Mining Encyclopedia - the meaning of the word Xmas tree
(a. Christmas tree; n. Eruptionskreuz, Eruptionsarmatur; f. tete d'eruption, tete d’ecoulement, “arbre de Noеl”; i. armadura de surtidores) - a set of devices mounted at the mouth of a flowing well for its sealing, suspension lift columns and control of well production flows. F. a.
must withstand high pressure (when the flowing well is completely closed), make it possible to measure pressure both in the lift pipes and at the outlet of the well, and allow gas to be released or injected during well development. F. a. includes column and pipe heads, fountain tree and manifold (Fig.).
: 1 - column head; 2 - pipe head; 3 - fountain tree; 4 - adjustable fitting; 5 - pneumatically controlled valve. Column head located in the bottom. parts of the F. a., serves to suspend casing strings, seal the interpipe spaces and control the pressure in them. With the simplest well design (without intermediate technical columns), instead of a column head, a column flange is used, mounted on the top.
production string pipe. The pipe head is mounted on the column head and is used to suspend and seal elevator columns with concentricity. or parallel descent into the well. The fountain tree is installed on the pipe head and serves to distribute and regulate the flow of products from the well. Consists of shut-off valves (valves, ball or conical)
taps), control devices (fittings of constant or variable cross-section) and fittings (coils, tees, crosses, covers). Manifold binds F. a. with pipelines. Elements of F. a. connected by flanges or clamps. For sealing internal cavities use elastic cuffs, external connections - rigid rings, b.ch. steel.
The drive of the locking devices is manual, at high pressure pneumatic or hydraulic with local, remote or automatic. management. If the well production pressure deviates from the specified limits or in the event of a fire at the well, shut-off devices are automatically closed. The pressure in all cavities is controlled by pressure gauges.
Shut-off and control devices can be duplicated and replaced under pressure during well operation; it is also possible to change the fountain tree under pressure. For lowering instruments and other equipment into a working well at F. a. install a lubricator - a pipe with a gland device for a rope or cable, in which equipment lowered into the well is placed. Working pressure F. a. 7-105 MPa, center flow area. locking device 50-150 mm. F. a. wells of offshore deposits with underwater mouths have special designs for remote assembly and management.
AP Kaplan.
See the meaning of fountain fittings in other dictionaries
Fittings - fittings, railway.
(Latin armatura - Armament). 1. Weapons (outdated). || Decorations made from weapons and armor, as well as their images on buildings or in drawings (special). 2. Secondary.. Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary
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Fittings - (from Latin armatura - weapons - equipment), devices and parts (valves, valves, switches, etc.) that are not part of the main equipment, but ensure its normal operation..
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Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Structures is an integral part of reinforced concrete structures (individual steel rods, welded mesh, frames, etc.), designed to strengthen concrete.
Perceives stretching... Big encyclopedic dictionary
Flowing Exploitation - oil wells - a method of oil production in which the liquid in the well rises to the surface due to natural (or artificial; see Waterflooding) reservoir energy..
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Reinforcement - A component of a reinforced concrete structure designed to absorb tensile forces.
Usually steel reinforcement is used, in some cases non-metallic. Construction dictionary
ARMATURE - ARMATURE, -s, well.
1. collected Auxiliary devices and parts necessary to ensure the operation of the main equipment. A. pipeline, electrical, furnace Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary
Armature - 1. Decorative composition of weapons and military equipment (mainly ancient), embodied in relief, monumental painting or mosaic
Architectural Dictionary
View the Wikipedia article for Fountain fittings
Source: http://slovariki.org/gornaa-enciklopedia/4642
Christmas tree equipment for oil and gas wells
The flowing method of operating oil wells involves the use of specialized equipment and wellhead piping. This equipment comes in both surface (wellhead) and underground (downhole) types. Next, we will consider the main aspects of flowing well operation and the main types of equipment for oil wells of this type.
Flowing production of oil wells
The main process of operating oil wells is the rise to the surface from the bottom of oil liquid or natural gas.
This process can occur both under the influence of natural energy (Wп), which comes to the bottom of the well along with liquid or gas, and under the influence of energy that is introduced into the well from the surface (Wi).
A mixture of petroleum liquid and associated gas, after passing through the well string, is directed through special wellhead equipment to special devices called separators, in which the liquid oil component is separated from the gas dissolved in it, and to measuring devices that determine the amount of raw material received.
After this, the oil is pumped into field pipelines. To ensure the movement of the hydrocarbon mixture through this pipeline system, a certain pressure value must be maintained at the wellhead.
In this regard, the general formula for energy balance is as follows:
W1+W2+W3 = Wп+Wи
Let's decipher the unfamiliar notation:
W1 is the energy that is spent on lifting the gas-liquid mixture from the bottom to the wellhead;
W2 is the energy that is consumed by this mixture during its movement through the wellhead equipment;
W3 is the energy that is carried away by the gas-liquid stream beyond the wellhead.
If the value of Wi is zero, then such exploitation is called fountain exploitation. If this parameter has a non-zero value, then we talk about mechanized oil production.
Energy transfer Wi is carried out either through air or compressed gas, or using pumping equipment. The first method is called gas lift, and the second – pumping.
Flowing of an oil well, which is ensured only by the hydrostatic pressure of the productive formation (Ppl), is rarely encountered in practice during the operation of oil field wells. Most often, along with liquid oil, reservoir gas is present in the productive layer, which plays a major role in the process of mine flowing.
This statement is also true for those fields in which the water pressure regime is clearly expressed. This regime is characterized by the content of gas in the oil in a dissolved state, and this gas is not released from the liquid within the productive formation.
Reservoir gas performs two functions at once: firstly, it pushes oil out of the formation; and secondly, it lifts it along the pipe string.
The meaning of fountain pipes
Even with the same amount of gas content in the formation, not every well is capable of flowing. For example, if the volume of such gas is sufficient to ensure flowing in a well of 150 mm in diameter, then it may not be enough for a diameter of 200 mm.
Read also: Types and principles of operation of petroleum product level meters
The gas-oil mixture that moves along the wellbore looks like a layer-by-layer alternation of oil and gas layers. Therefore, the larger the diameter of the production pipe string, the greater the amount of gas required to lift the oil liquid through it.
In practice, there have been cases in which wells with large bore diameters (from 150 to 300 millimeters), which were drilled to a depth with highly productive formations with high internal pressure, were distinguished by high flow rates, but even in them, flowing most often continued to be quite a short time. Moreover, in some cases, wells drilled into productive formations with high pressures cannot flow out under normal conditions.
The flow of such wells is caused by lowering so-called lift pipes into them, the diameter of which is quite small.
In this regard, in order to make the most efficient use of the energy of the expanding gas, all mine workings where blowouts are possible are equipped before development with lift pipes, the nominal diameters of which vary from 60 to 114 millimeters. It is through these small-diameter pipes that the gas-liquid mixture moves in the drilled well.
The selection of the diameter of lifting (elevator) pipes occurs, as a rule, experimentally, and depends on the following factors of a specific mine working:
- expected well flow rate;
- reservoir pressure value;
- drilling depth;
- specific operating conditions.
Lift pipes are lowered into the shaft to the level of the filter of the production pipe string.
During the process of well flowing through a small-diameter pipe string, the gas factor decreases, which makes it possible to extend the flowing time period.
In many cases, a well flowing through a pipe string with a diameter of 73, 89 or 114 millimeters first began a regime of periodic emissions, and then it stopped completely.
In such cases, the duration of the fountain was extended by replacing these pipe columns with fountain pipes of smaller diameters (33, 42, 48 and 60 millimeters).
The use of such small diameters is a fairly effective way to increase the flowing time of wells with low flow rates.
Drilled wells for production purposes are equipped with downhole (located in the zone of the oil and gas bearing formation) and wellhead fittings, which are located on the surface.
In the photo - piping of the Christmas tree fittings
When the structure of the productive formation is represented by rocks with sufficiently high strength, as a rule, the so-called “open” face is used. In such cases, the production string is brought to the upper boundary of the developed formation, and then the formation itself is opened to full capacity.
If the rocks that make up the productive formation are loose and unstable, then in such cases the bottom is strengthened with casing pipes with additional strengthening (using cementation) of the annular area. Oil flow into the well is ensured by perforation (punching holes) in the casing pipe and cement ring, which are located on the productive horizon (as a rule, ten holes are perforated per meter).
Read also: How is a tape measure used to measure the level of petroleum products?
Rules for the operation of fountain-type wells require ensuring the tightness of their mouth, organizing the isolation of interpipe spaces, organizing the transportation of the resulting products to collection points, as well as ensuring the ability (if such a need arises) to completely close the well under pressure. To fulfill all the above requirements, a column head and Christmas tree equipment equipped with a manifold are installed at the wellhead of a flowing type well.
In general, the equipment of any wells (not only flowing ones) must ensure a given production selection regime and make it possible to carry out the necessary technological operations to meet the requirements for the protection of subsoil, environmental ecology, and also minimize the risk of emergency situations.
As we said above, such equipment is divided into two types:
- underground (borehole);
- wellhead (ground location).
The surface equipment is the Xmas tree and the pipeline system (manifold).
The Xmas tree is placed on the column head of the wellhead. Such fittings must meet all the requirements of GOST number 13846-89.
Types of fountain fittings differ in their strength characteristics and design features, which are reflected in the code of this equipment.
The fountain fittings consist of a piping system (head) and a so-called fountain tree, equipped with control and shut-off devices.
The piping is a part of the fittings installed on the column piping, which is intended for:
№Useful information| 1 | piping one or two pipelines to a well |
| 2 | managing the flow of incoming products and monitoring it in the inter-pipe space |
The upper end of the well pipeline is secured using a pipe holder reel, which is placed on the pipe head. It is possible to fasten such a pipeline using a pipe holder coupling, which is fixed in the pipe head body.
The operating pressure of such fittings can be 14, 21, 35, 70, 105 and 140 megapascal. The trunk cross-section varies from 50 to 150 millimeters.
The design of the fountain tree can be tee or cross. According to the criterion of the number of rows of descending pipes, the fittings are divided into single- and double-row. It can be equipped with both valves and taps.
The Xmas tree must provide the ability to measure pressure on the upper Christmas tree buffer, as well as measure the temperature and pressure of the well fluid in the area of the side Christmas tree buffer and at the tubing head. The standards provide for the production of block-type Christmas tree fittings and the possibility of supplementing (if necessary) such fittings with automatic safety devices and other remote-controlled equipment.
The fountain tree is installed on the pipework. Its main purpose is to regulate and control the flow of the medium in the well pipeline itself, as well as to redirect this flow to the field pipeline system.
If the well is equipped with two strings of tubing of a concentric type (double-row lift), then pipes of large diameters are suspended using a threaded connection on a lower tee or cross, which must hermetically seal the annulus. Pipes of smaller diameters are suspended from the threads of the stem coil (conductor), which are placed above the tee or cross.
Read also: Main types of pumps for petroleum products
A typical design of a fountain tree provides for the installation of either one or two tees (one- or two-tier type of fittings), or the installation of a cross (cross-type fittings).
The use of a two-string cross or tee tree structure is advisable when stopping the well during its operation is undesirable. Either the top or any of the side strings are used as a working string, and the locking device located first from the barrel is a spare one.
A cap (buffer) equipped with a pressure gauge and a three-way valve is installed on top of the tree. If it is necessary to lower any instrument or device into a working well, a lubricator is installed instead of a cap.
Installation and dismantling of wellhead Christmas tree equipment is carried out using truck cranes or other lifting mechanisms.
Locking devices used on such fittings are of three types:
- plug valve (with lubricant);
- direct-flow valve type ZM or ZMS (with lubrication), equipped with a single-plate gate;
- ZMAD valve equipped with a two-plate gate.
ZMS and ZMAD valves are produced in two modifications - with manual or pneumatic drive. With any method of operating oil and gas wells (including flowing), the produced raw materials are lifted to the surface through special tubing, which are lowered into the well before its operation begins.
These pipes are lowered into flowing wells to the level of the production casing filter.
GOST number 633-80 provides for the use of tubing with the following nominal external diameters: 27, 33, 42, 48, 60, 73, 89, 102 and 114 millimeters. The wall thickness of such pipes according to GOST varies from three to seven millimeters, and their length - from five to ten meters. Tubing is made seamless, from steel grades that have high mechanical characteristics.
Such pipes are threaded at both ends to ensure a reliable coupling connection. If necessary, tubing is made of aluminum alloy D16. In some cases, non-metallic fiberglass pipes are used, as well as flexible (threadless) pump and compressor pipes, produced in the form of drums with a total length of up to six kilometers.
3d animation of oil well drilling
Source: https://neftok.ru/oborudovanie/ustrojstvo-fontannoj-armatury-neftyanoj-skvazhiny.html
Christmas tree fittings for oil and gas wells - Website about
Christmas tree fittings are a pipe structure whose connection device has a flange connection with various tees, connecting devices, etc. During the installation of the system, the flange connection is sealed with steel gaskets with a minimum carbon content.
Xmas tree assembly
Christmas tree fittings are designed to perform many functions. One of them is standard pipeline piping. This device allows you to control the flow of the medium in the well and carry out processes that control production.
Christmas tree fittings are widely used for sealing and installation of flow line outlets. In almost all typical types of work related to the laying of pipelines, it is necessary to use such a device.
Purpose of fountain fittings
Christmas tree fittings have main use cases:
- well sealing;
- formation of product withdrawal;
- regulation of well flow;
- access directly to the bottom of the well;
- manipulations in the annulus (carrying out sampling operations without stopping production, changing pressure and temperature in the downhole).
What is good about fiberglass reinforcement, and where is it used?
Christmas tree fittings are used when there is excess pressure under the influence of large loads. The design is used in cases where there is a possibility of exposure to an aggressive environment in wells. It is often used under high abrasive loads, when there are a large number of associations of various rocks in the water.
Use of Xmas tree for oil production
The system must be used taking into account the fact that this type of equipment must have high strength and durability, without which production will be ineffective.
The main choice of using this equipment is gas production and laying oil pipelines. to menu
Varieties
Gosstandart has defined several types of fountain fittings:
- Tee/Cross (the choice depends on the configuration of the fountain tree). Lateral branches are connected to collection and metering installations using flow lines.
- Double-row or single-row (number of rows of pumping products going down into the well).
- Equipped with valves or taps. Valves are used for oil wells, and taps are used for gas wells.
review of A3 brand fittings, list of its advantages and parameters.
Depending on the design and strength characteristics, the fountain piping is classified according to:
- Working pressure. The standard piping is designed for a pressure of 7-105 MPa. Fittings designed for the highest possible pressure are used for very deep wells, or in which abnormally high reservoir pressure (AHRP) was recorded.
- The size of the bore section of the barrel (50-150 mm). The design with a barrel diameter of 100 to 150 mm is designed for high-yield oil and gas wells.
When choosing a material for the manufacture of a device, it is necessary to take into account the properties of the environment, which cannot be avoided. In fire and explosive environments, it is not recommended to choose cast iron parts.
Typical diagrams and table numbers are in the price list of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering.
Fountain tree EF6D-100/80×70KZ
Typical types of fittings include various gate valves, taps, valves, valves. The special piping consists of pressure reducing valves, gates and valves for catalyst lines and reserve fittings.
where is brand A1 reinforcement used, and how does it differ from other classes?
When ordering a standard connection from manufacturers, you must provide its symbols from a specific diagram.
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Design
The production of fittings, according to GOST 13846-84, involves the use of tee and cross type schemes.
The device consists of:
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The pipe head is used to hang several rows of tubing and seal them. In addition, the pipe head takes part in technological operations, which include: development, operation and repair of the well.
Hanging of columns is carried out (on a thread):
- if a single-row elevator - on the coil thread;
- if there is a two-row elevator: the inner column is on the thread of the coil, the outer column is on the thread of the crosspiece of the pipe head.
The pipe head requires replacement of its side valves. This process is carried out using special blind plugs, which are installed in the threaded holes of the housing.
Shut-off devices on fountain fittings with manual control
Christmas tree functions:
- directs product to the flow line;
- takes part in the installation of special devices;
- measurements of pressure and temperature of the environment;
- lowering downhole instruments for pipe cleaning.
What are the classes of reinforcement, and how do they differ from each other?
Shut-off devices are presented in the form of straight-through plug valves and direct-flow valves with a lubricant supply. Their main purpose is to cover passage holes.
Column heads serve as casing hanger, sealing and pressure control between pipe strings.
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Technical requirements for design
GOST 13846-89 defines a Christmas tree as a device designed to seal wells, shut off the medium and direct it to the manifold, and carry out other technological operations.
According to GOST 16350-80, fountain fittings can be used in temperate and cold macroclimatic regions. Placement is carried out according to category 1 (GOST 15150-69).
Optimal ambient temperature: from -60ºC to +40ºC.
High-quality fittings are durable and can withstand atmospheric loads
- GOST 51365-2009 established the use of a certain material and the level of technical requirements that are most suitable for operating conditions.
- The production of parts can be designed according to individual orders, taking into account the fact that all operating conditions and the choice of component materials will comply with established standards.to menu
Designation AFK
- AF – fountain fittings;
- K – method of hanging the pipeline according to GOST 13846-84;
- n – scheme according to GOST 13846-84 (n = 1-6);
- E – cable entry;
- 65×21 – nominal diameter and working pressure in MPa;
- HL – climatic versions of the product;
- K1 – corrosion resistance category.
Typical schemes according to GOST 13846-89:
- AF1, AFK 1;
- AF2, AFK 2;
- AF3, AFK 3;
- AF4, AFK 4;
- AF5, AFK 5;
- AF6, AFK 6.
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Installation and dismantling of fountain fittings
During the use of the well, the structure is installed and pressure tested. The main function in connection is performed by column heads. The holes located in the upper flange allow you to attach parts of various sizes.
Installation of an equipment unit made from Christmas tree fittings
Step-by-step installation:
- Special low-carbon steel with an oval cross-section is placed between the flanges.
- Using elevators, a string of compressor pipes is lowered.
- The pipes are screwed together (before screwing, the threads of the pipes must be lubricated).
- Pipe columns are lowered.
What is good about the A500C fittings, and what are its characteristics?
Upon completion of installation, a pressure test is performed to check the tightness of all connections.
Structural repairs take place in specialized workshops. Previously, the fountain fittings are disassembled into individual parts. The tree is thoroughly washed and other components are checked.
Christmas tree fittings have a design feature that allows you to protect the soil and the environment from the contents of the pipeline.
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The use of Christmas tree equipment in the oil industry (video)
Source: https://asuneft.ru/benzin/fontannaya-armatura-dlya-neftyanyh-i-gazovyh-skvazhin.html
Christmas tree fittings: design and purpose
Christmas tree fittings are a flange connection of various connecting devices, shut-off devices, tees, crosses and others. The flange connection, when arranging the fittings, is sealed by laying metal gaskets made of steel with low carbon content.
This ring is inserted into special recesses in the flanges, in turn, the flanges are tightened together with bolts.
What does fountain fittings consist of?
What is a fountain fixture, its design and purpose? This is one whole, which, in turn, consists of a fountain tree, as well as a pipe-type head. The pipe head, in turn, is responsible for hanging the pipes and ensuring tightness between them and the production ridge.
The pipe head is also at that rather highly important level of work when it has to restrain and take on the pressure that arises between the pipes. This pressure can be prohibitive, which is quite dangerous for the life and health of people.
The fountain tree makes it possible to select well products, liquid and gas, which enters the manifold. This tree also ensures that the entire process of fountain fittings is controlled.
It is fixed to the pipe head. In addition, it carries the following tasks. First of all, it controls blood pressure. This also includes monitoring temperature fluctuations and conducting the necessary technological checks and various studies.
The well products are also monitored and diverted into the industrial pipeline.
Taking into account the high pressure, the Christmas tree fittings, the design and purpose of which are described above, as part of quite important industrial equipment, the fittings are tested for endurance under pressure, which is one and a half or a couple times higher than the pressure specified in the operational passport.
What does the fittings consist of?
This building material contains a number of different structural components. The head contains a column-type flange, a cross, as well as a tee and a transfer spool. The tree serves to control and remove the products obtained from the well from the well.
You can disassemble the design of the fountain fittings element by element to understand the purpose of the most important components.
So:
- Column flange - serves to connect the fittings to the column and ensure the tightness of the space behind the pipe
- Head cross - to allow communication with the space behind the pipe
- Tee - the pipe row is suspended and connected to it
- Transfer coil – suspension of the secondary row of pipes
- The fountain tree cross makes it possible to divert products received from the well into the central pipeline
- A buffer valve is a kind of window designed to allow the lowering of various types of deep measuring equipment into a well.
- Buffer pipe - a certain transition zone before lowering the devices into the well, which is located in front of the buffer valve
The main condition for all components of the fountain fittings is their good tightness and strength . If necessary, all elements must be quickly replaced so as not to create long downtime in the operation of the well. As shut-off devices, it is allowed to use such types as direct-flow valves, various types of taps, and corner valves.
two types of fountain fixtures is also provided .
Fittings based on the use of tees are recommended for use in wells with low and medium pressure, as well as when there are various types of mechanical impurities in the well.
If there are impurities, it is necessary to use double tree fittings. If there is no well with medium and low pressure, it is possible to use a single-string tree. Xmas trees based on crosses are used in high-pressure wells without mechanical impurities.
The disadvantage of fittings made using crosspieces is that if one of the outlet units fails, it becomes necessary to completely stop the operation of the well while the fault is repaired.
When operating a well on tees, this need is eliminated; it is enough to shut off the middle part of the outlet unit and switch the work to the lower outlet device.
Purpose of fountain fittings
Christmas tree fittings are, first of all, designed to provide a tight seal to the wellhead, as well as to control the operation of the well. Christmas tree fittings carry out the following tasks:
- Holding suspended tubing pipes that are lowered into the well
- Sealing of pipes and annulus
- The Christmas tree ensures control of the operating modes of the well and continuous operation of the well.
- Monitoring the condition, measuring parameters, wells, both internally and externally.
Source: https://dom-fundament.ru/fontannaya-armatura-konstrukciya-i-naznachenie.html
Christmas tree fittings
When laying pipelines and performing similar types of various works that take place in various areas where drilling operations are required, it is often necessary to use additional elements such as Christmas tree fittings.
Application of Christmas tree fittings
The fountain fittings have the following purposes. With its help, one or more pipelines are connected, controlling processes take place and the flow of the medium in the well is controlled. Also, with the help of Christmas tree fittings, sealing work is carried out on the well and branches are carried out for the flow line. Thus, the use of this equipment is of great importance and affects the productivity of all pipeline laying work.
As a rule, the use of Christmas tree fittings is necessary in certain conditions, for example, when under heavy loads that are created under excess pressure. Or in cases where the well may be exposed to aggressive substances such as hydrogen sulfide, mineral water or carbon dioxide.
Often the use of fountain fittings occurs under strong abrasive loads, when water is mixed in large quantities with fractions of different rocks. When using fountain fittings, it is important to take into account that this auxiliary equipment must have very high strength characteristics and durability. The main types of work in which this equipment is used are laying oil pipelines and gas production.
Characteristics of Christmas tree fittings
Since the conditions in which Christmas tree fittings can be used may have different loads, GOST provides for several types of Christmas tree fittings.
The design of the fountain fittings includes such elements as a pipe-type piping and a fountain tree. Pipe piping directly connects one or more pipelines. Carries out control and control functions over the environment in the well and the space between the well pipes. The fountain tree directly controls the well flow itself and directs the flow to the places of field operations. The tree is located on a piping system.
Christmas tree fittings have a design feature that allows them to protect and prevent any entry of pipeline contents into the soil and thereby performs an environmentally protective function. The set of fountain fittings certainly includes all kinds of shut-off devices, and such replaceable equipment as chokes. The design of the fountain fittings also includes such a part as a pipe head.
Features of the design of Christmas tree fittings
This part serves so that several rows of compressor-pump type pipes can be suspended from it. This fastening ensures free access to the space behind the pipe. The fountain fittings can have a tee or cross type. Each of these types has a number of advantages. Thus, a tee-type Christmas tree makes it possible to carry out repair work on a well without stopping its operation.
But since this design of the Xmas tree is asymmetrical, there is a possibility of a large overturning moment. Cross reinforcement has such positive qualities as compactness and a sufficiently high level of stability, since its design is symmetrical. But the disadvantage of this type of fittings is that repairs here are not feasible in the operating mode of the well.
Source: https://promplace.ru/fontannaya-armatura-392.htm
1. Surface wellhead equipment for production wells. The main components of the Christmas tree fittings. Their purpose
The pipe design includes various flange connections, tees, bends and other products. To seal joints in such structures, steel gaskets are used, which contain a minimal amount of carbon.
Christmas tree fittings are designed to solve many problems. In particular, one of these tasks is the installation of piping of pipelines for various purposes. The use of this equipment allows you to control the movement of the working environment and ensure the execution of processes that control production. The devices are used to seal branches from main pipelines.
Classification by materials of manufacture
Metal products are mainly used as they are the most affordable and have the most acceptable technical and physical characteristics. Both shut-off valves and construction rods with fountain sleeves are made mostly of stainless steel alloys. Brass, copper and titanium elements are also used in plumbing line fittings.
But, in recent years, manufacturers are increasingly offering similar devices from other materials. For example, fiberglass types of reinforcement are actively spreading in the construction industry. The design of such a rod also provides for the presence of corrugation, but its dimensions are much smaller.
Thus, metal reinforcement with a thickness of about 12 mm can be matched in its ability to withstand loads by a composite rod with a diameter of 6-8 mm. Obviously, reducing the size while maintaining performance properties benefits the design. In the plumbing segment, there has long been a process of replacing metal with high-strength plastics.
But in the category of reinforcement, this process is not yet so noticeable, which is explained by the high requirements specifically for the mechanical reliability of the elements.
Types of fittings
GOST, which are in force in our country, define the following types of Christmas tree fittings:
- Tee (cross) - the scheme allows you to connect taps to prefabricated and metering installations using flow lines.
- Double-row (single-row) - it is equipped with valves or taps. The former are used to work in oil wells, the latter - in gas wells.
In addition to the classification described above, the following is also used:
- By pressure. Typical equipment operates at pressures from 7 to 105 MPa. Valves that are designed to operate at high pressure are used for working in deep wells. In addition, it is installed in wells in which the presence of dangerous formation pressure has been noted.
- According to the size of the barrel passage. This size ranges from 50 to 150 mm. Devices with working diameters from 100 to 150 mm are installed in oil and gas wells with high flow rates.
The designer, when selecting material for the production of reinforcement, must take into account the properties of the environment. By the way, to install products in an explosive environment, it is not advisable to install components and assemblies made of cast iron.
Typical fittings include different types of gate valves, valves, etc. Special piping includes pressure reducing valves, gates and valves for supplying catalysts and operating backup fittings.
Classification by areas of use
Traditionally, reinforcement is associated with the construction industry. Metal rods, without which no building can survive, form the basis of such equipment in this area. Next we can highlight engineering and, in particular, pipeline communications.
Plumbing products for the management and installation of water, gas and heat supply lines also represent a large segment of auxiliary elements. The most popular types of shut-off valves in this niche are household and industrial valves.
These are typical means of controlling flows in pipelines, which also differ in size, design, materials of manufacture and other characteristics. Fittings are also called auxiliary equipment in various electrical devices, equipment and machines. The common feature of such products in all areas can be called purpose.
As already noted, the fittings, regardless of their parameters, are designed to improve performance and expand the functionality of the system in which they are used. Another thing is that the conditions for achieving these tasks may be different, but the performance of a particular device depends on them.
Xmas tree design
GOST 13846–84, implies the use of tee and cross type circuits. Typical fountain fittings include the following components:
- pipe head;
- fountain tree;
- manually controlled locking devices;
- chokes.
The pipe head is designed to hang tubing in several rows on it and ensure their tightness. In addition, it takes part in some technological processes associated with the development, operation and maintenance of the well.
This device, if necessary, replaces the side valves installed on it. For this purpose, blind plugs are used, installed in threads cut in the body.
The fountain tree is designed to solve the following problems:
- sending finished products to the line;
- taking part in the installation of additional devices;
- performing measurements of pipeline network operating parameters;
- ensuring the lowering of devices for cleaning well pipes.
Locking devices are represented by plug valves and gate valves with supplied lubricant. their task is to block the movement of the working environment.
Devices for injection wells
The main purpose of this type of fittings is to seal injection wells. A special feature is that all work can be carried out while water is being pumped into the well. The main parts of the equipment include the pipe head and the tree.
The first element is used to seal the annulus. It is also necessary to perform certain repair work, research work, and some technological operations.
This element consists of components such as latches, a cross and several elements for quick connection.
Technical requirements for design
GOST 13846–89 determined that Christmas tree equipment is designed to seal wells, block the movement of the working medium and perform other technological procedures. In accordance with the standards regulated in GOST 15150–69, these devices can operate at temperatures from -60 to +40 degrees.
GOST 51365–2009 defines the technical conditions and requirements for the specified fittings. Designers involved in the design of equipment should be guided by the requirements of this document.
Basic parameters of the device
The main defining characteristic for wellhead fittings was size. The average length of such a device is about three meters. As for the width, it naturally varies depending on the model, but the approximate average is 715 millimeters. The last indicator in terms of dimensions is the height, which is on average 1.5 meters.
Another important indicator for this equipment is the passage of the locking device. The numerical value of this parameter can reach up to 50 millimeters. Along with wellhead fittings, equipment such as pumping and compressor equipment is also used for the well. The pipe diameter of such devices can reach up to 75 mm.
It is worth noting that this type of fitting is not a specific device, but a set of several important components that perform purposes such as sealing the wellhead. In addition, the fittings will be responsible for distributing the flow of substances that will come from the well.
You can also regulate such a volatile substance as gas, for example.
Marking of fittings
To mark this type of product, alphanumeric abbreviations are used, which are designated as follows: AFKh or AFKH, where AF indicates the type of fittings, in this case the fittings are fountain, the letter “K” indicates the method of hanging the pipeline.
The letter X (from 1 to 6) indicates the diagram in accordance with GOST 13846–84.
In addition, the product labeling may indicate numerical parameters showing the working diameter and pressure, climatic version and some others, in particular, the corrosion resistance class.
Installation and dismantling of fountain fittings
During the operation of an oil or gas well, the structure is installed. Column heads are used for connection. The holes located in the upper flange allow you to fix parts of different sizes. The equipment installation process is carried out in several steps.
A gasket made of low-carbon steel and having an oval shape is placed in the space between the flanges. Using an elevator, the pipe string is lowered to the installation site. After this, the pipes are assembled together using threaded connections. By the way, it makes sense to coat the threads with a protective lubricant before assembly. After completing assembly of the installation, it is necessary to carry out pressure testing.
Repair of this equipment must be performed only at special enterprises. Before sending it for repair, the unit must be disassembled. The tree must be washed and at this time the remaining components must be examined.
The Christmas tree fittings and their piping scheme are designed so that they can protect the environment from the influence of the working medium supplied in the pipeline system.
Features of the device
It is worth highlighting one very important advantage of this type of fittings. If any element fails during operation, it can be replaced without taking the entire station out of service.
This is one of the most important criteria, since in this case it becomes possible to carry out repair work without disrupting the time interval of the station’s operation. This is one of the main requirements in the oil production environment.
In addition, this helps to save a significant amount of material resources that would have been lost while the station was idle for repairs.
The structure itself is tied together using a variety of clamps and different flanges. It is also worth highlighting here that if in the entire structure any element has a deviation from the nominal data, then all other devices belonging to the locking type and all other mechanical elements will be disabled. An automatic system is responsible for this, which is equipped with any fittings of this type.
Source: https://instanko.ru/osnastka/fontannaya-armatura.html
Purpose of the well's Christmas tree equipment
Christmas tree fittings are a pipe structure whose connection device has a flange connection with various tees, connecting devices, etc. During the installation of the system, the flange connection is sealed with steel gaskets with a minimum carbon content.
Xmas tree assembly
Christmas tree fittings are designed to perform many functions. One of them is standard pipeline piping. This device allows you to control the flow of the medium in the well and carry out processes that control production.
Christmas tree fittings are widely used for sealing and installation of flow line outlets. In almost all typical types of work related to the laying of pipelines, it is necessary to use such a device.
1 Purpose of Christmas tree fittings
Christmas tree fittings have main use cases:
- well sealing;
- formation of product withdrawal;
- regulation of well flow;
- access directly to the bottom of the well;
- manipulations in the annulus (carrying out sampling operations without stopping production, changing pressure and temperature in the downhole).
Christmas tree fittings are used when there is excess pressure under the influence of large loads. The design is used in cases where there is a possibility of exposure to an aggressive environment in wells. It is often used under high abrasive loads, when there are a large number of associations of various rocks in the water.
Use of Xmas tree for oil production
The system must be used taking into account the fact that this type of equipment must have high strength and durability, without which production will be ineffective.
The main choice of using this equipment is gas production and laying oil pipelines. to menu
1.1 Varieties
Gosstandart has defined several types of fountain fittings:
- Tee/Cross (the choice depends on the configuration of the fountain tree). Lateral branches are connected to collection and metering installations using flow lines.
- Double-row or single-row (number of rows of pumping products going down into the well).
- Equipped with valves or taps. Valves are used for oil wells, and taps are used for gas wells.
Source: https://morflot.su/naznachenie-fontannoj-armatury-skvazhiny/
Design and purpose of fountain fittings
There are the following main extraction methods in the world: flowing and mechanized, which include gas lift and pumping. When a production well does not flow, it is transferred to another - mechanized method, i.e. production is carried out by consuming additional energy specially introduced into the well.
Fountain
From the bottom to the surface, oil or gas rises along the wellbore under the influence of formation energy, which presses on the formation. It is the most economical, therefore it is used in all new and not depleted fisheries.
Gas lift
Compressed gas is supplied (pumped) into the well to lift oil or gas, i.e. supply energy to compressed gas during expansion. Pump method This method is divided into two types. The rod type (ShRP) is used for AUSHG valves. The submersible electric pump type is used for AUESP fittings. Depending on the release pumps in wells of this type, the working fluid is raised to the surface.
Xmas tree design
The Xmas tree consists of key components responsible for the operating conditions of the well. The composition of the Christmas tree fittings includes the main components: piping, tree, gate valves, valves, pressure gauges.
The piping is intended for pumping the working medium through the side branches of the cross for hanging the well pipeline;
The fountain tree is designed to direct the jet along the flow lines of the fittings, regulate the operating modes of the well, control or close the well if necessary. The fountain tree consists of a faceplate, valves, a tee (cross), a buffer flange with a tubing plug 73 (NKT 60), a pressure gauge valve(s), a pressure gauge media separator(s), and a welded flange(s).
The piping consists of a valve crosspiece(s), a buffer flange with tubing plug 60, valve(s), pressure gauge(s), pressure gauge(s), welded flange. To regulate fluid flow during oil production, a discrete fitting or throttles are installed on the flow line if necessary.
Fountain fittings AFK, AF decoding
The decoding of the name of the Christmas tree fixtures at the manufacturing plant is carried out according to the following layout:
— AF — fountain fittings;
— EF — fountain tree;
— K — hanging the tubing string in the adapter to the pipe head (when suspended in a threaded coupling or tubing hanger, the tubing is not indicated);
— 16 — designation of a typical fountain tree layout according to GOST 13846-89 with the addition of the index “a” for two pipe heads;
- D - remote,
A - automatic,
В - remote and automatic - designation of the valve control system (with manual control is not indicated);
- 50 150 - nominal diameter of the tree trunk; - /50 100 - nominal diameter of the side branches of the tree (if the nominal diameters coincide, the nominal diameter of the side branches of the tree is not indicated), mm;
— x14/21/35/70/105 — working pressure, MPa;
— K 1K2 — designation of corrosion-resistant design according to GOST 13846-89;
— XL, UHL — climatic version according to GOST 15150-69 (version U is not designated).
An example of an entry when ordering: “Christmas tree fittings AF6-80/65x105 K2 GOST 13846-89”
Source: http://evrazarm.ru/deyatelnost/proizvodstvo-fontannojj-armatury/konstruktsiya-i-naznachenie-fontannoy-armaturyi/
Components and purpose of the Christmas tree fittings, diagram of its piping and requirements - Machine
Christmas tree fittings are widely used. It allows you to solve various problems. For example, increase the sealing of the well, etc. The fountain fixture is a tube-shaped structure.
Christmas tree fittings
Connecting this device provides flange connections. The latter have different tees and other elements responsible for the connection. To make it as dense as possible, steel gaskets are used, in which the carbon content is minimal.
The Xmas tree is a multifunctional device. Quite often it is used for piping. Thus, it is much easier to manage and control the processes that occur in the well. It is also suitable for wiring branch flow lines. It is difficult to do without it when laying pipelines. It does not matter what type of work is carried out.
Scope of application
Christmas tree equipment for wells is an indispensable element. It provides sealing. It is also used to form a production diversion or regulate the flow rate formed in the well. Allows access to its bottom.
A mandatory procedure for the operation of any well is sampling. It is important that this does not require stopping the main process, changing pressure and temperature. Fountain fittings allow this to be done easily and quickly.
Connection diagram
In addition, it is worth noting that such a device is good to use if excess pressure is created in the system. Moreover, it is formed under the influence of heavy loads. It is also suitable for structures where aggressive environments predominate. It copes well with the presence of a large number of compounds of different types in water.
Double-row Christmas tree fittings
The fountain fittings are quite strong and durable. This is its important advantage, which has a beneficial effect on the entire production process. It increases its effectiveness. If we talk about the most common application of such devices, it is the gas and oil industry. Pipelines are laid using fountain fittings.
Types of structures
Fountain fittings come in different types. They are defined by the state standard. There are tee, double-row, single-row and with taps. The first one is similar in configuration to a frontal Christmas tree. The second is determined by the rows of pumping elements on the structure. The third has found its application in equipping wells for oil production.
Troynikov fountain fittings
There are also different types of fountain fittings depending on the design features and degree of strength. The piping may differ in operating pressure and the size of the barrel cross-section, which is responsible for the passage.
When choosing such a part, it is worth considering the material from which it is made. This plays an important role in use. If the environment of use is fire hazardous, then you should give preference to cast iron elements.
Typical diagrams of fountain fittings are shown in the photo below.
Design Features
The production of this design is regulated at the state level. There are a number of requirements that it must meet. Otherwise it will not be allowed for use. Basically, tee and cross types of circuits are used to connect it.
The design itself consists of several main parts. These include a pipe head, a fountain tree, and a shut-off device, which is equipped with manual controls and throttles. Each element plays its role. The result is a strong and reliable part.
Christmas tree fittings are very important in such systems, as they prevent the penetration of what is contained in the pipeline into the environment and soil. Mostly it is gas or oil. They will be a detrimental influence if they leave.
Installation of the structure
When using a well, not only the installation of Christmas tree fittings is provided, but also its pressure testing. This is done thanks to the column head. The latter is located at the top of the hole. Used for fastening parts of different types and sizes.
The installation process of the structure consists of several stages. To begin with, special steel is attached, which has a low-carbon type and an oval cross-section. Do this between the flanges. After this, the compressor pipe string is lowered. The elevator helps with this.
The final stage is making up the pipes and lowering the pipe string. But before them, the threads on the device must be lubricated. Pressure testing is carried out after complete completion of installation work. It allows you to check the tightness of all connections.
If the structure fails, then the help of craftsmen is needed. They carry out repair work in a specialized room. Since this will require equipment and tools that are difficult to place elsewhere. The repair process is labor-intensive, the time it takes depends on the complexity of the breakdown.
Source: https://regionvtormet.ru/okrashivanie/sostavnye-chasti-i-naznachenie-fontannoj-armatury-shema-ee-obvyazki-i-predyavlyaemye-trebovaniya.html
GOST R 51365-2009 oil and gas industry. equipment for drilling and production. wellhead equipment and flowing wellhead equipment. general technical requirements, GOST R dated December 15, 2009 No. 51365-2009
GOST R 51365-2009
Group G43
____________________________________________________________________
Text Comparison of GOST R 51365-2009 with GOST R 51365-99, see the link. - Note from the database manufacturer.
____________________________________________________________________
OKS 93.080 OKS 75.180.10
OKP 36 6000
Date of introduction 2011-01-01
The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by Federal Law of December 27, 2002 N 184-FZ “On Technical Regulation”, and the rules for applying national standards of the Russian Federation are GOST R 1.0-2004 “Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions"
Standard information
1 PREPARED BY Closed Joint Stock Company "NEFTEMASH" (ZAO "NEFTEMASH"), the Fund for the Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex "Standard TEK" (Foundation "Standard TEK")
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 23 “Engineering and technologies for oil and gas production and processing”
3 APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 15, 2009 N 1070-st.
4 This standard is modified from the international standard ISO 10423:2003* “Oil and gas industry. Drilling and production equipment.
Wellhead and Xmas tree equipment" (ISO 10423:2003 "Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and production equipment - Wellhead and Christmas tree equipment.
General specifications")________________
* Access to international and foreign documents mentioned in the text can be obtained by contacting the User Support Service. — Note from the database manufacturer.
5 INSTEAD GOST R 51365-99
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”.
In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”.
Relevant information, notifications and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
This standard, while retaining all wording, provisions and references to international standards, supplements them with provisions and references to current Russian standards and technical regulatory documents.
This standard introduces Russian equipment manufacturers and consumers to the requirements of the ISO 10423:2003 standard and the practical possibilities of its application.
This standard is intended for use by technical committees for standardization of the Russian Federation, enterprises and associations of enterprises, including unions, state corporations, associations, concerns, joint-stock companies, inter-industry, regional and other associations, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, as well as federal executive bodies authorities of the Russian Federation.
The standard applies to equipment, regardless of its technical characteristics, dimensions, weight and other indicators, time and place of development, testing, manufacturing by enterprises of all forms of ownership and subordination.
Users of this standard should be aware that specific applications may require additional or different requirements. This standard is not intended to prevent the seller from offering, or the buyer from purchasing, alternative equipment or technical solutions for specific applications. This is especially true for new or improved technologies. If an alternative is offered, the seller must detail any deviations from this standard.
1.1 Purpose
This standard applies to wellhead equipment and christmas trees used in oil and gas production, and establishes the basic technical characteristics, requirements for dimensional and functional interchangeability, requirements for design and manufacturing, materials, testing and inspection, welding, marking, loading and unloading operations , storage, acquisition, repair and modernization.
This standard does not apply to testing and (or) repair of wellhead equipment and Christmas tree equipment in field conditions.
1.2 Scope of application
This standard applies to the following special equipment:
a) Wellhead equipment:
— casing head bodies;
— coils of casing pipe heads;
— coils of tubing heads;
— transition coils;
— housings of multi-column heads and coils;
b) Connectors and fittings:
— transition connectors;
— pipe head subs;
— upper connectors;
— tees and crosses;
— liquid sampling devices;
— transition and intermediate coils;
c) Tubing and casing hangers:
— threaded hangers;
— wedge suspensions;
d) Shut-off valves and fittings:
— one-way valves;
— multi-way valves;
— drive valves;
— valves prepared for actuators;
— control valves;
— fittings;
— onshore and underwater safety valves and actuators;
— check valves;
e) Connector designs [flanged, threaded, other end connectors (OEC) and welded]:
— welding connectors;
- connectors - plugs;
— threaded connectors;
— transition and intermediate connectors;
- plugs;
— plugs for removing valves;
f) Other equipment:
— power drives of valves;
— bushings with end connecting elements;
— sealing devices;
— sealing rings;
— tools for descent and testing (Appendix 3);
— replaceable inserts (Appendix 3).
The names of parts and assembly units of typical wellhead equipment are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1 — Names of parts and assembly units of typical wellhead equipment
A
1 - place for installing a check valve; 2 - emergency valve; 3 — output of the downhole safety valve control channel; 4 — tubing head sub; 5 - locking screw; 6 — tubing hanger seal; 7 — tubing hanger with an extended groove and a downhole safety valve control channel; 8 — side exit with heels; 9 — device for removing the valve; 10 — lower seal (packer); 11 — tubing head coil; 12 — sub with a double-row arrangement of threaded holes for studs; 13 —sealing the annulus of casing pipes; 14 — casing pipe suspension (wedge type); 15 — threaded outlet pipe; 16 - plug; 17 — column head body; 18 - surface of casing pipes; 19 — support plate of wellhead equipment; 20 — retaining ring of the tubing seal; 21 — tubing hanger (wedge type); 22 - tubing
b
23 — socket for installing the exhaust pipe on studs; 24 — seal of the elongated neck of the tubing hanger; 25 — ring seal of the tubing suspension; 26 — threaded tubing hanger; 27 — flanged outlet pipe; 28 — threaded suspension of casing pipes; 29 — casing head coil; 30 - internal casing string; 31 - intermediate casing string; 32 - flanged end connection; 33 — seals of the tubing threaded hanger; 34 - coiled suspension seal Figure 1 (a, b) - Names of parts and assembly units of typical wellhead equipment
Figure 2 — Names of parts and assembly units of flow wellhead equipment
1 - control valve; 2 - cap nut; 3 - plug; 4 — body; 5 — upper connector; 6 - buffer or top valve; 7 - tee; 8 — outlet line valve; 9 — fitting; 10 — fountain valve; 11 — tubing head sub
Figure 2 — Names of parts and assembly units of flow wellhead equipment
1.3 Operating conditions
This standard defines operating conditions related to pressure, temperature and class of material, technical condition of wellhead equipment.
2 Normative references
This standard uses references to the following standards:
GOST R 15.201-2000 System for developing and putting products into production. Products for industrial and technical purposes.
The procedure for developing and putting products into production
GOST R 51906-2002 Threaded connections for casing, tubing pipes and pipelines and thread gauges for them.
General technical requirements
GOST R 52630-2006 Welded steel vessels and apparatus. General technical conditions
Source: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/464663865
Fountain fittings. Where it is used and main features
In recent years, Christmas tree fittings have been encountered quite often, especially when performing various types of work related to drilling and laying pipeline systems.
This part is always assigned multiple functions, among which the main one is the piping of one or several pipelines at once. It is the Xmas tree that allows you to control the flow in the well and various controlling processes.
Many specialists use this part to seal well joints and route branches into flow lines.
In what areas are fountain fixtures used?
In most cases, it is simply impossible to lay pipeline systems without fountain fittings, which will subsequently be subject to high abrasive loads, especially when it is planned to mix a large flow of water with rocks of different fractions.
In this case, it is necessary to take into account that the fountain fittings must have good strength and a long service life.
Such equipment can be successfully used under various loads, because GOST standards provided for several types of Christmas tree fittings.
The main purpose of the fountain fittings:
- Reliable sealing of working wellheads;
- Providing free access to the bottom of the well (to measure temperature and pressure, to take the necessary samples);
- Timely removal of rock to the flow line;
- Adjusting the flow rate in the well;
- Holding suspended compressor and pump pipes that are lowered into the well.
Operational benefits:
- Ensuring stable operation of the pipeline system under the influence of high pressure and high temperatures (100 MPa or more);
- High speed of transportation of rocks containing solid fraction;
- It is not susceptible to the negative influence of the working environment (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide or mineralized water).
Main design features
The key element of the fountain fittings is the fountain tree and multifunctional piping. The first part in this case provides control over the flow in the well, but the second is needed for piping one or several pipelines at once, controlling and managing the environment inside the well.
But the main task of this part is always considered to be the ability to hang several compressor and pump pipes at once. Due to this, unhindered access to the space behind the pipes is ensured. On sale you can find two types of fountain fittings - cross and tee varieties.
Each of them has a number of advantages, which include the fact that pipe repairs can be carried out without stopping the work process.
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Every person who would like to buy or sell real estate understands that he cannot do this without the help of an agency.
Source: https://stroylegko.com/instrumenty-i-stoymaterialy/fontannaya-armatura-gde-ispolzuetsya-i-glavnye-osobennosti
