature of 750°C and then gradually cooled in air. Annealing is carried out in a muffle furnace, forge or in the firebox of a conventional furnace.

It is convenient to anneal metal objects in an electric school muffle furnace, since the built-in thermometer makes it possible to monitor the heating temperature. But the depth of the muffle furnace is limited.

If the file does not fit into it, it is wrapped in several layers of tarpaulin and broken with a strong blow of a hammer.

The broken file is removed from the tarpaulin, annealed in a muffle furnace, and then slowly cooled. The resulting scale often interferes with machining. Therefore, wearing glasses and mittens, they knock it down with a hammer and a chisel.

Annealed and processed tool steel becomes quite soft: it can be easily filed, sawn and forged. With minimal hardness, it has maximum plasticity and viscosity. This makes it possible to make from it gravers for engraving, embossing, chisels, cutters, punches, and other tools for the artistic processing of metal.

Having made the desired tool from a file, it is hardened by heating according to the table to 780°C, followed by cooling in water. After hardening, the steel becomes brittle, so it is tempered: heated to 180°C and cooled in water or machine oil. When tempering, the heating temperature of the metal is controlled by the so-called tarnish colors, which correspond to a certain heating temperature.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/iz-kakogo-metalla-delayut-napilniki/

How to determine the composition of a metal?

Having selected used tools (needles, files, rasps, braids, etc.), first of all you should determine what grade of steel they are made of. To keep your search as limited as possible, you should know what types of steel a particular tool is made from.

Thus, files can be made of both tool carbon steel (U10, U11, U12, U13) and alloy steel (ShKh6, ShKh9, ShKh15). You can learn more about this from the list of tools below.

The files presented in the KovkaPRO assortment are made of high-alloy steel with a hardness of 64-66HRC

Making a knife from a file with your own hands at home

To obtain the necessary characteristics of the future knife, a sketch of it is drawn from a file as a blank on paper. It is better to choose an old tool with a worn notch. High-carbon steel provides the future knife with high cutting performance. The production of such a tool will be inexpensive, and its quality will surpass many factory samples.

General characteristics of a homemade knife

Knowing what kind of steel files are made from, it becomes clear why they are used to make knives. The material used is high-carbon steel of such grades as U10A, Kh12M, ShKh15.

Due to its high carbon content, this material can be hardened to 64-66 Rockwell units. This provides it with sufficient hardness . That is why at home they make a knife from a file.

A high-quality homemade knife can be made from:

• A thick drill for metal. It should be taken into account that the hardened part is only working. The shank is raw.
• Engine piston connecting rod.
• Socket wrench.
• Springs.
• File.

When making fincas on a professional basis, all these things are pre-forged. It is especially convenient to forge a file that has a suitable shape for this. During the forging process, the metal acquires the desired properties and becomes more elastic.

The thickness of the file is such that it requires removal of a layer of metal in order to properly form the bevel. During forging, the metal is not removed, it takes on a different shape. In order to forge a workpiece it will take much less time than when making it on a machine.

Technology and manufacturing stages

At the first stage, the selection of material is carried out. The better it is, the better the quality of the blade. The blade must meet the following requirements :

• be adapted to a specific job;
• withstand shock loads;
• The sharpness of the blade must be maintained for a long time;
• not to be subject to corrosion.

To make a good homemade dagger, you first need to make a design for it. It is better to choose a simple form. Pay attention to the junction of the blade and the handle. There is no need for complications here. It is better to move along a smooth radius.

The DIY process at home consists of several stages. Their order is as follows:

• annealing of the workpiece;
• blade formation;
• hardening;
• vacation;
• making a handle.

Source: https://pochini.guru/sovety-mastera/izgotovlenie-nozha-iz-napilnika

What steel are metal files made from?

Despite the abundance of electric tools that have replaced manual ones, there are types that have not undergone any major changes over many hundreds of years of operation and are still used to perform many technological operations. One such tool is a file.

The number of their types is difficult to count, and even more difficult to count the number of operations that can be performed with its help.

What is a file and what is it for?

A tool designed to remove a layer of metal from a workpiece is called a file. It is a metal strip on which a so-called notch is applied. It consists of cutting teeth made according to certain rules described in GOST 1465-80.

To control it, use a handle mounted on a specially formed shank. Several grades of steel are used for manufacturing. As a rule, this is steel containing 1.1 - 1.25% carbon. The steel grade can be ШХ15 or У10А, the latter steel is classified as unalloyed improved.

One of the main requirements for it is high hardness. That is why after heat treatment it is not tempered. In working condition, the surface has a hardness of 54-58 HRC.

The handle with which the control is performed can be wooden, plastic, or metal.

They are produced in different shapes, lengths and with different parameters of cutting teeth.

It should be noted that the abundance of this product allows you to perform many types of work, in particular, it can be used to remove various types of contaminants, grind workpiece planes, remove flash and sprues. Using these products of special shapes, it is possible to sharpen saw chains and process gears.

It should be noted that it can be found in almost any home, garage and of course in production.

Classification of files by section shape

The parts processed with it can have different shapes. These can be sheets, profiles, etc. That is why, for productive work, manufacturers produce products of different shapes and geometric sizes. One of the classification options is by section shape. Manufacturers market products of the following types:

• flat;
• square;
• round;
• triangular;
• special;
• oval and some others.

In addition to the fact that products are distinguished by cross-sectional shape, they have different lengths and shapes. The minimum length is 50, maximum 500 mm. By the way, only the part on which the working teeth are applied is measured.

There is some relationship between the length of the working part and the size of the teeth. The longer the tool, the larger the size of the cutting tooth. Large is used when there is a need to remove a large amount of metal.

But, after processing the material with a tool with large teeth, the surface turns out to be rough and scratched, and there is no need to talk about the accuracy of the processing.

In cases where it is necessary to obtain a higher quality surface, products with fine teeth, for example velvet, are used.

That is, processing is carried out in at least two stages using different types of files. At the first stage, rough processing is performed, and the finishing of the surface of the part is carried out by bringing the workpiece to the required parameters.

File Features

Handmade products of this type can be divided into the following categories:

1. Locksmith - we can say that this is a multi-purpose tool. It can be found in almost any enterprise, workshop, or household.
2. Needle files are small-sized products designed for processing small parts. They are widely used by engravers, jewelers, and pattern makers. In addition, needle files are indispensable when processing in hard-to-reach places.
3. Sharpeners - they are used for sharpening saw chains, hacksaws, etc.
4. Rasps are products with the largest teeth and are used to work with non-metallic materials, that is, in cases where the usual one is not suitable for solving the assigned production or household tasks.

As already noted, working teeth are applied to the working surface. It can be single or double. For processing soft materials, a tool with an arc cut is used.

Source: https://vi-pole.ru/iz-kakoj-stali-delajut-napilniki-po-metallu.html

What is a file?

This tool is a product consisting of two parts:

1. Steel bar. Notches are applied to its surface using special patterns. They may have several options. The most common types of file cuts are rectangular, triangular and round.
2. Wooden or plastic handle. With the help of a clamping ring that prevents it from cracking, it is mounted on a cone-shaped shank. Designed for ease of use of the file. If the handle breaks, it is easy to replace. Beech, birch and pressed paper are used to produce the part. Its length must be one and a half times longer than the file shank.

The tool can have different sizes. Standard lengths are 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 cm. Diameters: 12, 16, 20, 23, 25 and 28 mm.

Operating principle

All types of files belong to cutting tools. They are used to create the desired sizes and shapes in processed products. Files operate by grinding surfaces layer-by-layer.

To produce this tool, very hard, high-quality tool steel is used:

• Brands ШХ15 or 13Х. This is alloy chromium steel.
• U10A or U13A. These grades are improved unalloyed.

The files are processed by hardening, resulting in a hardness of 54-58 HRC. These grades are used for the production of files intended for working with metal products. For wooden and other materials, tools are taken whose steel is softer.

Single cut tool

This notch (also called simple) is found in special files. The purpose of such a tool is to remove a small layer of metal during filing. Special files are used for processing narrow surfaces. They are convenient for sharpening wood saws. These products are designed to work with soft metals, wood and plastics.

Cross Section Products

Double-cut files are general purpose tools. On the surface of these products, in addition to the main section, there is an additional one. The main section is intended for removing particles from the workpiece, and the auxiliary section is for grinding them into chips. Files with double (auxiliary) notches are used when working with hard metals and alloys.

Files for metal. Kinds

GOST 1465-59 are the standards that are relied upon in the production of metalworker’s files. Depending on the size of the notches and their number per 10 mm of surface, the following tools differ:

1. Drachevye. Tools with large notches. There are up to 5-12 of them on a 10 mm file surface. The smaller the number of notches, the larger the teeth. Consequently, more particles are removed when filing the product.
2. Personal. Presented with products with a medium notch. The number of teeth is up to 25 pieces.
3. Velvet. These are the instruments with the finest notches. There are 80 teeth per 10 mm surface.

For convenience when choosing the necessary tool, the types of files have their own numbers: quarrel files - No. 1, personal files - No. 2, velvet files - No. 3-6.

Classification of tools by shape

The processed parts have different shapes. To effectively work with such products, appropriate types of files are provided. They differ from each other in profile shape (cross section). The following types of files are distinguished:

• flat;
• square;
• trihedral;
• round;
• semicircular;
• special;
• knife-shaped or hacksaw;
• diamond-shaped;
• oval file.

What types of instruments there are are briefly outlined above. What are they for?

Purpose

A flat file is used to work on convex and flat external or internal surfaces. Square is used to work with square and rectangular holes and grooves. This tool is also called a whetstone. Its length is 35-50 cm.

It is effective in cases where it is necessary to remove a layer of metal exceeding 1 mm. The triangular file is used when working on internal corners, grooves, holes and grooves. Round is necessary for filing concave surfaces.

Used for working with round and oval holes.

Special files are used for processing corners, inclined and jagged surfaces. This type of tool produces narrow grooves and grooves. Brushing tools are equipped with the largest teeth and are intended for initial surface treatment, as they allow you to quickly remove a large layer (0.05-0.1 mm) from it. At the same time, these files have low accuracy.

As a result, the working surface is processed roughly. Personal files are used for finishing filing. In this case, a layer 0.02-0.06 mm thick is removed. Velvet ones are used in the final grinding phase. The thinnest layer (0.01-0.03 mm) is removed from the surface of the sawn product. These files have high processing accuracy, which is 0.01-0.005 mm.

In addition to metalworking files, rasps, which are distinguished by their notches, are used for processing metal and other surfaces. Their teeth are large and shaped like pyramids, behind which there are special grooves. The section on this tool is placed in rows, perpendicular to the axis.

Rasps are used when processing soft materials: aluminum and duralumin. Manufactured from steel grades U7A, U10A. Their hardness is 35-40 HRC. Standard length of tools: from 25 to 35 cm. Rasps come in four types: blunt-nosed flat, pointed-nosed flat, round, semicircular.

The scope of application of the tool is medicine and the production of tin products.

Needle files are the smallest files. Designed to perform very precise work. For the production of these tools, steel grades U12 and U12A with a hardness of 54-60 HRC are used. Depending on the cross-sectional shape, needle files are:

• flat (blunt-nosed and pointed-nosed);
• square;
• triangular;
• round and semicircular;
• oval;
• diamond shaped;
• groove and hacksaw.

A DIYer does not need to have every type of file. It is enough to have three main ones - flat, triangular and round. It is also advisable to have a set of needle files and several rasps. With these tools, you can easily cope with any task related to metal grinding.

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sovietsky 07-07-2009 21:39
Good evening gentlemen! Actually, I set out to make myself a date with a long narrow blade, I’ve been planning it for a long time, but somehow the materials were not right or there was no inspiration, and then I found an old Soviet file from the 70s and thought about making a file out of it, so that it would be more or less authentic in terms of materials ( like carbon).

But this is prehistory, but the crux of the matter is this: the file has excessive hardness and, as you know, it requires tempering up to 58-60 HRC, that’s actually the temperature at which this can be done (it is possible to give it to a company there, sort of, with temperature controls within 500 degrees) and how long does it need to be maintained at the required temperatures?

BoKu 07/07/2009 21:49
One master blacksmith, while forging a knife with me, hardened it in this way: he heated it until cherry color, heated it so that the color was uniform over the entire surface.

Then he vertically lowered the cutting edge into the water (the butt and shank remained heated), then quickly cleaned off the scale with a brush and monitored the color of the tarnish.

  How to sharpen a metal drill with a grinder

the heat in the butt heated the receptacle and, with a bright blue color (this is 300 degrees), lowered it into oil and paraffin heated on the forge and left it to cool. I don’t know how correct this is, I just told what I saw. may come in handy.

AntiterroR 07/07/2009 22:01
I annealed the Bearing in the grill after the barbecue =)) I threw it into the coals and left it to cool, got up in the morning (the grill had cooled down) and the bearing was already being sawed with a file))) BoKu 07/07/2009 22:04
As I understand it, the question was more likely about partial tempering after hardening, to reduce hardness and prevent chipping of the RC, and not about complete annealing. Although I could have misunderstood.

Kerogen 07/07/2009 22:12
The hardness of files, as a rule, is high only in the surface layer; the hardness inside is much lower. Therefore, if possible, first anneal the file, then take it to a rough bevel, carry out normalization and hardening and tempering recommended by steel grade makers. Next is the final processing of the slopes.

For annealing: If the file is made of U8, then heat to 805 C, cool with the furnace.

If from U10-U12, then heating to 850 C, cooling with the furnace.

You will find about normalization, hardening and tempering of U8-U12 in Yandex. Va-78 07-07-2009 22:23
quote: The hardness of files, as a rule, is high only in the surface layer; the hardness inside is much lower. There is such a thing, but thin old files are calcined through and through. I've already done it more than once.

Here's a shitty photo of a fighting old man from such a file. He plowed his knife for three people - and cut/shaved everything, dug the ground, chopped tin, and even served as a metal tool. Also, on occasion, he served as musat.

In short, what I mean: there is no excessive firmness there.

quote: As I understand it, the question was more likely about partial tempering after hardening, to reduce hardness and prevent chipping of the RC, and not about complete tempering.

With all due respect, the topic is called “FILE ANNEALING” BoKu

Source: http://ooo-asteko.ru/marka-stali-napilnika-po-metallu/

Making a knife from a file, description of the process

A knife is a tool that every adult uses every day for various purposes. Recently, it has been quite difficult to buy a high-quality knife in a store or on the market, as many fakes made from low-grade material have become widespread.

And if you buy a real branded product, its price will be very impressive. You can become the owner of a wonderful item if you make a knife from a file made of high-strength steel.

To make it, it is not necessary to purchase a new file; an old one, whose surface has turned from embossed to smooth from repeated use, is quite suitable.

Advantages and disadvantages

You can make a knife from a file with your own hands as a universal kitchen knife, as well as for hunting, fishing, tourism, and even a folding one. Regardless of the variety, each tool, made independently, has a number of advantages:

• Long service life. The product will last a long time, since the hardened steel is very durable and will not bend or break when cutting hard objects.
• Availability of materials. Many people have old files, and the labor intensity of the process is compensated by the resulting cheap knife.
• The thickness of the knife is more than 6 mm, so it will not belong to the category of edged weapons.

In addition to the advantages, the homemade tool has some disadvantages. The manufacturing process is complex and requires attention and accuracy.

Errors during operation are unacceptable, as the product may turn out to be insufficiently strong or completely unsuitable for use.

In addition, a steel blade does not make a flexible blade, and it can simply crumble when bent, causing injury. A knife made from a file has its pros and cons, but overall the product is strong, durable, and durable.

Required materials and tools

To make a knife with your own hands, you need a file; its width should not exceed 3 cm. It is best if it was made in Soviet times, that is, it is especially durable. The most suitable steel for making a knife is U10 steel, which is equipped with carbon, or modern improved steels. The cross-section of the tool must be flat or diamond-shaped. In addition to the file, other available materials and tools are required. These include:

• ferric chloride for the blade etching process;
• epoxy;
• a magnet used to check the degree of hardening;
• brass rivets;
• magnet;
• vice;
• sandpaper that will be used to process the surfaces.

Processing will be done using a grinder or grinder. In addition to the tools and materials for making the blade, materials for the future handle are required: metal, wood. Before work, it is necessary to make a sketch of the future design, which is done on paper.

Firing the workpiece

The metal used to make files is very hard, so it is not possible to simply strip the blade and form a cutting edge by turning it on a machine. When heated on sharpening equipment, the cutting surface will not hold an edge and may crumble.

Therefore, the file must be fired, that is, the alloy must be returned to the technical parameters that it had before it was processed in the factory. To burn a file, you need to place it in a fire: a fire, a container (barrel), a stove, a gas stove. It is important that the fire is constant for 4-6 hours.

Then the file will reach a temperature of up to 700 degrees.

If firing is carried out on a gas stove, then it is enough to heat the area that will become the blade; it is not necessary to heat the entire workpiece. But the heat from the burner will not be enough to reach the required temperature for firing.

Therefore, experienced specialists recommend placing unique metal stops with a thickness that should be greater than the thickness of the workpiece, for example, bolts, on the tile grid, along the side parts of the product. They place a metal plate, but not very thin, a saucepan, a kettle.

Thus, an object made of metal reflects the heat that rises.

Regular table salt used in the kitchen will help control the combustion temperature. Salt is sprinkled on the surface of the file, and if it does not melt, then the temperature is not enough, therefore, it must be added.

The workpiece should have the appearance of molten metal, and its color should be uniform within 3-4 hours. The intensity of combustion decreases smoothly, over approximately an hour, at least 50 minutes.

Cooling is also done gradually; it is better to leave the workpiece in the place where the firing took place until it has cooled completely.

Formation

After cooling, the file is clamped in a vice and the excess sections are removed and shaped in accordance with the previously completed drawing.

You can use an abrasive disc for turning. If you need to make a knife from a file with a small blade, then you should not cut off the excess part from the workpiece.

It is useful for making a full-fledged handle or will serve as a basis in which holes are made to secure plates made of wood, plastic, or metal. The drawing is cut out from a sheet of paper, and a blank is attached to it. Using a marker, trace the outline of the layout on a file.

A transition of the blade spine in the cutting edge is formed on the workpiece, which is indicated by a cut of small depth. The tip of the blade originates from the place of the cut. This is followed by the stage of forming slopes on the tip, which is carried out using emery or a file. It is very important that the arrangement is symmetrical and the surfaces are smooth. The finishing of the knife should be carried out using sandpaper, which is wrapped around a block of wood.

The knife is ready after firing, but it is a soft material, so it cannot be used to its full potential!

How to harden correctly

Some craftsmen perform hardening based on the glow of a heated file, although this is a mistake. You will learn how to properly harden a knife from a file from the following description. The workpiece should be heated in old waste oil until the blade acquires a dark red color.

But, since it is difficult to determine the degree of readiness even for an experienced craftsman by color, a magnet is used. Cold steel is magnetic, but if it is heated to the required temperature, it will not magnetize. After the desired degree of hardening has been achieved, the object is sharply lowered into a container with waste oil.

To make cooling happen faster, the container is placed in another one with cold water poured into it. A product hardened in this way turns out to be strong, hard, and reliable during operation.

To check the hardness of the material, you need to run a knife along the glass. If the steel is tempered with high quality, then grooves remain on the glass.

Next, the product is etched in ferric chloride, as a result of which an oxide film appears on the metal. This film will protect the knife from corrosion. If there is no ferric chloride, acetic acid, raw ground potatoes, and lemon juice may be suitable.

Making the handle

Before you start making the handle, you need to make a guard, which is located between the handle and the blade. It can be made from any material: steel, brass, iron. The handle itself can be made of wood, metal, bone, plastic, leather, textolite.

Tree

The most common material is wood of various species. To make a wooden handle, pieces of material are taken and glued together using epoxy resin.

For the most durable and fastest gluing, it is best to place the product under a press. After the pieces of wood are glued, all excess is cut off with a saw and processed with coarse, then fine sandpaper.

A varnish is applied to the finished handle, which protects the wood from moisture and damage; the handle can be darkened using stain.

We mark the piece of wood along all planes

Textolite

A piece is cut out of PCB, the length and width of which depends on what kind of handle you want to make. Typically the length is from 7 to 12 cm, the width is up to 2 cm. To make the grip stronger, notches are made on the shank with a file.

Holes for the shank are drilled in the center of a piece of PCB. The handle is attached to epoxy, which generously lubricates the shank of the product, as well as the handle itself inside. After drying, it is advisable to stick a stencil cut from the sketch onto the handle.

The handle is then given any configuration using an emery machine, file or grinder.

Leather or canvas

To wrap the workpiece, a fairly long piece of material is taken and wound into place for the handle.

To check the amount of winding, you can take the knife in your hand, it will be clear from the feeling whether there is enough material: how comfortable the given thickness feels in your hand.

If it is not enough, you should wind it more, and when you feel comfortable, the material should be cut off. Then the winding is removed, the base of the handle is covered with special glue, and winding is done again, only more carefully and thoroughly.

Stackable handle

An interesting original design option is the inlaid pen. To make it, you need cork or birch bark, from which many pieces are cut into rectangular shapes. Their number depends on the length of the future handle.

Holes are drilled in the center of each rectangle; the shank will fit into them. All parts are well lubricated on all sides with epoxy glue.

To make the product original, you can insert the same parts made of thin plastic between pieces of birch bark or cork.

Assembly

The parts of the future knife are assembled from a file without forging using rivets. Special rivets are sold in specialized stores. They are often made from steel, less often from brass, copper, and aluminum. Rivets look like a metal rod with a cap. To connect the parts, you need to drill holes in them equal in diameter to the rod.

The rivets are inserted into the holes, the head resting on the anvil, the sharp end is flattened with a hammer. The connection of the handle with rivets is strong and inseparable. It is best to use blind rivets that can be worked without the use of a hammer.

You can build fastening elements yourself, using spacer sleeves and nails as the starting material.

Finishing and sharpening

At the end of the work, you need to finish the knife, which consists of giving the handle its final shape and sharpening. The handle, depending on the material, is sanded and waxed. But the main and most difficult stage is sharpening the knife blade.

Sharpening is best done by hand using a regular sharpening stone. When using an electric machine, the metal may overheat. It is good to edit the blade on a round rod with notches, which is called a musat, and is often included with kitchen knives.

Sharpening of the finished product is carried out at different angles, it depends on the purpose of the tool.

Type of tool and purpose	Sharpening angle in degrees
Dining room	55-60
For the kitchen at home	30-35
For professional chefs	25-30
For cutting and deboning	25-30
Professional fish cutting	25
Processing of various vegetables in enterprises	35
For hunting and folding knives if you need sharpness	30-35
For hunting and folding if you need good resistance to blunting	40-45

Of course, everyone can sharpen the finished product at their own discretion, but these are generally accepted rules that it is advisable to follow.

Anyone can make homemade knives from a file according to their taste: for work in the kitchen, for various other purposes. A handmade instrument will become a source of pride for the craftsman. A durable file knife will serve for a long time, it is reliable, and also has a unique design.

Source: https://posuda-gid.ru/nozhi/populyarnye/202-iz-napilnika

What is the hardness of the file? — Machine tools, welding, metalworking

Having selected used tools (needles, files, rasps, braids, etc.), first of all you should determine what grade of steel they are made of. To keep your search as limited as possible, you should know what types of steel a particular tool is made from.

Thus, files can be made of both tool carbon steel (U10, U11, U12, U13) and alloy steel (ShKh6, ShKh9, ShKh15). You can learn more about this from the list of tools below.

The files presented in the KovkaPRO assortment are made of high-alloy steel with a hardness of 64-66HRC

Steel grade of file for metal - Metalworker's Handbook

Metal grinding is not always done with a power tool. Sometimes files are used for such work; the main thing is to choose them correctly. This tool comes in two types - for working on metal and wood. Files designed for metal are harder than their counterparts used for wood. This is explained by the fact that the surface of metal is much more difficult to process than wood.

Such tools are made from very hard steel, and differ from each other in different shapes and sizes of notches. Such diversity has led to the fact that it is quite difficult for the average person to understand for what purposes this or that instrument is intended . To improve the situation, their classification was developed, which is still in effect today.

Types of notches

To choose the right file, you should determine the type of cut applied and the configuration of its teeth. The method used to apply the teeth is:

• milling;
• stretching;
• notching;
• cutting;
• turning.

The most popular today are files with teeth cut on special machines. Most often, the notches are single or double. A single notch removes sawdust , which is equal in size to teeth. It is very difficult to work with such a file, so they are mainly used for processing soft metals, wood and plastic.

A double notch is formed as a result of a combination of the main and auxiliary, which is performed at an angle to the main one. Such notches grind the chips that are formed during the work process. Alloys and hard metals are processed with this file.

The size of the teeth depends on the size of the notches per 1 cm of the length of the bar - the fewer there are, the larger the tooth will be. Depending on the size of the teeth, the tool comes in numbers from 0 to 5 . The largest teeth are designated by numbers 0 and 1; they allow you to quickly remove a fairly large layer of material (0.05 - 0.10 mm). The main disadvantage of a tool with such a notch is the low accuracy of the processed parts, amounting to 0.1 - 0.2 mm.

A tool with teeth numbered 2 and 3 is used when it is necessary to remove a layer of material of 0.02 - 0.06 mm. A file with notched teeth numbered 4 and 5 is used for finishing parts. Processing accuracy – 0.01 – 0.005 mm. These teeth remove a layer of material of 0.01 - 0.03 mm, no more.

Types of files

The purpose of a tool is:

• general purpose;
• needle files;
• special purpose;
• rasps.

General purpose files are mainly used for metalworking work. They have a double notch with teeth applied using the notching method. The notches have different lengths (from 100 to 450 mm), and the teeth have almost all numbers.

A special-purpose file is used most often in industrial conditions, as it helps eliminate large allowances when fitting grooves and different curvatures of surfaces. Depending on what kind of work will be carried out, special-purpose files are divided into flat, grooved, double-ended and others.

The most numerous group is needle files, there are 11 types: round, square, oval, flat, semicircular, triangular, hacksaw, etc. They are characterized by a short length of the bar and class 5 notches. Most often they are equipped with a double notch. This file is used to process small parts or places that cannot be reached with ordinary plumbing tools.

There are 3 types of rasp: general purpose, hoof rasp and shoe rasp . Their distinguishing feature is their long length and large teeth. Basically, rasps are semicircular, round, flat with sharp and blunt noses.

File shape

Based on the shape of the tool, you can determine the scope of its application:

• flat pointed or simply flat are used for processing flat surfaces;
• square, with the help of which holes of polygonal, square and rectangular shapes are cut;
• triangular, which are used for processing in grooves, holes and grooves;
• using semicircular tools, large holes and concave surfaces with a significant radius of curvature are processed;
• round are used for processing concave surfaces with a small diameter or oval and round holes;
• rhombic ones are designed for working with gear parts;
• Hacksaw tools are used to cut grooves and narrow slots.

  Maximum permissible deflection of a metal beam

A large number of works are performed with only three types of files: round, triangular and flat. These types should be of three main groups: rasps, needle files and general purpose.

Conclusion

A file is a fairly simple tool, the use of which does not cause any difficulties. Grinding work carried out with this tool is considered much safer than if a power tool were used. The only difficulty is choosing the right file for metal, however, after carefully studying all the details, this will not be difficult.

• Alexander Romanovich Chernyshov

Source: https://ssk2121.com/marka-stali-napilnika-po-metallu/