What steels are alloyed

D2 steel for knives, pros and cons, characteristics, processing

Various alloys are used to make cutting tools. The most popular steel for knives is D2, the pros and cons of which cause a lot of controversy. Some experts argue that this is the best option, others do not see anything special in it and believe that its cost is artificially inflated. That is why, when choosing the ideal product, you should understand all the nuances.

Advantages and disadvantages of the material

The D2 marking is used to designate very high quality tool steel. Its composition and production technology were developed in America. According to its characteristics, the material is close to the Russian brand X12MF.

D2 steel, used for making knives, has both advantages and disadvantages. Among its positive qualities it should be noted:

1. A high degree of hardness is the main advantage of the raw material. That is why it holds an edge for a very long time.
2. Excellent resistance to deformation even when exposed to high temperatures.
3. Very sharp cutting edge. This quality is ensured by the carbon contained in the alloy.
4. Affordable price. Knives made from it have an attractive price, which makes them popular among a wide range of consumers.

The main disadvantage of D2 steel is its inability to withstand lateral loads. Disadvantages also include susceptibility to pitting corrosion. But this problem, unlike the first one, can be solved very simply - the knife must be properly and promptly cared for.

You should also know that sharpening tools requires special tools and materials. It is almost impossible to perform it efficiently in field conditions. In addition, the blade cannot be polished completely, so it will always be matte.

Despite all of the above, after a detailed consideration of the pros and cons of steel for d2 knives, it becomes clear that the material still has much more advantages than disadvantages.

The material has a high degree of hardness

Knives made of D2 steel have a very sharp cutting edge.

Disadvantages include the inability to withstand lateral loads

For what types of knives is it used?

Brand D2 is one of the most popular. It is used to make various types of knives:

1. Hunting. The hardness and sharpness of the cutting edge are indispensable when cutting carcasses, skinning, and cutting meat into pieces.
2. Tourist. Knives made of this alloy can easily cope with cutting pegs, branches, opening canned food, chopping bushes, and cutting ropes.
3. Household. A good cut allows them to cope with all tasks. This knife does not need sharpening. To maintain the original thickness of the cutting edge, it is only occasionally corrected.

In addition, D2 steel is used to make razor blades. The characteristics of this brand allow it to be used for industrial purposes.

Due to its high hardness and ability to withstand deformation, it is excellent for creating dies for cold stamping, threading tools, wear-resistant parts, woodworking tools, and molds for casting ceramic products. In the metalworking industry it is used for the manufacture of high-strength metal cutters.

Kitchen

Hunting

Tourist

Chemical composition and processing

D2 steel belongs to the high-carbon alloy group. It includes the following elements:

1. Carbon. Gives strength. The higher its content, the stronger the steel.
2. Manganese. Increases strength characteristics. Used at the smelting stage. Rails and high-strength safes are made from alloys with manganese.
3. Chromium. They are classified as alloying components. Increases corrosion resistance.
4. Molybdenum. Used at the hardening stage. Increases heat resistance and reduces fragility.
5. Vanadium. High hard metal. Increases resistance to aggressive chemical influences.
6. Silicon. Improves strength characteristics.
7. Nickel. It is an alloying additive. It has anti-corrosion properties.
8. Phosphorus. Referred to as technological impurities. When the maximum concentration is exceeded, it makes the alloy brittle and brittle.
9. Sulfur. Included in the group of technological impurities. Reduces strength and toughness.

High-quality alloys contain no more than 0.03–0.06% technological impurities. Exceeding these indicators leads to a significant deterioration in the physical and mechanical properties of the material.

In the production of D2 Steel, the electroslag remelting method is used. Its essence lies in the use of a slag layer. The molten metal is first passed through it, and only then sent for molding. Slag absorbs all impurities and unnecessary elements, including phosphorus and sulfur.

To give steel greater strength, it is hardened. It is very important to ensure maximum uniform heating. Compliance with this condition will avoid warping and create a uniform structure.

Heat treatment consists of several mandatory steps:

1. Forging. During the process, the metal is given the desired shape using heat and pressure.
2. Annealing. The hot part is slowly cooled.
3. Shaping processing.
4. Hardening. The alloy is heated to a critical point and then cooled very quickly. At this stage, the most important characteristic – strength – improves. The steel becomes harder and more wear-resistant.
5. Vacation. The final stage of heat treatment. Improves ductility, reduces brittleness without reducing strength.

For hardening, steel can be heated in several ways. To heat D2, salt baths at a temperature of 850° C are used. The workpieces are completely heated within just a few minutes. After this they are cooled in air. Heat treatment improves the strength characteristics of steel. After this, the knife blanks are subjected to finishing processing. During this process they are polished and sharpened.

To improve the properties of workpieces, experienced craftsmen use the aging procedure. Its essence is heating to a temperature of 100–110°. The blank is kept in this state for several hours, after which it is cooled. Heating is repeated about 10 times. The knife is then polished.

D2 steel combines excellent physical and mechanical properties and affordable cost. With careful use and timely care, knives made from it will last for many years, while maintaining their original strength and sharpness. That is why the brand has become so popular all over the world.

Source: https://posuda-expert.ru/nozhi/populyarnye/243-stal-d2-plyusy-i-minusy

Khakassia assumes all risks associated with the production of electrolytic manganese

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The company "CHEK-SU.VK", which caused a stir with the construction of a ferroalloy plant, has decided for now to implement its plans in the territory of neighboring Khakassia. Moreover, investors have already secured the support of the authorities of the republic and the governor himself, who considers the new project “strategically important for the entire country.”

The intentions of "CHEK-SU.VK" to create a production facility near Krasnoyarsk were not crowned with success: the local authorities and the population opposed it, and the businessmen were unable to resolve the issue through the courts.

The construction of a plant for the production of electrolytic metal manganese is planned near the village of Tuim, Shirinsky district of Khakassia, Governor Viktor Zimin said during his annual address.

“Russia does not have its own production capacity for this product; we are entirely dependent on imports, including from Ukraine. That is why our project is strategically important not only for Khakassia, but also for the entire country,” the head of the republic emphasized.

The government emphasizes that the Khakass project “CHEK-SU.VK” differs from the one that the company intended to implement near Krasnoyarsk.

At the Yenisei Ferroalloy Plant, businessmen wanted to install and launch five furnaces for smelting 235 thousand tons of manganese ferroalloys per year: 115 thousand tons of silicomanganese and 120 thousand tons of ferromanganese. The production volume was planned to be increased to 600 thousand tons per year.

The entire project, including ore mining, transportation and processing, was estimated at 22 billion rubles. and was sold with money from Vnesheconombank, which opened a credit line to CHEK-SU. Investors wanted to deliver raw materials from the Usinsky deposit in the Kemerovo region. Khakassia was considered a kind of transit zone, where, according to plans, roads were to appear, as well as a transshipment terminal in Tuim.

The village is located in the northern part of the republic, about 20 km from the village of Shira, which every summer attracts a lot of tourists from all over Siberia, including the Krasnoyarsk Territory, to the lakes. About 4.2 thousand people live in Tuim, and here a non-ferrous metals plant - in fact, a city-forming enterprise - has recently gone down in history.

“CHEK-SU.VK” intends to build a plant in Tuim for the production of electrolytic metal manganese “using electrolysis technology, widespread in the world,” the government of the republic assures.

“This will be an ordinary metallurgical plant with a closed water supply system, eliminating the discharge of wastewater, with the creation of a sanitary protection zone (1000 m) and sludge storage facilities, as well as using high-tech systems to ensure industrial and environmental safety,” explains the government of Khakassia. — Electrolytic manganese is an alloying additive that is widely used in the production of steel and special alloys. According to experts, the need for it on the part of Russian industry is high and will only continue to grow.”

The republican administration says that a new concept for the development of Tuim is currently being developed. "CHEK-SU.VK" is already preparing documents to undergo an environmental impact assessment (EIA).

Based on the results of the study, the company will begin developing design documentation for the construction of the plant - this will happen no earlier than 2016-2017, the government notes. Then you will have to go through the procedures of the Main State Expertise and the State Environmental Expertise.

The capacity of the plant in Tuim in terms of product output will be lower than that of the yet unfulfilled Federal Federal Law - 80 thousand tons of finished products per year.

With reference to representatives of CHEK-SU.VK, the government says that the enterprise will have about 1,000 jobs, and the same number of people will be employed in auxiliary production units. Thus, one factory can provide employment to half the village.

“The volume of investment, as well as the main parameters of the facility will be calculated in the project. If we talk about the payback of this project, then, as a rule, such enterprises begin to pay for themselves 10-15 years after reaching full capacity,” adds Acting Minister of Industry and Natural Resources of Khakassia Ekaterina Gerasimova.

The head of the republic, Viktor Zimin, who gave a positive assessment of the company’s intentions, believes that “production according to the existing hazard classification of industrial facilities is similar to open-pit coal mines” (hazard classes III-IV). For comparison: experts classified the EFZ as first class, that is, among the most dangerous industries.

“Of course, the final decision on construction will be made only after the environmental impact assessment is completed and the entire range of necessary measures has been completed,” the governor said.

The plant in Khakassia initially existed as part of a large investment project for the development of the Usinsk field, but its construction was planned after the launch of the Federal Economic Zone, they say in the company “CHEK-SU.VK”.

However, the issue of creating production near Krasnoyarsk is largely up in the air. Although the court found the refusal of the Yemelyanovsky district administration to issue a construction permit illegal, the company still failed to achieve an acceptable measure to restore its rights.

The plaintiffs wanted officials to be required to issue a permit, but the court did not do so.

The case went through several instances - to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which refused to consider the complaint from CHEK-SU. However, this decision is not final for CHEK-SU, the company emphasized.

“The decision to build a plant depends on one more document - this is a list of instructions from the President of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 2013, which the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory simply ignores and which is under the control of the presidential administration,” says a representative of CHEK- SU.VK" Alexander Sysolyatin. “Should we stop carrying out the president’s orders?”

He noted that now the company’s plans depend on “how the list of president’s instructions will be carried out”: “CHEK-SU” “wants” to implement its project in Krasnoyarsk, but “can’t yet.”

According to a company representative, the intentions of the regional authorities to move the oil depot from the city to the Krastyazhmash area have nothing to do with the EFZ site:

“There is indeed a facility not far from our site where petroleum products were either stored or produced. This is the object, in my opinion, that they want to use,” Sysolyatin suggested.

Road in Khakassia

"CHEK-SU" has already built part of the road in Khakassia to transport concentrate from the Usinsk deposit.

He explained that the construction of an electrolytic manganese plant in Khakassia was not a spontaneous decision, and it was planned at the very beginning. They wanted to implement the project after the completion of work at the EFZ, but “forced” because of the difficulties that arose, “it came ahead of the project for the production of manganese ferroalloys.”

“Money cannot hang around forever - it must be given back at some point,” Sysolyatin noted. “Moreover, we borrowed funds from Vnesheconombank and must repay them.”

At the moment, about 9 billion rubles have been invested in the implementation of the entire project for the development and processing of ores from the Usinsk deposit, he confirmed. At the same time, Sysolyatin said that CHEK-SU has already applied “to Vnesheconombank with a loan application for the implementation of a project for the construction of a plant for the production of electrolytic manganese” in Khakassia, dela.ru reports.

Among the arguments that led to the powerful opposition of Krasnoyarsk against the ferroalloy plant was the environmental approach of the CHEK-SU company to the organization of production.

According to one of the experts, during a study of the environmental approaches of the Chek-SU company, it turned out that in Russian conditions, it is easier for large businesses whose production facilities have a negative impact on the environment to pay a penny fine than to invest multimillion-dollar funds in environmental projects that preserve life and health of their fellow citizens.

The silence of the heads of Krasnoyarsk polluting companies regarding the environmental dangers of manganese production showed that they are aware of the negative consequences of such production.

For example, the managers of the Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter are unlikely to have forgotten how, during the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, Krasnoyarsk was plunged into darkness, because in order to preserve electrode production, waste was removed directly? At the same time, the management and shareholders of KrAZ were not punished even within the framework of existing legislation.

What will happen to Krasnoyarsk and its surroundings in the event of an accident at a manganese plant? Will someone really stop production and sacrifice key equipment?

The CHEK-SU company agreed to bear social responsibility to Krasnoyarsk residents. Then why didn’t she want to build production workshops and rotational camps next to the deposit, in an open field - there is no need to transport ore anywhere, and there is no need to worry about the environment during transportation either! The answer is simple - money, big money.

Let us remind you that the ex-governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and his team supported Krasnoyarsk residents in the fight for their health. The authorities of Khakassia easily agreed, taking over (the residents of the republic) a strategic object important for the entire country.

Reference

Ferroalloys are alloys of iron with other metals. In addition, ferroalloys include metals and alloys containing iron only as an impurity. Application of ferroalloys: as alloying elements and deoxidizing agents for steel in order to impart certain properties to the metal; to bind harmful impurities in the alloy; for the production of other ferroalloys.

Properties of ferroalloys: the melting point of ferroalloys is lower than the melting point of most metals, which means that ferroalloys dissolve faster during melting: steel is more easily absorbed by the melt, the leading element practically does not burn. Preparation of ferroalloys: in electric furnaces during heat treatment of iron-containing ores or concentrates. The cost of ferroalloys is lower than pure metal, which is due to the simple and fast process of processing raw materials.

Related news:

Construction of an electrolytic manganese plant in Khakassia is a resolved issue

Dirty and crumpled sheets: the administration of the Shirinsky district responded to opponents of the plant

"Chek-Su.VK" wants two manganese plants - near Krasnoyarsk and in Khakassia

Ferroalloy plant in Khakassia - here you go, God, it’s no good for us

Review of events from June 2 to June 9: parabola of elements and fatal mistakes

The probability of building a ferroalloy plant near Krasnoyarsk has decreased to less than 1%

Source: http://www.19rus.info/index.php/ekonomika-i-finansy/item/24077-ferrosplavnyj-zavod-v-khakasii?template=ia19012020&is_preview=on

Alloy Steel Groups

GOST 4543-48 lists 18 groups of alloyed structural steels :

• chromium,
• chromium-nickel,
• chromium-silicon-manganese, etc.

These steels are used for the manufacture of critical parts (gears, connecting rods, bolts, shafts, axles, etc.).

For ball and roller bearings, steel grades are used: ШХ6, ШХ9, ШХ15. In these steels, the carbon content ranges from 0.95 to 1.15%, and the chromium content ranges from 0.6 to 1.5%.

Alloy tool and high speed steel

Alloy tool steel has better cutting properties than carbon steel, and retains these properties when heated to high temperatures.

The highest quality tool alloy steel is high-speed steel . According to GOST 5252-51, this steel is produced in the form of two grades P18 and P9 (the numbers show the average tungsten content in this steel as a percentage). These grades contain from 0.7 to 0.95% carbon, 3.8–4.4% chromium and 1.0–2.6% vanadium.

A distinctive feature of high-speed steel is its red resistance , i.e. ability to maintain hardness and cutting properties at high temperatures.

Red resistance is created by introducing carbide-forming elements into steel (tungsten, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum), which bind almost all the carbon into special carbides.

These carbide-forming elements are found in different quantities in different grades of high-speed steel.

All high-speed steels belong to the class of ledeburite steels , i.e. they have the same type of structure as white hypoeutectic cast iron

After forging high-speed steel, carbides in the form of individual inclusions must be evenly distributed in the steel.

Steel acquires its valuable properties - hardness and red resistance - after special heat treatment.

A cutting tool made from this steel, after proper heat treatment, retains its cutting properties when heated to temperatures of about 600°.

§

Source: http://www.Conatem.ru/tehnologiya_metallov/gruppy-legirovannoj-stali.html

High alloy and low alloy steel differences

High-alloy steel, in addition to the main components - iron and carbon, also contains a number of additional additives, their total amount exceeds 10%. Alloying additives that are added to such steels are intended to significantly improve the physical as well as mechanical properties of the base alloy.

High alloy steel has excellent anti-corrosion properties

Types of steels with alloying additives

According to the provisions of the relevant GOST (5632-72), high-alloy steels are divided into two large categories: nickel-based and iron-nickel alloys. Alloys of the first category have a base containing at least 50% nickel.

In addition to nickel, the structure of such alloys, which are essentially a solid solution, contains chromium, as well as other elements. The structure of iron-nickel steels is based on iron and nickel, of which the alloy contains a total of more than 65%, and it also contains solid solutions of chromium and a number of other improving additives.

The amount of nickel and the mass fraction of iron in alloys of the second category is in an approximate ratio of 1:1.5.

High-alloy alloys are also classified according to the main characteristics they possess. So, they distinguish:

• scale-resistant steels, also called heat-resistant steels; a distinctive feature of such steels, products from which are used in an unloaded or lightly loaded state, is their increased resistance to chemical destruction of their surface layer at an external gaseous temperature exceeding 550 degrees;
• corrosion-resistant steels, also called stainless steels, are highly resistant to various types of corrosion: intergranular, salt, acid, alkaline, atmospheric, chemical, electrochemical, as well as corrosion developing under the influence of electrical voltage;
• heat-resistant, which differ from heat-resistant in that products made from these high-alloy steels are capable of operating at high ambient temperatures in a loaded state for a specified period of time.

Basic properties of common heat-resistant steels

Steels with a high content of alloying elements in their composition are also divided into several categories, depending on the nature of their internal structure. So, depending on the characteristics of the basic internal structure, they are classified into the following classes:

• martensitic, the main structure of which is formed by martensite;
• martensitic-ferritic: their structure contains martensite and, accordingly, ferrite (at least 10%);
• ferritic: their structure is formed by ferrite;
• austenitic-martensitic: the quantitative content of austenite and martensite that forms the structure of such high-alloy steels can vary;
• austenitic-ferritic: their structure is formed by austenite and ferrite, of which they contain more than 10%;
• austenitic: the structure is formed only by austenite.

It should be borne in mind that the classification of high-alloy steels according to the nature of their structure is quite arbitrary, and it is not even used to reject steel products if there are deviations from it in their structure.

High-alloy steel is assigned to one or another structural class depending on what basic structure is formed in it after the product is heated to a high temperature and cooled in the open air.

Conformity table between Russian and foreign standards - GOST (Russia), EN (Europe), AISI (USA) (click to enlarge)

Properties of certain types of high-alloy steels

Due to their unique characteristics, which can be formed by changing the chemical composition of the alloy, steels with a high content of alloying additives have found wide application in almost all sectors of modern industry.

Among the wide variety of types of high-alloy alloys, the most widely used are steels whose internal structure is based on austenite. The basic elements of the chemical composition of such steels are nickel, which they contain at least 8%, as well as chromium, the content of which exceeds 18%.

By varying the amount of other alloying additives in the composition of such steels, grades of alloys with the required characteristics are obtained.

Chemical composition of some alloy steels

Heat-resistant steels, which additionally contain tungsten and molybdenum (up to 7%), as well as boron, which is necessary to refine the grain of their internal structure, do not change the original mechanical characteristics even after being in a heated state for a long time.

A distinctive feature of high-alloy steel grades classified as corrosion-resistant or stainless steel is the low carbon content in their chemical composition (up to 0.12%).

Such steels, in addition to alloying with appropriate additives, are subjected to special heat treatment.

Thanks to this technological technique and the properties of the elements that form the composition of steels, they become very resistant to aggressive environments: acidic, salt, alkaline, gas, etc.

The influence of alloying elements on the properties of steel

Heat-resistant steels, which are able to withstand elevated ambient temperatures in an unloaded state, obtain their properties due to the fact that aluminum (up to 2.5%) and silicon are additionally introduced into their composition, due to which dense and durable materials are formed on the surface of products made from such alloys. oxides Such oxides become a kind of film that reliably protects the surface of the steel product from interaction with a heated gas environment.

In order to form the required mechanical characteristics (strength and ductility) of products made from high-alloy steels, they are subjected to special heat treatment, which consists of two stages:

• hardening, which involves heating the alloy to a temperature of 1150 degrees and its subsequent rapid cooling in water;
• stabilizing tempering, which involves heating high-alloy steel to a temperature of 850 degrees and its subsequent cooling in the open air to room temperature.

The final properties of a product made from a certain grade of high-alloy steel depend both on its chemical composition and on the modes and types of heat treatment used.

High alloy structural steel

Areas of application of products

The most popular brands of high-alloy alloys, belonging to different classes according to their structure, include:

• martensitic, which is characterized by the following chemical composition: chromium - 8-19%, manganese - no more than 1.2%, silicon - 0.6-3%, carbon - 0.12-0.7%; these are 07Х16Н4Б, 20Х17Н2, 65Х13, 13Х11Н2В2МФ, 25Х13Н2, 20Х17Н2, 11Х11Н2В2МФ, 40Х10С2М, 30Х13, 15Х11МФ, 40Х9С2, etc.;
• ferritic alloys, characterized by the following composition: chromium - 12-30%, manganese - up to 0.8%, silicon - 0.8-2%, carbon - 0.07-0.15%; these are 08Х18Тч, 12Х17, 15Х28, 10Х13СУ, 15Х25Т, 08Х17Т, 08Х13, etc.;
• martensitic-ferritic, having the following chemical composition: chromium - 11-18%, manganese - 0.5-0.9%, silicon 0.4-0.8%, carbon - 0.12-0.22%; these are 12Х13, 14Х17Н2, 15Х12ВНМФ, etc.;
• austenitic-martensitic, the composition of which contains: chromium - 14-18%, manganese and silicon - up to 0.8%, carbon - 0.05-0.9%; these are 07Х16Н6, 08Х17Н5М3, 08Х17Н6Т, 09Х15Н8У1, etc.;
• austenitic-ferritic, containing the following elements: chromium - 19-25%, manganese - 0.5-9%, silicon - 0.8-4.5%, carbon - 0.08-0.2%; these are 15Х18Н12С4ТУ, 12Х21Н5Т, 03Х22Н6М2, 03Х23Н6, etc.;
• austenitic, which includes: chromium - 10-19%, nickel - 2.8-25%, manganese - 0.6-15%, silicon - 0.4-0.8%, carbon - 0.05-0 .21%; these are 12Х18Н12Т, 20Х25Н20С2, 31Х19Н9МВБТ, 45Х14НМВ2М, 08Х10Н20Т2, 12Х25Н16Г7АР, etc.

To understand how important steels with a high content of alloying elements are in modern industry, we can give examples of the areas of application of individual grades of such alloys.

The popular grade 12X17 steel is widely used for the production of kitchenware and household items. A limitation of the use of such steel is that products made from it cannot be joined by welding.

Physical characteristics of steel grade 12Х17

High-alloy steel grades 12Х13, 08Х13 and 20Х13 are used to make parts of hydraulic devices, products that are subjected to shock loads during operation and operating in mildly aggressive environments.

Steel grade 95X18 has excellent wear resistance, so ball bearing elements for critical installations, bushings, knives and other tools are made from it.
30Х13 and 40Х13 are grades of high-alloy steels, from which compressor valve plates, parts of automobile carburetors, springs for various purposes, measuring and medical instruments are made.

  Difference between cast iron and steel

This is just a small list of applications in which it is simply impossible to do without the use of high-alloy steels due to their unique characteristics.

Source: https://varimtutru.com/vysokolegirovannaya-i-nizkolegirovannaya-stal-otlichiya/