How to weld

How to cook with electric welding correctly?

Knowledge of how to weld using electric welding correctly, in compliance with technology, will allow you to independently create various types of metal structures and products. If you have no experience, you can easily master the basics and techniques, and then successfully apply them in practice.

Types of electric welding

To understand the basics of electric welding, you need to understand the essence of the process itself. The joining of metal elements occurs as a result of local expansion under the influence of high temperatures. An arc is created that melts the metal, then the finished structure cools down and becomes strong and solid.

There are two ways to create an arc:

• on direct current;
• on alternating current.

Inverters are used for DC welding. They create an arc with stable electrical parameters, which simplifies the welding process:

• an even, uniform seam is formed;
• metal does not spatter.

Many inverters have standard presets equipped with protective functions that allow you to monitor the current parameters. They can be used by beginners or professionals.

For welding on alternating current it is necessary to use transformers. Their advantages: high power, unpretentiousness to network parameters. But at the same time they have a lot of weight and a high noise level. In addition, they can cause interference in electrical networks.

Tools

Welding will require the selection of special equipment:

• a welding machine suitable for the technical characteristics;
• electrodes of a certain composition, depending on the type of metals being connected and their thickness;
• protective mask, clothing, gloves, shoes;
• hammer, metal brush to remove scale or smooth seams;
• containers with water.

Beginners need to take elements of similar composition and thickness to select current and voltage. It is also recommended to practice creating seams with the required characteristics so as not to damage the workpiece.

The welding site must comply with the rules and safety requirements. The area of ​​the room or area should be sufficient for the convenience of performing the work.

In case of problems with the power supply, you will need to additionally connect a rectifier. This will stabilize the current and voltage, thereby forming a stable arc.

Which electrodes to use

Electric welding for beginners is a complex process if the electrode was chosen incorrectly. The quality of the seam, uniformity, meltability, absence of impurities and harmful compounds depends on its properties. Therefore, the following selection criteria are taken into account:

• the rod must have the composition as close as possible to the metals being welded;
• the protective shell must protect the seam from the formation of oxides;
• The connection polarity should be observed depending on the marking;
• current parameters must meet the requirements of the welding machine and the thickness of the parts;
• the diameter must be selected so that a seam with the required characteristics can be formed.

How to learn to cook with electric welding

To learn electric welding, you need to prepare a workplace, collect all the tools, and ensure work safety. If you master all the stages on your own, then you will need to find materials to hone your skills.

It is important for a novice welder to learn how to properly equip a work area:

• install protective screens;
• remove flammable or combustible materials;
• provide access to tools.

You need to choose clothes, since it is extremely inconvenient to weld metal correctly using electric welding with a feeling of discomfort:

• clothing should be made of thick fabrics;
• Shoes with nailed heels are not acceptable;
• the welding helmet must have glass with dimming adjustment;
• It is recommended to use split leather gloves.

It is required to follow the rules of metal welding:

• the surfaces of the parts must be cleaned from scale, rust, and dirt;
• the welding machine should be grounded;
• when working, you must comply with safety requirements;
• follow the rules of the selected welding technique.

How to connect the electrode

The connection is made to a special clamp located at one end of the cables. There are two types of locking mechanisms:

• screw, which is a rotating clamp with a clamp;
• spring, allowing you to fix it when you press a special button.

When using an inverter, the ground cable is connected to the positive terminal, and with a clamp - to the negative terminal. When argon welding, the polarity is changed.

Start of welding: light the arc

You can ignite an arc in the following ways:

• tapping - the end hits the surface of the part several times;
• passing - an electrode is quickly drawn along the seam line.

It is important to test these methods in advance and choose the best one for solving specific problems.

Incline

Convenient angles of inclination of the electrodes above the surface of the parts being welded are considered to be from 300 to 600. The angle can be formed in the following ways:

• forward, allowing minimal heating of the metal;
• back, the parts are heated to the maximum depth for the selected current, the slag moves at the speed of closing the weld pool.

To fully control the process, it is necessary to maintain a distance from the surface to the electrode of 2 to 3 mm.

Movements

When moving the electrode, it is important to consider the following criteria:

• you should think in advance about the optimal movement pattern along the surface in order to obtain a seam with the desired characteristics;
• the speed of movement determines to what depth the metal will be melted;
• the formation of the seam must be carefully controlled during the work process;
• it is important not to allow the electrode to approach the surface of the element closer than 2 mm;
• movement should be carried out only after the formation of the bath.

What errors might there be?

When carrying out welding work with their own hands, beginners can make the following mistakes:

• the operating mode of the welding machine is incorrectly selected;
• the melt in the bath is not formed with the structure required;
• the current strength does not correspond to the metal or its thickness, resulting in penetrations or unwelded areas;
• the polarity of connecting the mass and electrode cables is incorrectly selected;
• the welding machine is powered from an unstable network, as a result of which it may fail and require expensive repairs;
• welds are formed without sticking, due to which the joining of structural elements is not carried out in accordance with the assembly requirements;
• parts are connected without stripping to bare metal;
• fire safety measures are not observed.

If you have no experience in welding, it is recommended to use universal electrodes with a diameter of 3.2 mm.
They allow you to learn the basics due to the absence of difficulties when adjusting the device and selecting the speed of movement. Welding for beginner welders! How did I learn to cook with electric welding?

How to cook with electric welding correctly? Link to main publication

Source: https://metalloy.ru/obrabotka/svarka/kak-pravilno-varit-elektrosvarkoj

Electric welding with electrodes for beginners: how to weld correctly

Almost every person has encountered a situation where it was necessary to weld some metal part. Most often this happens during construction work. It’s great if a man knows this process, but sometimes you have to turn to professionals in your field. But you can learn welding on your own. Beginners usually start by learning seams. Complex work should begin only when the home craftsman learns how to weld using electrodes correctly.

Welding today is the most reliable metal connection, because it fuses materials into one whole. The procedure takes place under the influence of high temperatures. Most welding machines use an electric arc to operate.

The principle of its operation is as follows : it heats the metal in a certain small zone to the melting point. This type of welding is called electric arc welding.

When forming an electric arc, both direct and alternating current can be used. For alternating voltage, transformers are used, for constant voltage, inverters are used.

The work is easier with inverters, since they operate on a 220 V network. They are small in size and weight, about 4-8 kg. They make almost no noise and do not affect the voltage.

It is much more difficult to work with transformers, since the current is alternating, it affects voltage surges, which neighbors and household appliances are usually not very happy about. The device is large and heavy.

Thus, it becomes obvious that a welding inverter is more suitable for beginners .

Required Tools

For welding work you need a set of tools and special protection. This is the welding machine itself, electrodes, hammer and brush. The diameter of the electrodes depends on the material to be worked on.

Don't forget about protection . To protect your eyes, a welding mask is a must, and you should also wear thick clothing, suede gloves, and durable shoes. Devices that convert alternating current into direct current are also useful - this is a rectifier, inverter or transformer.

For an electric arc to occur, conductive elements are needed: in this case, it is metal and an electrode. When metal and electrode come into contact, an electric arc appears. In the same place, the metal immediately begins to melt, and at the same time the electrode melts and is transferred to the weld pool.

Also in the process, the protective surface of the electrode burns, partially evaporating and releasing a certain amount of gases. These gases create a curtain and protect the metal from oxidation. The metal is also coated with slag, which helps the metal by maintaining its temperature.

The formation of a seam occurs when the electrode moves, which is the whole secret of welding. also necessary to monitor the angle of inclination and current parameters . After the metal cools, a slag crust remains on it, which protects the metal from oxidation. The slag is then beaten off using a hammer.

How to learn to cook

At first, welding work must be carried out under the supervision of an experienced welder; he will show you how to learn how to weld, give advice and help in case of problems. You can practice on a piece of metal.

For beginner welders, a 3 mm electrode is most suitable . It costs a little more, but is easier to work with. Later, as experience is gained, you can move on to other options. You can fix it in a special holder, which can be spring or screw and is attached to one of the cables. After fixing the electrode, you can begin connecting the cables.

The welding machine has two outputs : positive and negative. There are also two cables, one of them ends with a holder into which the electrode is inserted, the other with a special clamp.

In conventional types of welding, straight polarity is connected: minus goes to the electrode, plus to the part. But in some work, reverse polarity is used.

After preparing all the parts and devices, you can start working. First of all, attach the cable with the clamp. Then you need to check the other cable for insulation and reliable fixation of the electrode. Then the current power is set on the welding machine depending on the diameter of the selected electrode.

An electric arc is ignited. To do this, you need to lightly touch the metal with the electrode , and sparks should fly out. After the first contact, the electrode touches the metal and rises to a height of 5 mm.

The height of 5 mm must be maintained throughout the entire operation. As the process progresses, the electrode should burn out and will need to be replaced . It can also periodically stick to the metal, in which case you need to shake it slightly.

After igniting the arc, you can proceed to fusing the bead. This is done with light oscillatory movements, smoothly moving the electrode. The result of the operation should be a seam with a slight deposit of metal.

Electrode movement can occur in three directions:

• Progressive.
• Transverse.
• Longitudinal.

As you work, you can superimpose one option onto another. Each master prefers to work in his own direction. After all, the main task is to reliably connect metals, and how this happens is not so important.

Some nuances

It is not enough to simply move an electrode across metal. You need to know some of the nuances of welding and how to properly weld a certain metal. One of them is that the seam “pulls” the part, which can cause them to lead. And in the end the result will be completely different from what the master expected. Most often, this problem can be avoided by grabbing the part in several places, approximately every 10 cm. This is done on both sides, after which the main work begins.

How to choose the right current

In addition to bonding the metal before welding, you need to know what current value to set in certain situations. It all depends on the thickness of the metal being worked on and the diameter of the electrode.

But sometimes the voltage may suddenly drop, the inverter itself will not be able to react to this situation. In this case, you just need to slow down the movement of the electrode to warm it up. Repeatedly running the electrode along the seams may also help. If this does not help, you can install an electrode of a smaller diameter .

Pipeline welding

Using electric arc welding, you can make a horizontal seam that runs around the circumference of the pipe and a vertical seam that runs from the side, as well as top and bottom seams. The most convenient option is the bottom seam.

Steel pipes must be butt welded, welding all the edges along the height of the walls. During operation, the electrode must be installed at an angle of 45 degrees - this is done in order to reduce sagging inside the products. The seam width should be 2-3 mm, height - 6-8 mm. If welding is overlapped, then the required width is 6-8 mm, and the height is 3 mm.

Immediately before starting work, you need to carry out preparatory procedures :

• The part needs to be cleaned.
• If the edges of the pipe are deformed, then straighten them or cut them off with an angle grinder, or simply with a grinder.
• The edges where the seam will go must be cleaned to a shine.

After preparation, you can start working. It is necessary to weld all joints continuously, completely welding . Pipe joints with a width of up to 6 mm are welded in 2 layers, with a width of 6-12 mm in 3 layers and with a wall width of more than 19 mm in 4 layers. The peculiarity lies in the constant cleaning of pipes from slag, i.e.

After each completed layer, it is necessary to clean it of slag and only then cook a new one. Particular care must be taken when working on the first seam, it is necessary to fuse all blunts and edges.

The first layer is carefully checked for the presence of cracks; if they are present, then they must be melted or cut out and welded again.

All subsequent layers are welded while slowly turning the pipe. The last layer is welded with an even transition to the base metal.

Mistakes of novice welders

To learn how to cook with electric welding correctly, you need to consider the main mistakes that beginners make :

1. Moving the electrode too quickly, resulting in an uneven seam.
2. The seam moves too slowly, resulting in holes and burns in the metal.
3. The seam is too uneven and flat. The error here is in the angle of the electrode.
4. Lack of welding of metal. This happens because the 5 mm gap between the metal and the electrode was not maintained, i.e. the gap was too small.
5. Otherwise, when the gap is too large, the metal is not welded.

All of the above mistakes are just the most serious ones. There are many more nuances that can only be understood with experience.

When welding thin-walled metal or profiles, a careful approach to work is required . Thin parts can be welded by applying a cleaned electrode and welding directly on top of it.

Welding on non-ferrous metals is strikingly different, as it requires different electrodes. A special protective environment is also required. Now you can buy universal machines that cook almost any metal.

There are also semi-automatic devices for working with thin-walled metals. Its essence lies in fusing a special wire.

Electric welding for beginners is not an easy task. But if you have enough desire, you can master it. You just need to follow the basic rules and listen to the advice of more experienced masters. As a result, you will be able to move on to complex tasks, honing your skills.

Source: https://tokar.guru/hochu-vse-znat/svarka-elektrodami-kak-pravilno-varit-nachinayuschim.html

How to weld correctly with electrodes: how to learn how to properly work independently with a metal welding inverter for beginners from scratch

Work requiring metal welding can be found in almost every private home, garage, country house and construction site. If the beauty of the seam is not required, then even a novice welder can learn how to weld correctly with electrodes on his own, without seeking the services of a master. This article will help you understand all the intricacies of welding work in order to avoid annoying mistakes at the beginning of training.

Preparation for the process

Unlike transformer units, an inverter allows you to operate from a household network and does not overload it. It ensures soft ignition, smooth lines, and uninterrupted process. It is worth learning to weld from scratch on thick pieces of iron - it is easier to practice on them, and there is no danger of burnout.

An arc occurs when the part and the metal of the electrode come into contact. The melt of the metal and the rod forms a bath, and the electrode coating turns into gas and protects the welding site from oxygen. This is necessary to prevent scale from appearing on parts.

Simply learning how to weld and create a bath is not enough for effective results. When individual parts of parts are heated by arc, the seam “pulls” the metal to the side. The result is very different from what was planned in the drawing. The detail is skewed.

To make work easier, the metal is secured with a vice, clamps, clamps or other devices. To fix the original shape, tacks are made every 20-30 cm. When working with joints, tacks are tacked on both sides, compensating for mutual stresses on the sides of the parts. After preparation is completed, welding work can begin.

How to cook properly

The welding process is the process of melting metal to form a liquid pool of melt. A weld pool is formed on the surface. It is filled with molten electrode and a weld is formed.

The main thing in electric welding is to light the arc, melt the edges of the metal being joined, and fill the resulting pool. However, this requires experience. It is difficult to consistently hold the welding arc and distinguish slag from metal. During the welding process, it is recommended to maintain a uniform speed and move across the metal. As a result, a seam that is resistant to tearing is formed.

Features of welding thin metal

Incorrect setting of an inverter welder can disfigure a thin part beyond recognition. The quality of the weld depends on the settings of the machine, the size and quality of the electrodes, the correct welding angle, and the speed of the electrode.

It is important to know about the polarity of connecting parts. Thin metal must be connected to the minus of the welding unit. Useful tips for welding thin metal:

1. When starting to weld, set the minimum current (average values ​​can be found in reference books and welder tables).
2. The seam is formed at an angle forward.
3. Use reverse polarity.
4. Fasten the part carefully. This will reduce deformation during operation.

Common mistakes made by newbies

Taking the holder in hand for the first time, the process seems complicated and unknowable to teapots. However, this is only a technological process with its own laws. The most common mistakes that prevent beginners from welding metal with electrodes:

1. Poor metal preparation. Surface rust, scale, and contamination impair the welding process. It is difficult for even an experienced worker to weld such metal. Surface contaminants are removed with a metal brush or a cleaning disk at the seam and electrode contact. Cleaning speeds up the arc ignition.
2. Incorrect welding machine settings. The inverter current is determined by special tables, depending on the thickness of the metal and the diameter of the electrode. By changing the voltage, experienced welders set a slightly lower current so as not to damage the metal. Low welding current leads to electrode sticking.
3. Incorrect arc ignition. There are 2 ways. In the first, the rapid contact of the electrode with the surface is changed by retracting it to a distance of 2-3 mm and holding the resulting arc. The second method involves striking the electrode over the part and moving it back a couple of centimeters until the arc lights up.
4. Uneven distance from electrode to workpiece. Ideally a distance of 5 mm is required. This distance forms the correct seam.
5. Uneven movement speed. It depends on the diameter of the electrode. Experience comes with time. An excessively fast speed does not allow you to reliably connect parts; a slow speed creates beads on the welding seam. At the correct speed, the melt completely fills the weld pool.
6. Incorrect angle and movement of the electrode. When moving, it forms a slope of 70 degrees. The movement of the electrode can be longitudinal, transverse and oscillatory.
7. Raw electrodes. When stored in a pack, the electrodes are protected from moisture. If stored for a long time in damaged packaging, they become damp and do not light. Before work, dry for 30-60 minutes at a temperature of 105-130 degrees. Drying is allowed at home.
8. Incorrect selection of electrode thickness and type. The diameter is selected depending on the thickness of the metal being welded. The type depends on the metal - iron, aluminum or stainless steel.

Beginners often neglect electric welding safety precautions, choose the wrong welding machines, and work “clean”, without trial seams.

Safety precautions

If necessary, the welding site is separated by a fireproof screen. It protects the eyesight of others and prevents accidental fires. Neglecting safety rules is unacceptable. The love for this type of work will disappear if you get an electric shock, set the situation on fire, or damage the paintwork of a car standing next to you.

The welding area must be ventilated. Ideally, the welding station is equipped with stationary exhaust ventilation. As a result of work, harmful substances are released that are formed during the combustion of metal and electrodes.

It’s unpleasant if you “catch a bunny” as a result of an incorrectly selected mask or get burned by hot metal.

Welding helmets come in different types - from simple hand shields with tinted glass to expensive helmets with a closed head and dynamically tinted glasses. They are good because when not in use the glass is transparent, which means the welding field is clearly visible - you work locally. When there is a flash, there is shading and the eyes are not affected. Cheap Chinese chameleon masks with delayed reactions are unsafe for your eyesight.

Short-term experience in the ability to cook with inverter welding for beginners does not guarantee high-quality joints of the seams of water pipes, tanks, and heavy fences. Poorly connected structures can fall apart, crush or hit a beginner. It is better to learn how to work in special courses and undergo practical training under the supervision of a teacher. This will help to avoid troubles associated with poor quality work and the provision of unsuitable services.

Be sure to pay attention to welding polarity. A straight line is necessary for working with thick parts. The reverse is for thin metal. Correct work will allow you to solve everyday problems in the country, in the garage, at home.

Source: https://TehnoPanorama.ru/instrumenty/kak-pravilno-varit-svarkoy.html

Where to start welding with electrodes

Electric welding is the most common method of obtaining a permanent connection. The availability and simplicity of equipment for welding work allows even novice electric welders to assemble simple metal structures on their own.

Those who want to learn how to learn how to weld parts should start with the basics of electric welding, which occurs using electrodes.

Criteria for selecting equipment and materials

Before starting any training, it is necessary to equip a home craftsman welding station. First of all, this concerns welding machines and electrodes, and then move on to the basics.

To carry out one-time work, you can rent a welding machine from specialized companies, but if there is a lot of work to be done, the best solution would be to purchase a reliable unit with a sufficient level of power.

You can weld with gas, but this is a more expensive method. For various purposes, the industry produces the following types of equipment:

• welding machine (transformer), designed to convert alternating currents into high-power welding current. Cheap welding machines can overheat greatly even under light loads, and they produce uneven welding current with large differences;
• Rectifiers convert alternating current from the network into direct current. These are the most productive devices with good characteristics, but they cost an order of magnitude more;
• Modern inverters are capable of converting alternating current into direct current; they are distinguished by high performance characteristics with small dimensions and weight. Today this is the most affordable, reliable type of welding equipment; many welders use them. This is the best option for beginners, where you can practice the basics of working with electrodes.

Beginners need to know that electrodes are used for electric arc welding. Information about electrodes refers to the basics of training. The success of welding depends on the quality of the electrode and a suitable core composition.

The product is quite simple in design. This is a steel wire made of various materials and alloys, with a special coating applied to it.

The coating prevents unwanted gases from entering the weld pool. For household use, electrodes with a core thickness of 3 mm are most suitable. Manual welding of very thin sheet metal is carried out using electrodes with a cross section of 2 mm.

Organization of the workplace and reliable equipment for the welder

When welding with electrodes, strong infrared radiation occurs. To protect your eyes and skin, you must use a special welding mask and protective clothing made of dense material .

It is better to buy a welding helmet with chameleon glass, with the ability to adjust the degree of darkening of the glass. You need to wear split leather gloves or mittens on your hands. Protective clothing should be used regardless of whether you are a beginner welder or an expert.

The welding site must be fenced with protective screens to prevent damage to the eyes of others, especially at home. Welding shoes should not be nailed.

In such shoes, the welder will constantly dance even with slight dampness in the air. Before welding, be sure to ensure that your work area is properly grounded.

Having completed the preparatory work, you can begin learning welding and learning the basics.

Sequencing

Step-by-step instructions provide for performing several types of work. First you will need to equip a welding inverter. 2 cables are taken from it. One is for connecting the ground wire.

On another, of sufficient length, an industrial or homemade holder is connected. The process of learning electric welding is quite complex and time consuming.

Current adjustment

The welding manual includes information about machine settings. The welding current is subject to mandatory adjustment . At first you will not need to set the maximum value of this value.

All data is indicated in the table on the electrode packaging. You need to set it to a lower value and start learning.

With experience, when you can light an arc and make a simple seam, you need to set a higher value for the welding current. This will allow the metal to be heated better and a better weld to be made.

Welding arc

It is impossible to imagine welding lessons for beginners without learning how to strike an arc. At first, the electrode will constantly stick to the metal. There are 2 recommended methods for igniting the arc:

• passing the tip of the electrode along the surface of the parts;
• The arc can be ignited by tapping the electrode. Sometimes, when using MP-5 electrodes, the welder has to knock often and for a long time.

In the first case, there are no significant marks left on the parts; the second method is important when there is a large layer of coating on the tip of the electrode. Sometimes you have to grind the ends of the electrodes before welding.

It's very easy to learn. You just tap, and when lighting the arc, the main thing is not to stick the electrode into the molten metal and not to carry it over a long distance. In the first case, the arc will go out. The second option will lead to the formation of strong splashes and damage to the seam bead.

It is better to learn on thick metal. Only after learning how to light an arc and maintain its combustion can you move on to the next stage of training.

We develop the correct angle of inclination

The most common electrode position is between 30° and 60°. It is very rarely necessary to cook while holding the core at a right angle. When choosing an inclination, you need to monitor the behavior of the slag in the weld pool.

It should cover it securely, but without the metal spreading. You can't go too far ahead of the bathtub. To begin with, place the holder at a right angle, and gradually making the angle sharper, achieve normal filling of the weld pool with slag.

The quality of welding depends on the development of the normal position of the electrode holder. A novice welder should work by laying seams only in the lower position, on thick metal.

Having mastered the basics, you can gradually move on to horizontal and vertical seams. Depending on the thickness of the parts, you will also have to adjust the angle. Over time, this operation will be performed automatically.

Movement of the holder

For proper welding, it is necessary to hold the tip of the electrode core at a distance of at least 2 mm and see the weld pool.

The problem for beginners is the need to perform several actions at once. To better fill the joint bead, it is necessary to guide the electrode in several ways.

For welding metal whose thickness is more than 6 mm, it is better to use a triangle motion. And for parts less than this thickness, it is better to use a broken zigzag welding line.

At first, only these methods of guiding the electrode will be required. Pay attention to the constant size of the oscillatory movements. You may first need to simply guide the electrode in a straight line to gain proficiency.

Don't think that you will succeed on the first try. This is a long process, so you need to be patient while mastering the basics.

Basic rules for joining parts

After you have mastered the basics of welding, you need to weld metal structures yourself and move on to performing simple assembly and tack operations at home. As a rule, a home craftsman does not weld thick metal, so cutting edges is not required. First, you can practice connecting a profile pipe. To do this, you will need to cut sharp corners at the ends of the parts for a larger penetration area.

The parts are inserted into the corner clamp and secured with a clamping bar. Now you need to first grab it from several sides. To do this, light an arc and place a small point.

There is no need to withstand a large leg, you just need to fix the parts. After checking the diagonals, tacks are performed on all accessible sides. Now the structure is removed and welded with a reliable and high-quality seam.

If the lessons on the angle of inclination and laying metal in a molten weld pool are well learned, then the operations of assembling metal structures will not cause difficulties even for dummies in welding.

Having studied the basics of welding and gained theoretical knowledge, you need to practice as often as possible, put on welding equipment, turn on the welding machine and hone your skills for a long time. Only practice will allow you to become a high-class welder.

Source: https://svaring.com/welding/teorija/azy-svarki-elektrodami

How to learn to cook with an inverter from scratch

When choosing electrodes for electric welding, they are guided by the thickness of the workpieces, which is directly related to their diameter.

The necessary data can be obtained from the tables on the packaging or you can determine the dimensions yourself, taking into account that the diameter of the electrode approximately corresponds to the wall thickness with values ​​​​not exceeding 4 mm.

Selecting the welding mode and type of electrodes

The current passed through the electrodes is directly related to their diameter; its rating is usually indicated on the packaging. Additionally, its value can be determined from tables or approximately determined by calculations, based on the fact that 1 mm. electrode thickness requires a current of 30 amperes.

There are four main types of electrodes depending on the coating material:

• Sour (A). Characterized by a high content of iron and manganese, the metal electrode passes into the seam in the form of small drops with the formation of a liquid bath; upon hardening, the slag is easily separated. During operation, too high an arc temperature leads to undercuts, the seam is highly susceptible to cracks - this limits the use of this type.
• Cellulose (C). In addition to cellulose, the composition includes ferromanganese ores and talc, which completely burn out when heated, forming a protective gas, while the seam does not have a slag coating. The electrode enters the seam in medium to large drops, forming a rough, uneven structure with numerous splashes.

Rice. 10 Appearance of the electric arc apparatus and electrode

Rutile (R). The coating consists mainly of titanium dioxide or ilmenite; the electrode metal passes into the weld pool in medium and small drops with a small amount of spatter and the formation of an even, high-quality seam. The slag coating has a porous structure and is easily separated from the seam.

For electric welding of low-carbon steel alloys from which profile pipes are made, good electrodes of the brands UONI-13/55, MR-3, ANO-4 are most often used; for welding stainless steel, grade OK 63.34 can be used.

Fig. 11 Welding thin-walled pipes

Preparing for work

The connection of profile pipes without welding is mainly carried out using specialized clamps and bolts. Over time, the fasteners weaken, so when caring for the product, it is necessary to constantly check the strength of the structure. To reduce operational problems, welding is used to assemble the structure.

To obtain a strong weld, the surface of the pipe must be prepared. For this:

pipe sections are cut to the required length;

Using a grinder to cut pipes

It is recommended to cut pipes with special tools, for example, a hacksaw, which allows you to make the cut as even as possible.

• if it is necessary to connect elements at an angle, then the pipes are carefully adjusted to each other so that there are as few gaps as possible. This will increase the quality of the weld and, as a result, the reliability of the finished product;
• the places where the weld is supposed to be located are cleaned of rust, burrs and other foreign deposits. Any inclusion negatively affects the strength of the seam. Cleaning can be done with a simple metal brush or specialized equipment, for example, a grinding machine.

Surface preparation before welding

Arc welding

Manual arc welding is widely used in all sectors of the national economy and in everyday life to connect elements of metal structures. Its distinctive properties compared to other types of welded joints are:

• Relatively low cost of the welding machine and consumables, which are electrodes.
• Obtaining high quality welded joints of common types of metals, including stainless alloys.
• The ability to carry out welding work in many hard-to-reach places - this is facilitated by the low weight and ease of connecting the equipment to electricity.

Rice. 7 Welding a thin profile pipe - type of seams

Carrying out work using electric arc welding consists of the following stages:

1. The ends of the pipes are prepared for welding; to do this, they are cleaned of rust, after which the workpieces are installed at the required distance to fill the seam with metal from the molten electrode; special devices are often used for this.
2. Turn on the welding machine, setting the required current using the built-in indicator, insert the electrode into the holder connected to the welding machine, and secure the other end to the pipe.
3. The position of the parts to be welded relative to each other is fixed by spot welding (tack welding), after which electric welding is performed using protective clothing, a welder’s mask and gloves.
4. At the end of the work, knock off the scale and clean the seam with a wire brush.

Semi-automatic metal inert gas (MIG) welding

Thanks to modern technologies, it has become possible to correctly weld profile products at home in the simplest way, which does not require extensive experience and many years of training as a welder.

Rice. 8 Operating principle of MIG

Semi-automatic inert gas welding (MIG) is an evolutionary step in the development of conventional electric arc methods, in comparison with which it has the following advantages:

• Instead of an electrode, a special wire with a diameter of 0.6 to 1.2 mm, wound in bobbins, is automatically fed into the weld pool through the torch - this automates the process and reduces the time for changing electrodes.
• Together with the wire, an inert gas (usually a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon) is supplied to the torch through the welding sleeve - this prevents the formation of slag and improves the quality of the weld.

Thanks to this technology, semi-automatic welding has the following advantages over electric arc machines:

• Allows you to weld thin workpieces with a thickness of 0.5 mm.
• Cooks steel, stainless steel, cast iron, aluminum and non-ferrous metals.
• During the work there is no slag and virtually no smoke - this is less harmful to health and improves the quality of the seam compared to electric arc methods.

The disadvantages of MIG include its bulkiness (it requires a massive gas cylinder and a system for supplying wire to the torch) and the impossibility of working in strong winds that blow gas from the welding zone.

Rice. 9 Welding of thin-walled profile pipes in an inert gas environment

Welding technique

Welding of a frame from a profile pipe can be carried out by any of the following types:

Gas welding

Gas welding is performed by melting metal and filling the empty space with an additive.

Gas welding technology

For gas welding you will need:

• a special welding machine with a set of tips for the torch;
• oxygen cylinder;
• a flammable gas cylinder (acetylene is most often used);
• filler wire (the wire is required to be made of the same material as the pipes being welded);
• welding powder (flux), which reduces metal oxidation and protects the seam. Flux is applied to the surface of the pipe before welding;
• personal protective equipment for the welder (mask).

When gas welding, strict safety precautions must be observed, since the gases used are explosive.

Connecting pipes using gas welding can be done in 2 ways:

1. from left to right. The additive is supplied after heating with a torch, which allows welding pipes with a thickness of more than 5 mm. The seam is not completely smooth and requires additional work. In this way, gates from a profile pipe and other volumetric structures are welded;
2. from right to left. The additive is supplied in front of the burner, which allows you to obtain the most even seam. Mainly used for pipes less than 5mm thick, for example, welding trusses from a profile pipe, garden bench and so on.

Available methods for forming a weld

After complete cooling, it is recommended to clean the seam and protect it from corrosion.

Gas welding is used to connect profile pipes made of non-ferrous metals (brass, aluminum, copper, and so on).

The advantages of gas welding are:

• simplicity. Welding a structure with a gas torch does not require special knowledge and skills;
• availability. The required components (gases) can be purchased without much difficulty;
• no need for a powerful source of electric current.

Welding with an inverter for beginners: how to learn to weld from scratch and the basics of arc welding

In a private house, country house or garage, quite often there is a need to connect various metal parts and create structures from them. It makes no sense to turn to professionals for help every time in such a situation, because you can purchase an automatic welding machine yourself.

A wide selection of different devices are available in stores in different price categories, so welding with an inverter for beginners is the best that the market has to offer.

Basics of electric welding

Inverter devices are characterized by fairly high efficiency and ease of operation. The main load for the operation of such equipment falls on the electrical network.

It has storage capacitors that allow you to accumulate electricity and ensure an uninterrupted welding process and soft ignition of the arc.

Unlike old devices, which provide a maximum boost of electricity for work, which can result in traffic jams, an inverter allows you to safely operate from a household power supply.

To understand how to cook using inverter welding, you need to understand the basics of its operation.

In such manual welding machines, the arc is formed as a result of contact of the electrode with the product. Under the influence of temperature, the metal and electrode melt. The molten part of the rod and the product form a bath.

The coating of the rod also partially melts, turning into a gaseous state and closing the weld pool from oxygen. This allows you to protect the product from oxidation.

Each electrode, depending on its diameter, is designed for a certain current strength. If you reduce it below the required value, then the seam will not work. Increasing this parameter will allow you to form a seam, but the rod will burn out too quickly.

At the end of the welding work, the coating cools down, turning into slag. It covers the connection of metal parts from the outside. By tapping the seam with a hammer, it is quite easy to get rid of the slag.

This is not easy to do because the electrode melts, so it must be fed into the welding zone at a constant speed. In addition, you must try to guide the electrode evenly along the joint in order to obtain a seam of maximum quality.

Welding methods

Nowadays there are many methods used for welding. They are divided according to various criteria. This information will be useful for a beginner, so you should definitely read it.

Depending on the heating, the edges of the product may completely melt or be in a plastic state. The first method also requires applying certain forces to the parts being joined - pressure welding.

In the second, the connection is formed as a result of the formation of a weld pool in which there is molten metal and an electrode.

There are other welding methods in which the product does not heat up at all - cold welding, or is not brought to a plastic state - connection using ultrasound.

Methods and types of welding.

Other types of welding are listed below:

1. Forge.
   In this method, the ends of the joined products are heated in a forge and then forged. This method is one of the most ancient and is currently practically not used.
2. Gas press.
   The edges of the products are heated with oxygen acetylene over the entire plane and brought to a plastic state, after which they are subjected to compression. This method is highly efficient and productive. Used in the construction of gas pipelines, railways, and mechanical engineering.
3. Contact.
   The parts are included in the electrical circuit of the welding equipment and current is passed through them. A short circuit occurs at the point of contact of the parts, as a result of which a large amount of heat is released at the junction. It is enough to melt and join metal.
4. Butt, point and suture are varieties of the contact method of fastening the product.
5. Roller.
   Used in joining sheet structures that require high-quality and reliable seams.
6. Termite.
   The metal is held together by burning thermite, a mixture of iron oxide powder and pure aluminum.
7. Nuclear-water.
   The edges of the product are melted by the action of an arc burning between two tungsten electrodes. The electrodes are connected to special holders through which hydrogen is supplied. As a result, the arc and liquid metal of the weld pool are protected by hydrogen from the harmful effects of atmospheric gases such as oxygen and nitrogen.
8. Gas.
   The essence of the method is to use a flame to heat and melt parts. A flame is produced by burning a flammable gas in an oxygen atmosphere. The gas-oxygen mixture is produced using special burners.

The gas welding method refers to fusion welding. The gaps between the products are filled using filler wire. This method is widely used in various areas of human life. Most often found when joining thin-walled products, non-ferrous metals, cast iron.

When working with an inverter device, the polarity of the electrodes is of no small importance. Depending on the scheme, the heating intensity of the part changes, which allows you to create different welding conditions.

Step-by-step instructions for welding with an inverter

First of all, for welding you need to have protective elements:

• gloves made of rough fabric;
• welding mask with a special filter protecting the eyes;
• a rough jacket and trousers made of material that will not catch fire from sparks that appear during welding;
• closed shoes with thick soles.

Electrode position during welding.

Before you start welding with a welding inverter, you must take the necessary measures aimed at creating safe working conditions.

Proper preparation of the workplace consists of:

• ensuring the necessary free space on the table, you should remove all unnecessary objects that could get splashed;
• creating high-quality lighting;
• Welding work must be performed while standing on a wooden floor that protects against electric shock.

Then the current is adjusted depending on the thickness of the parts and the electrodes are selected. The latter need to be prepared. If they were just purchased in a retail chain and their quality is beyond doubt, then this step can be skipped.

After preparing the electrodes, the ground terminal is connected to the product.

To obtain a high-quality and reliable connection, the metal must be prepared:

• rust is completely removed from the edges of the product;
• using solvents, various contaminants are cleaned;
• At the last stage, the edges are checked for cleanliness; the presence of grease, paint and other contaminants is unacceptable.

Next you need to connect the welding inverter. It is better to carry out training on a thick metal sheet, forming a seam in the form of a roller. Make the first connection on metal lying horizontally on the table. Draw a straight line on it with chalk along which the seam will go.

Electrical circuit of the inverter.

In the process of training on such an object, you can significantly improve your welding technique.

The welding process begins with ignition of the arc.

There are two ways to perform this action:

• scratching on metal;
• tapping on metal.

The choice of method depends on the person’s preferences; the main thing when igniting is not to leave traces of welding outside the joint area.

After igniting the arc from contact with the metal, the arc is ignited, the welder removes the electrode from the surface of the part a short distance corresponding to the length of the arc and begins welding.

As a result, a weld is formed at the junction of two metal parts. It will be covered with scale - scale on the surface. It needs to be removed. This is very easy to do by tapping the seam with a small hammer.

Forward and reverse polarity

Melting of the metal for welding occurs under the influence of an arc. It, as noted above, is formed between the surface of the product and the electrode, since they are connected to opposite terminals of the device.

There are two main options for welding, differing from each other in the order of connection and called direct and reverse polarity.

In the first case, the rod is connected to the minus, and the part to the plus. In this case, an increased flow of heat occurs into the metal. As a result, a deep and narrow melting zone is formed.

Direct and reverse polarity.

With reverse polarity, the electrode is connected to the positive, and the product to the negative. In this case, the melting zone is wide and shallow.

The choice of polarity is entirely determined by the product you are working with. Welding can be performed with two types of polarity. When choosing, you should take into account the fact that the element connected to the positive is subject to greater heating.

For example, it is difficult to weld thin metal products due to possible overheating and burning. In this case, the part is connected to the minus. Currents are also selected according to the diameter of the electrode and the thickness of the metal. This data is taken from a special table.

Effect of electrode feed speed

The feed rate of the welding electrodes must provide the required amount of molten material supplied. Not having enough of it can lead to undercutting. This factor is very important in both direct and reverse polarity when welding.

During electric arc welding, due to the rapid movement of the rod along the joint, the arc power may not be enough to heat the metal. The result is a shallow seam that lies on top of the metal. The edges remain unmelted.

Slow advance of the electrode leads to overheating. In this case, it is possible to burn the surface and deform the thin metal.

Modern welding machines have a wide range of different functions and capabilities. Nevertheless, at the moment, most of the quality work done is still determined by human skill.

Effect of current

Welding current selection table.

When mastering the basics of welding with an inverter, it is important to understand what current strength needs to be set in each individual situation. A properly configured inverter welding machine is the key to success.

Data on the current value are taken from the table, which also shows the size of the electrodes. However, these current values ​​are not exact; they are plus or minus several tens of amperes.

Let's sum it up

Having learned to work with welding equipment, it will be possible to solve many everyday problems that often arise when working in the country or in the garage. Beginners should pay special attention to the polarity of welding parts of different thicknesses with an inverter.

By understanding how to properly configure the equipment and choose an electrode, you will be able to obtain high-quality seams on any product. Be sure to pay attention to the forward and reverse polarity of connecting the welding inverter.

When welding thick parts, direct polarity is used when welding with an inverter, and for thin parts, reverse polarity is used.

Source: https://tutsvarka.ru/vidy/svarka-invertorom-dlya-nachinayushhih

Everything you wanted to know about welding for beginners

Manual arc welding using inverter welding equipment is the most popular method of joining metals among novice welders. Manufacturers offer hundreds of budget inverters and electrodes to perform a wide variety of tasks, and the welding process itself is simple and takes little time. Electrode welding does not require highly qualified welders, but electric welding has certain nuances that should be taken into account.

Beginners need to learn the basics of welding from theory, gradually moving on to practice. Our article is a brief instruction on electric arc welding for beginners. Here are collected secrets on choosing an inverter, its correct configuration, and briefly describe welding technology and its features. Of course, this information is not enough to perform welding efficiently and quickly from scratch, but our article will help you understand the basics.

Welding machine and equipment

Before we learn how to weld metal ourselves, we need to decide on welding equipment. A welding machine for welding is selected not only by price and appearance, but also by characteristics.

We have devoted several articles to this topic: here we talk about how to choose a welding inverter, and here we have compiled a rating of the best welding machines for every taste and budget.

With a welding machine that can meet your work needs, you can learn quickly and easily.

You will also need equipment to master welding. Equipment is the protection of the welder. It protects against metal splashes, flashes and ultraviolet radiation. A standard kit consists of a mask (we recommend an auto-darkening chameleon mask), a balaclava, a work suit (called a "robe") and special thick gloves. As a work suit, you can use clothes made from coarse, dense fabric; this will be enough for welding at home.

To learn how to operate a welding inverter, you need to know and follow safety requirements. Failure to follow the rules may result in burns, fires and accidents. We wrote in detail about safety precautions here, here and here. Welding work is strictly prohibited without a fire extinguisher nearby. Especially if you work in the country or at home.

Also, put on all equipment before starting work. If you light an arc without a mask, you are guaranteed to get a burn to the retina. And you won't even know about it, since symptoms will only begin to appear after some time.

In the evening you worked without a mask for just a couple of minutes, and in the morning you won’t be able to open your eyelids. At the same time, even professional welders often become victims of eye burns (masters call this “catching bunnies”), but for them this is due to a large amount of work, and not to non-compliance with the rules.

So keep some eye drops on hand. We wrote about this in this article.

Manual welding for beginners is fraught with other dangers. Don't forget that when welding metal you are surrounded by parts heated to very high temperatures. Do not touch them until they are completely cool, otherwise you are also guaranteed to get burns.

Next, let's talk about welding technology. For now, you can watch a short introductory lesson, it tells about the equipment and features. Learning to weld and learning welding in general requires you to be extremely focused and follow the rules. Otherwise, the welding process may end disastrously.


Welding technology

How to learn to weld metal from scratch? This question is asked by all newbies. First, let's decide what key elements we need to complete the work. This is an inverter, equipment and, of course, electrodes. Welding electrodes are widely used; they allow you to quickly and efficiently join various metals.

For welding with an inverter, so-called consumable electrodes with coating (or coating) are used. The coating plays a protective function; it does not allow oxygen to penetrate into the welding zone and deteriorate the quality of the seam. Also, thanks to the coating, the arc is easier to ignite and maintain, it is stable and burns evenly.

There are many types of coatings. The coating is selected based on the metal that we need to weld. The most popular coatings are basic, rutile and acidic. Electric welding with acid-coated electrodes is carried out using both direct and alternating current.

Using acid electrodes, you can easily weld contaminated metal (but we still recommend preparing it before welding, we wrote about preparation in this article). Acid electrodes are usually used when welding not very important structures made of low-carbon steel.

Basic coated electrodes are very interesting. When melting, the coating releases carbon dioxide, which does an excellent job of protecting the welding zone. The seams are very strong and durable. In this case, you need to work only with direct current, setting reverse polarity.

But such electrodes require very thorough cleaning of the metal before welding; you need to clean the surface, remove all contaminants and pockets of corrosion.

If you neglect the preparation of the metal before welding, then after working with welding electrodes with a basic coating there will be a lot of slag on the seam and it will be difficult to remove it.

Rutile coated electrodes are the most popular. They are universal, inexpensive and allow you to weld any metal. They can be cooked with direct or alternating current, but always read the packaging. After all, some manufacturers produce rutile electrodes for working only with alternating or only with constant.

The basics of welding do not end there. It is necessary to choose the correct size of the electrode, namely its diameter. Everything is simple here: the thinner the metal, the smaller the diameter. Here's a simple example: we need to weld a thin sheet of metal (for example, aluminum). For these purposes, we take an electrode with a diameter of up to 2 millimeters. And so with all other metals. The quality of the seam directly depends on the choice of diameter.

By the way, there are different types of seams. You can see them in the picture below.

The bottom seam is the easiest. Cook it by placing the part horizontally on a flat surface. We recommend starting training from the bottom seam. The horizontal seam is similar to the bottom one, but is more difficult because it requires more skill from the welder. Proceed with horizontal seams only after you have learned how to make the bottom seams well.

Vertical seams are even more difficult than horizontal ones. The electrode must be guided from top to bottom and, under the influence of gravity, the molten metal rapidly flows down.

It takes a lot of experience and skill to learn how to make a vertical seam so that it is evenly cooked. But the most difficult part is the ceiling seam. Here all the difficulties are brought together.

If a welder can weld a ceiling seam without any problems, then he is a true professional. Strive for this and you too can become a true master of your craft.

We are often asked how to learn how to weld a pipeline or how to properly learn how to weld various pipes? For some reason this causes difficulty for many people.

This is not surprising: when welding a pipe, the seams are combined, you will have to be able to weld both the bottom and vertical and ceiling seams to connect the pipes. The only thing we can advise is to practice more.

Don't expect to learn some unique method that can easily weld complex seams. Only by practicing will you improve your skills.

Now let's talk about polarity. We have already mentioned this word in the article. Let's put it in simple words: with straight polarity, the part heats up quickly, the electrode is consumed little. And with reverse polarity, the opposite is true. We wrote more about reverse polarity in this article, be sure to read it, where we explain everything in detail. Reverse polarity is most often used. Well, direct polarity is needed for cutting metal, for example.

The first connection of metal with your own hands should begin with the bottom seam, since it is the simplest, as we wrote earlier. For the test, you can use unnecessary metal parts that you find in the garage.

Buy popular electrodes (for example, MP-3 electrodes), you can choose cheaper ones. Such electrodes will allow a beginner to quickly light and conduct an arc, and the seam will not be of very high quality (but this is not the main thing yet).

Don't buy SSSI electrodes because you simply won't be able to handle them due to lack of experience.

Next you need to learn how to light an arc. There are two methods: the tapping (or touching) method and the scratching method. Heat the tip of the electrode with a torch and tap it on the part, then lightly move it over the part. Movements should be smooth and confident, moderately fast. Otherwise, the electrode will stick to the metal. Preheating the electrode will make it easier to light the arc, but in the future you must learn to light the arc without warming up.

The striking method is similar to lighting a match on a box. Quickly move the tip of the electrode over the metal surface, without preheating. When struck, the electrode already warms up sufficiently and when it is brought to the surface of the metal, it easily ignites. This makes it easier to start welding.

Wait for the arc to start. Then start welding. As soon as you bring the electrode to the metal, you will see how it begins to melt and an indented area is formed. It is called a weld pool. In the weld pool, all processes are visually visible: the release of shielding gas, the formation of slag and metal spatter. Monitor the processes in the weld pool to understand how to make a weld.

The seam is carried out smoothly, the electrode is kept at an equal distance, without changing it along the way. We recommend keeping the arc short, i.e. Place the electrode at a distance of 3 millimeters from the metal surface. Beginners may want to set the amperage to a lower value to avoid accidentally melting more metal than necessary.

There are three types of suture management. You can see them in the picture below. The most popular type is the forward angle (denoted by the letter “b” in the picture). The letter “a” denotes a seam at a right angle, the letter “b” denotes a seam that is made at an angle backwards. Depending on the chosen direction, the finished seams also differ. For beginners, we recommend that you first guide the electrode at an angle forward.

The welding of metal does not end there. The seam must be properly finished and the work completed. Do not abruptly tear the electrode off the metal surface, otherwise the arc will go out and a noticeable crater will remain at the end of the weld. This may cause further splitting of the connection. Instead, hold the electrode in one place for a couple of seconds and then gently move it back.

Instead of a conclusion

We told you everything you need to know about welding if you are just about to purchase your first welding machine.

Believe me, it’s not that difficult to learn how to weld; in your free time, you can read a manual on welding with an inverter
or a tutorial on welding, which can be easily found in stores with specialized literature.

There are also visual welding lessons for dummies online, so learning to weld has never been easier. Good luck!

Source: https://svarkaed.ru/svarka/obuchenie-svarke/vsyo-chto-vy-hoteli-znat-o-svarke-dlya-nachinayushhih.html

How to learn to weld metal - step-by-step instructions for beginners

During any construction work, it often becomes necessary to work with metal, in particular welding or cutting. And if there should be no problems with cutting metal, since you can use a grinder, then you will have to work hard with the connection, since you won’t get far without welding.

In cases where construction or repair work is carried out independently, you can also weld two or more metal structures yourself. In this article we will learn how to weld metal correctly.

Basics of electric welding

Connecting two different metal parts into a single whole is not a problem today. The use of an electric arc allows you to do this even when a beautiful and neat joint seam is required.

Welded pieces of metal are obtained in one piece, since a very high temperature arises at the joint, which causes the metal to melt at the joint and weld to each other. Therefore, welding metal by electric welding in modern realities is not something impossible.

Types of welding

In general, electric welding is usually divided into two types, where direct or alternating current works. For direct current, an inverter is used, and for alternating current, a transformer is used.

When using the latter, many problems and difficulties are caused, such as power outages, loud noise, bulkiness and heaviness of the device also do not cause pleasant sensations.

With an inverter, absolutely everything is exactly the opposite, so if you decide to learn how to weld even thin metal, then be sure to start with it. The weight of the device will not exceed eight kilograms, and the neighbors will not even know that you are cooking something unless they see it.

Welding technology

To weld metal, you will need two parts that allow current to pass through and also have opposite charges. In this case, they are a metal part and an electrode. When two parts that have different polarities come into contact, an electric arc is created, which is aimed at melting the metal. In this case, both the metal part itself and the electrode begin to melt.

In this case, the consumable electrode is directed into the weld pool along with the arc. The protective coating of the electrode also melts at high temperatures, so it has a protective effect so that oxygen does not enter the epicenter, and gases are also released during operation.

It is important to understand that the slag that melts from the electrode must also enter the weld pool in order to maintain the melting temperature.

In general, welding of metals is achieved only by the electrode and its melting, so it is important to move it at a certain speed over the place where two parts of metal need to be welded. This molten electrode ultimately creates the seam pattern.

When the molten mass begins to dry, a kind of shell is formed at the seam site, which protects the joint from the ingress of unnecessary gases. As it cools, beat it off with a hammer, but you need to be careful and protect your eyes, since flying fragments are often still burning and can get into your eyes or skin.

Precautions and preparations

All work should begin with preparatory activities at the production site. Caution is important, as there is a high risk of injury not only from melting material and extreme temperatures, but also from high voltage, because welding only works from the mains.

The thickness of the welded metal for beginners who are just learning how to weld metal should be larger, since it is much easier to do this with such material.

For the work you will need the welding device itself, leggings and, of course, a welding helmet. It is better to choose tight clothing to cover all exposed areas of the body; shoes should be made of thick leather to withstand sparks and fragments.

You will also need a metal brush and a hammer to beat and clean the slag. It is better to check the quality of the welded metals after work, so you will not only understand how strong the structure was welded, but also generally understand the result of the process.

Photo of the metal welding process

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Source: https://instrumentgid.ru/kak-nauchitsya-varit-metall/

Welding for beginners: useful tips and tricks

Many of those who live in a private house or have a dacha want to learn electric arc welding so as not to turn to neighbors, friends or acquaintances for help every time. And this is quite real.

The most important thing, as they say, is desire, and experience will come with time. In this review, we bring to your attention simple tips and tricks for beginners.

Let's start with safety precautions during welding. For some reason, novice welders forget that they must follow a certain “dress code.”

If you think that you can work with welding in ordinary rubber slippers and rolling up your sleeves, then this is wrong. Firstly, you need to wear shoes or boots on your feet, and your jeans must cover your shoes so that drops of hot metal do not get into them.

There is no need to tuck clothes into your pants - they should be untucked. The sleeves of the clothing should fit snugly to the body; if they are wide, you can wrap them with masking tape.

This is necessary to ensure that a spark does not accidentally get under clothing. Moreover, clothes should be either cotton or thick denim. No synthetics. As for the neck area, it should also be closed.

Also for welding you will need gloves (leather or split leather) and a welding mask. To begin with, you can get by with a budget option, and then buy one, for example, with an automatic darkening filter.

Which electrodes to choose for welding

Electrodes with a diameter of 3 mm are considered the most popular, and for a novice welder this is the best option, so it is advisable to stick with them. However, at home you can also use electrodes with a diameter of 2 mm.

Moreover, it is advisable to buy both rutile electrodes and those with a basic coating. The most popular rutile electrodes are ANO 21 and MP-3, with the main coating - UONI 13/55.

Which welding polarity should you choose?

Inverter-type welding machines can be used to weld with both direct and reverse polarity. In the first case, “-” goes to the electrode holder, and “+” goes to ground. In the second case it’s the other way around.

Thin metal (1-2 mm) is usually welded using direct polarity, while reverse polarity is used when welding thick metal, since when “+” is on the electrode itself and “-” on the part, better penetration of the metal is ensured.

Please note that most often welders select the current strength experimentally. That is, they set the maximum value (for example, 130-150 Amperes), then lower it to the value when the metal melts well.

In general, for each millimeter of electrode thickness you need to take approximately 30-35 Amperes, but again, then you need to adjust the current strength as welding progresses. You won’t learn this quickly, but over time everything will become clear.

Where should a beginner start learning welding?

First you need to learn not to weld seams, but to light an arc and tear the electrode off the metal. For example, during welding or when the arc is ignited, the electrode may simply stick (or stick).

What to do in this case? If the electrode sticks to the part, then do not wait until it overheats and bursts somewhere. You need to tilt the electrode left and right, trying to simultaneously pull it towards you.

Now you can try to weld some two parts together. Moreover, it is better to train on thick metal.

If you want to try to weld thin metal first, then, most likely, you will burn through it, and accordingly, you will be upset that nothing works out for you. And on thick metal you’ll quickly figure out what’s what. Then it will be easier on thin metal.

How to start welding metal workpieces

The first step is to light the arc. You scratch the coating on the end of the electrode against the metal, and when a spark appears, move the end of the electrode 2-3 mm from the surface of the part.

Using circular movements, we achieve the appearance of a weld pool, trying to maintain a gap between the electrode and the part, after which we begin to move the electrode along the part in a straight line. The angle of inclination of the electrode is 45 degrees.

And in the end you will end up with something similar to a seam, although it is still far from ideal. You will need to train your hand.

Now let's try to weld two parts. And the first thing you need to do is clean the metal from rust and dirt with a grinder about 2-3 cm from the edge. If the metal is thick, then it is necessary to maintain a certain gap.

We put two tacks: one at the beginning of the seam, the second at the end. And we weld the entire seam along its entire length, making zigzag movements with the electrode. You may not succeed the first time, but don’t be discouraged, everything comes with experience.

The main thing is to remember to maintain a gap between the part and the electrode, and also keep the electrode itself at an angle. Well, it is important to choose the current strength correctly. Moreover, it is advisable, if possible, to tilt the part slightly so that during the welding process the slag flows in the opposite direction from the direction of the electrode.

It is better for beginners to weld vertical seams with a tear. That is, first we put a “point”, wait until it cools down a little (but at the same time it should remain red), then we “light” the electrode from it, and put a new “point”. In this way we go through the entire seam point by point from top to bottom.

You can get more detailed information about the intricacies of welding for beginners in this video.

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Source: https://sdelairukami.ru/svarka-dlya-nachinayushhih-poleznye-sovety-i-rekomendatsii/