What does steel 45 mean?

Steel 45 characteristics. How steel is hardened. Hardening steel 45

Each alloy has its own unique composition. As for such a material as steel, it is known that it contains iron and carbon in certain proportions. Each grade of steel has its own unique name, which encodes its chemical composition and physical characteristics. Steel 45 is no exception. In this article we will look at this popular alloy in more detail.

Chemical composition

Anyone who deals with alloys knows that the elements that make up them affect their characteristics. Steel 45 is a high-quality structural carbon steel. From the name it becomes clear that it contains carbon - 0.45%. The majority, of course, is iron – 97%.

The remaining 2.55% includes such chemical elements as manganese (0.7%), silicon (0.2-0.3%), nickel (0.25%), chromium (0.25%), copper (0.25%), arsenic (0.08), sulfur (0.04) and phosphorus (0.035%). Each of the alloying elements affects the characteristics of steel 45. For example, manganese is present in almost all grades of steel. It removes oxygen from it and reduces the sulfur content.

Silicon affects the hardenability of steel. In addition, it increases the yield and elastic strength.

One of the most important components that strengthens this alloy and gives it hardness is carbon. In addition, it reduces plasticity and viscosity. The effect of carbon on the characteristics of steel 45 is clearly visible in the phase diagram. Its properties will depend on the structure of the alloy.

For example, with a pearlite structure, steel is easier to process and weld. The ferrite structure is characterized by low hardness and high ductility.

Austenite in steels is always liquid and when it is cooled, the position of carbon grains in the crystal lattice can change significantly.

Steel structure 45

Thus, cementite is a chemical compound Fe3C, and besides it, ferrite (C) is also present in steel. Together they form another structure – perlite. Since the carbon content is below 0.8%, such steel is considered hypoeutectoid.

And in order to improve its properties, it must be hardened or annealed. This is achieved by heating it, during which it passes into the austenitic state. Critical points for this alloy: AC1=725 °C, AC3=770°C.

When heated to 700°C, no noticeable changes will occur.

Let's look at the state diagram of steel 45 in more detail.

So, since the alloy contains 0.45% carbon, on the lower horizontal line, it is necessary to find this value. Climbing up from it, you can follow all the transformations in steel. So, when heated above the AC line, the alloy will be in a liquid state.

Then, as the temperature decreases, the atomic lattice of iron will be rearranged from face-centered to body-centered and, accordingly, ferrite will predominate in it. A large amount of carbon will gradually transform from austenite to pearlite. The final structure of the alloy will also depend on how the steel was cooled after quenching.

Heat treatment

If this alloy is not heat treated, its structure is dominated by cementite and ferrite, which means it cannot be mechanically processed.

The internal stress between the atoms of this alloy will be so high that it will crack when milled and turned. In order to avoid this, heat treatment is used. It can consist of several processes: annealing, normalization, hardening, tempering.

The heat treatment itself will depend on the type of product (forging, rolled) and its technical purpose.

Taking another look at the phase diagram, we can conclude that 850 °C is the optimal temperature for hardening. It is at this point that for steel with a carbon content of 0.45% the transition to the austenitic state occurs.

Therefore, 45 steel is most often hardened at a temperature of 850 °C, and tempered at 550 °C. In this case, the alloy will have a tensile strength of 900 MPa, a yield strength of 800 MPa, an impact strength of 1.2 MJ/m2, a relative contraction of 65% and a hardness of 260. If the tempering temperature is increased, the tensile strength, yield and hardness will decrease , and the remaining values, on the contrary, will increase.

Physical properties

As mentioned earlier, the characteristics of the alloy as a whole will depend on the hardening of steel 45. Ferrite itself is soft and quite ductile, while pearlite is hard, but more brittle. So, the perlite structure looks like puff pastry.

Crystals of soft ferrite alternate with hard cementite. The latter give pearlite wear resistance and hardness.

Based on this, we can conclude that as the carbon content increases, the volume occupied by pearlite also increases and, of course, the properties of the alloy improve.

In general terms, we can say that 45 steel is quite strong, durable and easy to machine. Disadvantages include poor weldability and susceptibility to corrosion. Parts made of steel 45 are resistant to wear and can withstand temperature changes from 200 to 600 °C. More details about the physical and mechanical properties can be seen in the following table.

As with any other steel, before machining it is necessary to calculate the cutting conditions. In them, it is necessary to select the correct cutting tool, spindle rotation speed and, of course, calculate the feed.

Despite the fact that steel 45 lends itself well to machining, if cutting modes are chosen incorrectly, problems such as too hot, flying chips, and an arbitrary decrease in spindle speed are possible.

In addition, for this type of machining such as turning, it is recommended to use a coolant for this alloy.

The choice of cutting tool is also of great importance. It must be selected according to steel hardness 45. For example, the T15K6 cutter and others with similar properties are perfect.

Area of ​​use

Based on the characteristics of steel 45, we can conclude that the alloy is widely used in the metallurgical industry. Thus, spindles, cylinders, cams and a wide variety of shafts are made from it. It is these parts that must have increased strength. Various enterprises produce shapes, assortments and sizes, which are determined by GOSTs. Steel 45 is a difficult to weld alloy, so most of the range is produced as seamless pipes.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/361432/stal-harakteristiki-kak-proizvoditsya-zakalka-stali-zakalka-stali

Steel 45

Basket

your basket is empty

Classification of steels Steel 45

General informationChemical compositionMechanical propertiesTechnological propertiesCritical point temperatureImpact strengthFatigue limitHardenabilityPhysical properties

General information

Substitute

steel: 40Х, 50, 50Г2

Type of delivery

Long products, including shaped steel: GOST 1050-74, GOST 2590-71, GOST 2591-71, GOST 2879-69, GOST 8509-86, GOST 8510-86, GOST 8239-72, GOST 8240-72, GOST 10702 -78. Calibrated rod GOST 1050-74, GOST 7414-75, GOST 8559-75, GOST 8560-78, GOST 10702-78. Thick sheet GOST 1577-81, GOST 19903-74. Thin sheet GOST 16523-70. Tape GOST 2284-79. Strip GOST 1577-81, GOST 103-76, GOST 82-70. Wire GOST 17305-71, GOST 5663-79. Forgings and forged blanks GOST 8479-70, GOST 1131-71. Pipes GOST 8732-78, GOST 8733-87, GOST 8734-75, GOST 8731-87, GOST 21729-78.

Purpose

Pinion shafts, crankshafts, camshafts, gears, spindles, bands, cylinders, cams and other normalized, improved and surface heat treated parts that require increased strength.

Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures

test t, °C

Source: https://metinpro.ru/https-/metinpro.ru/http-/metinpro-ru-14

Chemical composition of steel 45

In many ways, performance and other qualities are determined by the chemical composition. This is due to the fact that some elements can significantly increase strength, while others increase fragility. The chemical composition of steel 45 is characterized by the presence of the following elements:

1. The main chemical elements of St 45 are iron and carbon. The concentration of the second element largely determines how strong and hard the product is. Established standards specify that the carbon concentration should be from 0.42 to 0.5%. At the same time, the metal composition is about 97%.
2. The composition includes a relatively small amount of alloying elements. The main ones can be called magnesium and silicon. Their concentration rate is more than 0.1%.
3. The concentration of other elements is maintained within a certain range. For example, GOST defines a small amount of sulfur and phosphorus, since these elements lead to deterioration in performance.

Pipes St45

carbon, like many other elements, is maintained within a certain range. This element largely determines the main characteristics of the resulting products; too high a concentration can lead to surface hardness and structure fragility.

Material properties

The mechanical properties of steel 45 determine the wide distribution of this metal. The carbon concentration is 0.45%, other impurities are extremely minor. This largely determines the following characteristics:

1. The density of steel 45 or specific gravity is 7826 kg/m3. This ensures a low weight of the resulting products, but they cannot be called light. Density may vary slightly depending on the chemical composition.
2. The structure is not prone to temper brittleness. Steel 45, whose characteristics can be called a universal offer, is very often subjected to hardening, due to which the surface hardness significantly increases.
3. Very often, blanks are delivered after heat treatment. It significantly increases surface hardness. This point also determines that the hardness of steel 45 in the delivered state can vary over a fairly wide range. As a rule, the hardness is maintained at 10-1 HB, which corresponds to 170 MPa.
4. Steel grade 45 is a difficult-to-weld metal, which makes welding difficult. That is why the structure is initially heated and only after this the elements are connected. The hardenability of steel 45 is also at a fairly low level, which complicates the cutting process. Welding can be used with a variety of welding equipment. The use of appropriate electrodes can significantly simplify the welding process. Cutting with a welding machine is also significantly more complicated.
5. Forging is carried out quite often. It is carried out at a temperature of 1250 degrees Celsius, at the end the indicator is 700 degrees Celsius.
6. The tensile strength and elastic modulus can vary over a fairly wide range. It all depends on the heating temperature of the surface. The yield strength of steel determines how easy it is to cast various workpieces.

Properties of alloy St 45

In general, we can say that the metal is suitable for use in the manufacture of various products. In most cases, heat treatment is carried out, which can significantly increase performance characteristics. It is worth considering that only by maintaining the temperature regime can conditions be provided for the correct restructuring of the crystal lattice.

Download GOST 1050-2013

Temperature of critical points of steel 45

As previously noted, to improve the performance properties of the metal, heat treatment is carried out. It involves exerting a certain influence on the structure, after which the crystal lattice is rearranged and the qualities change. When carrying out heat treatment, critical points are often taken into account. Processing of steel St 45 is carried out taking into account the following factors:

1. Temperature conditions. It is important to choose the right temperature, since too low will cause incomplete heating of the structure and complete restructuring of the structure will not occur. Too high an indicator causes overheating of the metal, as well as the appearance of scale. A variety of settings can be used to ensure that the required temperature is applied. An example would be blast furnaces or electrical installations. Melting temperatures that are too high determine that it is quite difficult to harden the steel in question at home.
2. Rate of temperature increase. The heating rate can also determine which qualities will be transferred to the processed product. Modern equipment allows you to control the heating rate with high precision. For example, HDTVs have an electronic control unit; electrical energy is converted into magnetic energy, which causes heating of the structure.
3. The length of time between exposure to different temperatures. When heat treating all metals, the presence of three critical points is taken into account and taken into account. The holding time may depend not only on the chemical composition of the material, but also on the size and shape of the workpiece.
4. Features of the cooling process. The quality of the resulting product largely depends on the conditions under which the cooling process took place. For example, it is possible to use oil or water, as well as various powders as a cooling medium.

Quite often, HDTV is used to change the qualities of a metal. It is characterized by high efficiency in application, as well as ease of use. Today there are models that, if desired, can be installed in a home workshop.

Critical points are considered to be temperatures at which restructuring of the structure occurs. There are three main temperature points that are displayed on the plotted diagram.

Attention is also paid to choosing a more suitable cooling medium. For example, it is possible to carry out cooling in water. However, such an environment leads to uneven cooling, which leads to scale and other problems. For higher quality, oil is used. Large workpieces can be cooled in the open air, since it takes a long time to reduce the temperature.

As already noted, the scope of application of the material is quite wide. When using high-quality steel 45, various workpieces can be produced. Metal is supplied to production lines in the form of long and shaped rolled products.

The uses of steel 45 are as follows:

1. Manufacturing of products represented by bodies of rotation. When creating various structures, shafts are often used, which can have several steps and grooves. In this case, the diametrical size can vary over a wide range.
2. Spindles and cams, as well as gears. Gears can be called a rather difficult product to manufacture. They are obtained by the process of milling round blanks. The structure may be subject to severe mechanical stress. That is why various heat treatments are often carried out, for example, hardening or tempering. Cams and other similar products are also characterized by the fact that they are subject to severe mechanical stress.
3. Fasteners have become very widespread. They are used to connect various products or fix them. High demands are placed on fasteners. For example, the surface must withstand significant mechanical stress or load that occurs in the transverse direction.
4. Plates and sheet material. Sheet metal has become quite widespread. It is used in the manufacture of various products, as well as cladding of load-bearing structures. It is worth considering that today sheet material is often used for stamping and other pressure processing.

Application of steel 45

Heat treatment can significantly expand the scope of metal application. For example, hardening and surface normalization are carried out. To significantly change the performance qualities, the composition is alloyed with various chemical elements, for example, chromium. Increasing the concentration of chromium causes the metal to become corrosion resistant.

Low temper fragility determines that the metal is used to create products of complex shapes and configurations. An example is gears and sprockets, which are represented by teeth with a complex configuration.

Considering analogues, we note that there are a fairly large number of alloys that are characterized by similar qualities. For example, the USA and Germany apply their own marking standards when creating alloys that are similar to Steel 45.

For example, 1044 and 1045, 1.0503 and 1.1191. Analogues are also produced in many other countries.

As for metals with similar performance qualities, these include steel 50 and steel 50G, as well as steel 40X, which is alloyed with the use of chromium.

Analog St 45 - steel 1.0503

In conclusion, we note that products made from steel 45 have very attractive performance characteristics and are inexpensive. That is why it is used in the engineering industry as a base metal. The structure is characterized by high machinability. Therefore, the workpieces are subjected to turning and milling.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/stal-45.html

Specifications of Carbon Steel 45

The characteristics of steel 45 allow it to be classified as a ferrite-pearlite type structural alloy. These materials are used in many fields due to their varying carbon content. The properties of the alloy are also influenced by various heat treatment technologies.

Alloy composition

The characteristics and uses of 45 steel are determined by its chemical composition. Each element that is added during alloying changes the mechanical properties of the material to a certain extent. According to established standards, the class of carbon steels of structural type is marked with a two-digit number. It corresponds to the average value of carbon concentration, expressed in hundredths of a percent.

If you decipher steel grade 45, you can understand that the main components are iron (Fe) and carbon (C). The increased hardness of steel is associated precisely with the quantitative characteristics of carbon. However, the alloy also contains other metals, the quantitative ratio of which is regulated by GOST 1050-72:

• manganese – 0.5-0.8%;
• silicon – 0.17-0.37%;
• small impurities of other metals, the total amount of which does not exceed 0.7%;
• phosphorus – up to 0.035%;
• sulfur – up to 0.04%.

Silicon and manganese are useful additives; their presence contributes to:

• increasing plasticity;
• strength characteristics after heat treatment;
• eliminating internal stress;
• reducing the likelihood of cracks occurring.

The composition also determines the chemical properties of steel 45:

• oxidation state;
• susceptibility to corrosion;
• heat resistance indicators.

Small amounts of elements such as nickel, copper, chromium, arsenic do not have much effect on the properties of steel. Among the harmful impurities are sulfur and phosphorus that enter it during the smelting process. They reduce ductility and toughness, causing the phenomenon of red brittleness. However, their content in the alloy does not exceed the minimum permissible values.

Analogues and assortment

The following can be used as domestic substitutes for steel grade 45:

The alloy has many analogues in other countries:

• 1044, 1045, 1045H, G10450, M1044 – United States;
• S45C, SWRCH45K – Japan;
• 1.0503, C45E – Germany;
• 1C45, XC45H1 – France;
• C45, C45R – Italy;
• ZG310-570 – China;
• 1650 – Sweden;
• C45SW – Austria;
• SM45C – South Korea.

Structural steel 45 is supplied as:

• long products, for which several standards have been established;
• calibrated rod;

Source: https://svarkaipayka.ru/material/stal/tehnicheskie-harakteristiki-uglerodistoy-stali-45.html

Rolled metal

This page shows the technical, mechanical and other properties, as well as the characteristics of steel grade 45G.

Classification of material and application of grade 45G

Grade: 45G
Material classification: Structural alloy steel
Application: Crankshafts, connecting rods, axles, cardan shafts, brake levers, friction discs, gears, splined and gear shafts, anchor bolts.

Chemical composition of material 45G in percentage terms

C	Si	Mn	Ni	S	P	Cr	Cu
0.42 — 0.5	0.17 — 0.37	0.7 — 1	up to 0.3	up to 0.035	up to 0.035	up to 0.3	up to 0.3

Mechanical properties of 45G at a temperature of 20oC

Assortment	Size	Eg.	sв	sT	d5	y	KCU	Thermal change
—	mm	—	MPa	MPa	%	%	kJ/m2	—
Rod, GOST 4543-71	Ø-25	620	370	15	40	490	Quenching 850oC, oil, Tempering 600oC, air,

Technological properties of 45G

Weldability:	difficult to weld.
Tendency to temper brittleness:	less inclined.

Explanation of symbols, abbreviations, parameters

Mechanical properties :
sв	— Short-term strength limit, [MPa]
sT	— Proportional limit (yield strength for permanent deformation), [MPa]
d5	— Elongation at break, [%]
y	— Relative narrowing, [%]
KCU	— Impact strength, [kJ/m2]
HB	— Brinell hardness, [MPa]

Weldability:
no limits	— welding is performed without heating and without subsequent heat treatment
limited weldability	— welding is possible when heated to 100-120 degrees. and subsequent heat treatment
difficult to weld	— to obtain high-quality welded joints, additional operations are required: heating to 200-300 degrees. during welding, heat treatment after welding - annealing

Please note that this information about the 45G brand is provided for informational purposes. The parameters, properties and composition of the actual 45G grade material may differ from the values ​​given on this page. More detailed information about the 45G grade can be found on the information resource Brand of steel and alloys. You can check with our managers for information about the availability, delivery times and cost of materials. If you find inaccuracies in the description of materials or errors found, please inform the site administrators using the feedback form. Thanks in advance for your cooperation!

Source: https://www.c-met.ru/marki-metallov-i-splavov/stal-konstrukczionnaya/stal-konstrukczionnaya-legirovannaya/45g

Carbon quality steel 45 | Useful articles about rolled metal

Steel, a man-made alloy of iron and carbon, is in constant demand today in a wide variety of industries. Without it, it is difficult to build cities, install pipelines, produce transport, equipment, various units and parts.

The share of iron in the steel alloy must be at least 45%. All properties of steel, and, ultimately, of rolled metal products obtained from it, depend on the content of carbon and alloying elements.

One of the most popular grades of raw materials is steel 45. Characteristics and properties determine its popularity in the rolled metal market. It belongs to the category of structural carbon quality steels.

Explanation and chemical composition

The presence of the number 45 in the name of the raw material brand “reports” a content of about 0.45% carbon (C). The remaining “ingredients” were distributed as follows: silicon (Si) - from 0.17 to 0.37, chromium (Cr) - up to 0.25, manganese (Mn) - 0.5 - 0.8, nickel (Ni) – up to 0.25, copper (Cu) – up to 0.25, phosphorus (P) – up to 0.035, sulfur (S) – up to 0.04, arsenic (As) – 0.08.

Some physical and technological characteristics

1. Weight (specific): 7826 kg/m3.
2. Hardness of steel 45: HB = 50 HRC (after hardening).
3. Forging temperature: from 1250 to 700 o C with subsequent cooling in air (for parts whose cross-section varies up to 400 mm).
4. Turning is recommended in the hot-rolled state.
5. Welding options: RDS, KTS (with heating). Further heat treatment is required.
6. Flock sensitivity: low
7. Tendency to become brittle when tempered: none.

Mechanical and physical properties can be viewed in the table:

Features of steel grade 45

Steel 45 has increased characteristics of strength, endurance, is well processed, and is affordable. It has found application in almost all areas of industry, where there are constant mechanical loads and difficult temperature conditions. Products made of steel 45, for example, the extremely popular circle and hexagon st45, can withstand differences in the range from 200 to 600 o C.

If we compare some characteristics of raw materials of grade 45 and, for example, grade 35, then the influence of the proportion of carbon in the alloy composition becomes obvious. Thus, 0.42 - 0.5% versus 0.32 - 0.4% (respectively) indicates increased hardness characteristics of steel 45.

If steel 35 is classified as limitedly weldable, then steel 45 (GOST 1050-88) is very difficult to weld. This is perhaps the first of the latter’s “disadvantages”. The second is susceptibility to corrosion due to the presence of nickel and chromium.

Steel 35 is usually used for the manufacture of parts of not too high strength, subjected to light and medium loads during operation: these are axles, cylinders, crankshafts, connecting rods, while grade 45 raw materials are used to make more reliable parts with improved strength characteristics.

Comparative characteristics of raw materials can be found here:

About steel processing 45

In mechanical engineering, grade 45 steel is first heat treated. After normalization, any mechanical “decor” (milling, turning) is simpler and easier. This is how various shafts, gears, cylinders, spindles, and cams are obtained.  

After finishing heat treatment or hardening, the completed parts can “boast” greater resistance to wear. At the exit, they are cooled in water and subjected to low-temperature tempering (200-300 o C), the hardness indicators are about 50 HRC.

Assortment of products made from St. 45, GOST standards

According to current standards, a sufficient number of well-known rolled metal products are made from grade 45 steel - hot-rolled steel circle. 45, sheet, square st45, pipes.

Long products, including shaped steel, are manufactured according to the strict requirements of GOSTs: 1050-88, 10702-78, 2590-2006 and 2591-2006, 2879-2006, 8509-93 and 8510-86, as well as 8239-89, 8240-97.

• To produce a calibrated rod, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of standards 1050-88, 8559-75 and 8560-78, 7417-75,
• sheet metal: thick (GOST 1577-93, 19903-74), thin - GOST 16523-97,
• stripes (GOSTs 103-2006, 1577-93, 82-70),

Source: https://spb-stal.ru/stati/uglerodistaya-kachestvennaya-stal-marki-45/

Steel 45 - characteristics and application

Certain characteristics of 45 steel in terms of the chemical composition of the alloy have allowed it to achieve popularity in industrial applications. Traces of its use are found in almost all areas of production. And in mechanical engineering, about half of the products produced contain parts made of 45 steel. Its importance can hardly be overestimated.

Chemical composition and decoding 

Grade 45 is included in the group of high-quality structural steels. The number “45” means the carbon content of the steel in hundredths of a percent.

The quantity and type of chemical elements in its composition are regulated by GOST 1050-72. The main components are carbon and iron. Carbon imparts greater hardness, the ability to be strengthened by heat treatment, and increases machinability.

In addition to the basic elements, grade 45 steel contains the following components:

• Harmful impurities of phosphorus (up to 0.035%) and sulfur (up to 0.04%) have a negative effect on mechanical properties. Their larger molecules are embedded in the crystal lattice of steel and weaken its strength and wear resistance. In addition, the increased content of phosphorus and sulfur causes red brittleness in steels, i.e. formation of cracks during pressure treatment.
• Beneficial impurities of manganese (0.5-0.8%) and silicon (0.17-0.37%) reduce the internal stress of steel, thereby reducing the likelihood of cracks. Helps increase the effectiveness of hardening from heat treatment. In general, their presence has a positive effect on the ductility of steel.
• Also, 45 steel contains impurities of nickel, chromium, copper and arsenic. The total content of all these elements does not exceed 0.7%. For this reason, their influence on the properties of steel is insignificant.

It is worth noting that the presence of the above-mentioned by-products is associated with imperfect smelting technology and the quality of the chemical composition of the charge.

Analogs

Marking 45 is widespread outside of Russia and has many foreign analogues. Among them are:

• 1044, 1045 U.S.
• 1.0503 Germany.
• S45C Japan.

a brief description of

Steel has a density of 7850 kg/m3. It stands out among other structural steels due to its mechanical characteristics: the yield strength is 640 MPa. Wear-resistant. Works well under conditions of variable and shock loads: endurance limit 245 MPa, impact strength 66 kJ/m2.

Grade 45 is plastic and amenable to all types of mechanical processing. Elasticity coefficient 2 MPa. The relative elongation is 15%, and the relative narrowing is 40%. The value of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion is in the range of 11.9-15.2 1/deg.

The optimal operating temperature range is 200-400 degrees. After passing this mark, the mechanical characteristics drop significantly.

Grade 45 does not have enhanced anti-corrosion properties. Without applying a protective layer, the surface of the steel becomes covered with rust. Chemically unstable to most acids and alkalis.

Steel 45 belongs to the 3rd group of weldability. The process of welding it is difficult and impossible without preparatory work: heating to 150-200 degrees. Welded seams are unstable in operation and are susceptible to cracking.

The hardness of “raw” steel is 20-22 Rockwell units. Heat treatment can increase this indicator for steels of this type by 2-2.5 times. For this, the following types are used:

• Normalization is carried out mainly as a preliminary heat treatment. It is carried out before machining to improve the cutting process.
• Hardening increases hardness up to 50 HRC, increases abrasive wear resistance and strength. Quenching is always done in water.
• Low tempering is carried out in order to more evenly distribute internal stresses.

Pricing

Scrap steel 45 has a cost in the range of 13,000 - 14,000 rubles per ton. This price is lower than that of stainless steel and any non-ferrous metals, but higher than that of cast iron. It is better to find out the exact value of the cost directly at the scrap metal collection points, since it is influenced by many factors:

• The value of quotes on the London Ferrous Metals Exchange. This is what most Russian metal receivers choose as the basis of cost.
• The relationship between consumer demand and supply in your region. The distance from large metal processing plants also plays a role here.
• The percentage of harmful impurities in the composition, especially sulfur.
• The presence of traces of rust on the surface of the scrap.
• Dimensions of scrap pieces.
• Profile type: hexagon, sheet, square, circle, etc.
• Payment by cash or bank transfer. As a rule, scrap metal collection points give preference to purchasing metal non-cash, for which they charge an appropriate markup.
• Delivery weight. Preferred volumes range from 1000 kilograms.

Application

Grade 45 steel represents the optimal balance of strength, susceptibility to machining and price, which has allowed it to achieve widespread use in production.

It is actively used in the manufacture of power elements of metal structures. Where the use of welding is impractical. A good example would be a hoist line guide beam. The use of steel 45 instead of St3 will allow the use of smaller I-beams, which has a positive effect on the total weight of the metal structure.

In mechanical engineering and machine tools, grade 45 is used as a material for the manufacture of parts such as shafts, spindles, cams, bandages, plungers, calipers, faceplates, etc.

Excellent for the production of bevel and cylindrical gears. In order to increase the service life of the gear, additional hardening of its surface by chemical, thermal or mechanical means is necessary.

In addition, 45 is used for the manufacture of springs and springs operating under conditions of small loads.

The main elements of hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders consist of it. In particular, the sleeve that serves as the direction for the pressure piston, parts of check and exhaust valves, mounting unit, rod, etc.

Grade 45 is a material for the manufacture of gas and water pipes and fittings for their connection: fittings, nipples, locknuts, adapters, tees, crosses.

In non-critical units it is used for the production of radial and angular contact bearings. The peripheral speed of the shaft should be no more than 0.2 meters per second.

45 steel is used in the manufacture of cutting tools. It serves as the material for the cutter holder and a carbide plate is already attached directly to it (either with bolts or by soldering). This application makes it possible to reduce the coefficient of effective use of more expensive hard alloys.

Most modern fastening elements such as bolts, nuts, washers, studs, and anchor bolts are also based on 45 steel.

Source: https://prompriem.ru/stati/stal-45.html

Carbon steel 45: characteristics, application, hardness, analogues

According to GOST 1050-78, which regulates the degree of deoxidation, steel 45 belongs to the category of calm steel. Domestic substitutes for structural steel 45 can be the following brands:

Foreign analogues:

• 1044, M1044, 1045N - in the United States;
• 1.0503, 1.1193, C45E – Germany;
• 1С45, С40Э, ХС42Н1 – France;
• 1С45, С45Е – Italy;
• 1650 – Sweden;
• 060A47, 080M – England;
• Ck45 – Switzerland;
• S45C, SWRCH48K – Japan;
• 45Н, ZGD345-570 – China;
• A3 – Hungary;
• 12050 – Czech Republic;
• K1042 – Australia;
• SM48C - South Korea.

Metal is supplied to the market in accordance with state standards in the form of:

• Shaped and long products;
• calibrated and ground rod;
• silverfish;
• thick and thin sheets;
• wires;
• ribbons and strips;
• forged blanks;
• pipes

Source: https://punktpriema.ru/articles/tehnicheskie-harakteristiki-uglerodistoy-stali-45.html

Steel maximum: Steel 45

This alloy is a quality structural carbon steel. This material contains practically no alloying elements. This alloy is produced in open hearth furnaces, Bessemer converters and converters with oxygen blown from above.

Structural steel is an alloy that is used for the manufacture of various parts, mechanisms and structures in mechanical engineering and construction and has certain mechanical, physical and chemical properties.

see Wikipedia

Products made from steel 45 are often used in modern industry, as well as in organizing various production processes. They are presented as:

• camshafts and crankshafts,
• standard gears and pinion shafts,
• bandages and cams,
• spindles and cylinders,
• various normalized, improved and surface heat treated parts with increased strength.

The exact chemical composition of alloy 45

The operating conditions of products made from this material, as well as data on the chemical composition and percentage of substances present in grade 45 steel, are regulated by GOST 1050-88.

This alloy contains 9 elements. The main and most significant here are manganese and carbon. The following are considered additional:

• Silicon
• Nickel
• Copper
• Chromium
• Arsenic
• Sulfur
• Phosphorus

Complete information on the percentage of all substances included in grade 45 steel is presented in the table below and in the diagram.

Mn	C	Si	Ni	Cu	Cr	As	S	R
from 0.5 to 0.8	from 0.42 to 0.5	0,17 – 0,37	less than 0.3	less than 0.3	up to 0.25	less than 0.08	up to 0.04	less than 0.035

Properties of steel grade 45

The specific gravity of the material is 7826 kg/m3. The Brinell hardness of the alloy reaches 10 -1 = 170 MPa. Critical points occur at the following temperatures:

• Ac1 = 730°
• Ac3(Acm) = 755°
• Ar3(Arcm) = 690°
• Ar1 = 780°
• Mn = 350°

The alloy is difficult to weld. Only the following types of welding are available for this material:

• manual arc (RDS),
• contact-point (CPS).

All welding options require preheating and subsequent heat treatment of the elements.

The initial heat treatment temperature is +1250°C, the final temperature is 00°C. Products with a cross section of up to 400 mm are cooled in air.

Machinability is available in the hot-rolled state with a Brinell hardness of 170-179 units and a tensile strength of 640 MPa.

Steel grade 45 is not prone to temper brittleness and has a low level of flake sensitivity.

Domestic and foreign analogues of steel 45

Russia	50G2, 50, 40Х
EU	1.1191, C46, ​​C45, C45E, 2C45, C45EC
America	1044, 1045, M1044, 1045H, G10420, G10440, G10430, G10450
Japan

Source: http://stalmaximum.ru/45/

Structural steel 20, 45, 40x, 3

• Steel st 3
• Steel 20 and 45
• Steel 40x

Steel 3 (st3) is included in the list of structural carbon steels. The products are produced in various types in the form of bars and sheets.

The properties of this type of steel are a condition for their inclusion in group A, which is why its name does not contain additional designations - st3. This type of steel is produced by welding and pressure, without hot or other additional processing.

Carbon steel 3 is used.

Let's imagine the decoding of steel 3: “st” means “steel”, and the number is the brand number. The percentage of carbon content in a given type of steel is indicated in the number, and you need to know - the higher the number, the higher the carbon content.

After the brand number, the degree of deoxidation of the product is sometimes indicated, according to the parameters of which the steel is divided into boiling (kp), calm (sp) and semi-quiet (ps).

Due to its good weldability and simplicity, this grade is used in various metal structures and in construction.

Steel 20 and 45

These types of steel are classified as high-quality carbon structural steel. Being low-carbon, steel 20 is characterized by excellent weldability, ductility and stamping. Steel 20 with these characteristics is usually used in the production of various types of fastener parts - rollers, axles, etc. This type of product can be additionally cemented, which increases the strength of the surface while simultaneously being saturated with carbon.

Steel 45 is a medium-carbon high-quality structural steel, the peculiarity of which is its immunity to welding. Its characteristics also include increased strength and, at the same time, low viscosity and ductility.

The method of heat treatment of parts depends on the conditions in which the work takes place, where normalization and improvement are used, as well as hardening with low tempering and high frequency.

Steel 45 is used in the production of small parts: gears, shafts, connecting rods and parts subject to cyclic loads.

Steel 40x

This type of steel refers to chromium structural improved alloy steel. The numbers at the beginning of the name indicate the percentage of carbon content, and the letters indicate the alloying elements. The letter “x” in turn denotes the use of chromium in the production of 40x steel.

Medium-loaded small-sized parts are often made from it, and the higher the carbon content in a given line of steel, the higher the strength and the lower the ductility and toughness. In addition, chromium steels are characterized by rather low hardenability.

1. Structural steel is carbon or alloy steel that has chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Steel of this quality is used in the manufacture of mechanisms, various parts, engineering structures and in construction. The alloying process occurs using the following chemical elements: titanium, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, nickel, copper, silicon, nitrogen, niobium, selenium, cobalt, tungsten, beryllium, boron, aluminum.
2. Tool steel is an alloy or carbon steel from which measuring and cutting tools, hot and cold dies, and machine parts are made. The sharpness of the edges of cutting tools is explained precisely by the presence of molybdenum in the steel. The alloying process of tool steel occurs using the following chemical elements: titanium, beryllium, molybdenum, aluminum, tungsten, vanadium, copper, chromium, manganese, silicon, nickel, nitrogen, niobium, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, boron.

Source: https://moscowsad.ru/konstrukcionnaya-stal-20-45-40x-3.html

How to decipher steel grade

Steel, cast iron and alloys of non-ferrous metals are subject to mandatory marking. There are more than 1.5 thousand different types of steels and alloys made from them in the world.

Alloyed steels , unlike unalloyed steels, have a slightly different designation, since they contain elements that are specially introduced in certain quantities to ensure the required physical or mechanical properties. Eg:

• chromium (Cr) increases hardness and strength
• Nickel (Ni) provides corrosion resistance and increases hardenability
• Cobalt (Co) improves heat resistance and increases impact resistance
• Niobium (Nb) helps improve acid resistance and reduces corrosion in welded structures.

That is why it is customary to include in the names of alloy steels the chemical elements present in the composition and their percentage content. Chemical elements in such steel grades are designated by Russian letters given in the table.

X-chrome	A-nitrogen
C-silicon	N-nickel
D-copper	M-molybdenum
T-titanium	K-cobalt
B-tungsten	B-niobium
G-manganese	E-selenium
F-vanadium	C-zirconium
R-boron	U-aluminum

There is also a marking H , which tells us that the alloy contains rare earth metals, such as cerium, lanthanum, neodymium and others. Cerium (Ce) affects the strength and ductility of steel, and neodymium (Nd) and lanthanum (La) reduce porosity and sulfur content in steel and refine the grain.

An example of decoding steel grade 12Х18Н10Т

12Х18Н10Т is a popular austenitic steel, which is used in welding machines operating in dilute acid solutions, in solutions of alkalis and salts, as well as in parts operating under high pressure and in a wide temperature range. So, what do these mysterious symbols in the name mean, and how to combine them correctly?

The two numbers at the very beginning of the alloy steel grade are the average carbon content in hundredths of a percent. In our case, the carbon content is 0.12%. Sometimes, instead of two numbers, there is only one: it shows how much carbon (C) is contained in tenths of a percent. If there are no numbers at the beginning of the steel grade, this means that there is a fairly decent amount of carbon in it - from 1% and above.

The letter X and the number 18 following it indicate that this brand contains 18% chromium. Please note: the ratio of an element in fractions of a percent expresses only the first number at the beginning of the mark, and this only applies to carbon! All other numbers present in the name express the number of specific elements as a percentage.

Combination H10 follows. As you may have guessed, this is 10% nickel.

At the very end there is the letter T without any numbers. This means that the content of the element is too small to pay attention to. As a rule, about 1% (sometimes up to 1.5%). It turns out that in this grade of alloy steel the amount of titanium does not exceed 1.5%.

If suddenly at the very end of the brand you find a modestly standing letter A, remember that it plays a very important role: this means high-quality steel, the content of phosphorus and sulfur in which is kept to a minimum.

Two letters A at the very end (AA) indicate that this grade of steel is especially pure, i.e. there is practically no sulfur and phosphorus here.

In the course of a simple analysis of combinations of letters and numbers, we found out that the steel grade 12Х18Н10Т (structural cryogenic, austenitic class) reports the following information about itself: 0.12% carbon, 18% chromium (X), 10% nickel (N) and a small content titanium (T), not exceeding 1.5%.

At the beginning of the alloy steel grade there may also be additional designations:

R - high-speed;

Ш - ball bearing;

A - automatic (do not confuse with the letter A at the end of the name, which indicates the purity of the steel!);

E - electrical.

It is also worth noting some features of these subtypes of alloy steels:

1. in ball bearing steels, the chromium content is indicated in tenths of a percent (for example, ShKh4 steel contains 0.4% chromium);
2. in grades of high-speed steel, after the letter P there is immediately a number indicating the tungsten content as a percentage. Also, all high-speed steels contain 4% chromium (X).

To show the method of steel deoxidation, there are special letter designations: 

• sp - mild steel;
• ps - semi-quiet steel;
• kp - boiling steel.

Now let's take a closer look at how to decipher the grade of unalloyed steel , which is divided into ordinary and high-quality.

Ordinary unalloyed steel (St3, St3kp) has the letters St at the very beginning. This is followed by numbers indicating the carbon content in steel in tenths of a percent.

At the end there may be special indices: for example, St3kp steel belongs to the boiling category, as indicated by the letters kp at the very end. The absence of an index means that this steel is calm.

letters sv are added at the end . For example: St3st.

High-quality unalloyed steel (St10, St30, St20, St45) contains a two-digit number in the marking, indicating the average carbon content in the steel in hundredths of a percent. Thus, steel grade St10 contains 0.1% carbon; St30 has 0.3% carbon; St20 - 0.2%; St45 contains 0.45% carbon.

Structural low-alloy steel 09G2S contains the following chemical elements: 0.09% carbon, 2% manganese and a small amount of silicon (approximately 1%).

Steels 10KhSND and 15KhSND differ only in different carbon content: 0.1% and 0.15%, respectively. There is very little chromium (X), silicon (C), nickel (H) and copper (D) here (up to 1-1.5%), so numbers are not placed after the letter.

High-quality steels are used for the production of steam boilers and high-pressure vessels. Their markings have the letter K at the end: 20K, 30K, 22K.

If the steel is structural casting , then the letter L is placed at the end of the marking. For example: 40ХЛ, 35ХЛ.

Non-alloy tool steels are designated by the letter U. This is followed by a number expressing the average carbon content in the steel: U10, U7, U8. If the steel is also high-quality, this is also noted in the marking: U8A, U10A, U12A. If it is necessary to emphasize the increased manganese content, an additional letter G is used. For example, there are U8GA and U10GA steels.

Tool alloy steels have the same designation as structural alloy steels. For example, the HVG brand indicates the presence of three main alloying elements: chromium (X), tungsten (B) and manganese (G). There is approximately 1% carbon here, and therefore the number is not written at the beginning of the stamp. Another type of steel, 9KhVG, has a lower carbon content compared to KhVG: here there is 0.9% carbon.

High-speed steels are marked with the letter P, followed by the tungsten content in %. steel R6M5F3 as an example . It is high-speed (P), contains 6% tungsten, 5% molybdenum (M) and 3% vanadium (F).

Unalloyed electrical steel (ARMCO) has a very low electrical resistivity. This is achieved due to the minimal amount of carbon in the composition (less than 0.04%). Such steel is also commonly called technically pure iron . The marking of electrical non-alloy steels consists only of numbers. For example: 10880, 21880, etc.

Each number contains important information. The very first digit shows the type of processing: 1 - forged or hot-rolled; 2 - calibrated. The second digit indicates the presence/absence of a normalized aging coefficient: 0 - without a coefficient; 1 - with a coefficient. The third digit is the group according to the main standardized characteristic.

The last two are associated with the values ​​of the main standardized characteristic.

Structural steel is marked with the letter C, followed by the minimum yield strength of the steel. Additional designations are also used: K - increased corrosion resistance (S390K, S375K); T - heat-strengthened rolled products (S345T, S390T); D - increased copper content (S345D, S375D).

Aluminum casting alloys are designated by the letters AL at the beginning of the marking. Here are some examples: AL4, AL19, AL27.

Aluminum alloys for forging and stamping contain the letters AK, and then the conditional number of this alloy: AK6, AK5.

There are also wrought alloys containing aluminum . Avial alloy: AB, aluminum-magnesium alloy: AMg; aluminum-manganese alloy: AMts.

Now you have learned how to decipher the grade of steel containing various chemical elements. This steel marking was developed back in the USSR and is still in effect not only in the Russian Federation, but also in the CIS countries.

European steel markings are subject to the EN 100 27 standard. Japan and the United States have their own standards. There is currently no single world classification of steels.

Understanding the general rules for designating grades of unalloyed and alloyed steels, as well as by correctly deciphering steel grades, you can easily determine what kind of steel a particular part is made of.

Competent employees of the UralTeploMontazh plant will help you determine the required grade of steel that can withstand the required pressure and specified temperature conditions.

We always have in stock (or on order) steel fittings for pipelines, bent elbows and other pipeline fittings made of various grades of steel.

Source: http://uraltm08.ru/stati/kak-rasshifrovat-marku-stali.html

Steel 45: features and advantages of the material

Today, rolled metal is one of the most popular materials used in many industries: production needs, industry, construction, mechanical and instrument making, etc. Our company offers Ukrainian consumers a wide selection of rolled metal products, among which we would like to highlight steel 45, which has exceptional properties and features that attract consumers.

The steel 45 presented to your attention is, in fact, a steel alloy, with its constituent components - iron (45%), carbon (up to 2%) and alloying elements. Thanks to the unique strength characteristics of this material, steel 45 is in great demand.

Main features and characteristics of steel 45

1. Rolled metal made from steel 45 is characterized by high strength and resistance to various mechanical effects (impacts, friction).
2. As a rule, this steel is used to manufacture elements of mechanisms and parts that will subsequently be operated under increased loads.
3. Due to the exceptional properties of this steel, products made from it can withstand significant temperature changes and various unfavorable climatic conditions.
4. Steel 45 is able to withstand temperature tests over a fairly wide temperature range - 200/600 degrees.

What is the metal for and what should you consider?

Carbon steel 45 is an ideal solution for the manufacture of various parts that have the following requirements:

• high strength and hardness of surfaces;
• high levels of surface cleanliness;
• production of products that are less susceptible to abrasion and other mechanical stress.

For welding high-carbon steel grade 45, it is recommended to use the contact method. Important! Parts that can be welded to a limited extent require special technical processes, including preheating of parts, which reduces the risk of cracks.

If you need to buy metal in Kyiv or any other locality in Ukraine, our company offers its customers a wide selection of rolled metal, from which you can choose the material you need.

Purchasing metal made from steel 45 from us means purchasing a material characterized by high quality characteristics and an affordable price.

Source: https://kh-news.net/biznes/item/11806-stal-45-osobennosti-i-preimushchestva-materiala.html

Characteristics and application of steel 45: high strength indicator and technical characteristics

Steel is a wrought alloy of iron (forgeable) with carbon and other elements. It is obtained from a composition in which there is room for cast iron and steel scrap, and is processed in open-hearth furnaces, oxygen converters and electric furnaces. If the iron alloy contains more than 2.14% carbon, then it is already cast iron.

Steel classification

On the market, 99% of all steel is a structural material in the broad sense. This group includes steels for the construction of building structures , the manufacture of machine parts, elastic elements, tools, as well as for special working conditions, having certain indicators, for example, heat-resistant, stainless and others.

The main qualities of the material are:

• Strength, which is characterized by the ability to withstand sufficient stress.
• Plasticity, this characteristic allows it to withstand deformation without damage to destruction both during the production of structures and at overload points during their operation.
• Viscosity helps absorb the work of external forces and prevents the propagation of cracks.
• Heat resistance and cold resistance.
• Elasticity and hardness.

Steel and alloys are classified:

• In terms of chemical and structural composition.
• By quality. This indicator is influenced by the production method and the content of harmful impurities.
• According to the degree of deoxidation and hardening of the metal in the mold.
• By application.

Structural composition

Alloy steels are divided into types according to structural analysis:

• In annealed form - ledeburite, ferritic, hypoeutectoid, hypereutectoid, austenitic.
• In normalized form - autenitic, martensitic, pearlitic.

The pearlite class is characterized by a low content of alloying elements. This includes alloy and carbon steels. Martensitic includes steels with a higher percentage of alloying substances. The authenite class includes materials with a high content of alloying elements.

impurities

Based on the production method and impurity content, this material is divided into 4 groups:

1. Ordinary quality . Their chemical composition is carbonaceous. They are smelted using oxygen or in open-hearth furnaces. These steels are inexpensive and inferior in properties to other classes.
2. High quality . According to their chemical properties, they are carbon or alloyed. Just like the previous type, they are smelted in converters or in open-hearth furnaces, while more stringent requirements for the composition of the charge, melting and casting work are observed.
3. High quality . This type is usually smelted in electric furnaces. Very high quality steel is produced using electric furnaces with electroslag remelting. Other advanced methods are also used aimed at increasing the purity of non-metallic inclusions (sulfur and phosphorus).
4. Thanks to electroslag remelting , which effectively removes sulfides and oxides, especially high-quality steels are created. Such steels are only alloyed. They are processed in electric furnaces, and special electrometallurgy methods are applied to them.

Steel 45

This steel alloy differs from others in a set of special characteristics that are unique to this brand. It is distinguished by its application and high functionality , unique composition of chemical compounds, and a set of foundry and other production parameters.

Specifications

This steel is one of those materials that is difficult to weld, however, it does not have tempering ability. This feature often has a very good effect on the production of complex shapes and parts.

Due to the characteristics of this steel, the impact strength of products made from it depends entirely on the thickness of the sheet taken , with the thickest source having the greatest value.

But, even despite this parameter, we can say with confidence that almost any structure made from steel of this grade will withstand almost any, including the most intense impacts.

This became possible thanks to the processing methods used, as well as the production process, which was developed in accordance with GOST. Of course, the world has not yet created materials that have infinite endurance to various influences, so this metal is no exception in this sense. But thanks to the high properties of the raw materials from which the material is produced, it has excellent performance.

Source: https://stanok.guru/stal/primenenie-i-harakteristiki-stali-45.html

Steel 4545X

Among all the different materials that are used in mechanical engineering and other fields, steel is the most widely used. It is available in a wide variety of designs; performance largely depends on the chemical composition. The alloying process allows you to give the material certain performance qualities.

For example, a high concentration of chromium leads to increased corrosion resistance. 45X steel has become quite widespread. It is represented by an alloyed structure that can withstand minor exposure to moisture and some chemicals.

Steel 45X, the characteristics of which can be improved by heat treatment, has a number of features, which we will discuss in more detail later.

Decoding steel 45X

In the CIS, the GOST 4543-2016 standard is used, which allows you to determine not only the chemical composition, but also the various performance qualities of the material.

Steel 45X GOST defines the following substances in its composition:

• The first number 45 is used to indicate the main element in the composition, which is carbon. As a rule, most of the composition is iron, and carbon, the concentration of which is 0.46%, determines the main performance characteristics.
• The next letter X indicates that the composition contains an alloying element represented by chromium. The absence of a number after the letter indicates that the concentration of the element is 1.1%. As previously noted, chromium increases the corrosion resistance of the structure. However, the steel grade in question, 45X, is not characterized by high anti-corrosion qualities.
• Considering GOST 45X, we note that the composition includes a fairly large amount of nickel, silicon and manganese. They determine some of the performance characteristics of the metal, but they are not noted in the markings.

Deciphering allows you to determine the chemical composition and basic performance qualities of the material. It is worth considering that foreign manufacturers use different standards when labeling materials, but the chemical composition of analogues is approximately similar.

Chemical composition of steel

As previously noted, the chemical composition of 45X steel is determined by markings. However, it does not reflect the entire composition. Steel grade 45X is characterized by the following features:

C Si Mn Ni SP Cr Cu Fe

0,41 — 0,49	0,17 — 0,37	0,5 — 0,8	up to 0.3	up to 0.035	up to 0.035	0,8 — 1,1	up to 0.3	~97

Refining of the structure with various alloying elements is carried out using strong deoxidizers, after which slag is introduced, treated with silicon and carbon.

Physical and mechanical properties

When considering the mechanical properties of 45X steel, it should be taken into account that it has high hardness and strength, the structure can withstand significant loads and is not subject to destruction during operation. Steel 45X is characterized by the following positive qualities:

• Quite high corrosion resistance, which is achieved by including chromium in the composition.
• High strength indicators. Hardness is measured in various indices, HRC and HB are often used. The hardness indicator corresponds to a value of 229 MPa.
• When choosing a more suitable material, attention is paid to specific gravity. The density of 45X steel is 7820 kg/m3.

The elastic modulus and yield strength can vary over a fairly wide range, depending on temperature. For example, with a significant increase in temperature, the elastic modulus decreases. The yield strength determines how applicable the alloy is when producing workpieces by casting.

The alloy also has several significant disadvantages:

• Tempering fragility. After hardening, the structure becomes very susceptible to impact loads. The likelihood of increased brittleness can be reduced by following heat treatment technology.
• High tendency to form flakes. It is characteristic of quite a large number of different alloys.
• Poor weldability complicates the manufacturing process of various products. If desired, a variety of welding technologies can be used. The process is greatly simplified by preheating the structure. In addition, the structure is difficult to cut when using welding equipment.
• Flock sensitivity is a property that determines the high probability of internal cracks appearing after casting various products. Such defects often occur during hot deformation of alloy steel. Such defects cause high concentrations of hydrogen during heat treatment. The likelihood of defects can be reduced by strictly observing the temperature regime.

Recently, the method of vacuumization of the alloy has been quite often used, due to which the hydrogen concentration is reduced. That is why the quality of the resulting structure increases significantly.

Application area

According to the degree of weldability of the structure, it belongs to group 4. The weld seam can cause various cracks to form. That is why the 45X material is preheated before performing welding work, which avoids simply a huge number of problems with the operation of the resulting product.

In addition, it is necessary to carry out preliminary preparation of the edges for arc welding. When using contact point technology, heat treatment is required.

Other properties of the material in question determine its wide application. The following types of workpieces are supplied to production sites:

• Sheets. Sheet metal is widely used, for example, in cold or hot stamping. In addition, metal sheets are used for sheathing frame structures.
• Forgings are used as a basis for creating various products.
• Pipes are very common today, for example, when creating a heating system or for transporting various liquids.
• Rolled metal is used in the mechanical engineering field as a blank for various parts.

After heat treatment, Steel 45X can be used to produce nozzles, reamers and tap bodies. An analogue of 45X steel can be used to produce various critical structures, for example, axles, shafts, gears, bolts or plungers. Foreign analogues can be used to manufacture parts that will be used outdoors at low temperatures. An example is the elements of bridges and railway structures.

To significantly increase the performance characteristics of the resulting products, various heat treatments are carried out.

Hardening leads to a significant increase in surface hardness, but brittleness can only be reduced by tempering. It is possible to achieve the required indicators only if the specific features of the technology are observed.