What does the marking of steel 40xn mean?

Characteristics of steel 40ХН

Chromium-nickel alloy steel 40ХН belongs to the class of structural materials intended for the manufacture of critical wear-resistant parts, elements and structures in mechanical engineering and construction. The presence of chromium and nickel in the chemical composition of the alloy gives the material anti-corrosion properties and a beautiful silver color.

In addition, alloying the metal provides increased abrasion resistance, but at the same time the steel is capable of soldering, stamping and mechanical metalworking. Strength and resistance to mechanical stress at a relatively low cost make this material very popular for industrial needs.

Chemical composition of steel

The 40ХН label means an average amount of carbon (C) of less than one percent, more than 0.4% chromium (Cr) and 1.0% nickel (Ni). The exact chemical composition is regulated by GOST 4543-71 and must contain:

• nickel (Ni) 1.0-1.4%;
• manganese (Mn) 0.5-0.8%;
• chromium (Cr) 0.45-0.75%;
• carbon (C) 0.36-0.44%;
• silicon (Si) 0.17-0.37%;
• sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) not more than 0.035%.

Domestic analogues of this alloy in terms of chemical composition and mechanical properties include steel grades 45ХН, 50ХН, 30ХГВТ, 40ХНМ and 38ХГН.

Of the foreign varieties, the 40ХН brand corresponds to the following markings:

• 40CrNi – China;
• 3135 and 3140H – USA;
• 36NiCr6 and 40NiCr6 – Germany;
• 35NC6 – France;
• SNC236 – Japan;
• 40CrNi12 – Romania;
• 2530 – Sweden.

The properties and composition of foreign steels are not an exact match in composition, but in most cases they are similar in physical and technical characteristics.

Properties of alloy structural steel 40ХН

The heating temperature to start forging is 1250˚C, finishing forging at 850˚C. When the cross section of the workpiece is up to 50 mm, cooling must be carried out in air, up to 200 mm in a trough-shaped mold, more than 200 mm in a gradually cooling furnace. Steel belongs to the category of materials that are difficult to weld and requires preheating for any type of welding treatment.

The specific gravity of steel grade 40ХН is 7820 kg/m3 with a hardness of 207 MPa and a tensile strength of 690 MPa.

Application area

The technical and physical characteristics of 40ХН grade steel allow this alloy to be widely used in mechanical engineering and other industrial sectors related to metalworking, the production of mechanisms and machine parts. This metal is used to make:

• axles, shafts, cylinders and couplings;
• rolling mill rolls;
• gears of mechanisms;
• rods, levers and connecting rods;
• connecting and fixing elements;
• other parts with increased requirements for strength and wear resistance.

Brand 40ХН tolerates vibration, dynamic and shock loads well. Therefore, it is used in the manufacture of special equipment and individual machine components operating in difficult operating conditions.

Types of rolled metal supplies

Alloy structural steel 40ХН is supplied to the metal market in the form of:

• circle and rod;
• square;
• hexagon;
• hollow cylinder;
• stripes.

In addition, it is possible to order from the manufacturer the production of castings of the required shape and size. 40ХН is not supplied in sheet, pipe or shaped form.

You can obtain additional information about the material and place a purchase order on the website or by phone. Shipment of rolled metal products is carried out on the basis of advance payment for the material. Delivery is carried out throughout Russia or the metal is shipped for pickup.

Source: https://prompriem.ru/stal/40hn.html

Steel grade 40ХН, alloyed

Alloy steel 40ХН with a predominant content of Ni and Cr as additional components of the composition belongs to the structural class. It is used for the production of wear-resistant, high-responsibility components used in the engineering and construction industries. The chromium-nickel composition provides corrosion resistance and an attractive metallic finish.

Alloying has a positive effect on reducing abrasion during operation, improving the quality of soldering, stamping and machining. Resistance to external influences and low cost have become the reasons for the high popularity of the alloy.

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Transcript and composition

Decoding steel 40ХН allows you to obtain basic information about the chemical composition:

• carbon – 0.4%;
• chromium – 0.4%;
• nickel – 1%.

According to the regulatory document for this product, the composition of 40ХН steel includes the following components:

• Ni – 1.2±0.2%;
• Mg – 0.65±0.15%;
• Cr – 0.6±0.15%;
• C – 0.4±0.04%;
• Si – 0.27±0.1%;
• S - less than 0.035%;
• P – less than 0.035%.

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Specifications

The main characteristics of steel 40ХН include:

impact strength	780 kJ/m2;
relative narrowing	50%;
elongation at break	12%;
pull-off resistance	690 MPa;
hardness	207 MPa;
density	7.82 t/m3.

The metal is prone to brittle fracture, flake-sensitive, and difficult to weld.

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The influence of alloying elements and impurities on the properties of steel

Chromium is used as one of the main components of the composition. Its main function is to increase the hardenability of the metal. In this case, we are talking about the depth of the hardened zone, which is calculated from the surface of the part to the layer represented by 50% martensite and 50% troostite.

The complete hardenability of 40ХН alloy steel ensures improved mechanical characteristics, including a reduced tendency to brittle fracture, a decrease in the cold brittleness threshold, and increased performance when cracks appear compared to conventional steel.

The hardenability band after normalization and quenching (t = 850 C) is shown in the figure:

As the amount of Cr increases, hardness increases, which is due to the resistance of supercooled austenite to decomposition.

Nickel and ferrum are able to dissolve in each other; they have close crystal lattices. Nickel does not belong to the group of carbide-forming elements, but is present in a solid solution in ferrite or austenite, which increases the strength and toughness of ferrite. It is designed to reduce the cold brittleness of 40ХН alloy steel; with a content of only 1% Ni, this indicator is reduced by 20 thousand times.

At the same time, elasticity increases, grain size decreases, hardenability and technical characteristics improve, and corrosion activity decreases. Nickel is a deoxidizing agent and therefore increases the density of steel. When interacting with chromium, thermal hardening improves, impact strength and fatigue strength increase.

With a further increase in the concentration of the chemical element, the magnetic properties decrease and the resistance to corrosion and high temperatures increases.

Sulfur appears in the composition of the metal due to its content in the ore. Under normal conditions, it is practically insoluble in ferrite, therefore it is found in compounds with iron, manganese or alloying elements. When the material is heated, it spreads into ferrite and austenite in acceptable quantities: at a temperature of 913 degrees - 0.02%, at 1365 degrees - 0.05%, respectively.

If sulfur is present in the metal as part of iron sulfide, this can lead to red brittleness and hot brittleness. The chemical element does not affect the strength characteristics of 40ХН steel, but affects anisotropy in both directions during rolling. Impact strength decreases in the transverse direction, but increases along.

This is due to an increase in the banding of the ferrite-pearlite structure as a result of the elongated shape of sulfur-containing compounds.

Iron ore contains phosphorus, which after processing turns into steel. Its solubility in ferrite and austenite is quite high, so it is present in the solid solution and affects the qualities of these states. The negative impact of the component is enhanced by its susceptibility to segregation, which leads to an increase in strength at the expense of cold brittleness. The yield strength with a small content of the chemical element increases by 20-30 MPa, and the cold brittleness - by 20-25 degrees.

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Price

The price of 40ХН steel depends on a number of factors:

• current offers from manufacturers;
• delivery and storage costs;
• quality of surface treatment;
• metal characteristics;
• rental type.

The volume of the order and the method of procurement also play an important role. Products are sold by weight.

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Assortment

Widespread use of steel grade 40ХН makes it possible to obtain various rolled elements:

• stripes;
• hollow cylinders;
• hexagons;
• squares;
• circles and rods.

If necessary, you can order the required profile of a non-standard shape from the manufacturer. Elements such as gussets, pipes and sheets are not manufactured.

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Analogs

Analogues of domestically produced 40KhN steel are 38KhGN, 30KhGVT, 45KhN, 40KhNM, 50KhN.

Foreign competitors include:

• Swedish 2530;
• Romanian 40CrNi12;
• Japanese SNC236;
• French 35NC6;
• German 40NiCr6 and 36NiCr6;
• American 3140H and 3135;
• Chinese

components in foreign-made steel may differ, but the physical and mechanical characteristics will be almost identical.

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Source: http://vse-postroim-sami.ru/materials/metal/9965_marka-stali-40xn-legirovannaya/

Technical characteristics of alloy steel 40X

Structural steel 40X, the characteristics of which are determined by alloying elements, has become widespread in industry. They can be significantly improved using different heat treatment regimes.

Chemical composition

Throughout the CIS, the characteristics and use of 40X steel are determined by GOST 4543-2016. It indicates the chemical composition and basic performance properties. Decoding the steel indicates the content of the main components - carbon and chromium.

The first two characters indicate the concentration of the main alloying element - carbon, it is in the range of 0.36-0.40%. It is difficult to maintain a more precise concentration during the metal smelting process.

The letter "X" indicates the presence of chromium, which improves the corrosion resistance of the material. However, its concentration does not exceed 0.8-1.1% and is insufficient to impart sufficient corrosion resistance to steel.

The alloy also contains other alloying additives that are not indicated in the markings, but impart certain properties to 40X steel:

• nickel – up to 0.3%;
• manganese – 0.5-0.8%;
• silicon – 0.17-0.37%;
• copper is present in very small quantities, about 0.035%, and does not significantly affect the mechanical properties of the alloy;
• The concentrations of harmful impurities - sulfur and phosphorus - are strictly regulated; their content does not exceed 0.035%.

Analogues and nomenclature

Steel grade 40X can be replaced with domestic analogues:

• 45X;
• 38ХА;
• 40ХН;
• 40ХС;
• 40HF;
• 40XP.

Foreign analogues have different markings, but the compositions of these alloys are approximately the same:

• G51400 and H51350 - United States;
• 37Cr4, 41Cr4, 41CrS4 – Germany;
• 35Cr, 38CrA, 40Cr and 40CrA – China;
• SCr435, SCr440 – Japan;
• 37Cr4, 41Cr4 – France;
• 36CrMn4 – Italy;
• 2245 – Sweden;
• 14140 – Czech Republic.

The classification of structural alloy steels is regulated by GOST 4543-71. It specifies technical conditions for different types of rental. According to the characteristics of steel 40X, GOST 4543-71 classifies it as chromium alloys and establishes:

• maximum content of impurities that negatively affect the technological properties of the material, for example, sulfur and phosphorus;
• heat treatment modes.

Steel is supplied in the form of:

• long products according to several standards;
• calibrated rod;

Source: https://svarkaipayka.ru/material/stal/tehnicheskie-harakteristiki-legirovannoy-stali-40h.html

Structural alloy steel 40Х:

Of all the materials used in mechanical engineering, machine tool building, instrument making and other industrial fields, steel is the most widely used. The choice of its grades is huge; depending on its composition, any steel has certain qualities and belongs to different groups according to its indicators. Steel 40X belongs to the class of structural alloy steels.

Chemical components included in the composition

If we consider the percentage composition of the presented alloy, the number 40 means that it contains a percentage of carbon up to 0.44%, the letter X determines the presence of an alloying additive - chromium up to 1.1%. A more detailed composition of the chemical components is presented in the table below. An equivalent replacement for this grade can be alloys such as 40ХН, 45Х, 40ХН, 40ХС.

Chemical composition of steel grade 40X

Carbon,%	Chromium,%	Silicon,%	Manganese,%	Nickel,%	Phosphorus,%	Sulfur,%	Copper,%
0,36-0,44	0,8-1,1	0,17-0,37	0,5-0,8	up to 0.3	up to 0.035	up to 0.3	up to 0.035

Alloy steels are produced by remelting or production using fresh charge.

If a charge is used, a preliminary calculation of the chromium content in it should take into account losses during smelting, but this value should not exceed 0.4%, otherwise the process will produce highly alloyed waste.

Refining of the metal with alloying elements is carried out with strong deoxidizers, after which slag treated with carbon and silicon is introduced. After exposure to the reducing slag, the structural steel is well deoxidized, which ensures good hardening.

Heat treatment

For 40X steel, the heat treatment sequence is as follows. First, quenching is carried out in an oil environment, and then tempering in oil or air. For each part, its own heat treatment mode is selected; it depends on the loads under which this part is used, since different modes give different hardness of the product.

The heat treatment mode is calculated depending on the critical points, reaching which the material undergoes physical and chemical changes and changes its properties and characteristics. Steel 40X has the following critical points: Ac1 = 743, Ar1 = 693 Ac3 = 782, Ar3 = 730. Hardening is carried out at a temperature of 860 ºС, the medium is oil, the hour interval is 4 hours.

Then a low tempering is performed at a temperature of 200 ºC in air, or you can use a temperature parameter of 500 ºC and carry out the treatment in an oil environment. After this heat treatment regime, the following strength of steel is achieved: NV - 217 and HRC - 45.

Qualitative indicators

A durable and hard material that can withstand heavy loads and not be destroyed - this is how 40X steel can be assessed. Characteristics it has:

• good corrosion properties;
• resistance to temperature fluctuations;
• high strength indicators;
• aesthetic qualities.

But in addition to positive indicators, 40X steel also has negative properties. This may include:

• tendency to form flakes;
• temper brittleness;
• poor weldability.

Flock sensitivity

This is a defect that occurs during accelerated cooling of the alloy after casting, in the form of internal cracks. It can occur during hot deformation of alloy steel. It can also appear on the surface in the form of clear oval or zigzag areas.

The formation of this defect can occur due to an excess of hydrogen evolution during heat treatment. This disadvantage can be combated using high-temperature heat treatment and optimal cooling mode.

You can also use the method of vacuumizing the alloy, which will help reduce the hydrogen content as a percentage.

Tempering brittleness

It occurs during slow cooling of alloyed structural steels after tempering and is caused by a sharp decrease in viscosity. For comparison, the viscosity value can drop by 5-10 times compared to the same indicator when the steel is rapidly cooled. Slow cooling only affects the impact strength; it does not reduce the other characteristics of the steel. Cooling too quickly can cause internal stresses, which can lead to deformation of the product.

Welding difficulties

Steel 40X belongs to the fourth group in terms of weldability. Welding seams can lead to the formation of cracks. The manifestation of these defects can be reduced by preheating. Preliminary edge preparation is also required.

Welding work of this brand can be performed using arc welding: manual or electroslag; you can also use resistance welding. After contact point, additional heat treatment will be required. For manual welding, special electrodes for alloy steels E85 UONI-13/85 are used.

The type and position of the welded seam can be any.

Steel 40khn: characteristics, GOST, decoding - Website about

Alloy steel 40ХН with a predominant content of Ni and Cr as additional components of the composition belongs to the structural class. It is used for the production of wear-resistant, high-responsibility components used in the engineering and construction industries. The chromium-nickel composition provides corrosion resistance and an attractive metallic finish.

Alloying has a positive effect on reducing abrasion during operation, improving the quality of soldering, stamping and machining. Resistance to external influences and low cost have become the reasons for the high popularity of the alloy.

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Steel grade 40X: characteristics, hardening, GOST standards and industrial use

Mechanical engineering, instrument making, machine tool building and other areas of industry in the production process use a huge amount of materials, both classical, known for decades and hundreds of years, and completely new, modern ones.

Steel is one of the classic and widely used materials.

The classification of steels by chemical composition provides for their division into alloyed (with the introduction of alloying elements that provide the alloy with the necessary mechanical and physical properties) and carbon.

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Steel 40x is a structural alloy alloy. The word “structural” indicates that the material is used for the manufacture of various mechanisms, structures and parts used in mechanical engineering and construction, and has a certain set of chemical, physical and mechanical properties.

Chemical composition

The number 40 in the marking indicates that the percentage of carbon in the alloy ranges from 0.36 to 0.44, and the letter x indicates the presence of the alloying element chromium in an amount of no less than 0.8 and no more than 1.

1 percent. Alloying steel with chromium gives it the property of resistance to corrosion in an oxidizing environment and atmosphere. In other words, steel acquires stainless properties .

In addition, chromium determines the structure of the alloy, its technological and mechanical characteristics.

The remaining chemical elements are included in steel x 40 in the following quantities:

• no more than 97% iron;
• 0.5 - 0.8% manganese;
• 0.17 - 0.37% silicon;
• no more than 0.3% copper;
• no more than 0.3% nickel;
• no more than 0.035% phosphorus;
• no more than 0.035% sulfur.

physical characteristics

Almost all physical properties of metals depend directly or inversely on temperature . Indicators such as resistivity, coefficient of linear expansion and specific heat capacity increase with increasing temperature, while the density of steel, its modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity, on the contrary, decrease with increasing temperature.

Another physical characteristic, called mass, does not depend on practically anything. The sample can be subjected to heat treatment, cooled, processed, given different shapes, and the mass will remain unchanged.

The physical characteristics of all known grades of domestic steels and alloys, including the grade described, are summarized in tables and placed in reference books on metal science.

Steel in its original state is a fairly plastic mass and can be processed by deformation. It can be forged, stamped, rolled.

To change the mechanical properties and achieve the required qualities, heat treatment of the metal is used. The essence of thermal or heat treatment is the use of a set of operations for heating, holding and cooling hard metal alloys. As a result of such processing, the alloy changes its internal structure and acquires certain properties necessary for the manufacturer and consumer.

Critical points

Critical points are temperatures at which the structure of steel and its phase state change. Calculated in 1868 by Russian metallurgist and inventor Dmitry Konstantinovich Chernov , which is why they are sometimes called Chernov points.

Such points are designated by the letter A. The lower point A1 corresponds to the temperature at which austenite turns into pearlite when cooled or pearlite into austenite when heated. Point A3 is the upper critical point, corresponding to the temperature at which ferrite begins to separate during cooling or its dissolution ends when heated.

If the critical point is determined during heating, then the index “c” is added to the letter “A”, and when cooling, the index “r” is added.

For this steel, the following critical point temperatures are determined:

• 743*C - Ac1;
• 815*C - Ac3;
• 730*C - Ar3;
• 693*C - Ar1.

Algorithm for heat treatment of steel and alloys:

• annealing:
• hardening;
• vacation;
• normalization;
• aging;
• cryogenic treatment.

Heat treatment for 40x steel . Characteristics of the temperature regime in accordance with the requirements of GOST 4543–71:

• hardening of steel 40x in an oil environment at a temperature of 860*C;
• tempering in water or oil at a temperature of 500*C.

As a result of this heat treatment, this steel acquires increased hardness (HB hardness number no more than 217), high tensile strength (980 N/m2) and impact strength of 59 J/cm2.

Yield strength

Speaking about mechanical properties, it is necessary to mention such an important characteristic as the yield strength. If the applied load is too great, then the structure or its parts begin to deform and not elastic (completely disappearing, reversible), but plastic (irreversible residual) deformations appear in the metal. In other words, the metal “flows.”

The yield point is the boundary between elastic and elastoplastic deformations. The value of the yield strength depends on many factors: heat treatment mode, the presence of impurities and alloying elements in the steel, microstructure and type of crystal lattice, temperature.

In metallurgy, a distinction is made between the concepts of physical and conditional yield strength.

The physical yield strength is the stress value at which the deformation of the test specimen increases without increasing the applied load. In reference books, this value is designated σt and for grade 40x its value is no less than 785 N/mm2 or 80 KGS/mm2.

It should be noted that plastic (irreversible) deformations do not appear in the metal instantly, but increase gradually, with increasing applied load. Therefore, from a technology point of view, it is more appropriate to use the term “conditional (technical) yield strength.”

The conditional (or technical) yield strength is the stress at which the prototype receives a plastic (irreversible) elongation of its calculated length by 0.2%. In the tables this value is designated as σ 0.2 and for steel 40x it is:

• at temperatures from 101 to 200*C - 490 MPa;
• at temperatures from 201 to 300*C - 440 MPa;
• at temperatures from 301 to 500*C - 345 MPa.

Technological characteristics

To summarize, 40x steel can be characterized as a hard and durable material that can withstand heavy loads without breaking. PC positive properties include:

• resistance to temperature fluctuations;
• excellent corrosion properties;
• high strength indicators.

Along with these qualities, this material, unfortunately, also has disadvantages. These include:

• difficulties when welding;
• tendency to temper brittleness;
• sensitivity to floc formation.

After heating followed by heat treatment, the steel described is amenable to manual arc welding (MAW) and electroslag welding (ESW). If resistance spot welding (KSW) is used, then subsequent heat treatment is necessary.

Slow cooling of 40x structural alloy steel after tempering leads to its brittleness. This disadvantage does not occur with rapid cooling, but in this case internal stresses may arise, causing deformation.

Flock sensitivity is the tendency of a metal to form internal defects (cavities and cracks), the so-called flakes. To eliminate this drawback, the alloy is evacuated in a ladle with simultaneous argon purging and electric arc heating.

40x steel is produced and marketed in the following forms:

• long products (including shaped sections) in accordance with GOSTs 4543−71, 2591−2006, 2590−2006, 10702−78 and 2879−2006;

Source: https://tokar.guru/metally/stal/harakteristiki-osobennosti-termoobrabotki-i-primenenie-stali-40h.html

Steel 40ХН chromium-nickel structural alloyed

Steel is an alloy of iron mixed with various elements, the main one being carbon, the content of which varies from 0.1 to 2.14%.

What is also important is that an iron alloy containing more than 0.6% carbon belongs to the high-carbon class, which has a positive effect on their strength, in turn reducing ductility.

Steel, which includes alloying elements and contains at least 45% iron, is alloyed, and it is precisely this type of alloy that 40ХН steel belongs to.

Steel 40ХН

Description and history of the alloy

The name of the alloy stands for chromium-nickel structural alloy steel. GOST 4543-71 is responsible for the quality of 40ХН steel, which classifies it as a high-strength steel for use in structural purposes (chromium-nickel steel alloy with alloying elements). That is, to obtain products used in mechanical engineering and construction. The introduction of nickel into the alloy composition improves the chemical resistance indicator.

Download GOST 4543-71

This fact was first introduced to the public in France by the chemist Joseph Louis Proust in the 19th century. He put forward the theory that iron meteorites are practically resistant to corrosion due to the nickel they contain.

Mechanical properties of steel 40ХН

Two decades later, Michael Faraday first produced an alloy with compounds of iron and nickel, which was highly resistant to corrosion.

However, it was possible to obtain an alloy with improved elasticity characteristics, anti-corrosion properties and mechanical strength only after chemical removal of malleable nickel.

According to its characteristics, 40ХН has greater resistance to the corrosion process due to the addition of chromium, which also enhances the strength properties of steel.

Composition 40ХН

40 KhN - steel containing elements such as carbon - in a percentage from 0.36% to 0.44% (one of the most important elements), manganese from 0.5% and up to 0.8%, inclusions of nickel in a ratio from 1% to 1.4%, silicon powder from 0.17% to 0.37%, elements of sulfur and phosphorus - each of which does not exceed 0.035%, also chromium compounds from 0.45 to 0.75% and adding 0.3% copper. Steel 40ХН belongs to high-quality alloy steels primarily due to the phosphorus and sulfur content of less than 0.36% in percentage terms.

Chemical composition of steel 40ХН

Application

The main area of ​​application of 40ХН steel is the production of parts for mechanisms operating under constant load conditions, when the mechanisms operate at high sliding speeds and high vibration.

For example, such as: connecting tubes and couplings for mechanisms in the oil industry, piston connecting rods, axles, and shafts.

Gears, hydraulic cylinder rods and similar parts are also made from 40ХН steel, as it ensures high quality of the final product.

Drill shaft made of steel 40HNTsilpebs steel, made from grade 40HN

And even such serious parts as pipeline fittings, rotor, crank and gear shafts used in aircraft construction, parts of air-cooled engines and gigantic parts operating at temperatures above 500 degrees Celsius are made from this material.

To put it simply, the features of 40ХН steel make it suitable for products, one of the properties of which should be the strength and toughness of the material.

The thickness of the walls of a product consisting of this material should not exceed a threshold of 120 millimeters.

Welding activities with alloy steels are quite difficult, due to the features that cause the formation of brittle elements in the heat-affected zone due to hardening (that is, welding must be performed using a certain technology).

In the best case, it is better to carry out welding work before releasing the product during heating or before annealing, but only after welding. The temperature effect on the 40ХН alloy consists of hardening the alloy, accompanied by further tempering of the product.

After such manipulations, the properties of the steel acquire twice the resistance to cracking compared to the state before welding. The endurance limit of steel increases 6 times.

To weld elements made from this steel, it is necessary to initially achieve hardness H = 2860-3020 MPa. This is helped by heat treatment of 40ХН steel, followed by tempering at temperatures from 550 to 860 degrees Celsius. Next, the product is reheated in an electric furnace at temperatures from 350 to 400 degrees Celsius.

Steel sheet 40ХН

Then the welding process itself is carried out in two layers with the obligatory cleaning of slag from the seams in the welding current mode from 160 to 200 A. It is important that the current be constant with reverse polarity. For welding, high-quality electrodes marked UONI 13/55 type E50A with a diameter of 4 millimeters and a weld leg of 8 millimeters are usually used.

Processing and hardening

After welding, the finished part is cooled by lowering the temperature when the furnace is turned off, while being under strict control. As a result of such manipulations, the seam obtained on the product under X-ray irradiation will show the absence of defects. The presence of surface cracks is checked by cleaning and grinding the seams, followed by applying a layer of acid.

The quality of the welding joint is also checked using modern macro-sections.

Products manufactured using this technology successfully undergo macro studies, which reveal the structural density of the deposited metal in the weld zone and the zones closest to it. The microstructure in these places changes from ferrite-pearlite to serbite-like pearlite. Also, samples of parts made of 40ХН steel undergo a hardness test, the purpose of which is to confirm the invariance of the steel structure in the weld zone after welding.

Hardening of products made from this material occurs during the process of immersion in oil, however, large parts are sometimes hardened in water and then, as soon as possible, they are moved into oil or exposed to low tempering. The process of hardening with high-frequency currents, after heating with which tempering is carried out, is also not uncommon. Ultimately, such manipulations increase the hardness of the surface of the product.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/stal-40hn.html

Steel 40xma characteristics

According to various engineering reference books, there are several hundred grades of steel in the world. Steel alloy is a material based on an alloy of iron and carbon. To form different properties, various chemicals are added to the alloy composition.

Some additives enhance strength characteristics, while others improve resistance to wear or corrosion. Thanks to chromium added to the melt, the characteristics of 40X increase the steel’s ability to thermally harden, resistance to corrosive factors and abrasive wear.

Decoding steel 40X

Grade 40X is classified as structural, alloyed. As a result of the fact that the steel can contain from 0.36 and 0.44% carbon and from 0.8 to 1.1% chromium, it becomes difficult to weld. That is, to obtain a high-quality seam it is necessary to perform a number of additional technological operations. Before welding begins, the edges of the parts must be heated to 300 ºC. After the seam is obtained, annealing must be performed.

Full composition of 40X:

C(carbon)	Si(silicon)	Mn(manganese)	Ni(nickel)	S(sulfur)	P(phosphorus)	Cr(chrome)	Cu(copper)
0,36-0,44	0,17-0,37	0,5-0,8	up to 0.3	up to 0.035	up to 0.035	0,8-1,1	up to 0.3

The chemical composition of 40X steel allows it to be used for the production of parts with high strength parameters. These details include:

GOST 4543-71

When producing steel, manufacturers are guided by GOST 4543-71 standards. It defines the technical conditions for rolled alloy structural steel. Its standards apply to such types of rolled products as ingots, forgings, etc.

GOST 4543-71 gives a clear classification of structural alloy steels. In accordance with it, steel grade 40X belongs to the group of chromium steels.

The same document defines quality parameters, that is, it determines the maximum permissible amount of impurities that affect the technical characteristics of structural alloy steel. Such impurities include sulfur, phosphorus, copper and some others.

By the way, the same document defines the heat treatment regimes for rolled products.

Heat treatment of steel 40Х

One of the key characteristics of metal is hardness, that is, the ability to resist the penetration of other, harder materials into it. The level of hardness determines the possibility of using metal in the production of certain machine parts and mechanisms.

The hardness of the metal has a direct impact on:

• Resistance to wear and a number of others.

A process engineer, when selecting metal processing modes from 40X steel, is guided, among other things, by hardness parameters. To change the hardness parameter, heat treatment is used.

In addition, it is necessary to improve the mechanical properties of both individual parts and the structure as a whole. As delivered, the hardness of 40X steel is 217 MPa - according to Brinell. To increase it, various heat treatment methods are used.

In particular, for 40X the following hardening methods are used:

• single refrigerant;

The first method implies that one type of coolant will be used (water, oil, etc.).

The second assumes that after cooling the workpiece in water, it is sent to oil.

The third method is based on directing a jet of coolant (oil, water) onto the heated part of the part. This method is used if there is a need to harden a certain part of a part, for example, the crown of a gear wheel. In addition, this technology is distinguished by the fact that during the processing there is no “steam” jacket and this has a positive effect on the quality of hardening.

During the heat treatment process, problems arise in protecting the part from defects that may appear after scale has appeared (a consequence of exposure to oxygen) or carbon burnout. To prevent this, the chamber in which the workpiece is heated is saturated with gas, which is a product of methane combustion. In fact, protecting the workpiece from exposure to atmospheric oxygen is an important task.

By the way, heat treatment of products made of 40X steel is best carried out in a hermetically sealed oven. Sometimes, cast iron shavings are used to isolate a part from the influence of foreign factors during processing in a furnace. That is, the workpiece is covered with cast iron shavings or crumbs.

  How to harden stainless steel at home?

Application of 40X steel in industry and everyday life

As noted above, 40X is classified as an alloyed structural material. This is what allows it to be used in the automotive industry; carburetor needles, spring products, etc. are made from it.

In addition, forgings and parts of pipeline fittings are produced from this material. But it is necessary to remember that all these parts must undergo heat treatment. In particular, they are hardened in oil and released in it.

In mechanical engineering, 40X steel is used for the production of technological equipment, including measuring equipment, compressor parts and much more.

Steel 40X and its substitutes have found their application in everyday life. In particular, kitchen utensils, in particular knives, are made from it. They are easy to sharpen and are not subject to corrosion. Knives made from this material can be used when cutting any products - meat, poultry, vegetables, fruits. We can safely say that 40X steel is harmless to the human body.

This is what makes it possible to use grade 40X steel and its derivatives for the manufacture of medical instruments, for example, medical scalpels and other surgical instruments.

But, in addition to a number of undeniable advantages, 40X steel also has a number of technological disadvantages. Thus, this material has low resistance to aggressive environments and high temperatures.

To obtain parts of different shapes, various metalworking methods are used, including turning, milling, and grinding. 40X steel can be classified as a material that does not require any special tools for processing.

Source: https://varimtutru.com/stal-40hma-harakteristiki/

Characteristics, features of heat treatment and use of 40X steel - we understand in detail

The physical properties of materials can be changed by thermal treatment at a high degree of heating and subsequent cooling. This primarily applies to metals that are subjected to hardening. To properly harden steel, you need to know its grade: it reflects the full chemical composition of the solid. Thus, heat treatment of 40x steel has its own nuances associated with the type of impurities contained in it.

If we take the exact definition of the type of steel to which 40x belongs, then this is a classic type of alloyed material, where the percentage of carbon is inferior to the percentage of chromium impurity. These elements here range from 0.44 to 0.36 and from 1.1 to 0.8, respectively. Chromium in the metal contributes to its resistance to aggressive oxidizing environments and gives it the ability not to rust. In addition, chromium affects the mechanical properties of 40x steel, transferring it to the category of structural steel.

Decoding steel 40X

In the CIS, the GOST 4543-2016 standard is used, which allows you to determine not only the chemical composition, but also the various performance qualities of the material.

Download GOST 4543-2016

Steel 40X GOST defines the following substances in its composition:

1. The first number 40 is used to indicate the main element in the composition, which is carbon. As a rule, most of the composition is iron, and carbon, the concentration of which is 0.44%, determines the main performance characteristics.
2. The next letter X indicates that the composition contains an alloying element represented by chromium. The absence of a number after the letter indicates that the concentration of the element is 1.1%. As previously noted, chromium increases the corrosion resistance of the structure. However, the steel grade in question, 40X, is not characterized by high anti-corrosion qualities.
3. Considering 40X GOST, we note that the composition includes a fairly large amount of nickel, silicon and manganese. They determine some of the performance characteristics of the metal, but they are not noted in the markings.

Deciphering allows you to determine the chemical composition and basic performance qualities of the material. It is worth considering that foreign manufacturers use different standards when labeling materials, but the chemical composition of analogues is approximately similar.

: Characteristics and composition of stainless steel

Steel 40X. Application in production

40X steel is a structural carbon alloy steel.

After hardening and appropriate tempering, Steel 40X acquires high strength while maintaining sufficient ductility, allowing it to be used in the production of gear shafts of the first stage of RM type gearboxes, such as the RM 250 gearbox, the RM 350 gearbox, the RM 750 gearbox, the RM 850 gearbox and the gearbox RM 1000. Also, gear wheels of Ts2N type gearboxes are made from Steel 40X. These are the Ts2U 400 gearbox, the Ts2N 450 gearbox, the Ts2N 500 gearbox, the Ts2N 630 gearbox and the Ts2N 710 gearbox. All detailed characteristics of these mechanisms are given in our catalog.

Existing GOST standards for Steel 40Х

Due to the wide variety of existing rolled products and billets made of Steel 40X, the quality and characteristics of the entire product range are regulated by the following GOSTs:

• circle Sal 40Х GOST 2590-2006 (GOST 2590-88) hot-rolled steel circle (bar);
• circle Steel 40X GOST 7417-75 calibrated circle (rod);

Source: https://tpspribor.ru/vidy-metalla/specifika-termoobrabotki-stali-40h.html

Rolled metal

This page shows the technical, mechanical and other properties, as well as the characteristics of steel grade 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА).

Classification of material and application of grade 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА)

Brand: 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА)
Material classification: Structural alloy steel
Application: Crankshafts, valves, connecting rods, connecting rod caps, critical bolts, gears, claw couplings, disks and other heavily loaded parts. Rolls for cold rolling of metals.

Chemical composition of material 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА) in percentage terms

C	Si	Mn	Ni	S	P	Cr	Mo	Cu
0.37 — 0.44	0.17 — 0.37	0.5 — 0.8	1.25 — 1.65	up to 0.025	up to 0.025	0.6 — 0.9	0.15 — 0.25	up to 0.3

Mechanical properties of 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА) at a temperature of 20oС

Assortment	Size	Eg.	sв	sT	d5	y	KCU	Thermal change
—	mm	—	MPa	MPa	%	%	kJ/m2	—
Rod, GOST 4543-71	Ø-25	1080	930	12	50	780	Quenching and tempering

Technological properties of 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА)

Weldability:	difficult to weld.
Flock Sensitivity:	sensitive.
Tendency to temper brittleness:	not inclined.

Explanation of symbols, abbreviations, parameters

Mechanical properties :
sв	— Short-term strength limit, [MPa]
sT	— Proportional limit (yield strength for permanent deformation), [MPa]
d5	— Elongation at break, [%]
y	— Relative narrowing, [%]
KCU	— Impact strength, [kJ/m2]
HB	— Brinell hardness, [MPa]

Physical properties:
T	— Temperature at which these properties were obtained, [Deg]
E	— Modulus of elasticity of the first kind, [MPa]
a	— Coefficient of thermal (linear) expansion (range 20o-T), [1/degree]
l	— Thermal conductivity coefficient (heat capacity of the material), [W/(m deg)]
r	— Material density, [kg/m3]
C	— Specific heat capacity of the material (range 20o-T), [J/(kg deg)]
R	— Electrical resistivity, [Ohm m]

Weldability:
no limits	— welding is performed without heating and without subsequent heat treatment
limited weldability	— welding is possible when heated to 100-120 degrees. and subsequent heat treatment
difficult to weld	— to obtain high-quality welded joints, additional operations are required: heating to 200-300 degrees. during welding, heat treatment after welding - annealing

Please note that this information about the 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА) brand is provided for informational purposes. The parameters, properties and composition of the actual material of the 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА) brand may differ from the values ​​given on this page. More detailed information about the 40ХН2МА (40ХНМА) grade can be found on the information resource Brand of steel and alloys. You can check with our managers for information about the availability, delivery times and cost of materials. If you find inaccuracies in the description of materials or errors found, please inform the site administrators using the feedback form. Thanks in advance for your cooperation!

Source: https://www.c-met.ru/marki-metallov-i-splavov/stal-konstrukczionnaya/stal-konstrukczionnaya-legirovannaya/40hn2ma-40hnma

GOST 4543-71* “rolled alloy structural steel. technical specifications"

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

ROLLED ALLODED
STRUCTURAL STEEL

TECHNICAL CONDITIONS

GOST 4543-71

Moscow
IPK PUBLISHING HOUSE OF STANDARDS

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

ROLLED ALLoy STRUCTURAL STEEL Technical specifications Structural alloy steel bars. Specifications

GOST 4543-71

Date of introduction 01/01/73

This standard applies to hot-rolled and forged steel with a diameter or thickness of up to 250 mm, calibrated and with a special surface finish made of alloy structural steel, used in a heat-treated state.

In terms of chemical composition standards, the standard applies to all other types of rolled products, ingots, forgings and stampings.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 2, 4, 5).

1. CLASSIFICATION

1.1. Depending on the chemical composition and properties, structural steel is divided into categories:

quality;

high quality - A;

especially high quality - Sh.

Notes:

1. Particularly high-quality steel includes electroslag remelted steel.

2. (Deleted, Amendment No. 2).

1.2.

Depending on the main alloying elements, steel is divided into groups: chromium, manganese, chromium-manganese, chromium-silicon, chromium-molybdenum and chromium-molybdenum-vanadium, chromium-vanadium, nickel-molybdenum, chromium-nickel and chromium-nickel with boron, chromium-silicon-manganese and chromium-silicon-manganese-nickel, chromium-manganese-nickel and chromium-manganese-nickel with titanium and boron, chromium-nickel-molybdenum, chromium-nickel-molybdenum-vanadium and chromium-nickel-vanadium , chrome-aluminum and chrome-aluminum with molybdenum, chrome-manganese-nickel with molybdenum, chrome-manganese-nickel with molybdenum and titanium.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).

1.3. By type of processing, rolled products are divided into:

hot-rolled and forged (including with a turned or peeled surface);

calibrated;

with special surface finishing.

1.4. Depending on the quality of the surface, hot-rolled and forged steel is produced in groups: 1, 2, 3.

1.5. Depending on the condition of the material, rolled products are produced:

without heat treatment;

heat treated - T;

cold-worked - N (for rolled products calibrated and with special surface finishing).

1.3 — 1.5 (Changed edition, Amendment No. 5).

2a. ASSORTMENT

Source: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data1/8/8473/

Steel 40ХН: characteristics, GOST and analogues

Unfortunately, when exploring the vastness of the Internet in search of simple and understandable articles for the average reader on the topic of metal structures and steels in principle, at best you will find a couple of unstructured articles that do not make much sense. In other cases, the information is presented in the form of simple clippings from regulatory documents, where all information will be presented in the form of obscure scientific and technical abbreviations and designations.

This state of affairs does not suit us, so in today’s article we will get acquainted as simply as possible with the main characteristics of 40ХН steel, and also discuss the scope of its application and chemical composition.

Usage

Let's start our excursion with the simplest thing, namely with the answer to a rather important question. Where is this steel used or, to paraphrase a little, for which industry will the characteristics of 40ХН steel be most in demand?

If we turn to the documentation, namely GOST 4543-71, it will become clear to us that 40ХН steel is structural, alloyed, chromium-nickel. This name makes it clear that this type of steel is used primarily for the manufacture of something. In most cases, the use of 40ХН steel is closely related to the manufacture of parts for various mechanisms.

For example, engine axles and shafts, gears, rollers, connecting rods, levers and much more are often made from 40ХН. All of the above parts are subject to high loads throughout their operation, from which we can conclude that the characteristics and mechanical properties of 40ХН steel are not so bad.

However, you should not think that steel of this grade is already produced in the form of finished parts. Like any other steel, 40ХН is supplied to the market in the form of the usual strips, rods, hexagons, and squares.

Compound

We are sure: it is no secret to readers that an alloy of iron and carbon is steel. Pure steel, to be precise. However, such material is not always suitable for use. It is in order to improve the initial properties of steel that various elements from the well-known periodic table are added to its composition, the presence of which in the composition in a certain proportion gives the alloy certain properties such as increased wear resistance and oxidation resistance.

Steel 40ХН was no exception, the characteristics of which directly follow from the alloy composition, which looks like this:

• 0.4% carbon;
• 0.6% chromium;
• 0.65% manganese;
• 0.27% silicon;
• 1.2% nickel;
• 0.3% copper.

Alas, smelting technology cannot guarantee the complete absence of harmful impurities in the composition of 40ХН steel. The characteristics do not deteriorate significantly due to their presence, since the percentage of such impurities does not exceed 0.035%.

Steel 40ХН: characteristics

The use of 40ХН steel as a material for the manufacture of heavily loaded mechanism parts is the clearest indicator that the alloy has sufficiently high strength indicators. And this is certainly true. Most of the alloy in the composition increases the strength characteristics of 40ХН steel, such as wear resistance, impact strength, ductility, resistance to elevated temperatures, and also makes it more resistant to corrosion.

Steel grades

The type of steel is indicated by marking codes with digital and alphabetic elements. Marking - in Latin or Cyrillic letters. The use of marks depends on the country creating the list according to its standards. The most common are Russian, English, Japanese, and German analogues of the definition. Steel grades have differences, which lie in their designations (conventional), raw materials are produced in the same way.

What is meant by steel grade?

The symbols indicate various factors:

1. The most common marking? by the chemical elements that make up the steel alloy;
2. Important designation? by deoxidation method;
3. Subclasses of paragraph 1 separate iron alloys with a specific amount of carbon? percentage of substances;
4. Purpose;
5. Alloy quality level.

The breakdown of the steel grade is given in the table? in the domestic system they operate with the following instructions:

The degree of deoxidation of three types of structural steels has been established. Calm type means that the material has a high level of silicon content, which acts as a deoxidizing agent - from 0.12%. Steels of this type are homogeneous, weld well, have better resistance to brittle fracture, and can be used in aggressive environments.

Rolled metal is used to mount durable structures subject to constant loads. The boiling type, on the contrary, includes no more than 0.07% of this element; its ingots are less homogeneous and more clogged with gases.

Semi-quiet grades are located between two extreme types of steels and combine the useful qualities of both types. The marking of structural metal looks, for example, St5sp, where St is steel, 5 is carbon content (tenths), sp is “calm” (the abbreviations kp, ps are also used, that is, boiling, semi-quiet, respectively).

By adding rare earth metals, increased resistance to corrosion cracking is achieved. Steel 20YuCh is improved with cerium and strengthened with a small amount of vanadium. Pipeline fittings, pipes, and housings are made from it for operation in conditions of high carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide content, and can withstand temperatures from +475 to -40 degrees.

Steel classification

The remaining three points relate to the classification of the material. Among non-alloy steels, there are various quality types, such as 20 steel or 45 steel. The numbers 20, 30, 40, 50 determine the average allowable amount of carbon (0.20%, 0.30%, 0.40%, 0.50%). There are more complex markings, for example, 09g2s.

It is deciphered as containing 0.09% carbon (the number comes before the letters), “G” indicates the presence of manganese, the number 2 deciphers the percentage of this metal - up to 2%. The C at the end is silicon, the letter is not supplemented with digital values, so it is less than 1%.

Alloying additives turn out to be about 2.5%, which means the steel is low-alloy.

By the same principle, steel 12Х18Н10Т is defined as cryogenic structural steel, including chromium (18%), nickel (10%), titanium (up to a maximum of 1.5%). The initial marking number refers to carbon. The indication “12” shows that the carbon in the alloy is 0.12%. This fact determines the austenitic (corrosion-resistant) nature of the resulting material. Grade 12Х18Н10Т is an analogue of AISI 321 stainless steel.

Structural steels are produced not only cryogenic, but heat-resistant (14Х17Н2), heat-resistant (20Х25Н20С2). Among these steels, spring steel is separately distinguished, for example, 65G steel, strengthened by manganese.

The next subtype is tool steels, used for the manufacture of various parts and tools. For example, 4Х5МФС is called stamping material; press and hammer inserts, small hammer dies, and other similar products are made from it.

Stamping materials are produced in many types, depending on the percentage of additives. Is 5ХНМ steel different from the previous one? a combination of chromium, nickel, manganese, providing high strength and excellent resistance to corrosion.

Therefore, this type is used in the production of pneumatic hammers with an impressive mass of falling parts (more than 3 tons).

Alloy steels stand out separately, especially grade 13HFA. This is a construction material containing chromium, vanadium, and nitrogen. It differs from steel 14Х17Н2 in the amount of carbon and the content of elements in the alloy, which are at a level not exceeding 1%, so they do not put numbers after the letters X, F, A.

By analogy, 20X steel and grades with different digital indicators (10, 30, 40, 45, 50) are alloyed. The initial number indicates the limited amount of carbon, the next letter indicates the main alloying element. Chromium steels of this type are used for the manufacture of small and large parts (couplings, pistons, etc.).

40x steel, due to the increase in the amount of carbon, differs only in its purpose: medium speeds, moderate pressure.

The more alloying substances, the more useful qualities the alloy acquires. Chrome-silicon-manganese steel from this series, designated 30KhGSA, is very popular. The brand is characterized by high resistance to chemical and mechanical stress. sulfur and phosphorus are not desirable for these materials; their amount should not exceed 0.03%. Therefore, the end of such markings is made with the letter “A”? additional quality indicator (for example, 38ХН3МА).

Alloyed grades are manufactured as instrumental or structural grades. The latter represents 40ХН steel and its substitutes (38ХГН, 50ХН, etc.). Supplied in the form of long products, sheet steel, steel strips, ground and calibrated rods. They are made of couplings, shafts, bolts, spindles, rods, levers, that is, all loaded parts that are subject to dynamic loads and vibration.

18KhGT 25KhGT 20KhGR 27KhGR 30KhGT 25KhGM 30Kh2GMT 14Kh2GMR, 14KhMNDFR 15KhF 33KhS 38KhS 40KhS 10KhSND

15ХСND 20Х2М 22Х3М 30ХМ, 30ХМА 32ХМ1А 34ХМА 35ХМ 40ХFA 30Х3МФ 36НХ 20ХН 40ХН 45ХН

20ХНР 12ХН2 12ХН3А 20ХН3А 30ХН3А 15Х2НМFA 15Х2НМFA-А 15Х2НМFA class I 12Х2Н4А 20Х2Н4А 14ХГС 20ХГСА 25ХГСА

1 4Х2Н3МА 38Х2Н3М _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

40ХН2МА (40ХНМА) 40Х2Н2МА (40Х1НВА) 35ХН1М2ФА 25Х2НМВА 30ХН2МФА (30ХН2ВМА) 25ХН3МВА 35ХН3МВА 26ХН3М2ФА 30ХН3М2ФА 12Х2НВВА 36Х2Н2МФА (36ХН1МФА) 38HN3MFA 20HN4FA

18Х2Н4МА (18Х2Н4ВА) 25Х2Н4МА (25Х2Н4ВА) 38Х2МУА (38ХМУА) 12МХ 15ХМ 20ХМ 12Х1МФ (EI 575) 13Х1МФ (14Х1ГМФ, ЦТ 1) 15Х1М1Ф 12Х2 MFV (EI 531) 12Х2MFSR 25Х1МФ (EI 10) 25Х1М1Ф (Р2, Р2МА) 25Х2М1Ф ( EI 723)

20Kh1M1F1TR (EP 182) 20Kh1M1F1BR (EP 44) 20Kh3MVF (EI 415, EI 579) 15Kh5M (12Kh5MA, Kh5M) 15Kh5VF 05G4DMF 05G4MNF 08GDNF 10GN2MFA , 10GN2MFA-V D, 10GN2MFA-Sh 09N2MFVA-A 20N3DMA 13N5A

03Х8СУЦ (EP 889) 10Х9МФБ (DI 82) 40Х9С2 (4Х9С2, ESKH 40Х10С2М (4Х10С2М, EI 107) 13Х11Н2В2МФ-Ш (ЭИ 961-Ш) 03Х11Н10М2Т 10Х11Н20Т3Р (EI 696) 10Х11Н23Т3МР (ЭП 33) 15Х11МФ (1Х11МФ) 15Х11МФБ (1Х11МФБ) 12Х11В2МФ (type EI 756)

18X11MNFB (2X11MFBN, EP 291) 10X12ND 06X12N3D 10X12N3M2FA(Sh, 10X12N3M2FA-A(Sh) 37X12N8G8MFB (EI 481) 15X12VNMF (EI 802, EI 952) 18X1 2VMBFR-Sh (EI 993-Sh) 20Х12ВНМФ (EP 428) 08Х13 (0Х13, EI 496) 12Х13 (1Х13) 20Х13 (2Х13)  

30Х13 (3Х13) 40Х13 (4Х13) 25Х13Н2 (2Х14Н2, EI 474) 03Х13Н8Д2ТМ (EP 699) 12Х13Г12АС2Н2 (DI 50) 10Х13Г12С2Н2Д2Б (DI 59) 08Х14МФ 03Х14ГН F-VI 10Х14Г14Н4Т (Х14Г14Н3Т, EI 711) 04Х14Н5МГТУ 05Х14Н5ДМ  

1X14N14V2M (EI 257) 09X14N19V2BR (EI 695R) 09X14N19V2BR1 (EI 726) 45X14N14V2M (EI 69) 06X15N6MBF 10X15N9S3B1-Sh (EP 302-Sh) 08X15N24 V4TR (EP 164) 07Х16Н6 (Х16Н6, EP 288) 08Х16Н9М2 (Х16Н9М2) 08Х16Н13М2Б (ЭИ 405 , EI 680) 10X16N14V2BR (1X16N14V2BR, EP 17)  

X16N16MV2BR (EP 184) 3X16N22V6B (TsZh 13) 08X17T (0X17T, EI 645) 12X17 (X17, EI 17) 14X17N2 (1X17N2, EI 268) 02X17N11M2 08X17N13M2T (0X1 7N13M2T) 10Х17Н13М2Т (Х17Н13М2Т, EI 448) 10Х17Н13М3Т (Х17Н13М3Т, EI 432) 015Х18М2Б-VI (EP 882-VI)  

01Х18М2Т-VI 12Х18Н9 (Х18Н9) 12Х18Н9Т (Х18Н9Т) 17Х18Н9 (2Х18Н9) 08Х18Н10 (0Х18Н10) 08Х18Н10Т (0Х18Н10Т, EI 914) 12Х18Н10Т 12Х18Н12Т (Х18Н12Т) 10Х18Н18У4Д (EP 841) 36Х18Н25С2 (4Х18Н25С2, ЭЯ ЗС)  

01Х19Н14С2 (Х20Н14С2, EI 211) 08Х21Н6М2Т (0Х21Н6М2Т EP 54) 02Х22Н5AM3 08Х22 Н6Т (0Х22Н5Т, ЭИ 53) Х23У5Т 20Х23Н13 (Х23Н13, ЭИ 319)  

20Х23Н18 (Х23Н18, EI 417) 03Х23Н28У4Т (EK 86) 06ХН28МДТ (0Х23Н28М3Д3Т, EI 943) 03Х24Н6AM3 (ZI 130) 15Х25Т (Х25Т, EI 439) 12Х25Н16Г7AR (E I 835) 20Х25Н20С2 (Х25Н20С2, EI 283) Х27У5Т 03Н18К9М5Т  

Source: http://stalmaximum.ru/materialy/marki/