How to determine the density of a metal - Metalist's Handbook
The first mentions of steel are contained in Indian sources dating back to approximately 1 millennium BC. e.
Steel swords made by Indian craftsmen were stronger and sharper than bronze ones. Steel was processed in the Middle East and Ancient Rome.
It was steel swords and armor that helped the Roman legions in their victorious march through the ancient world.
The rebirth of the material occurred in the 19th century, when the open-hearth method of its smelting was developed, which made it possible to obtain alloys of high and stable quality in large quantities. In the 20th century, steel became the main structural material. One of the important characteristics of any material is its density - the mass of a substance per unit volume.
Density of steel
Density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter or tons per cubic meter. The digital density value for these two units of measurement will be the same.
The density of the same material at different temperatures changes due to the phenomenon of thermal and volumetric expansion.
For most substances, including metals, density decreases with increasing temperature.
Density of structural alloy steel
Structural alloy alloys are used in the production of highly loaded critical structures, including those operating in aggressive environments.
The density of grade 30KhGSA is close to the standard value of 7.85 t/m3, the density of low-alloy structural steel for welded structures
Low-alloy alloys have excellent weldability and high corrosion resistance, so they are widely used for critical structures in construction and shipbuilding. The HC of steel in this group ranges from 7.85-7.87 t/m3 and is given in the table:
| Group | Brand | Density |
| low alloy structural | 09G2S | 7,85 |
| high carbon | 70 (VS and OVS) | 7,85 |
| medium carbon | 45 | 7,85 |
| low carbon | 10, 10A, 20, 20A | 7,85 |
| carbon structural | St3sp, St3ps | 7,87 |
Density of structural steel with increased machinability
The specific gravity of 30KhGSA steel used for shafts, axles, and levers is 7.85 t/m3. When heated to 200 ºС it decreases to 7.8. The density of structural bearing steel grade 35ХГ2 is 7.8 t/m3.
The specific gravity of steel 12Х2Н4А, used to create highly loaded gears, piston pins, etc., is 7.84 t/m3 at 20 ºС and decreases to 7.63 when heated to 600 ºС
Density of structural spring steel
Spring-spring alloys have increased elasticity while maintaining high strength and are used for the manufacture of elastic elements of mechanisms - springs, springs, shock absorbers. The density of grade 65G is 7.85 t/m3.
Density of structural carbon quality steel
High-quality structural carbon steel grades 10, 20, 30, 40 has a density of 7.85 t/m3
Density of stainless steel
The density of a substance is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume.
Such calculations have already been made for all substances known to man, and metrological services periodically repeat and refine these measurements.
In practice, people face another practical task: knowing the material from which the product is made, determine its mass.
The density of a substance is also called specific gravity (or, in everyday life, specific gravity) - that is, the mass of a solid physical body made of a given substance and having a unit volume.
Stainless steel
It should be noted that when using the term “mass”, in 99% of cases people are dealing with weight - the force of attraction of the physical body to the Earth.
The fact is that to determine body weight in a strict physical sense, sophisticated equipment is required, available only in the largest scientific centers.
For practical use, in most cases, conventional, more or less accurate scales using the Earth's gravity and springs, or levers and standard weights, or piezoelements are sufficient.
In practice, to calculate the weight of a linear or square meter of rolled metal, the specific gravity, or density of the material from which it is made, is used.
In reference books on the assortment of rolled metal, among the main characteristics of each grade, the mass of a linear or square meter and the density value used in the calculations must be indicated.
In most cases, calculations based on the mass of a linear or square meter are sufficient for practical applications. Raw materials and components are purchased with a certain standardized stock, and before shipment to the consumer, the product is weighed on scales for accurate settlements between contractors.
However, you need to understand that the data in the directory is calculated based on the standard density of steel, most often it is 7.85 t/m3. At the same time, the actual density of a particular steel grade depends on the composition and specific amount of additives and can range from 7.6 to 8.8 t/m3.
This can give an error of up to 10% up or down for a product made from a very light or, conversely, very heavy alloy. For a small amount of metal the difference will be small and can be neglected. However, for complex products that use large volumes of metal, more accurate calculations will be required.
The mass will be needed when creating an application for the purchase of metal. Based on the density of a given alloy, an adjustment is made to the reference values of the mass of one linear or square meter, and then the already specified value is used in the calculations.
How to calculate P or perform 1 meter mass adjustment?
The practical method for determining density is quite simple and is known to us from a school physics course. A sample of material is lowered into a measuring container filled with water to a certain level.
The water level rises to a certain height. The volume of displaced water is equal to the volume of the sample. The mass of the sample is determined by weighing on an accurate balance. Density will be equal to the ratio of mass and volume.
To adjust the mass of a linear or square meter, you need to divide the value from the reference book by the density from the reference book and multiply the result by the measured density of the sample material. The corrected value will be obtained.
If similar calculations are expected to be repeated, then it will be more convenient to calculate a correction factor equal to the ratio of the standard density and the density of the sample, and then apply it in the calculations.
Density of 12Х18Н10Т and some stainless steels
Grade 12×18N10T is one of the most widely used stainless steels. The density for it and several popular brands in production is given in the table, the brands are arranged in order of increasing density. The third column shows the density adjustment factor relative to the standard value of 7.85:
| steel grade | Density t/m3 | Correction factor |
| 08Х22Н6Т15Х28 | 7,60 | 0,97 |
| 08Х1312Х17 | 7,70 | 0,98 |
| 04Х18Н1008Х18Н12Б12Х18Н10Т17Х18Н9 | 7,90 | 1,01 |
| 08Х18Н12Т10Х23Н18 | 7,95 | 1,01 |
| 06ХН28МДТ08ХН28МДТ | 7,96 | 1,01 |
| 10Х17Н13М2Т | 8,00 | 1,02 |
| 08Х17Н15М3Т | 8,10 | 1,03 |
Density of other steels and alloys
The specific gravity of steel of other groups is given in the table:
| Steel type | Brand | Density |
| cryogenic stainless structural | 12Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| heat-resistant stainless steel corrosion-resistant | 08Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| stamped instrumental | X12MF | 7,7 |
| stamped instrumental | 5ХНМ | 7,8 |
| low-carbon electrical (Armco) | A and E; EA; EAA | 7,8 |
| chromium | 15ХА | 7,74 |
| chrome-aluminium-molybdenum nitrided | 38ХМУА | 7,71 |
| chromium-manganese-silicon | 25ХГСА | 7,85 |
| chrome vanadium | 30ХГСА; 20ХН3А | 7,85 |
Steel - concept and its characteristics
Steel is the most common material for the manufacture of structures, parts, mechanisms and tools.
Steels include all alloys of iron and carbon, and the share of iron must be at least 45%, and the share of carbon - less than 2.14 percent.
How to choose a drill for metal
Carbon, lining up in the molecular structures of iron, increases strength and hardness, but makes the alloy less ductile and malleable. In addition to carbon, the alloy contains metals and non-metals.
The most important characteristics of the alloy include:
- shear modulus;
- elastic modulus;
- density;
- linear expansion coefficient.
Different areas of application of materials require them to have different physical and chemical properties. For example, steel alloys with a high modulus of elasticity are used for the production of springs and spring-type shock absorbers. These properties are purposefully changed as a result of the addition of various additives.
Melting steel
The density of steel, or HC steel, is one of the most important characteristics of the alloy.
Based on it, the designer calculates the weight of the part and the total weight of the product, logistics organizes the purchase and delivery of raw materials, blanks and finished products, economists determine the cost. The weight of steel is determined as the product of density and volume.
Steel classification
Depending on the proportion of non-metallic impurities determined by the method of smelting a given grade, steel alloys are divided into:
- especially high quality;
- high quality;
- ordinary quality.
Based on their chemical composition, alloys are also divided into alloyed and carbon.
Carbon steels
Used primarily for the production of welded structures and contains from 0.25 to 2.14 percent carbon. Within the group, they are further divided into subgroups, and also according to the percentage of carbon:
- high carbon (0.6-2.14);
- medium carbon (0.3-0.55);
- low carbon (below 0.25).
They also contain silicon and manganese as additives.
In addition to useful, purposefully introduced additives, the alloy may also contain harmful impurities that negatively affect its physicochemical properties:
- phosphorus reduces ductility when heated and increases brittleness when cooled;
- sulfur leads to the formation of microcracks.
Low carbon steel
Other impurities may also be present in the alloy.
Alloy steel
In order for the alloy to acquire the required properties during melting, useful additives or alloying elements are added to it, most often metals such as aluminum, molybdenum, chromium, manganese, nickel, vanadium and others.
The properties of the alloy change quite significantly: the alloy acquires resistance to corrosion, special strength, high malleability, increased or decreased electrical conductivity, etc.
An alloy with such additives is called alloy steel.
Based on the percentage of alloying additives, they are divided into three groups:
- highly alloyed – over 11;
- medium alloyed – from 4 to 11;
- low alloy – less than 4.
By area of application, steel alloys are divided into:
- tool - high-strength alloys are used for the manufacture of tools, dies, cutters, drills and cutters;
- structural - used for the production of bodies and components of vehicles, machine tools, building structures;
- special. This group includes alloys with increased resistance to acidic and alkaline environments, radiation, stainless alloys, electrical materials, etc.
Alloy steel
Some additives and treatments increase the density of the material, while others reduce it, for example:
| Processing method or additive | Density change |
| carbon | is decreasing |
| chrome, aluminum, manganese | is decreasing |
| cobalt, tungsten, copper | growing |
| drawing | grows within three percent |
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Source: https://ssk2121.com/kak-opredelit-plotnost-metalla/
Density of steel
The first mentions of steel are contained in Indian sources dating back to approximately 1 millennium BC. e. Steel swords made by Indian craftsmen were stronger and sharper than bronze ones. Steel was processed in the Middle East and Ancient Rome. It was steel swords and armor that helped the Roman legions in their victorious march through the ancient world.
The rebirth of the material occurred in the 19th century, when the open-hearth method of its smelting was developed, which made it possible to obtain alloys of high and stable quality in large quantities. In the 20th century, steel became the main structural material. One of the important characteristics of any material is its density - the mass of a substance per unit volume.
Density of steel
Density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter or tons per cubic meter. The digital density value for these two units of measurement will be the same. The density of the same material at different temperatures changes due to the phenomenon of thermal and volumetric expansion. For most substances, including metals, density decreases with increasing temperature.
What is the density of metals, how is it determined? Calculation of density for osmium
Density is an important physical quantity for any state of matter. In this article we will consider the question of what is the density of metals, we will provide a table of this parameter for chemical elements and we will talk about the densest metal on Earth.
What physical characteristics are we talking about?
Density is a quantity that characterizes the amount of a substance present in a known volume. According to this definition, it can be calculated mathematically as follows:
Pig in oranges, or what does this expression mean?
ρ = m/V.
This quantity is denoted by the Greek letter ρ (rho).
Density is a universal characteristic because it can be used to compare different materials. This fact can be used to identify them, which is what the Greek philosopher Archimedes did, according to legend (he was able to identify the fake gold crown by measuring the value of ρ for it).
This parameter for a specific material depends on two main factors:
- on the mass of the atoms and molecules that make up the substance;
- on average interatomic and intermolecular distances.
For example, any of the transition metals (gold, iron, vanadium, tungsten) has a higher density than any carbon material, since the mass of an atom of the latter is tens of times less. Another example. Graphite and diamond are two carbon structures. The second one is more dense because the interatomic distances in its lattice are smaller.
Density of metals
This is the most numerous group of the periodic table. A metal is any substance that has high thermal and electrical conductivity, a characteristic surface shine when polished, and the ability to undergo plastic deformation.
This chemical element has low electronegativity compared to substances such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon. This fact leads to the fact that in bulk structures metal atoms form metallic bonds with each other. It represents the electrical interaction between positively charged ionic bases and a negative electron gas.
Metal atoms are arranged in space in an ordered structure called a crystal lattice. There are only three types:
- cubic;
- BCC (body-centered cubic);
- HPU (hexagonal close-packed);
- FCC (face centered cubic).
The density of metals is a physical quantity that depends on the type of crystal lattice. Below is a table of this parameter for all chemical elements in g/cm3, which under normal conditions are in a solid state.
It follows from the table that the density of metals is a value that varies over a wide range. Thus, the weakest is lithium, which, with the same volumes, is two times lighter than water. The density of the rare metal osmium is the highest in nature. It is 22.59 g/cm3.
How do you find the value?
The density of metals is a characteristic that can be determined in two fundamentally different ways:
- experimental;
- theoretical.
Experimental methods are of the following types:
As for the theoretical method of determining the density of metals, this is a fairly simple method that requires knowledge of the type of crystal lattice, the interatomic distance in it and the mass of the atom. Next, using the example of osmium, we will show how this method is used.
Density of the rare metal osmium
It is found in small quantities on our planet. Most often it is found in the form of alloys with iridium and platinum, as well as in the form of oxides. Osmium has an HCP lattice with parameters a = 2.7343 and c = 4.32 angstroms. The average mass of one atom is m = 190.23 amu.
The above figures are sufficient to determine the value of ρ. To do this, you should use the original formula for density and take into account that one hexagonal prism contains six atoms. As a result, we arrive at the working formula:
ρ = 4*m/(√3*a2*c).
Substituting the numbers written above and taking into account their dimensions, we arrive at the result: ρ = 22,579 kg/m3.
Thus, the density of the rare metal is 22.58 g/cm3, which is equal to the experimentally measured tabular value.
Source: https://1Ku.ru/obrazovanie/65123-chto-jeto-plotnost-metallov-kak-ona-opredeljaetsja-raschet-plotnosti-dlja-osmija/
Specific gravity of the metal. Table of densities of metals and alloys
All metals have certain physical and mechanical properties, which, in fact, determine their specific gravity. To determine how suitable a particular alloy of ferrous or stainless steel is for production, the specific gravity of rolled metal is calculated.
All metal products that have the same volume, but are made from different metals, for example, iron, brass or aluminum, have different mass, which is directly dependent on its volume. In other words, the ratio of the volume of the alloy to its mass—specific density (kg/m3)—is a constant value that will be characteristic of a given substance.
The density of the alloy is calculated using a special formula and is directly related to the calculation of the specific gravity of the metal.
The specific gravity of a metal is the ratio of the weight of a homogeneous body of this substance to the volume of the metal, i.e. this is density, in reference books it is measured in kg/m3 or g/cm3. From here you can calculate the formula for finding out the weight of a metal. To find this you need to multiply the reference density value by the volume.
The table shows the densities of non-ferrous metals and ferrous iron. The table is divided into groups of metals and alloys, where under each name the grade according to GOST and the corresponding density in g/cm3 are indicated, depending on the melting point. To determine the physical value of specific density in kg/m3, you need to multiply the tabulated value in g/cm3 by 1000. For example, this way you can find out what the density of iron is - 7850 kg/m3.
The most typical ferrous metal is iron. The density value of 7.85 g/cm3 can be considered the specific gravity of iron-based ferrous metal.
Ferrous metals in the table include iron, manganese, titanium, nickel, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, and ferrous alloys based on them, for example, stainless steel (density 7.7-8.0 g/cm3), black steel ( density 7.85 g/cm3) is mainly used by manufacturers of metal structures in Ukraine, cast iron (density 7.0-7.3 g/cm3). The remaining metals are considered non-ferrous, as well as alloys based on them. Non-ferrous metals in the table include the following types:
− light – magnesium, aluminum;
− noble metals (precious) - platinum, gold, silver and semi-precious copper;
− low-melting metals – zinc, tin, lead.
Specific gravity of non-ferrous metals
| Table. Specific gravity of metals, properties, metal designations, melting point | |||
| Name of metal, designation | Atomic weight | Melting point, °C | Specific gravity, g/cc |
| Zinc Zn (Zinc) | 65,37 | 419,5 | 7,13 |
| Aluminum Al | 26,9815 | 659 | 2,69808 |
| Lead Pb (Lead) | 207,19 | 327,4 | 11,337 |
| Tin Sn (Tin) | 118,69 | 231,9 | 7,29 |
| Copper Cu (Copper) | 63,54 | 1083 | 8,96 |
| Titanium Ti (Titanium) | 47,90 | 1668 | 4,505 |
| Nickel Ni (Nickel) | 58,71 | 1455 | 8,91 |
| Magnesium Mg (Magnesium) | 24 | 650 | 1,74 |
| Vanadium V | 6 | 1900 | 6,11 |
| Tungsten W (Wolframium) | 184 | 3422 | 19,3 |
| Chrome Cr (Chromium) | 51,996 | 1765 | 7,19 |
| Molybdenum Mo (Molybdaenum) | 92 | 2622 | 10,22 |
| Silver Ag (Argentum) | 107,9 | 1000 | 10,5 |
| Tantalum Ta (Tantal) | 180 | 3269 | 16,65 |
| Iron Fe (Iron) | 55,85 | 1535 | 7,85 |
| Gold Au (Aurum) | 197 | 1095 | 19,32 |
| Platinum Pt (Platina) | 194,8 | 1760 | 21,45 |
When rolling blanks from non-ferrous metals, it is also necessary to know exactly their chemical composition, since their physical properties depend on it. For example, if aluminum contains impurities (at least within 1%) of silicon or iron, then the plastic characteristics of such a metal will be much higher. worse.
Another requirement for hot rolling of non-ferrous metals is extremely precise temperature control of the metal. For example, zinc requires a temperature of strictly 180 degrees when rolling - if it is slightly higher or slightly lower, the capricious metal will sharply lose its ductility.
Copper is more “loyal” to temperature (it can be rolled at 850 - 900 degrees), but it requires that the melting furnace must have an oxidizing (with a high oxygen content) atmosphere - otherwise it becomes brittle.
Table of specific gravity of metal alloys
The specific gravity of metals is most often determined in laboratory conditions, but in their pure form they are very rarely used in construction. Alloys of non-ferrous metals and alloys of ferrous metals, which according to their specific gravity are divided into light and heavy, are much more often used.
Light alloys are actively used by modern industry due to their high strength and good high-temperature mechanical properties. The main metals of such alloys are titanium, aluminum, magnesium and beryllium. But alloys based on magnesium and aluminum cannot be used in aggressive environments and at high temperatures.
Heavy alloys are based on copper, tin, zinc, and lead. Among the heavy alloys, bronze (an alloy of copper with aluminum, an alloy of copper with tin, manganese or iron) and brass (an alloy of zinc and copper) are used in many industries. Architectural parts and sanitary fittings are produced from these grades of alloys.
The reference table below shows the main quality characteristics and specific gravity of the most common metal alloys. The list provides data on the density of the main metal alloys at an ambient temperature of 20°C.
| List of metal alloys | Density of alloys (kg/m3) |
| Admiralty Brass - Admiralty Brass (30% zinc, and 1% tin) | 8525 |
| Aluminum bronze - Aluminum Bronze (3-10% aluminum) | 7700 — 8700 |
| Babbitt – Antifriction metal | 9130 -10600 |
| Beryllium bronze (beryllium copper) - Beryllium Copper | 8100 — 8250 |
| Delta metal - Delta metal | 8600 |
| Yellow Brass - Yellow Brass | 8470 |
| Phosphorous bronzes – Bronze – phosphorous | 8780 — 8920 |
| Regular bronzes - Bronze (8-14% Sn) | 7400 — 8900 |
| Inconel | 8497 |
| Incoloy | 8027 |
| Wrought Iron | 7750 |
| Red brass (low zinc) - Red Brass | 8746 |
| Brass, casting – Brass – casting | 8400 — 8700 |
| Brass, rolled – Brass – rolled and drawn | 8430 — 8730 |
Source: https://sbk.ltd.ua/ru/sortament-ves-metalloprokata/230-udelnyj-ves-metalla-tablitsa-plotnosti-metallov-i-splavov.html
Density of cast iron and specific gravity in kg: determining the value from the table of metal densities - Machine
17.12.2019
Cast iron has become quite widespread. Like other metals, it has a fairly large number of physical and mechanical properties, among which specific gravity can be noted. This indicator is often taken from technical literature in the production of a wide variety of products.
Definition and characteristics of density
Density is a physical quantity that determines the ratio of mass to volume. Almost all materials are characterized by a similar physical and mechanical indicator. It is worth considering that the corresponding density of aluminum, copper and cast iron differ significantly.
The considered physical and mechanical quality determines:
- Some physical and mechanical properties. In most cases, an increase in density is associated with a decrease in the grain structure. The smaller the distance between individual particles, the stronger the bond formed between them, the hardness increases and the ductility decreases.
- As the distance between particles decreases, their number and weight of the material increase. Therefore, when creating cars, airplanes and other equipment, a material is selected that is lightweight and sufficiently durable. For example, the density of aluminum kg m3 is about 2,700, while the density of metal kg m3 is more than twice that.
There are special tables of metal density , which indicate the indicator in question for steel and non-ferrous alloys, as well as cast iron.
Distribution and use of cast iron
- High-strength: used in the production of products that must have increased strength. A similar structure is obtained by adding magnesium impurities to the composition. It is highly resistant to bending and other impacts not associated with variable loads.
- Malleable cast iron: has a structure that is easily forged due to its high ductility. The production process involves annealing.
- Half: has a heterogeneous structure , which largely determines the basic mechanical qualities of the material.
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The specific gravity largely depends on the production method used, as well as the chemical composition. The properties of cast iron are affected by the following impurities:
- When sulfur is added to the composition, the refractoriness decreases and the fluidity value increases.
- Phosphorus allows the material to be used for the manufacture of various complex products . It is worth considering that by adding phosphorus to the composition, strength is reduced.
- Silicon lowers the melting point and significantly improves casting properties.
- Manganese can increase strength and hardness, but adversely affects casting properties.
When considering cast iron, it is worth paying attention to the following information:
- Gray cast iron grade SCh10 is the lightest of all produced: 6800 kg/m 3 . As the grade increases, the specific gravity also increases.
- The malleable variety of this metal has a value of 7000 kg/m3.
- High strength has a value of 7200 km/m 3.
The density of metals, like other materials, is calculated using a special formula. It has a direct bearing on specific gravity. Therefore, these two indicators are often compared with each other.
Features of the table used
In order to calculate the weight of the future product, which will be made from cast iron, you should know its dimensions and density index. Linear dimensions are determined in order to calculate the volume. A calculation method is used to determine the weight of a product in cases where it is not possible to weigh it.
When considering methodological tables, it is worth paying attention to the following points:
- All metals are divided into several groups.
- For each material, the name and GOST are indicated.
- Depending on the melting point, the density value is indicated.
- To determine the physical value of specific gravity in kilograms or other changes, conversion of units of change is carried out. For example, if you need to convert grams to kilograms, then multiply the table value by 1000.
Determination of specific gravity is often done in special laboratories. This value is rarely used when carrying out actual calculations during the manufacture of products or the construction of structures.
The physical properties of cast iron (density, thermophysical and electromagnetic properties) depend on the composition and structure, and therefore on the type and grade of cast iron.
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Density of cast iron
By neglecting the relatively small influence of a number of elements in ordinary cast iron, the density of cast iron can be calculated.
where C, S, P are mass fractions of elements,%; Cr—mass fraction of graphite,%; P—porosity, %; 15 Sv; 2.7S; 14.5 (P-0.1) - the amount of iron carbides, manganese sulfides and phosphide eutectic, respectively.
The given formula gives quite satisfactory agreement with experimental data.
In table 1 shows the density of various groups of cast irons.
The highest density is characterized by white cast irons that do not contain free graphite inclusions, and some alloy cast irons (chrome, nickel, chromium-nickel).
Table 1. Density of cast iron
Cast iron groupCast iron gradeStructure
Density, t/m2
White—Perlite, carbides
7,4-7,75
With flake graphite SCh15, SCh18 Ferritic, ferrite-pearlite
6,8-7,2
SCh20-SCh25Pearlite
7,0-7,3
SCh30, SCh35Pearlite
7,2-7,4
High-strength with vermicular or spherical graphiteHF 35-HF 45Ferritic
7,1-7,2
HF 60-HF 80Pearlite
7,2-7,3
HF 100Bainite
7,2-7,35
MalleableKCh 30-6/KCh 37-12Ferritic
7,2-7,24
KCh 45-7/KCh 65-3 Perlite
7,3-7,5
Alloyed Nickel with 34-36% NiAustenitic
7,5-7,7
Nickel with copper type ChN15D7H2 - non-resist -
7,4-7,6
Chrome type ChH28, ChH32—
7,3-7,6
Chrome-nickel—
7,6-7,8
Silicon type C15, C17 Ferritic
6,7-7,0
Cast iron with 12% Mn—
7,1-7,3
Aluminum: with 5-8% Al type ChYu22Sh - chugal -
6,4-6,7
Ferritic
5,6-6,0
In gray cast iron, the density is usually greater, the higher the strength of the cast iron.
High-strength cast iron, all other things being equal (the same content of silicon, pearlite and graphite), is characterized by a higher density than cast iron with flake graphite. However, in many cases this density may actually be lower than that of gray cast irons due to the higher carbon and silicon content or greater ferritization of the matrix.
Austenitic cast irons are also characterized by higher density due to their denser structure, especially when alloyed with nickel and chalk, the density of which is greater than that of iron.
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When alloyed with manganese, the density of austenite decreases slightly. The density of ferritic silicon and aluminum cast irons is even lower.
In all cases, the density of castings is affected by porosity (gas, shrinkage), the value of which usually ranges from 0.5 to 1.2% depending on the composition of the cast iron, the nature of crystallization and technological factors (feed efficiency, wall thickness, etc.
), which, in turn, are determined by the manufacturability of the casting design. The most important are the feeding conditions and the hydrostatic pressure under which the casting hardens.
Therefore, the density in the upper parts of large castings can be 5% less than in the lower parts, and in the center - 10% less than at the periphery.
The density of graphitized cast iron also decreases with increasing casting wall thickness due to an increase in the degree of graphitization and coarsening of graphite:
Wall thickness, mm Density, t/m 3| 10 | 12,5 | 25 | 37 |
| 7,23 | 7,14 | 7,08 | 7,02 |
As the rigidity of the shape increases, the pre-shrinkage expansion and, consequently, the shrinkage porosity decreases. Therefore, castings made in metal molds, other things being equal, are denser than castings made in sand molds.
- In our design organization you can order a calculation of the density of cast iron based on a technological specification and/or a technological diagram of the production process.
- Density is a physical quantity defined as the ratio of the mass of a body to the volume occupied by this body.
- Density of cast iron = 7000 - 7300 kg/m3 (under normal conditions).
The density of cast iron can vary depending on environmental conditions (temperature and pressure). For the exact density of cast iron depending on environmental conditions, see the reference literature.
You can calculate density using this online density program.
This page provides basic, basic information about density. The exact density value depends on temperature and pressure. In our design organization you can order a density calculation for any material.
What is the density of cast iron? Link to main publication
Source: https://regionvtormet.ru/metally/plotnost-chuguna-i-udelnyj-ves-v-kg-opredelenie-znacheniya-po-tablitse-plotnosti-metallov.html
What is metal density
Depending on their chemical composition and area of application, they are divided into several groups. Thus, according to the chemical composition, steels are divided into carbon and alloyed. The density of steel is:
| SI, kg/m3 | GHS, g/cm3 | MKSS, tem/m3 | |
| Steel | 7800 | 7,8 | 796 |
However, commercially produced carbon steel always contains impurities of many elements. The presence of some impurities is due to the peculiarities of steel production: for example, during deoxidation, small amounts of manganese or silicon are introduced into the steel, which partially pass into the slag in the form of oxides, and partially remain in the steel. The presence of other impurities is due to the fact that they are contained in the original ore and in small quantities pass into cast iron and then into steel. It is difficult to get rid of them completely. As a result, for example, carbon steels typically contain 0.05 - 0.1% phosphorus and sulfur. The mechanical properties of slowly cooled carbon steel are highly dependent on its carbon content. Slowly cooled steel consists of ferrite and cementite, the amount of cementite being proportional to the carbon content. The hardness of cementite is much higher than the hardness of ferrite. Therefore, as the carbon content in steel increases, its hardness increases. In addition, cementite particles impede the movement of dislocations in the main phase - in ferrite. For this reason, increasing the amount of carbon reduces the ductility of steel. Carbon steel has a wide range of applications. Depending on the purpose, steel with low or higher carbon content is used, without heat treatment (in its “raw” form - after rolling) or with hardening and tempering. Elements specially introduced into steel in certain concentrations to change its properties are called alloying elements , and steel containing such elements is called alloy steel. The most important alloying elements include chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, vanadium, and molybdenum. Different alloying elements change the structure and properties of steel in different ways. Thus, some elements form solid solutions in g-iron that are stable over a wide temperature range. For example, solid solutions of manganese or nickel in g-iron with a significant content of these elements are stable from room temperature to the melting point. Alloys of iron with similar metals are called austenitic steels or austenitic alloys. The influence of alloying elements on the properties of steel is also due to the fact that some of them form carbides with carbon, which can be simple, for example Mn3C, Cr7C3, as well as complex (double), for example (Fe , Cr)3C. The presence of carbides, especially in the form of dispersed inclusions in the structure of steel, in some cases has a strong impact on its mechanical and physicochemical properties.
Purpose and density of steel
According to their purpose, steels are divided into structural, tool and steels with special properties. Structural steels are used for the manufacture of machine parts, structures and structures. Both carbon and alloy steels can be used as structural steels. Structural steels have high strength and ductility. At the same time, they must be easy to process by pressure, cutting, and weld well. The main alloying components of structural steels are chromium (about 1%), nickel (1-4%) and manganese (1-1.5%). They are used for the manufacture of cutting and measuring tools, dies. The required hardness is ensured by the carbon contained in these steels (in an amount from 0.8 to 1.3%). The main alloying element of tool steels is chromium; sometimes tungsten and vanadium are also introduced into them. A special group of tool steels is high-speed steel, which retains cutting properties at high cutting speeds, when the temperature of the working part of the cutter rises to 600-700oC. The main alloying elements of this steel are chromium and tungsten. The group of steels with special properties includes stainless, heat-resistant, heat-resistant, magnetic and some other steels. Stainless steels are resistant to corrosion in the atmosphere, moisture and acid solutions, and heat-resistant in corrosive environments at high temperatures. Heat-resistant steels retain high mechanical properties when heated to significant temperatures, which is important in the manufacture of gas turbine blades, parts of jet engines and rocket launchers. The most important alloying elements of heat-resistant steels are chromium (15-20%), nickel (8-15%), tungsten.
Table of densities of metals, steels, cast irons and non-ferrous alloys
The first table shows the densities of pure metals: aluminum, copper, nickel, molybdenum, etc. You can download the table from this link. The second table shows the densities of steels, cast irons and some non-ferrous alloys, incl. aluminum copper, titanium alloys, etc. You can download a table with the densities of steels, cast irons and non-ferrous alloys at this link. Density is a physical quantity that determines the ratio of the mass of a body to the volume occupied by this body. There is a distinction between true density, which does not take into account voids in the body, and specific density, which is calculated as the ratio of the mass of the body to its real volume
Table 1 - Densities of metals
| Metal | Density, g/cm3 |
| Aluminum | 2,7 |
| Vanadium | 6,11 |
| Bismuth | 9,8 |
| Tungsten | 19,3 |
| Iron | 7,8 |
| Gold | 19,3 |
| Cobalt | 8,8 |
| Silicon | 2,3 |
| Magnesium | 1,74 |
| Copper | 8,93 |
| Molybdenum | 10,2 |
| Nickel | 8,91 |
| Niobium | 8,4 |
| Tin | 7,29 |
| Lead | 11,35 |
| Silver | 10,5 |
| Tantalum | 16,6 |
| Titanium | 4,5 |
| Chromium | 7,2 |
| Zinc | 7,13 |
Table 2 - Densities of steels, cast irons and some non-ferrous alloys
| Alloy grade | Density, g/cm3 |
| Density of some structural steels | |
| 10 | 7,85 |
| 60 | 7,8 |
| 30ХГС | 7,85 |
| 45X | 7,82 |
| Density of some tool steels | |
| U8 | 7,84 |
| R9K10 | 8,3 |
| X12M | 7,7 |
| Density of cast iron alloys | |
| SCH10 | 6,8 |
| SCH35 | 7,4 |
| CHVG30 | 7,0 |
| Density of stainless and corrosion-resistant steels | |
| 08Х18Н10 | 7,9 |
| 08Х13 | 7,76 |
| 20Х13 | 7,67 |
| 95Х18 | 7,75 |
| Density of some aluminum alloys | |
| AL6 | 2,75 |
| AK12 | 2,65 |
| AK7ch | 2,66 |
| D16 | 2,77 |
| AK4-1 | 2,8 |
| Density of bronze alloys | |
| BrO10 | 8,8 |
| BrS30 | 9,54 |
| BrB2 | 8,2 |
| Density of some copper-nickel alloys | |
| VT20 | 4,45 |
| OT4 | 4,55 |
| VT1-0 | 4,5 |
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Density of metals and alloys: density table at temperature 0
The table shows the density of metals and alloys, as well as the coefficient K of the ratio of their density to the density of steel. The density of metals and alloys in the table is indicated in g/cm3 for the temperature range from 0 to 50°C. The density of metals is given, such as: beryllium Be, vanadium V, bismuth Bi, tungsten W, gallium Ga, hafnium Hf, germanium Ge, gold Au, indium In, cadmium Cd, cobalt Co, lithium Li, manganese Mn, magnesium Mg, copper Cu, molybdenum Mo, sodium Na, nickel Ni, tin Sn, palladium Pd, platinum Pt, rhenium Re, rhodium Rh, mercury Hg , rubidium Rb, ruthenium Ru, lead Pb, silver Ag, strontium Sr, antimony Sb, thallium Tl, tantalum Ta, tellurium Te, titanium Ti, chromium Cr, zinc Zn, zirconium Zr. Density of aluminum alloys and metal shavings: aluminum alloys: AL1, AL2, AL3, AL4, AL5, AL7, AL8, AL9, AL11, AL13, AL21, AL22, AL24, AL25. Bulk density of chips: fine crushed aluminum chips, fine steel chips, large steel chips, cast iron chips. Note: the chip density in the table is given in t/m3. Density of magnesium and copper alloys: wrought magnesium alloys: MA1, MA2, MA2-1, MA8, MA14; casting magnesium alloys: ML3, ML4, ML6, ML10, ML11, ML12; copper-zinc alloys (brass) casting: LTs16K4, LTs23A6Zh3Mts2, LTs30A3, LTs38Mts2S2, LTs40Sd, LTs40S, LTs40 MTs3ZH, LTs25S2; copper-zinc alloys processed by pressure: L96, L90, L85, L80, L70, L68, L63, L60, LA77-2, LAZ60-1-1, LAN59-3-2, LZhMts59-1-1, LN65-5, LM-58-2, LM-A57-3-1. Density of bronze of various grades: tin-free bronze, pressure-processed: BrA5, 7, BrAMts9-2, BrAZh9-4, BrAZhMts10-3-1.5, BrAZHN10-4-4 , BrKMts3,1, BrKN1-3, BrMts5; beryllium bronzes: BrB2, BrBNT1.9, BrBNT1.7; tin bronze deformable: Br0F8.0-0.3, Br0F7-0.2, Br0F6.5-0.4, Br0F6.5-0.15, Br0F4-0.25, Br0Ts4-3, Br0TSS4-4-2, 5, Br0TSS4-4-4; tin foundry bronzes: Br03Ts12S5, Br03Ts7S5N1, Br05Ts5S5; tin-free casting bronzes: BrA9Mts2L, BrA9Zh3L, BrA10Zh4N4L, BrS30. Density of nickel and zinc alloys: nickel and copper-nickel alloys processed by pressure: NK0.2, NMTs2.5, NMTs5, NMTsAK2-2-1, NH9.5, MNMts43- 0.5, NMTs-40-1.5, MNZhMts30-1-1, MNZh5-1, MN19, 16, MNTs15-20, MNA 13-3, MNA6-1.5, MNMC3-12; antifriction zinc alloys: TsAM9-1.5L, TsAM9-1.5, TsAM10-5L, TsAM10-5. Density of steel, cast iron and babbitts: structural steel, cast steel, high-speed steel with a tungsten content of 518%; anti-friction cast iron, malleable and high-strength cast iron, gray cast iron; tin and lead babbits: B88, 83, 83S, B16, BN, BS6. Let us give illustrative examples of the density of various metals and alloys. According to the table, it can be seen that lithium metal has the lowest density; it is considered the lightest metal, the density of which is even less than the density of water - the density of this metal is 0.53 g/cm3 or 530 kg/m3. Which metal has the highest density? The metal with the highest density is osmium. The density of this rare metal is 22.59 g/cm3 or 22590 kg/m3. It should also be noted that the density of precious metals is quite high. For example, the density of heavy metals such as platinum and gold is 21.5 and 19.3 g/cm3, respectively. Additional information on the density and melting point of metals is presented in this table. Alloys also have a wide range of densities. Light alloys include magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys. The density of aluminum alloys is higher. High-density alloys include copper alloys such as brass and bronze, as well as babbitt.
Source: https://kak.pokyer.ru/chto-takoe-plotnost-metalla/
Metal weight table
The main characteristic affecting the weight of a metal is its density.
What does metal density mean?
The density of a metal refers to its weight per unit of occupied volume. Volume is often measured in cubic meters and cubic centimeters. What is the reason for such large, by earthly standards, weight and density? The density of a metal and its weight depend on how small the radius of the atom is and how large its weight is.
Density of metals table
| Metal | g/cm3 | kg/m3 | Metal | g/cm3 | kg/m3 |
| Lithium | 0,534 | 534 | Samarium | 7,536 | 7536 |
| Potassium | 0,87 | 870 | Iron | 7,87 | 7874 |
| Sodium | 0,968 | 9680 | Gadolinium | 7,895 | 7895 |
| Rubidium | 1,53 | 1530 | Terbium | 8,272 | 8272 |
| Calcium | 1,54 | 1540 | Dysprosium | 8,536 | 8536 |
| Magnesium | 1,74 | 1740 | Niobium | 8,57 | 8570 |
| Beryllium | 1,845 | 1845 | Cadmium | 8,65 | 8650 |
| Cesium | 1,873 | 1873 | Holmium | 8,803 | 8803 |
| Silicon | 2,33 | 2330 | Nickel | 8,9 | 8900 |
| Bor | 2,34 | 2340 | Cobalt | 8,9 | 8900 |
| Strontium | 2,6 | 2600 | Copper | 8,94 | 8940 |
| Aluminum | 2,7 | 2700 | Erbium | 9,051 | 9051 |
| Scandium | 2,99 | 2990 | Thulium | 9,332 | 9332 |
| Barium | 3,5 | 3500 | Bismuth | 9,8 | 9800 |
| Yttrium | 4,472 | 4472 | Lutetium | 9,842 | 9842 |
| Titanium | 4,54 | 4540 | Molybdenum | 10,22 | 10220 |
| Selenium | 4,79 | 4790 | Silver | 10,49 | 10490 |
| Europium | 5,259 | 5259 | Lead | 11,34 | 11340 |
| Germanium | 5,32 | 5320 | Thorium | 11,66 | 11660 |
| Arsenic | 5,727 | 5727 | Thallium | 11,85 | 11850 |
| Gallium | 5,907 | 5907 | Palladium | 12,02 | 12020 |
| Vanadium | 6,11 | 6110 | Ruthenium | 12,4 | 12400 |
| Lanthanum | 6,174 | 6174 | Rhodium | 12.44 | 12440 |
| Tellurium | 6,25 | 6250 | Hafnium | 13,29 | 13290 |
| Zirconium | 6,45 | 6450 | Mercury | 13,55 | 13550 |
| Cerium | 6,66 | 6660 | Tantalum | 16,6 | 16600 |
| Antimony | 6,68 | 6680 | Uranus | 19,07 | 19070 |
| Praseodymium | 6,782 | 6782 | Tungsten | 19,3 | 19300 |
| Ytterbium | 6,977 | 6977 | Gold | 19,32 | 19320 |
| Neodymium | 7,004 | 7004 | Plutonium | 19,84 | 19840 |
| Zinc | 7,13 | 7130 | Rhenium | 21,02 | 21020 |
| Chromium | 7,19 | 7190 | Platinum | 21,40 | 21400 |
| Tin | 7,3 | 7300 | Iridium | 22,42 | 22420 |
| Indium | 7,31 | 7310 | Osmium | 22,5 | 22500 |
| Manganese | 7,44 | 7440 |
The table shows that the specific gravity of a cube of metal varies greatly. The difference in weight between the heaviest and lightest metal is 42 times. Osmium, whose weight is 22500 kg per m3 and lithium, which has the lowest density, whose weight is 534 kg per m3. The metal that has the greatest density also has the greatest weight and it is osmium, as we already understood.
The average density among all metals is 11.5 g per cm3.
It is also noteworthy that there are metals whose density is less than water. There are several of them: lithium, potassium, sodium.
For reference, we can add that osmium is not only the heaviest, but also the rarest. It is mined at around 100 kg per year.
Density of precious metals
Precious metals usually include: silver, gold, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium. The density of which starts from 10.49 g cm3 (silver) and reaches 22.5 cm3 (osmium). You can check the weight of others in the table.
Alloy Density Table
| Alloy | g/cm3 | kg/m3 | Alloy | g/cm3 | kg/m3 |
| Duralumin | 2,75 | 2750 | Nichrome | 8,4 | 8400 |
| Gray cast iron | 7,1 | 7100 | Brass | 8,2-8,8 | 8200-8800 |
| White cast iron | 7,6-7,8 | 7600-7800 | Bronze | 7,5-9,1 | 7500-9100 |
| Steel | 7,8 | 7800 | Wood's alloy | 9,7 | 9700 |
Source: https://gauge.tk/ves-metalla-tablitsa/
Density of gold: table from 333 to 99 samples, specific gravity and properties, influence of temperature
Hello, dear gold lovers! Many people admire its pleasant shine, although not everyone knows that it is due to the structure of its energy levels and the highest number of electrons among metals.
Every woman wants to feel the pleasant weight of a massive precious necklace on her neck, not realizing that the reason for the large weight of gold jewelry is the high density of gold.
Read this article - and you can easily figure out what this value means and what practical significance it has.
What is metal density
This is a physical quantity determined by the ratio of body mass to the volume it occupies. It is usually measured in kg/m3. Accordingly, the more the same volume of metal weighs, the greater its density.
Thus, a metal cube made of lithium with half-meter edges will weigh only 66.25 kg, and the same cube smelted from gold will be unliftable - its weight will be almost two and a half tons.
Properties and composition of gold
It was the properties of gold that determined this metal to be noble. The main chemical property of a precious metal for us is its inertness - in our usual environment, it remains unchanged for thousands of years, without oxidizing or losing its appearance.
Basic physical properties of Au:
- softness;
- ductility;
- plastic;
- low resistance;
- high thermal conductivity;
- high density.
These qualities are what made the yellow metal so valuable.
The composition of 999.9 fine gold is pure Aurum, its density is 19.30 grams per cubic centimeter or 19,300 kg per m³.
It is known that, due to its softness and high specific gravity, products made from high-grade gold are impractical, so jewelers use the precious metal in their products only in an alloy with others - to give strength or a different shade. Thus, the traditional 585 standard contains, in addition to gold, copper and silver.
Density of gold depending on the sample
In terms of density, the yellow metal is surpassed only by platinum. All other metals in the alloy reduce the overall density of the product.
This table clearly shows the correlation between density and ligature.
| Try | Color | Compound | Density g/m³ |
| 750 | Yellow | Au, Ag, copper Au, Ag Au, Ag, palladium Au, Ag, nickel, zinc | 15,45 15,96 16,44 15,38 |
| Green | |||
| White | |||
| White | |||
| 585 | Red | Au, Ag, copper Au, Ag, copper Au, Ag, copper Au, Ag, palladium Au, Ag, nickel, zinc, copper | 13,24 13,60 13,92 14,74 12,85 |
| Yellow | |||
| Green | |||
| White | |||
| White | |||
| 375 | Red | Au, Ag, copper | 11,54 |
| 375 | Pink | Au, Ag, palladium, copper | 11,56 |
How does temperature affect density?
It is interesting that the indicated values are typical only for normal environmental conditions and a temperature of 20 ° C. The higher the temperature, the lower the density, and vice versa. This dependence is typical for most substances, except water, whose density is maximum at +4, and decreases with decreasing temperature.
How to distinguish real yellow metal from a fake
Understanding the essence of density as a physical quantity will help us distinguish real gold from counterfeit gold. I'll tell you how to do this.
Au has virtually the highest density of any precious metal other than platinum, meaning that almost any gold item will weigh more than a gram.
The easiest way is to weigh the jewelry. The method is suitable for small openwork decorations.
Massive rings and chains, bracelets and earrings are checked based on the ratio of mass to volume.
We will need:
- precision scales with division values down to a hundredth of a gram;
- beaker with volume graduation. The narrower it is, the higher the accuracy of the determined value. It can be purchased at chemical stores and sometimes in pharmacies.
For clarity, I will try to determine the authenticity (maybe the purity) of my rose gold bracelet:
- I weigh the bracelet on the scales. It weighs 4.62 grams.
- I pour water into a beaker and put the bracelet in it. The water should completely cover the decoration. The bracelet displaced 0.4 centimeters of cubic water. That is, I have a beaker with a CD of 0.1 cm3, the water level has risen by 4 divisions.
- I make the calculation: 4.62/0.4=11.55.
- I compare the obtained value with the table of metal densities and the table of Au density (depending on the sample).
Palladium is close to the obtained values - 12.2, lead - 11.34, silver - 10.49. But my bracelet is a nice shade of pink, which means it most likely contains gold and copper. From the table we see that the density of my bracelet corresponds to 375 samples - the average value of gold, silver, palladium and copper.
The amount of pure element in the alloy is determined using the molar mass of gold using the formula M = m/n.
The molar mass of Au is 196.9665 g/mol. In my bracelet weighing 4.62 g and 375 samples, there is 4.63 * 0.375 = 1.74 g of gold, 1.74 g / 196.9665 g / mol = 0.001 mol of pure gold.
Gemini of gold
It happens that unscrupulous jewelers, knowing that the density of the yellow metal or its alloys is close in value to base metals, use this value for criminal purposes. Thus, lead with gold plating can easily pass for 375 standard, and tungsten, which has a molar mass close to platinum group metals, is often passed off by jewelers as precious metals.
Conclusion
Source: https://zhazhdazolota.ru/interesnoe/plotnost-zolota
