How to make a weld correctly

Learn how to cook with electric welding correctly

Welding is used in many sectors of the Russian economy. Welders work on construction sites, creating underground and above-ground structures. They work in automobile factories, energy complexes, agriculture and oil refineries.

Many men use welding from time to time when solving repair work in their homes; the welding seam is considered one of the most reliable methods for joining parts

Before starting to weld metals, the welder must familiarize himself in detail with the operating instructions of the welding machine and with safety precautions when carrying out welding work.

A novice welder must know everything about welding : the basic principles of welding ( welding technology ), how to properly electric weld objects, determine the appropriate welding mode, etc.

The difficulty of such work is that when gas welding is done, the welding mode changes, which deteriorates its quality.

This article talks in detail about how welding work is carried out, namely: how to learn to weld with electric welding - how to properly weld with inventory welding, how to use manual arc welding and how to weld with a semi-automatic machine.

Where to start - the preparatory stage

Before starting welding, you need to prepare the following tools:

• welding machine,
• electrode elements of a certain size and type;
• hammer for removing slag;
• brush.

The diameter of the electrode element is determined in accordance with the thickness of the metal sheet.

In this case, you should know the safety rules when carrying out welding work. The welding specialist must have a mask with a light filter installed, as well as long-sleeved workwear and suede gloves.

To work, you will need protective equipment: a mask with a light filter, long sleeves, suede gloves, the necessary tools

When carrying out welding work, an electric current rectifier and an inverter are used - technical devices that change the current from alternating to direct.

Welding process technology

Metal welding is a high temperature process. When welding various metal products, an electric arc is formed and retained, which connects the electrode element and the welding part to each other.

Under the influence of the arc, the product and the rod of the electrode element melt.

Then, a weld pool appears in which metal and electrode elements are mixed. The parameters of such a bath are related to the selected welding mode - they are indicated in millimeters: length is 10–30 mm, width is 8–15 mm, depth is 6 mm.

When the electrode coating melts, a gas zone appears near the arc and above the weld pool. It pushes air out of the weld area and prevents oxygen from reaching metals that have already melted.

Also in this zone, vapors appear that produce metal and electrode elements. Slag appears on top of the seams, which prevents the molten part from coming into contact with oxygen, which deteriorates the quality of the welded work.

After removing the electric arc, the metal crystallizes and a seam appears that connects the welded parts. On top of the seam there is a protective layer against the ingress of slag, which is removed after connecting the welding parts.

Manual arc welding technology

Welding pipes using manual arc welding is not the easiest welding for beginners in this business. Welding training should be conducted by experienced people in this matter, who give useful recommendations and correct the shortcomings of beginners.

During welding work, the electrode performs certain actions: translational, longitudinal, transverse. These combinations produce different types of seams. The most used ones are shown in the figure.

In order for welding to be of high quality, it is necessary to monitor the movement of the electric arc. If the arc is too long, the molten metal oxidizes, its drops are sprayed throughout the product, causing the seam to become porous.

Manual arc welding has the following advantages:

1. such work is done in a separate room;
2. Many electrodes are produced for such welding;
3. you can quickly move from one welded product to another;
4. The welding machines used in this welding process can be easily moved from one place to another.

At the same time, arc welding of metals has several disadvantages:

• During such welding work, many harmful substances are released;
• has low efficiency in contrast to other types of welding work;
• the quality of welding work performed is directly related to the qualifications of the welder

Performing semi-automatic welding

Semi-automatic welding is not the easiest welding job. Before you start welding parts with a semi-automatic machine, you should carefully read the instructions for this machine.

The semi-automatic machine can be configured in this way:

• First you need to calculate the current strength, which is determined based on the thickness of the welded metal. Information about these 2 parameters can be found in the instructions for the semi-automatic machine.

Semi-automatic welding is considered poor quality if the welding current is low;

• make adjustments to the welding wire feed speed. The speed must be adjusted on the replaceable gears that are included with such a device;
• set the desired voltage and current;
• check the correct setting of the modes on the test part;
• click on the “Forward” button;
• add flux to the funnel;
• install the holder - the tip of the mouthpiece must be in the welded area;
• After setting up the welding machine, you need to open the flap of the flux funnel, click on the “start” button and strike the welding spot. As a result, a fire will appear on the arc, and the cooking process will begin.

Semi-automatic welding machine will perform high-quality work with various grades of steel

Basics of electric arc welding

Various instructions on how to properly weld with electric welding focus on the beginning of the welding process. The first electric welding for beginners in this field should be carried out under the supervision of an experienced welder, who corrects shortcomings and gives recommendations to the beginner.

Electrode welding begins with securely securing the part. To avoid a fire hazard, pour cold water into a bucket and place it near the welding area.

You cannot carry out welding work on wooden workbenches and be superficial with any cuttings of the electrode elements used.

In order for the electric arc to ignite, you must perform the following steps:

1. firmly secure the “grounding” clamp;
2. insulate the cable wire, then carefully insert it into the holder;
3. set the current value on the welding machine in accordance with the specific diameter of the electrode element;
4. install the electrode element relative to the welding part at an angle of 60 degrees;
5. you need to carefully move the electrode over the metal surface - and it will spark;
6. bring the electrode element to the metal and raise it to a height of 5 mm.

If the above steps were carried out in the correct order, the arc will light up.

A gap of 5 mm must be observed during welding work - from start to finish.

When properly welding metal with electric welding, the electrode burns out slowly, and therefore it is carefully brought closer to the metal. Do not move the electrode element quickly because it may stick. If such a situation arises, you will have to move it a little to the side.

If the arc itself does not ignite, the current should be increased.

After the arc is ignited, you need to slowly move the electrode element horizontally, making slight vibrations. The metal, which has already melted, will in such a situation move closer to the center of the arc.

As a result, a seam with small waves is formed.

If, when welding parts, the electrode element completely burns out, and the seam is not yet fully completed, the welding work is suspended.

In such a situation, it is necessary to replace the old electrode element with a new one, remove the slag and resume the welding process.

Next, at a distance of 12 mm from the seam of the recess - the crater, the arc should be lit. In this case, it is necessary to bring the electrode to the crater in such a way that an alloy of the old and new electrode elements appears, after which it is necessary to resume welding the seam.

The trajectory of the arc when welding parts has 3 directions:

• progressive. The arc is moved along the electrode axis. In this case, the length of the arc is maintained;
• longitudinal In such a situation, a welding thread roller is formed. Its height is related to the speed of movement and the length of the electrode element.

As a result, a thin seam is formed. To prevent it from disappearing, when moving the electrode element along the seam, it is necessary to make transverse movements;

• transverse. In this situation, as a result of oscillatory movements, a specific seam width is established. The amplitude of such vibrations is set depending on the size of the seams, their position, etc.

Experienced welders use all 3 directions of arc movement.

Features of pipeline welding

An electric arc welding machine is used to weld vertical seams that are located on the side of the tube. In such a situation, horizontal welding seams are made - along an arc circle.

Steel tubes are connected end-to-end. In such a situation, all edges are welded - at the level of the height of the pipe walls.

To reduce the volume of deposits inside the tube, it is necessary to set the horizontal inclination angle of the electrode element to 45 degrees.

When welding with overlap, the height of the seams is 3 mm and the width is 8 mm.

Before electric welding pipes, you must carry out the following steps:

1. remove excess particles from the part;
2. straighten the ends of the tube if they are deformed;
3. clean the edge. Clean 10 mm of the outside and inside of the tube that is adjacent to the edge until shiny.

After completing these steps, you can start welding.

All joints must be constantly cleared of slag until the end of the welding process.

All areas of pipe connection, the wall width of which reaches 6 mm, are made in at least 2 layers.

If the width of the pipe wall is 6–12 mm, make 3 layers, 19 mm or more - 4.

The peculiarity of welding pipes is that slag is removed from each seam applied to the pipe joint, after which the next seam is made.

The 1st seam melts all the edges.

If cracks are visible on the first seam, they must be melted out and the product element must be welded again.

The 2nd and subsequent layers are made by rotating the tube.

The beginning and end of each layer should be aligned with the previous one by 15–30 mm.

The last layer is made on a smooth surface, while smoothly transitioning to the base metal.

At the moment, welding galvanized pipes is considered the cheapest way to construct underground and above-ground structures.

The final layer during the welding process should be as smooth as possible with smooth transitions to the base metal

Zinc protects pipes well from corrosion and rust, which is why galvanized pipes are not inferior in quality to stainless steel.

In addition, galvanized pipes have a pleasant appearance, so they are often used to create the original design of a building or structure.

Welding of galvanized metal, which is used in construction, is done in the same way.

Do-it-yourself welding is considered a difficult task. Before starting such work, you need to study the rules of the welding process and learn how to perform light welding work for beginners in this matter.

Source: https://trubexpert.ru/repair/uznajte-kak-pravilno-varit-elektrosvarkoj/

How to weld correctly with electric welding - making beautiful seams

In the modern world, welds are found almost everywhere, in any industry. But many owners resort to the services of specialists. But you can easily acquire this skill yourself, especially since the welding process is very exciting; you may be drawn from welding an ordinary garage to making an openwork fence. It’s not difficult to learn how to cook; just understand the nuances and you can safely move on to the welding process.

Preparation

Before you begin any training and understand how to properly weld with electric welding, you need to stock up on certain accessories. For welding you need to purchase:

1.  Welding machine – electric welding.
2. Set of electrodes. Their diameters vary and must be selected depending on the density and thickness of the metal section. Necessary for supplying current to the welding seam. For beginners, you can purchase rods with a heating and easily melting composition.
3. Long sleeve rubber gloves. It is recommended to wear suede ones.
4. Mask with a darkened light filter.
5.  Thick clothes.
6. A hammer needed to knock down slag (glassy material).
7. Brush for cleaning seams.
8.  Transformer – used to convert direct current to alternating current. It is used, as a rule, when there is no need for a high-quality weld.
9. Rectifier.

Instead of a transformer and rectifier, for a beginner you can use a simpler mechanism - an inverter. It is very convenient and versatile. They can be used to weld both aluminum alloys and durable steel alloys. It also comes with a pair of wires with clamps attached to them. An electrode is inserted into one end, and the parts necessary for welding are attached to the other.

When welding, do not forget about safety measures.

Before starting welding work, it is necessary to prepare the working surface. To do this, you need to remove rust from surfaces by treating it with sandpaper, a grinder or sandpaper. If you ignore this procedure, problems may arise when igniting the arc.

We recommend! Direct and reverse polarity when welding with an inverter machine

Electric welding process technology

Welding is a process cultivated under the influence of high temperatures. Under its influence, the treated surfaces melt, forming a so-called bath in which the base metal is mixed with the metal core of the electrode.

The size of the resulting pool can be different, depending on the initial type of welding, position to the surface, speed of arc movement, and so on. On average, the welding width can be 0.8 - 1.5 cm, height 1 - 3 cm, and depth about 0.6 cm.

Oxygen, when combined with metal, can have an undesirable effect on the joining of the seam, which is why the electrode is covered with a special coating, which, when melting, forms a zone of gas in the arc area and above the molten pool, into which air does not enter. This is why the metal does not interact with oxygen. In addition, slag forms on top of the seam, which also prevents the interaction of the alloy and oxygen. At the final stage, it is cleaned with a brush.

Arc striking training

Before any type of activity you need to gain experience. Likewise in the welding process, before you start alloying several metals, you need to practice making beads on an unnecessary sheet of metal. To do this, you need to clean the rusty surface and dirt on it.

The electrode is then clamped into the welding machine holder (inverter). Next, in order to deliver current to the melting zone, you just need to scratch. Or you can also do it with tapping movements.

After the completed electric arc is created, the electrode is directed to the workpiece. It is worth noting that the gap between the electric arc and the metal surface should be the same throughout the entire gap, but not less than 0.3 cm and not more than 0.5 cm.

Important! If the gap between the arc and the metal is changed, the electric arc will break, and the welding seam will be defective and unsightly.

The electric rod is usually held at an angle of 71 degrees. It can be tilted forward or backward, as is more convenient for the master. In the future, the tilt can be changed depending on the convenience of the master or on the specifics of welding.

We recommend! GOST methods for welding channels together

And also at this training stage it is necessary to feel the required electric welding current in order for the supply to be carried out stably. If the current strength is small, then the electric arc will go out, and if, on the contrary, it is large, then the metal will begin to melt. Welding skills can be gained through trial and error.

Weld seams depending on welding speed

 Correct movements with the electrode

After training with rollers, which after hard training should turn out approximately smooth and beautiful, you can begin training welding seams. It is at this stage that you can understand how to correctly lay perfect seams using electric welding. This stage is already within the capabilities of beginners who have gotten good at using rollers, felt the required current strength, the distance between the gaps, etc.

For a welded seam, you must first prepare the equipment, as described above (light an electric arc). A distinctive feature from the previous stage is that this time the master’s hand moves not in a straight line, but along an oblique path, making light oscillatory movements with a small amplitude. It looks as if the master is moving hot, melting metal from one edge of the welded element to the other.

The movement can be different and can be a zigzag, looping or reminiscent of repeated bends similar to Christmas trees and sickles.

There are trajectories produced in three directions:

1. Progressive. The electrode moves along its axis. For this purpose, maintaining a stable electric arc length will be sufficient.
2.  Longitudinal. This is one of the thinnest types of seams. It looks like a thread. In order to apply it, it is necessary to maintain a height that depends on the speed at which the electric rod moves. In order to secure the resulting seam, it is necessary to make transverse directions of movement.
3.  Oscillatory. This trajectory helps to obtain the required seam width. They can be done by making oscillatory movements of the hand. The height of the vibration wave is selected based on the size of the desired joint.

Electrode manipulation Recommended! Classification of welds and joints

The training also needs to be done on an unnecessary metal sheet. To begin, draw a line with chalk so that it can be seen through the darkened glass of the welding helmet. Next, along this line you need to draw a seam with an electrode along one of the trajectories listed above. After the joint has cooled, the slag is knocked off with a hammer, and a beautiful seam is obtained.

After obtaining these initial skills, you can safely begin welding connecting seams. They come in completely different shapes: horizontal, vertical, angular, butt, overlapping and others. After you feel that your hand is moving more or less confidently and have trained a lot, you can only then try to weld beautiful and delicate seams.

For a visual understanding of the welding process, we recommend watching this video

Thus, you can independently learn the very necessary skill of working with electric welding.

To do this, you need to stock up on certain supplies and tools. It is also worth remembering that welding is a very dangerous activity, so when working with it you need special equipment and protective measures (helmet, gloves, clothing).

To master this type of work, you must first practice on an unnecessary sheet of metal.

Source: https://svarkagid.ru/tehnologii/kak-nauchitsya-varit-elektrosvarkoj.html

How to make a welding seam correctly?

You can easily learn how to apply a correct and high-quality weld on your own. Electric or arc welding, designed for beginners, involves initial training in the formation of these permanent type connections. You should start with the simplest ones, gradually moving on to more complex connections when you have gained enough experience.

Preparation for welding work

To perform welded joints, it is necessary to prepare the appropriate equipment. To work with electric arc welding, you need to take the following tools and materials.

• Directly the welded equipment itself, which comes in different types.
• Electrodes of the required diameter - it usually depends on the thickness of the elements being connected.
• A special pointed hammer that will be used to knock down slag.
• A wire brush for cleaning the area of ​​metal where the weld is formed.

When forming a joint, you should remember the appropriate safety measures. It is not possible to carry out work without an appropriate mask equipped with special light filters.

It is advisable to wear fairly thick clothing with long sleeves and gloves made of suede materials. In addition, you should take a rectifier, or a transformer if the equipment is quite old.

However, recently, welds are increasingly being made using inverter equipment, which is equipped with everything necessary to convert alternating current into direct current.

Work technology

In order to correctly place the molten electrode on the weld being formed, it should be taken into account that welding is not a very simple and safe technology. First of all, this implies the use of high temperature, which must exceed the melting point of steel.

Under its direct influence, the base metal and electrode are melted. Accordingly, a so-called weld pool occurs, where the metals of the workpieces and the electrode are mixed, resulting in the formation of a welded joint or seam.

The size of the weld pool directly depends on the settings on the equipment, location in space, the speed at which the electrode moves, and the gap between the elements being welded. Forming the correct weld implies an average joint width of 4 to 30 mm, depending on the thickness of the workpieces.

Electric arc technology involves the use of electrodes with so-called coating. When voltage is applied to the electrode and welded elements, it creates a special gas zone above the bath. Due to it, absolute displacement of air occurs, which prevents direct contact of oxygen and the metals being welded.

When elements are welded, slag forms on the surface of the joint, which also prevents the molten iron from coming into contact with air.

The formation of a correct welding seam is carried out when the electric arc is removed: the metal begins to gradually cool and form a crystal lattice.

The protective layer of slag should be removed after the metal hardens.

Arc Welding Basics

To make a reliable welded joint and correctly place the molten electrode material, close attention must be paid when starting work. It is best to start mastering this work under the supervision of an experienced welder, who will help you avoid the most common mistakes and provide advice if necessary.

The parts connected to each other must be rigidly fixed. Due to the fact that the work is carried out at high temperatures, it is necessary to take all measures regarding fire safety. You need to place a bucket of water near you. Work should not be carried out on a wooden base.

The grounding clamp is fixed to the elements to be welded. Before doing this, you should carefully check the quality of its insulation. If it is damaged, this cable should not be used. In addition, it must be securely fastened in a special clamp.

Properly selected equipment settings allow you to apply the electrode smoothly and evenly, due to which the metal is deposited onto the elements being welded.

This gap will have to be maintained throughout the entire operation. If everything was done correctly, the electrode will begin to gradually melt and burn out, so it will have to be slowly brought to the workpiece, thereby maintaining the required distance. You should not bring it closer, as it may stick. If an arc does not occur, you will have to increase the current on the equipment.

Welding seam: how to move the electrode?

When performing welding work, the electrode should be moved along one of three trajectories.

• Translational - the electric arc is directed along the axis of the elements being connected. This allows not only to maintain its constant combustion, but also to form a fairly thin and durable weld.
• Longitudinal - allows you to obtain a thread seam of different heights, which will directly depend on the speed at which the electrode moves. In fact, the connection turns out to be very strong, but to strengthen it you will have to make some lateral movements.
• Transverse - ensures the formation of the required width of the welded joint. It involves performing oscillatory movements. The width of the seam is selected based on the thickness of the elements being connected, their sizes and a number of other parameters.

Usually, when carrying out work, all these movements are used, which, when combined with each other, form a specific trajectory. It is usually different for each welder. In principle, the trajectory itself is not very important, the main thing is that the edges of the workpieces are fused as best as possible and, accordingly, a seam is obtained with predetermined parameters.

Pipeline welding: technology features

It is worth noting that welding involves the formation of not only horizontal, but also vertical seams, which makes it possible to weld industrial pipelines that require the highest quality connections. In this regard, only experienced welders who have all the necessary documents indicating their high qualifications are allowed to perform such work.

Unlike flat parts, when welding pipes, the electrode is held at an angle of 45 degrees. The maximum height of this connection should be no more than 4 m. Depending on the thickness of the pipes, the width of the seam can be quite large - in some cases up to 4 cm.

When carrying out industrial work, in order to obtain a complete and durable connection, the areas where the seam will be formed are cleaned of fat, rust and other contaminants that can reduce the strength of the seam.

Welding implies constant improvement of skills; only in this case will it be possible to obtain the highest quality connection that will serve for a long time.

Source: https://electrod.biz/varim/seams/kak-pravilno-sdelat-svarochnyiy-shov.html

How to place a welding seam correctly?

Today, in the age of innovative technologies, a beautiful electrode welding seam remains a popular method for joining metal structures of various parts. But in order to know and be able to perform high-quality welding, you will need to study the question of how to make a beautiful welding seam using electric welding. On the Internet, as well as in scientific and technical literature, there is a sufficient amount of information that can help create a beautiful and durable seam for any surface of the product.

Beautiful welding seam

Features of welding technology

According to the generally accepted classification, there are two options for an ideal weld, in particular:

• Detachable view.
• One-piece look.

Detachable technology includes seams and connections that can be separated without damage without breaking the connecting elements. The simplest elements are a bolt and a nut.

Permanent connection refers to high-strength structural solutions; the parts are in no case separated, and the uniqueness and integrity of the structure is not compromised. This option includes riveting and welding technologies.

Experience shows that in order to achieve ideal quality, an excellent option would be the heat-affected zone of the weld, which ensures a high joint result.

Basic characteristics of the work process

Now you need to figure out how to properly weld the correct seam, which ensures the ideal plane of the parts being connected. As you know, welding itself is a unique technology; the parts being connected are joined together under the influence of melting, while ensuring a reliable connection. To understand how to make a weld correctly, it is necessary to study various factors of the welding process, among which are:

• The principle of design and operation of technological equipment.
• General degree of adjustment of the working device.
• Size range of electrode diameters.
• Classification, experience and skill of a master of technological devices and equipment.

The last factor is significant, and allows us to solve the difficult problem facing a specialist - how to correctly lay a welding seam using electric welding.

Welding a perfect weld

Equipment options for work technology

Innovative developments do not stand still, just like traditional methods; an ideal weld without stripping involves the use of one or another version of devices, where the priorities are:

• Contact technology.
• Gas compression.
• Roller group.
• Electroslag.
• Thermite method.
• Friction.

Source: https://svarkaipayka.ru/tehnologia/drugoe/kak-pravilno-klast-svarochnyiy-shov.html

How to lay a welding seam so that it is reliable and durable: technique, steps and nuances

Nowadays, welding is needed to connect parts made of different materials, such as metal. There are many varieties of this process because welding is used for many purposes: from household needs to the creation of more complex structures.

The technology itself is not very complicated, if you understand the theory well (types of welding, technologies, basic concepts), then all that remains is to practice creating seams so that they are of high quality, and therefore not only beautiful, but also durable.

So anyone can do this, the main thing is to devote time to self-education.

Types of seams

First, let's look at what welding is. This concept refers to the process of melting the material of parts to firmly fasten them together with a weld. Usually special equipment is used for this.

In turn, a welding seam is a place where parts come into contact and are held together by melting the edges and creating weld metal, that is, an alloy from the material of the parts.

There is also the concept of fusion zone, which refers to the area between the weld alloy and the material of the part. The melting process itself occurs with the help of thermal influence and the zone in which it falls is an area that does not melt, but changes properties due to temperature changes.

One of the most important spare parts of the device is the electrode. This is a metal rod that contains chemical coatings and conducts current.

And the discharge that ensures the melting process occurs between the electrode and the material of the part, and is called an electric arc. Accordingly, different types of welding are used for different purposes.

Among their differences there are some characteristics. When welding, various materials, seam formation techniques and the seams themselves can be used.

For example, there are types such as arc welding and gas welding. In the first, the main melting element is the electrode. His task is to work with the arc, that is, to create it and hold it on the material of the part.

In the second type of welding, the heat source is a torch. It releases a flame that is formed when a mixture of oxygen and acetylene burns.

The bottom line is that different types have different effects on the parts that are fused together. But at the same time, the result is the same - the parts are fastened together.

This happens as follows - first, the parts are located at a close distance, as if they were already fastened together. Next, the parts are heated by the tool and their edges begin to melt - this forms a weld pool.

Sometimes additional metal is added to strengthen the weld, which increases the amount of metal. When the material melts, a line is formed, along which the molten section then crystallizes and becomes a seam.

It is important to first learn how to use the basic technique before experimenting with species. The welding machine must be adjusted so that its settings match the characteristics of the material that will be melted.

If you have mastered the basic principles of fusion correctly, then you can move on to training with different types of welding joints.

Each type has its own method of execution. Let's look at the most common of them. Externally, they are flat, strengthened or weakened. There are two types of welding seams based on the method of their implementation - one-sided and two-sided.

Double-sided is when parts are soldered on both sides, and single-sided on one side. Connections can consist of one, two or three layers. There is also a classification according to their length - point, double-sided checkerboard, chain, continuous.

Welding seams also have different directions for applying forces, for example transverse, oblique or longitudinal. One of the options is a combination.

And the last classification criterion is placement in space relative to the part. They are horizontal, vertical, ceiling, bottom.

Seam technology

Next, we will begin to analyze the direct principle of creating a welding seam. There are several stages in this process:

As the name suggests, at this stage you need to do some preparatory work. To begin with, you need to take into account safety rules when preparing the place where all this will happen.

Next, you need to choose equipment that will protect the body from possible technical damage. Then the details are prepared for further work.

To do this, they are cleaned of unnecessary coatings such as dirt, varnish or dust, and this is usually done with something like a metal brush. Then the necessary settings are set on the device and the process itself begins.

• Creating an arc (igniting the burner)

This stage depends on the type of welding and there are separate instructions for each type.

Each type of connection has its own procedure that must be followed.

If you used arc welding, you need to clean the bead. With other types of welding, this is not necessary because the joints do not slag and, accordingly, there is no debris.

The key to a beautiful seam

In order to get a good, beautiful welding seam as a result, you need to know the techniques for creating it, because it is not enough to simply place the parts close to each other and move the electrode straight.

Each of the methods for creating welding joints has a common principle - this is the smooth introduction of the electrode along some path to get an even trace. In order for this mark to be beautiful, the tool we are working with must be rotated 60 degrees towards the fusion part.

You need to do it smoothly at the same speed, otherwise if you linger in one place, you can scorch the material. The simplest and most common method is the zigzag method. It is used for different types of materials.

The conductor needs to be led from the right corner to the left side, as if diagonally, and then in a mirror image move to the right. It seems that a zigzag is drawn on the product.

For sufficiently large distances between parts (more than 5mm), the herringbone method is used. This method requires more welding strokes, which results in more weld material being formed to hold the parts together.

It is best to start also from the right, and then draw a horizontal line to the left, then a diagonal one, which tends down to the middle of the seam. Then, at the same angle, line up to a point that is higher than the one from which you started.

This creates a considerable number of triangles that form a Christmas tree. Also, a beautiful welding joint is obtained using the loop method.

It is often used when working with thin metal, when working with tools such as semi-automatic machines. The connections are made using movements that resemble the continuous writing of a series of loops.

Adviсe

There are some tips from experienced professionals for beginners who have difficulty creating welding joints. There are times when you seem to be doing everything right, but still fail to do the job well.

To begin with, in order for the weld to be reliable and durable, the parts must be located at a stable distance from each other along the entire perimeter of the seam.

Also, the electrode must be at the correct distance in relation to the part, otherwise the arc is lost and the connection is deformed.

To prevent the metal from spreading when working on a surface that is located vertically, it is recommended to work from the bottom up.

In conclusion, in order for the metal to crystallize quickly and without drips, the electrode must be tilted at an angle to the part of 60-75 degrees.

Source: https://prosvarku.info/tehnika-svarki/kak-pravilno-klast-krepkie-nadezhnye-i-krasivye-svarochnye-shvy

How to weld a beautiful seam using electric welding

Electric welding involves the application of an electric arc to the metal being processed. It is formed between the product and the used electrode made of conductive material.

Too high a temperature causes the metal to melt, due to which the individual parts are connected. The connection point is usually called a weld.

To change its indicators, the technical parameters of welding are changed, for example, the amplitude and speed of movement. The features of vertical welding should be considered in more detail.

Features of vertical welding

The welding of vertical seams is characterized by a fairly large number of different features. These include the following points:

1. When the alloy is exposed to heat, drops are formed that tend to roll down. This natural process creates quite a lot of difficulties, since the hot drops do not allow for a qualitative effect on the treated area.
2. It is recommended to make vertical welds with a shorter arc, due to which the action of surface tension forces simplifies the transition of the electrode into the weld crater.
3. In order to allow the drop to harden during welding, you need to move the rod to the side. The absence of a heat source causes the metal to quickly crystallize.
4. In the upper zone, as a rule, the metal melts faster. In this case, the crystallization process accelerates in the area of ​​joints and connections.
5. It is important to choose the correct current indicator. As a rule, it is selected from a lower range than for conventional welding work.
6. It is possible to use point technology, which provides relatively low fastening of two elements.

Position of welds in space

Vertical welding is quite difficult for inexperienced craftsmen, but it is carried out extremely often. This is due to the fact that a wide variety of defects are welded with an electrode and responsible and also load-bearing structures are created with it.

When using this welding method, it is important to follow all the rules and recommendations, since otherwise the vertical seam will turn out to be of poor quality

How to weld a vertical seam?

There are quite a few rules that, if followed, can improve the quality of the resulting seam. It is quite difficult to exclude the possibility of dripping of hot metal drops.

The main recommendations include the following points:

1. The electric arc must be extremely short. A long one can cause the alloy to spread out as it flows under the influence of gravity.
2. At the time of arson, the working part is placed exclusively perpendicular to the surface being treated. It is important that it is positioned perpendicular to both surfaces being processed, which ensures high quality processing.
3. When working, it is recommended to tilt the electrode slightly downwards. By maintaining an acute angle, it is possible to retain the hot metal, preventing it from flowing down.
4. In some cases, it is impossible to eliminate the possibility of metal dripping. Then it is recommended to increase the current strength and speed up the movement of the working part. However, when increasing this indicator, you need to be careful, as this leads to an increase in the arc. In addition, it is recommended to increase the width of the seam by moving the tool from side to side.

Vertical welding methods

The above technology is much simpler to implement if we compare the option of conducting the electrode from the bottom up.

Semi-automatic vertical seam

The quality of the weld seam determines how strong the resulting structure will be and what load it will be designed for. In addition, in some cases it is important to maintain an attractive aesthetic appearance. The most problems arise with the creation of a vertical weld, as the metal flows out of the pool. A fairly common question is how to weld a vertical seam. Among the features we note the following points:

1. The material is prepared depending on what kind of work will be carried out. The thickness of the material and the degree of machinability are taken into account.
2. A short arc with an average operating current is selected.
3. The rod with a special coating is located at an angle of 80 degrees relative to the surface being treated.
4. When creating a vertical seam, it is recommended to manipulate the rod across the entire width of the bead being formed.

A high-quality vertical seam can be obtained by welding with the arc separated from the surface.
For novice welders, this method is more suitable, as it is easier to perform. This is due to the fact that at the moment the arc breaks off, the metal can cool down. However, there is a significant drawback - the performance indicator decreases. Among the features of the application of this method associated with the separation of the rod from the surface, we mention the following points:

1. When welding, the tip can be rested on the shelf of the weld crater.
2. The pattern of movement of the working part from side to side, due to which the entire vertical seam is covered. In addition, you can use a loop pattern or a short roller when moving the working part from top to bottom.
3. The set current strength largely determines the shape of the seam and its main parameters. In general, it is recommended to reduce the value by 5 A from the usual value for a particular alloy thickness

It is worth considering that the main parameters of the work being carried out are chosen experimentally in almost all cases. That is why the welder’s skills largely determine the quality of the connection and its reliability.

Creating a seam with an electrode

The seams created by an electric inverter have a fairly broad classification. When determining the main parameters, the type of parts being connected is taken into account. When considering how to properly weld a vertical seam using electric welding, you need to take into account their features. The most common types of connections are:

1. Butt.
2. Tavrovoe.
3. Overlapping.
4. Angular.

Creating a seam with an electrode

It is worth considering that to ensure a stable arc, it is necessary to clean the surface from a wide variety of contaminants.

That is why welding of a vertical seam is carried out with careful preparation of the surface. The technologies used make it possible to obtain a high-quality seam only with the correct choice of electrode thickness. It should be slightly smaller than the width of the seam, since to eliminate the possibility of the alloy running off, it is recommended to move the rod from side to side.

Top down technique

Moving the electrode from top to bottom can only be used to weld when using an electrode that produces a thin layer of slag. Among the features of this process, we note the following points:

1. By using such a rod in the weld pool, the material hardens faster. In this case, the molten material does not flow down.
2. It is recommended to use plastic and cellulose coated electrodes. An example is the LNO-9 and VSC-2 brands.
3. This technology is characterized by high productivity. That is why, if there is a need to increase labor productivity, then the technology in question is chosen.

Read also: Thread depth step 1

Vertical seam from top to bottom

This technique is not suitable for beginner welders, as it is difficult to prevent the alloy from dripping.

Bottom-up technique

This technology is extremely common. It is characterized by the following features:

1. At the beginning of work, the welding machine rod is placed perpendicular to the surface being processed.
2. As soon as the arc has been excited and the first drops have formed, it is recommended to tilt the electrode slightly.
3. A short arc is supported by the end of the rod and the drops are collected a little, and when it is withdrawn briefly, time is given for the molten material to cool and crystallize.
4. Transverse oscillatory movements can be reported. This eliminates the possibility of a long delay of the heat source at one point.

Vertical seam from bottom to top

This technique allows you to get a high-quality seam. However, it is characterized by low productivity, since it is necessary to allow the drops to cool from time to time.

Principles of vertical welding

There are several other common technologies that can be used to produce a seam. Among them we note:

1. Triangle technology is suitable for cases where the metal thickness is no more than 2 mm. It should be carried out only after the edges that will be joined have been blunted. The shape of the resulting bathtub resembles a triangle. For this technology, it is recommended to choose an electrode with a diameter of 3 mm. The current strength should be no more than 100 Amperes.
2. The herringbone is used extremely rarely, as it is suitable for a base with a thickness of 2-3 mm. It involves chaotic and complex movement of the arc.
3. The ladder is used when it is necessary to create the widest possible seam, the edges are minimally blunted. Among the features of this technology, it can be noted that the rod must quickly move from one edge to another with minimal vertical movement. There is no need to hold the tool on the edge for a long time, after which it is quickly transferred to the opposite side. A ladder is used when the thickness of the alloy is 4 mm.

Vertical welding is easier when using a modern welding inverter, which allows you to adjust the main parameters with high accuracy.

Conditions for a high-quality vertical seam

Almost all novice specialists are not familiar with the basic conditions for obtaining a high-quality vertical seam. In addition, it must be characterized by high strength, be made with high quality and have an aesthetic appearance.

There are several main mistakes that are made when carrying out such work:

1. At the time of arson, the rod must be in a perpendicular state. If there is an angle, the arc may be unstable.
2. The shorter the arc length, the faster the material crystallizes. This reduces the risk of leaks. However, many do not follow this recommendation, since a small arc reduces the performance indicator.
3. The rod is tilted to reduce the likelihood of smudges, but maintaining an acute angle is quite difficult.
4. If a leak appears, it is recommended to increase the current and the width of the seam. Due to this, the process of crystallization of the substance can be significantly accelerated.

To obtain a compound with a high quality index, you need to pay attention to the preparatory stage. An example is the removal of dust and dirt, paint and oil residues, and rust. In some cases, spot welding is carried out, due to which the risk of drips is reduced several times.

High-quality vertical seam

In conclusion, we note that the quality of the weld depends on a fairly large number of parameters. An example is the skill of the welder or the characteristics of the materials being joined. Depending on some of the above parameters, the most suitable technology is selected.

Source: https://morflot.su/kak-varit-krasivyj-shov-jelektrosvarkoj/

Types and techniques of welding seams

Today, the most popular type of joining parts into a monolithic product is welding. There are many types of it, since welding work is used in many industries, from households to the creation of complex technical structures. It’s not difficult to learn the art of welding, the main thing is to understand the basic concepts, distinguish between types of welding and get good at guiding the electrode (torch) to create a beautiful, durable and high-quality seam.

Welding principles and basic concepts

Before we move on to the technology of how to properly lay a welding seam, let’s look at a few concepts:

• a welded connection is the joining of two parts using a welding method;
• welding seam is a section of a welded joint, which was formed due to the molecular connection of the molten edges of two metal parts, as a result of further crystallization of the metal;
• weld metal is an alloy that is formed as a result of thermal effects on the base metal (part);
• the fusion zone is the boundary between the weld metal and the base metal (product);
• a thermally affected zone is an area that was exposed to heat, but did not melt, but only changed its properties due to heating.
• welding is a process during which metal is melted using special equipment that connects elements by melting their edges;
• electric arc is a discharge that occurs between the workpiece and the electrode;
• An electrode is a special metal rod with various chemical coatings that conducts electric current.

Different industries use different types of welding, which differ in the method of influence, the use of different materials and operating technologies to create simple and multi-pass seams.

For example, in arc welding, the main melting element is the electrode, which excites and holds the arc on the workpiece.

In gas welding, the heat source is a torch, from which, under strong pressure, an even, uninterrupted flame emerges, formed as a result of the combustion of a mixture of oxygen and acetylene.

Although different types of welding have different effects on the part, the essence remains the same: two metal products are placed tightly against each other or with a short distance if, for example, it is necessary to weld a leaky part.

Next, using a welding machine, the master heats the edges of the part so that they begin to melt. At this moment, a so-called weld pool is formed. In addition to the base metal, an additional one (electrode or wire) is often used to increase the amount of weld metal.

When the molten material is ready, a path is formed. It then crystallizes and forms a strong compound.

Types of seams and technology

When the master has already mastered how to properly weld, you can proceed directly to the types and techniques of the seam.

The key to a quality connection is the correct settings on the welding machine (transformer or inverter), in accordance with the characteristics of the metal and its melting point. Soft metals are cooked at low currents, dense metals at high currents.

It is also necessary to take into account the type of weld, since each of them has its own technique. The most common types of seams:

1. In appearance – flat, reinforced and weakened.

2.According to the technique of execution - single-sided and double-sided (in which the master solders the workpieces on both sides).

3.By the number of layers - one-, two-, three-layer.

4. By length - point, double-sided chess, chain, point, continuous.

5.In the direction of force - transverse, longitudinal, oblique, combined.

6. According to spatial placement - horizontal, vertical, ceiling, bottom.

Let's now move on to the technology of making the seam. Let's consider the main stages of work:

1. Preparatory. This step requires some preparatory work to be done. First, prepare the workplace in accordance with safety rules. Secondly, stock up on overalls and a protective mask to prevent eye burns.

Third, prepare the product for use. To do this, it must be cleaned of any remaining paint, varnish, oil, dust and other contaminants. To do this, use a metal brush or highly abrasive sandpaper.

Then you need to set all the settings on the welding machine and you can start.

2.Creating an arc or igniting the torch (depending on the type of welding). Features of electric arc welding can be read here, and gas welding here.

3. At this stage, welding seams are created (consider electrode guiding techniques in more detail).

4.Final stage. When the track is ready, you must remember to knock off the slag from the roller (for arc welding). Connections created by gas and plasma welding do not slag, that is, there is no debris from them.

Electrode guiding technique is the key to a beautiful welding seam

To create a perfect seam, it is not enough to move the electrode in a straight line along the gap between the parts. There are several methods for creating connections. All of them are based on the smooth movement of the electrode along a certain path, resulting in a smooth path.

To create a beautiful welding seam, the torch or electrode needs to be slightly rotated in relation to the part by 60 degrees. It needs to be done smoothly, but it is important not to hold the conductor in one place so as not to scorch the workpiece.

The easiest way is “zigzag”. In this case, the conductor is drawn from the right fusion zone to the left one slightly diagonally. You should return in a mirror image and the result will be as if the master is conventionally drawing a zigzag.

This connection can be used for different types of alloys and metals.

If the gap between the workpieces is more than 5 millimeters, then it is better to use the herringbone technique. In this case, more movements are made, which allow you to fuse more material for bonding.

It is recommended to start on the right side and lead the conductor with an even horizontal line to the left, then at an angle of 45 degrees you need to return down to the middle of the seam and at the same angle lay a line upward, stretching it above the one from which you started.

Thus, you will get a conditional Christmas tree created from many triangles. In this case, the main thing is not to increase the distance between the electrode and the workpiece, so as not to lose the arc (during electric arc welding).

Beautiful connections are obtained using the “loop” technique. It can be used for thin metal when working semi-automatically or gas welding. Here the seams should be applied in smooth, rounded movements, reminiscent of a continuous chain of loops.

In the picture you can see what other methods are used to apply welds.

Tips from the professionals

Masters who easily create tracks of any complexity and in any position share some tips with novice welders who do not understand why they cannot make this or that connection:

• it is important to maintain the same width of the gap along the entire seam, then it will be of high quality and reliable;
• the distance between the part and the electrode must not be violated, since when the arc is lost, the connection is deformed;
• the electrode or burner must be held at an angle of 60-75 degrees relative to the seam, thus the metal quickly crystallizes without drips;
• when working on a vertical surface, it is better to weld from the bottom up, this way you will avoid the spreading of the metal formed during welding.

In conclusion, it should be noted that we looked at the basic techniques for making a good seam. You can find out more in the following video:

Source: https://svarkaed.ru/svarka/shvy-i-soedineniya/vidy-i-tehniki-vypolneniya-svarochnyh-shvov.html

How to weld a beautiful seam using electric welding?

Today, electric welding is most often used to connect metal pipes. However, how to weld using electric welding, since not everyone can do this, although they can easily weld angles, channels and the like? In this article, this process will be described in as much detail and clarity as possible.

The connection method, which is made by electric welding and electrodes, is the most common. The latter melt due to the influence of electric current and fill the seams between the pipes, transforming into liquid metal. The connection formed is quite strong and does not deform due to any loads.

Selecting Electrodes

Welding electrodes

First, some information about the properties of electrodes. An electrode is a thin metal rod coated with a coating for welding. Electrodes come in different thicknesses, it all depends on the type and thickness of the material. The coating on the electrode is involved in the metallurgical processing of the joint and protects it from exposure to the atmosphere, while ensuring a more stable arc burning.

Before purchasing electrodes on the market or in a store, ask professionals or neighbors who cook at home which electrode manufacturers are best to purchase. You will also ask them how to avoid purchasing fakes, otherwise you will not be able to properly join the seam due to poor-quality electrodes, thinking that this is a consequence of little experience or a poor welding machine. We can say unequivocally that a good electrode will not be cheap.

Removing slag

During such work, slag floats on top, creating a protective film that prevents the metal from absorbing nitrogen and oxygen. These components negatively affect the seam in the metal in the place where it is molten, as a result of which it does not acquire the necessary strength and becomes brittle.

What do experienced workers do in this case? After the metal hardens, the slag cools and becomes quite light and brittle. It is removed by applying small but precise blows to it with a hammer or electrode.

If you ignore this and leave slag inside the seam, this can lead to dire consequences - the formation of a fistula or a weak joint that can leak. The pipe is welded differently than other metal forms. It is important to get a tighter seam so that it is not only durable, but also as airtight as possible.

There are special techniques for this - a seam is made in the form of a figure eight or a horseshoe, while the slag is gradually forced out with each new seam. When the slag is removed, the seam will be not only durable, but also beautiful - in the form of scales.

Electrode welding

It is important to use high-quality electrodes so that the seam is strong. Only a high-quality electrode will provide a good arc and will not stick.

How to determine the required electrode diameter?

Selecting the electrode diameter

It all depends on the thickness of the joint where the welding will be done. For small pipes, electrodes with a diameter of three millimeters can be used. They are suitable for metal from 2 to 5 mm. Connecting metal pipes with a greater thickness (from 2 to 10 mm) by electric welding will require the use of electrodes of a correspondingly larger diameter.

For the construction of multilayer seams, as a rule, electrodes with a diameter of four millimeters are first used to create a greater depth of seam connection.

Making the right seam

How to make the right seam

Electric arc welding is used to create certain types of joints. Here are some of them: joining them together, placing the products opposite each other; perpendicular arrangement of pipes; corner; overlap The types of seams that result from such a connection are the following: vertical, horizontal, bottom and ceiling.

The most common and most common is the bottom seam. In it, welding with electrodes is performed from above. The heaviest seam is the ceiling one. It is extremely inconvenient to connect it, since the molten metal flows down, and the location of the pipe itself somewhere under the ceiling and at a height causes a lot of trouble.

Another drawback is poor visibility of the seam, which is why you have to do the work using a mirror, which, you see, not everyone can do. Sometimes it is simply impossible to reach with the electrode, which is why in some situations you have to bend it slightly in order to connect well. As a rule, a non-professional cannot cope with such a seam.

If possible, it is better to weld the pipe when you can rotate it. In view of the difficulties described above, before taking on such work, you can practice on something else.

The use of these tips will help beginners in this matter do their work better, so that the products connected in this way will last for many years.

For example, we suggest watching a video on electric arc welding of pipes:

Source: https://rem-serv.com/kak-varit-krasivyy-shov-elektrosvarkoy/

Types and methods of making welding seams

The ultimate goal of any welder is to obtain a high-quality weld. The strength and durability of the connection of parts depends on this. For successful operation, it is important to make the connection correctly; select the current strength, the angle of the electrode; have a good command of the seam technique. The result of proper work will be reliable welding of metal parts.

Electrode tilt

Welding seams are classified according to several criteria. The types and types of welding joints must be considered sequentially, delving into the intricacies of the process. The seam is affected by the location, direction and trajectory of the electrode.

After fixing the selected electrode in the clamp, setting the current, connecting the polarity, the welding process begins.

Each master has his own preferred angle of the electrode. Many consider the optimal value to be 70° from the horizontal surface.

An angle of 20° is formed from the vertical axis. Some work at a maximum angle of 60°. In general, most training guidelines include a range of 30° to 60° from the vertical axis.

In certain situations, when welding in hard-to-reach places, it is necessary to orient the electrode strictly perpendicular to the surface of the material being welded.

You can also move the electrode in different ways, in opposite directions: away from you or towards you.

If the material requires deep heating, then the electrode is directed towards itself. Following him in the direction of the welder is the working area. The resulting slag covers the fusion site.

If the work does not involve strong heating, then the electrode is moved away from you. The welding zone “crawls” behind it. The depth of heating with this type of weld is minimal. The direction is clear.

Trajectory of movement

The trajectory of the electrode has a particular influence on the seam. In any case, it has an oscillatory character. Otherwise, it will not be possible to sew the two surfaces together.

Oscillations can be similar to zigzags with different steps between the sharp corners of the trajectory. They can be smooth, resembling movement in an offset figure eight. The path can be similar to a herringbone or a capital letter Z with monograms at the top and bottom.

An ideal seam has a constant height, width, uniform appearance without defects in the form of craters, undercuts, pores, or lack of penetration. The name of the possible flaws speaks for itself. Having mastered your skills well, you can successfully apply any seam and weld a variety of metal parts.

Standards and the concept of leg

The weld begins to form in the working area when the metals are molten, and is finally formed after solidification.

The existing classification groups seams according to various criteria: the type of connection of parts, the resulting shape of the seam, its length, the number of layers, orientation in space.

The types of possible welded joints are shown in the standard for manual and arc welding GOST 5264. Connections made by arc welding in a shielding gas atmosphere are standardized by the GOST 14771 document.

GOSTs have a designation for each welded joint, as well as a table containing the main characteristics, in particular the values ​​of the leg of the weld.

It’s quite easy to understand what a leg is by looking at the drawing of the parts being connected. This is the side of a speculative isosceles triangle of maximum dimensions that will fit in the cross section of the seam. A correctly calculated leg value guarantees the strength of the connection.

For parts of uneven thickness, the cross-sectional area of ​​the part in its thinnest part is taken as a basis. You should not try to unduly increase the leg. This can lead to deformation of the welded structure. In addition, the consumption of materials will increase.

Checking leg dimensions is carried out using universal reference templates presented in specialized literature.

Types of connections

Depending on the relative position of the parts, welding joints occur:

• end-to-end;
• overlap;
• in an angular way;
• in a tee way.

When butt welding, the ends of two parts located in the same plane are welded. The joint can be made with a flange, without a bevel, or with a bevel. The shape of the bevel may resemble the letters X, K, V.

In some cases, welding is done with an overlap, then one part is partially mounted on another, located parallel. The combined part is an overlap. Welding is done without bevel on both sides.

Often there is a need to make a welded corner. This connection is referred to as the corner type. It is always done on both sides and may not have bevels or have a bevel on one edge.

If the welded parts result in the letter T, then a T-joint has been made. Sometimes parts welded with a T-seam form an acute angle.

In any case, one part is welded to the side of the other. Welding is carried out on both sides without a bevel or with bevels on each side.

Shape and extent

The shape of the seam can be convex, even (flat). Sometimes it becomes necessary to make a concave shape. Convex joints are designed for increased load.

The concave areas of the alloys withstand dynamic loads well. Flat seams, which are made most often, are characterized by versatility.

The length of the seams is continuous, without intervals between the fused joints. Sometimes interrupted stitches are sufficient.

An interesting industrial variation of the intermittent seam is the joint formed by resistance seam welding. It is done on special equipment equipped with rotating disk electrodes.

They are often called rollers, and this type of welding is called roller welding. Continuous connections can also be made using such equipment. The resulting seam is very strong and absolutely airtight. The method is used on an industrial scale for the manufacture of pipes, containers, and sealed modules.

Layers and spatial arrangement

A metal seam can consist of a bead made in one pass. In this case it is called single-layer. If the parts being welded are thick, several passes are performed, as a result of which beads are sequentially formed one on top of the other. This welding joint is called multilayer.

Considering the variety of production situations in which welding occurs, it is clear that the seams are oriented differently in each specific case. There are lower, upper (ceiling) seams, vertical and horizontal.

Vertical seams are usually welded from bottom to top. The trajectory of moving the electrode along a crescent, herringbone or zigzag is used. It is more convenient for novice welders to move the crescent.

When welding horizontally, several passes are made from the lower edge of the parts being joined to the upper edge.

In the lower position, butt welding is carried out or by any angular method. A good result is obtained by welding at an angle of 45 °, “in a boat”, which can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. When welding in hard-to-reach places, it is better to use an asymmetrical “boat”.

The most difficult thing to do is weld in the ceiling position. This requires experience. The problem is that the melt tries to drain out of the work area. To prevent this from happening, welding is carried out with a short arc, the current strength is reduced by 15-20% compared to normal values.

If the thickness of the metal at the welding site exceeds 8 mm, then several passes must be performed. The diameter of the first pass should be 4 mm, subsequent ones - 5 mm.

Depending on the orientation of the seam, select the appropriate position of the electrode . To make horizontal, vertical, ceiling connections, and weld non-rotating pipe joints, the electrode is directed at an angle forward.

When welding corner and butt joints, the electrode is directed at an angle backwards. Hard-to-reach places are welded with an electrode at a right angle.

Weld joint processing

When welding, slag is formed. If slag inclusions get into the weld, its quality deteriorates. All slag deposits must be cleaned off.

If welding is performed in several passes, then the seams are cleaned after each welding stage. In this case, any methods are used. First, the welded parts are hammered and cleaned with a stiff brush.

Then a rough cleaning is carried out. Small parts are cleaned with special knives or grinding wheels. Large blanks are cleaned on machines. At the final stage, the welded joint is polished.

Often a fiber wheel of a grinding machine is used for this. There are other ways to polish welded joints.

Welding is constantly evolving. New materials are appearing and technology is improving. It is necessary to follow the news in welding to learn a lot of new and interesting things.

Source: https://svaring.com/welding/teorija/svarochnye-shvy