Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
Today we will look at the strongest metals in the world and discuss their properties. And titanium opens the “strength rating”.
Not the most durable?
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
November 6, 2019
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
The hardest metal
The hardest metal
The hardest metal
The first metal that humanity began to use for economic purposes was copper: it is easy to process, it is found quite often in nature, so it is not surprising that it served as the material for the first metal knives and axes. A little later, people discovered that by adding tin to copper, they could get a much stronger alloy - bronze.
And when they mastered iron, it turned out that in its pure form it is not much stronger than copper, but when combined with carbon it acquires much better strength properties. Medieval alchemists, in addition to searching for the philosopher's stone, also experimented with alloys, trying to determine what the hardest metal in the world was, but all experiments confirmed: alloys are stronger than pure metal, no matter what it is.
But what is the situation today?
articles
All the most durable “pure” metals were discovered by man quite late. The reason is simple: they are much less common than the iron or copper we are used to. There are several methods for determining the hardness of materials: Mohs, Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell, the data of which differ slightly. On the Mohs scale, for example, iron has a value of only 4, and the highest hardness of diamond is 10. And a dozen metals whose hardness is 5 units or higher look like this:
- iridium – 5;
- ruthenium – 5;
- tantalum – 5;
- technetium – 5;
- chromium – 5;
- beryllium – 5.5;
- osmium – 5.5;
- rhenium – 5.5;
- tungsten – 6;
- uranium – 6.
Most of this “magnificent ten” are extremely rare in nature (for example, the annual production of ruthenium in the world is about 18 tons, and rhenium is about 40 tons) or have radioactivity, making their use in everyday life difficult. And all of them have a very significant cost, with the possible exception of chromium. It is the high hardness and relatively low price of this metal that made it popular in the manufacture of durable alloys.
Use of the hardest metals
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.
It is not without reason that archaeologists during excavations find various products and household utensils made of this metal. In the process of evolution, people gradually learned to combine various metals, obtaining increasingly durable alloys suitable for making tools, and later weapons.
Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.
10. Titan
the strongest metals on the planet
the strongest metals on the planet
the strongest metals on the planet
The debate continues about which metal should be awarded the title of the most durable and valuable in the world. The reason for the controversy was the difference in their characteristics and features.
Iridium
The strongest and softest metals
The strongest and softest metals
The strongest and softest metals
The practical use of metals plays a large role in people's lives: from reinforced concrete structures of houses to medical prosthetics and the construction of space rockets, various types of compounds are involved everywhere. Let's consider both the hardest and the softest of them.
At the end of the article we have prepared a surprise
Source: https://udipedia.net/samyj-krepkij-i-myagkie-metally/
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today.
When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.
In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.
Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
10 Strongest Metals in the World
10 Strongest Metals in the World
10 Strongest Metals in the World
When people talk about the strongest metals in the world , one immediately thinks of a medieval knight with a sword at the ready and in armor made of the legendary Damascus steel.
It is this that many rightly consider to be the hardest, most durable, resistant to mechanical or chemical influences. But steel is not pure metal; it consists of several components that have been processed to change the final properties of the finished product.
Consequently, it cannot be called a substance with the highest hardness. What metal is the strongest on the planet?
10Titanium
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
Metals include substances that have specific properties characteristic of them. In this case, high ductility and malleability, as well as electrical conductivity and a number of other parameters are taken into account. Which of them is the strongest metal in the world can be found out from the data below.
About metals in nature
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
Metals together with alloying additives form the strongest alloy. First of all, this concerns hardness. In addition, they differ in a number of indicators, including heat and electrical conductivity. Strong alloys are in demand in industry. This is especially true for aircraft construction, where lightness is required along with strength. The automotive and shipbuilding industries need strong alloys.
About metals in nature
The hardest metal in the world
The hardest metal in the world
The hardest metal in the world
Many lovers of interesting facts are interested in the question, which metal is the hardest? And it won’t be easy to answer this question offhand. Of course, any chemistry teacher will easily say correctly, without even thinking. But among ordinary citizens who last studied chemistry at school, not many will be able to give the answer correctly and quickly.
This is due to the fact that since childhood everyone has been accustomed to making various toys from wire and has well remembered that copper and aluminum are soft and bend well, but steel, on the contrary, is not so easy to give the desired shape. A person deals with the three named metals most often, so he doesn’t even consider the other candidates. But steel is certainly not the hardest metal in the world.
To be fair, it is worth noting that this is not a metal at all in the chemical sense, but a compound of iron and carbon.
What is titanium?
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
Today we will look at the strongest metals in the world and discuss their properties. And titanium opens the “strength rating”.
Not the most durable?
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
Today we will look at the strongest metals in the world and discuss their properties. And titanium opens the “strength rating”.
Not the most durable?
The name of the metal presumably comes from the name of the ancient Greek hero Titan. Therefore, we associate this metal with indestructibility. Many consider titanium to be the strongest metal in the world. However, in reality this is far from the case.
Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. The new material immediately attracted attention due to a number of properties. Titanium has begun to be very actively used in the industrial sector. Today, titanium is in 10th place among natural metals in terms of prevalence. The earth's crust contains about 700 million tons. That is, the current raw materials will last for another 150 years.
Titanium has excellent properties. It is a lightweight and durable metal that is resistant to corrosion. It can be easily heat treated and has a wide range of applications. It interacts with other elements of the periodic table only when heated. Found naturally in rutile and ilmenite ores.
Pure titanium is obtained by sintering ore with chlorine.
It is able to withstand enormous loads. The metal is distinguished by its high strength and impact resistance. It is used in the manufacture of vehicles, missiles and even submarines. Titanium can withstand pressure even at great depths.
It is also popular in the medical industry. Prostheses based on it do not interact with body tissues and are not subject to corrosion. But over the years it begins to wear out, which forces you to replace the prosthesis with a new one.
New developments
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
November 6, 2019
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
Metal is a material that is typically highly durable, shiny, and easy to change shape. Generally, all metals have good electrical conductivity. But not all metals are alike. That is why they are used for different purposes depending on the task at hand. In the periodic table of Mendeleev, 91 of the 118 elements are considered metals, but not all of them have sufficient strength.
What makes metal strong?
The hardest metal
The first metal that humanity began to use for economic purposes was copper: it is easy to process, it is found quite often in nature, so it is not surprising that it served as the material for the first metal knives and axes. A little later, people discovered that by adding tin to copper, they could get a much stronger alloy - bronze.
And when they mastered iron, it turned out that in its pure form it is not much stronger than copper, but when combined with carbon it acquires much better strength properties. Medieval alchemists, in addition to searching for the philosopher's stone, also experimented with alloys, trying to determine what the hardest metal in the world was, but all experiments confirmed: alloys are stronger than pure metal, no matter what it is.
But what is the situation today?
articles
All the most durable “pure” metals were discovered by man quite late. The reason is simple: they are much less common than the iron or copper we are used to. There are several methods for determining the hardness of materials: Mohs, Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell, the data of which differ slightly. On the Mohs scale, for example, iron has a value of only 4, and the highest hardness of diamond is 10. And a dozen metals whose hardness is 5 units or higher look like this:
- iridium – 5;
- ruthenium – 5;
- tantalum – 5;
- technetium – 5;
- chromium – 5;
- beryllium – 5.5;
- osmium – 5.5;
- rhenium – 5.5;
- tungsten – 6;
- uranium – 6.
Most of this “magnificent ten” are extremely rare in nature (for example, the annual production of ruthenium in the world is about 18 tons, and rhenium is about 40 tons) or have radioactivity, making their use in everyday life difficult. And all of them have a very significant cost, with the possible exception of chromium. It is the high hardness and relatively low price of this metal that made it popular in the manufacture of durable alloys.
Use of the hardest metals
Due to the fact that most of the hardest metals are very rare in nature, their strength qualities remain unclaimed or are in extremely limited demand, for example, for coating components and parts of mechanisms subjected to the greatest load.
But using rhenium or ruthenium additives in the manufacture of tool steel or armor, you see, is stupid. There simply aren’t enough of these metals for everything. Therefore, chromium turned out to be in great demand.
It is the most important alloying additive, improving both the strength and corrosion resistance of alloys.
Some of the solid metals are used in very small quantities in medicine, in the creation of space technology, as catalysts and in some other areas. In these cases, it was not their hardness that was in demand, but other accompanying qualities.
Tungsten, for example, as the most refractory metal on the planet (melting point +3422 Celsius), has found application in the creation of incandescent filaments for lighting devices.
It is added in small quantities to alloys that must withstand high temperatures for long periods of time - for example, in the metallurgical industry.
Uranus
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.
It is not without reason that archaeologists during excavations find various products and household utensils made of this metal. In the process of evolution, people gradually learned to combine various metals, obtaining increasingly durable alloys suitable for making tools, and later weapons.
Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.
10. Titan
Our rating opens with titanium, a high-strength hard metal that immediately attracted attention. The properties of titanium are:
- high specific strength;
- resistance to high temperatures;
- low density;
- corrosion resistance;
- mechanical and chemical resistance.
Titanium is used in the military industry, aviation medicine, shipbuilding, and other areas of production.
9. Uranus
the strongest metals on the planet
The debate continues about which metal should be awarded the title of the most durable and valuable in the world. The reason for the controversy was the difference in their characteristics and features.
Iridium
A silver-white, extremely refractory metal belonging to the platinum group, it tops our strength ratings. It was opened only in 1803. It is extremely rare in nature; the main source of iridium production is small celestial bodies that have fallen on the planet. The volume of global iridium production does not exceed 3 tons.
According to scientists, there are deposits of it on our planet; they are located in the very depths of the earth’s bowels, which makes their extraction extremely difficult today.
Iridium is added to refractory metals: titanium, tungsten, chromium to increase their resistance to acids, and is used in the production of jewelry and stationery. The potential of iridium is also actively used in industry; spark plugs for internal combustion engines and parts for spacecraft are produced.
Due to its rarity, the price of the noble metal is extremely high; as of October 2016, it is more than $20 per gram.
Tantalum
The strongest and softest metals
The practical use of metals plays a large role in people's lives: from reinforced concrete structures of houses to medical prosthetics and the construction of space rockets, various types of compounds are involved everywhere. Let's consider both the hardest and the softest of them.
At the end of the article we have prepared a surprise
Source: https://udipedia.net/samyj-krepkij-i-myagkie-metally/
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today.
When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.
In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.
Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today.
When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.
In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.
Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
Boron suboxide has the ability to create grains shaped like icosahedrons. The formed grains are not isolated crystals or varieties of quasicrystals, but are peculiar twin crystals, consisting of two dozen paired tetrahedral crystals.
The insufficient number of oxygen atoms in boron suboxide provides the material with characteristics characteristic of ceramic materials. This substance has the qualities of chemical inertness, increased strength, abrasion resistance with low density, and its single crystals have a hardness of 45 GPa.
10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa
10 Strongest Metals in the World
When people talk about the strongest metals in the world , one immediately thinks of a medieval knight with a sword at the ready and in armor made of the legendary Damascus steel.
It is this that many rightly consider to be the hardest, most durable, resistant to mechanical or chemical influences. But steel is not pure metal; it consists of several components that have been processed to change the final properties of the finished product.
Consequently, it cannot be called a substance with the highest hardness. What metal is the strongest on the planet?
10Titanium
Titanium is in 10th position in our ranking of the strongest metals in the world. It is a high-strength, silver-colored, low-density solid.
Titanium is resistant to high temperatures, it does not corrode, is resistant to chemicals and is not afraid of mechanical damage. It is possible to melt titanium only at temperatures above 3200 degrees, and it boils when heated to a temperature of 3300 degrees.
The scope of application of this metal is wide and varied - from the military industry to medicine.
Titanium was discovered by English and German chemists in the 18th century, and they named it in honor of the Titans - giant mythical creatures with unprecedented strength and other supernatural abilities.
For a long time, titanium was not used for industrial purposes, since they could not bypass the natural fragility of this metal. It was possible to obtain it in its pure form only in the winter of 1925
9Uranus
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
Metals include substances that have specific properties characteristic of them. In this case, high ductility and malleability, as well as electrical conductivity and a number of other parameters are taken into account. Which of them is the strongest metal in the world can be found out from the data below.
About metals in nature
The word “metal” came into Russian from German. Since the 16th century it has been found in books, although quite rarely. Later, in the era of Peter I, it began to be used more often, and then the word had the general meaning of “ore, mineral, metal.” And only during the period of M.V.’s activity. Lomonosov these concepts were differentiated.
In nature, metals are found quite rarely in their pure form. Basically, they are part of various ores, and also form various compounds, such as sulfides, oxides, carbonates and others.
In order to obtain pure metals, and this is very important for their future use, they need to be isolated and then purified. If necessary, metals are alloyed - special impurities are added in order to change their properties.
Currently, there is a division into ferrous metal ores, which include iron, and non-ferrous ores. Precious or noble metals include gold, platinum and silver.
There are metals even in the human body. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, copper, iron - this is a list of these substances that are found in the greatest quantities.
How are metals produced?
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
Metals together with alloying additives form the strongest alloy. First of all, this concerns hardness. In addition, they differ in a number of indicators, including heat and electrical conductivity. Strong alloys are in demand in industry. This is especially true for aircraft construction, where lightness is required along with strength. The automotive and shipbuilding industries need strong alloys.
About metals in nature
Metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The classic representative of the first type is iron. People of color form a more expensive group.
How metals are produced
The hardest metal in the world
Many lovers of interesting facts are interested in the question, which metal is the hardest? And it won’t be easy to answer this question offhand. Of course, any chemistry teacher will easily say correctly, without even thinking. But among ordinary citizens who last studied chemistry at school, not many will be able to give the answer correctly and quickly.
This is due to the fact that since childhood everyone has been accustomed to making various toys from wire and has well remembered that copper and aluminum are soft and bend well, but steel, on the contrary, is not so easy to give the desired shape. A person deals with the three named metals most often, so he doesn’t even consider the other candidates. But steel is certainly not the hardest metal in the world.
To be fair, it is worth noting that this is not a metal at all in the chemical sense, but a compound of iron and carbon.
What is titanium?
The hardest metal is titanium. Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. This discovery created a sensation in scientific circles. Industrialists immediately drew attention to the new material and appreciated the benefits of its use. According to the official version, the hardest metal on Earth got its name in honor of the indestructible Titans, who, according to ancient Greek mythology, were the founders of the world.
According to scientists, the total world reserves of titanium today are about 730 million tons. At the current rate of extraction of fossil raw materials, there will be enough for another 150 years. Titanium ranks 10th in natural reserves among all known metals.
The world's largest titanium producer is the Russian company VSMPO-Avisma, which satisfies up to 35% of global needs. The company is engaged in the full processing cycle from ore mining to the manufacture of various products. It occupies about 90% of the Russian titanium production market.
About 70% of finished products are exported.
Titanium is a light, silver-colored metal with a melting point of 1670 degrees Celsius. It exhibits high chemical activity only when heated; under normal conditions it does not react with most chemical elements and compounds. It is not found in nature in its pure form.
Common in the form of rutile (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (a complex substance consisting of titanium dioxide and ferrous oxide) ores.
Pure titanium is isolated by sintering the ore with chlorine and then displacing the more active metal (usually magnesium) from the resulting tetrachloride.
Industrial applications of titanium
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
Today we will look at the strongest metals in the world and discuss their properties. And titanium opens the “strength rating”.
Not the most durable?
Not the most durable?
The name of the metal presumably comes from the name of the ancient Greek hero Titan. Therefore, we associate this metal with indestructibility. Many consider titanium to be the strongest metal in the world. However, in reality this is far from the case.
Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. The new material immediately attracted attention due to a number of properties. Titanium has begun to be very actively used in the industrial sector. Today, titanium is in 10th place among natural metals in terms of prevalence. The earth's crust contains about 700 million tons. That is, the current raw materials will last for another 150 years.
Titanium has excellent properties. It is a lightweight and durable metal that is resistant to corrosion. It can be easily heat treated and has a wide range of applications. It interacts with other elements of the periodic table only when heated. Found naturally in rutile and ilmenite ores.
Pure titanium is obtained by sintering ore with chlorine.
It is able to withstand enormous loads. The metal is distinguished by its high strength and impact resistance. It is used in the manufacture of vehicles, missiles and even submarines. Titanium can withstand pressure even at great depths.
It is also popular in the medical industry. Prostheses based on it do not interact with body tissues and are not subject to corrosion. But over the years it begins to wear out, which forces you to replace the prosthesis with a new one.
New developments
New developments
In 2016, scientists found a way to improve the properties of titanium and make it even more durable. The main goal of the research is to find a more durable material that is compatible with body tissues. And then we remembered gold, which has been used in prosthetics for many years.
The alloy of titanium and gold, after several attempts to find the ideal ratio of components, turned out to be incredibly durable. 4 times stronger than other metals used today for prosthetics.
Tantalum
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals. Named after the ancient Greek god Tantalus, who angered Zeus and was cast into hell. It has a silvery-white color with a bluish tint. It is a characteristic element of granitic and alkaline magma. It is extracted from the mineral coltan, the largest deposits of which are located in Brazil and Africa.
It was opened back in 1802. Then it was considered a variety of columbium, but later it was established that these are two different metals with similar properties. Only 100 years later it was possible to obtain pure tantalum. Its cost today is quite high - $150 per 1 kg of metal.
Tantalum is a refractory metal with a fairly high density.
From a chemical point of view, it is stable because it does not dissolve in dilute acids. In powder form, tantalum burns well in air. Used for the manufacture of electrolytic capacitors, heaters in vacuum furnaces. Tantalum capacitors increase the service life of electronic systems to 10-12 years.
It is noteworthy that even jewelers have found use for it - they replace platinum.
Strength testing of metals showed that the alloy of tantalum and tungsten has almost one hundred percent strength.
Osmium is the very best
Osmium is the very best
Osmium is another incredibly strong metal. It is also included in the list of the rarest and most expensive. It is present in the earth's crust in minute quantities. It is classified as dispersed, that is, it does not have its own deposits. Therefore, its extraction is accompanied by enormous difficulties.
Osmium belongs to the group of platinum metals. Its cost is about $10,000 per gram. In price it is second only to artificial Californian. It consists of several isotopes that are incredibly difficult to separate. The most popular isotope is osmium-187.
Its price per gram reaches up to $200,000!
Osmium is the record holder for density among metals. In addition, it is a high-strength metal. Alloys containing osmium become resistant to corrosion and become stronger and more durable.
Metal is also used in its pure form, for example, to make expensive fountain pens, which practically do not wear out and write for years.
Chromium
Chromium
Chromium, cobalt and tungsten have been known to science since 1913 and are united under the common name - stellites. They remain hard even at temperatures of 600 degrees Celsius.
This metal is mainly found in the deep layers of the Earth. It is also found in stony meteorites, which are considered analogues of our mantle. Only chrome spinels are of industrial value. Many minerals that contain chromium are completely useless. The purest chromium is obtained by electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions or electrolysis of chromium sulfate.
Metal in combination with steel significantly enhances its strength and also adds resistance to oxidation. It improves the characteristics of steel without reducing its ductility.
Ruthenium
Ruthenium
It belongs to the platinum group and is classified as a noble metal. However, from their list, ruthenium is considered the least noble. It was discovered by the scientist Karl-Ernst Klaus in 1844. It is noteworthy that the professor constantly smelled and tasted the results of his research. Once he even received a burn to his mouth when he tasted one of the ruthenium compounds he discovered.
Its world reserves today are about 5,000 tons. Ruthenium has been studied for a long time, but many of its properties are still unknown. The problem is that no way has yet been found to completely purify ruthenium.
The contamination of raw materials prevents the study of its properties. However, doctors are confident that the use of metal in everyday life can increase the incidence of illness among the population. That is why the release of the ruthenium-106 isotope in the Urals caused such a resonance in the press.
After all, ruthenium-106 has radioactive properties.
At the same time, its value in 2017 unexpectedly surpassed all platinum metals.
Iridium is the strongest metal
Iridium is the strongest metal
It is iridium that has the highest strength. Yes, it is inferior to osmium in density, but has the highest strength coefficient. It is also called the rarest of metals, but in fact the content of astatine in the earth's crust is even lower.
Iridium was studied very carefully. 70 years later, its main properties - incredible strength and corrosion resistance - have become known throughout the world. Today it is used in many industries. The lion's share of the metal is exploited by the chemical industry. The remainder is distributed among many other areas, including medicine and jewelry. Iridium combined with platinum creates high-quality and very durable jewelry.
Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/366015/samyiy-prochnyiy-metall-vyisokoprochnyie-metallyi
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
November 6, 2019
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
Metal is a material that is typically highly durable, shiny, and easy to change shape. Generally, all metals have good electrical conductivity. But not all metals are alike. That is why they are used for different purposes depending on the task at hand. In the periodic table of Mendeleev, 91 of the 118 elements are considered metals, but not all of them have sufficient strength.
What makes metal strong?
What makes metal strong?
The strength of the metal depends on the following properties:
1. Tensile strength: how well the metal resists being stretched;
2. Compressive strength: how well the metal can withstand compression;
3. Yield Strength: How well a rod or beam of a particular metal resists bending and permanent damage;
4. Impact resistance: the ability to resist breaking when colliding with another object or surface.
The strongest metals
The strongest metals
No. 1: Tungsten - production of bullets and missiles;
No. 2: Steel - construction of railways, roads and other infrastructure;
No. 3: Chrome - stainless steel production;
No. 4: Titanium - used in the aerospace industry as a lightweight yet durable metal;
No. 5: Iron - bridge construction, electricity, cutting tools, etc.;
#6: Vanadium – 80% vanadium is alloyed with iron to make the steel resistant to impact and corrosion;
No. 7: Lutetium - as a catalyst in oil production;
No. 8: Zirconium - use in nuclear power plants;
No. 9: Osmium is an additive for platinum or indium to strengthen metals;
#10: Tantalum - Used as an additive in alloys due to its high melting point and corrosion resistance.
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Weak gold demand in India during Diwali
Weak gold demand in India during Diwali
WGC: low central bank rates will support gold
WGC: low central bank rates will support gold
Dirk Müller: gold is a smart precious metal
Dirk Müller: gold is a smart precious metal
WGC: high gold price slows down global demand
WGC: high gold price slows down global demand
Is Deutsche Bank bankrupt? It's time to buy gold!
Is Deutsche Bank bankrupt? It's time to buy gold!
WGC: countries' gold reserves for August-September 2019
WGC: countries' gold reserves for August-September 2019
Gold under pressure - what to look for
Gold under pressure - what to look for
Worst week for gold prices in 2 years
Worst week for gold prices in 2 years
USA: gold exports based on August 2019 results
USA: gold exports based on August 2019 results
The correction provides a chance to increase investments in gold
The correction provides a chance to increase investments in gold
Turkey's gold reserves for 9 months of 2019
Turkey's gold reserves for 9 months of 2019
Problems in the global economy and the gold market
Problems in the global economy and the gold market
Source: https://gold.ru/news/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
The hardest metal
The hardest metal
The first metal that humanity began to use for economic purposes was copper: it is easy to process, it is found quite often in nature, so it is not surprising that it served as the material for the first metal knives and axes. A little later, people discovered that by adding tin to copper, they could get a much stronger alloy - bronze.
And when they mastered iron, it turned out that in its pure form it is not much stronger than copper, but when combined with carbon it acquires much better strength properties. Medieval alchemists, in addition to searching for the philosopher's stone, also experimented with alloys, trying to determine what the hardest metal in the world was, but all experiments confirmed: alloys are stronger than pure metal, no matter what it is.
But what is the situation today?
articles
All the most durable “pure” metals were discovered by man quite late. The reason is simple: they are much less common than the iron or copper we are used to. There are several methods for determining the hardness of materials: Mohs, Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell, the data of which differ slightly. On the Mohs scale, for example, iron has a value of only 4, and the highest hardness of diamond is 10. And a dozen metals whose hardness is 5 units or higher look like this:
- iridium – 5;
- ruthenium – 5;
- tantalum – 5;
- technetium – 5;
- chromium – 5;
- beryllium – 5.5;
- osmium – 5.5;
- rhenium – 5.5;
- tungsten – 6;
- uranium – 6.
Most of this “magnificent ten” are extremely rare in nature (for example, the annual production of ruthenium in the world is about 18 tons, and rhenium is about 40 tons) or have radioactivity, making their use in everyday life difficult. And all of them have a very significant cost, with the possible exception of chromium. It is the high hardness and relatively low price of this metal that made it popular in the manufacture of durable alloys.
Use of the hardest metals
Use of the hardest metals
Due to the fact that most of the hardest metals are very rare in nature, their strength qualities remain unclaimed or are in extremely limited demand, for example, for coating components and parts of mechanisms subjected to the greatest load.
But using rhenium or ruthenium additives in the manufacture of tool steel or armor, you see, is stupid. There simply aren’t enough of these metals for everything. Therefore, chromium turned out to be in great demand.
It is the most important alloying additive, improving both the strength and corrosion resistance of alloys.
Some of the solid metals are used in very small quantities in medicine, in the creation of space technology, as catalysts and in some other areas. In these cases, it was not their hardness that was in demand, but other accompanying qualities.
Tungsten, for example, as the most refractory metal on the planet (melting point +3422 Celsius), has found application in the creation of incandescent filaments for lighting devices.
It is added in small quantities to alloys that must withstand high temperatures for long periods of time - for example, in the metallurgical industry.
Uranus
Uranus
Uranium, like tungsten, is the hardest metal on Earth, but uranium is much more common on our planet, and therefore has found much wider application. And its radioactivity did not interfere with this. The best known use of uranium is as a “fuel” in nuclear power plants. It is also used in geology to determine the age of rocks and in the chemical industry.
The strength properties and high specific gravity of uranium (it is 19 times heavier than water) were useful in the creation of armor-piercing ammunition. In this case, it is not pure metal that is used, but its depleted version, almost entirely consisting of the weakly radioactive isotope uranium-238.
Heavy cores made of this metal perfectly penetrate even well-armored targets.
The extent to which the residual effects of the use of such ammunition harm the environment and humans is not yet known for certain, since too little statistical material has been accumulated on this issue.
Source: https://TheDifference.ru/samyj-tverdyj-metall/
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.
It is not without reason that archaeologists during excavations find various products and household utensils made of this metal. In the process of evolution, people gradually learned to combine various metals, obtaining increasingly durable alloys suitable for making tools, and later weapons.
Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.
10. Titan
10. Titan
Our rating opens with titanium, a high-strength hard metal that immediately attracted attention. The properties of titanium are:
- high specific strength;
- resistance to high temperatures;
- low density;
- corrosion resistance;
- mechanical and chemical resistance.
Titanium is used in the military industry, aviation medicine, shipbuilding, and other areas of production.
9. Uranus
9. Uranus
The most famous element, considered one of the strongest metals in the world, and under normal conditions is a weak radioactive metal. In nature, it is found both in a free state and in acidic sedimentary rocks. It is quite heavy, widely distributed everywhere and has paramagnetic properties, flexibility, malleability, and relative ductility. Uranium is used in many areas of production.
8. Tungsten
8. Tungsten
Known as the most refractory metal in existence, it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a solid transitional element of a shiny silver-gray color. It has high strength, excellent refractoriness, and resistance to chemical influences. Due to its properties, it can be forged and drawn into a thin thread. Known as tungsten filament.
7. Rhenium
7. Rhenium
Among the representatives of this group, it is considered a high-density transition metal with a silvery-white color. It occurs in nature in its pure form, but is found in molybdenum and copper raw materials. It is characterized by high hardness and density, and has excellent refractoriness. It has increased strength, which is not lost due to repeated temperature changes. Rhenium is an expensive metal and has a high cost. Used in modern technology and electronics.
6. Osmium
6. Osmium
A shiny silver-white metal with a slightly bluish tint, it belongs to the platinum group and is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. Similar to iridium, it has a high atomic density, high strength and hardness.
Since osmium is a platinum metal, it has properties similar to iridium: refractoriness, hardness, brittleness, resistance to mechanical stress, as well as to the influence of aggressive environments.
It has found wide application in surgery, electron microscopy, the chemical industry, rocketry, and electronic equipment.
5. Beryllium
5. Beryllium
It belongs to the group of metals and is a light gray element with relative hardness and high toxicity. Due to its unique properties, beryllium is used in a wide variety of production areas:
- nuclear energy;
- aerospace engineering;
- metallurgy;
- laser technology;
- nuclear energy.
Due to its high hardness, beryllium is used in the production of alloying alloys and refractory materials.
4. Chrome
4. Chrome
Next on the list of the ten strongest metals in the world is chromium - a hard, high-strength metal of a bluish-white color, resistant to alkalis and acids.
It occurs in nature in its pure form and is widely used in various branches of science, technology and production. Chromium is used to create various alloys that are used in the manufacture of medical and chemical processing equipment.
When combined with iron, it forms an alloy called ferrochrome, which is used in the manufacture of metal-cutting tools.
3. Tantalum
3. Tantalum
Tantalum deserves bronze in the ranking, as it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a silvery metal with high hardness and atomic density. Due to the formation of an oxide film on its surface, it has a leaden tint.
The distinctive properties of tantalum are high strength, refractoriness, resistance to corrosion, and resistance to aggressive environments. The metal is a fairly ductile metal and can be easily machined. Today tantalum is successfully used:
- in the chemical industry;
- during the construction of nuclear reactors;
- in metallurgical production;
- when creating heat-resistant alloys.
2. Ruthenium
2. Ruthenium
The second place in the ranking of the most durable metals in the world is occupied by ruthenium, a silvery metal belonging to the platinum group. Its peculiarity is the presence of living organisms in the muscle tissue.
Valuable properties of ruthenium are high strength, hardness, refractoriness, chemical resistance, and the ability to form complex compounds.
Ruthenium is considered a catalyst for many chemical reactions and acts as a material for the manufacture of electrodes, contacts, and sharp tips.
1. Iridium
1. Iridium
The most durable metals in the world are led by iridium - a silver-white, hard and refractory metal that belongs to the platinum group. In nature, the high-strength element is extremely rare and is often combined with osmium. Due to its natural hardness, it is difficult to machine and is highly resistant to chemicals. Iridium reacts with great difficulty to exposure to halogens and sodium peroxide.
This metal plays an important role in everyday life. It is added to titanium, chromium and tungsten to improve resistance to acidic environments, used in the manufacture of stationery, and used in jewelry to create jewelry. The cost of iridium remains high due to its limited presence in nature.
Source: https://top10a.ru/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
the strongest metals on the planet
the strongest metals on the planet
The debate continues about which metal should be awarded the title of the most durable and valuable in the world. The reason for the controversy was the difference in their characteristics and features.
Iridium
Iridium
A silver-white, extremely refractory metal belonging to the platinum group, it tops our strength ratings. It was opened only in 1803. It is extremely rare in nature; the main source of iridium production is small celestial bodies that have fallen on the planet. The volume of global iridium production does not exceed 3 tons.
According to scientists, there are deposits of it on our planet; they are located in the very depths of the earth’s bowels, which makes their extraction extremely difficult today.
Iridium is added to refractory metals: titanium, tungsten, chromium to increase their resistance to acids, and is used in the production of jewelry and stationery. The potential of iridium is also actively used in industry; spark plugs for internal combustion engines and parts for spacecraft are produced.
Due to its rarity, the price of the noble metal is extremely high; as of October 2016, it is more than $20 per gram.
Tantalum
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals with high atomic density has a lead tint provided by an oxide film on the surface. It was mined in its pure form only at the beginning of the 20th century.
To obtain 1 ton of tantalum, about 3,000 tons of ore must be processed. The main deposits are located in France, Australia, China and Egypt. Despite its hardness, it has high ductility rates comparable to gold.
It begins to melt at ultra-high temperatures (about 3000 ⁰C), is resistant to chemical reagents and almost all acids, except a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid.
If, after its discovery, tantalum was used exclusively for the production of wire for incandescent lamps, now its resistance to mechanical and thermal influences is appreciated.
It has found wide application in various industries, mechanical engineering and the space industry. Superconductors are made from it and used in the production of bone prostheses and military armor.
The difficulty of extracting tantalum ensures its high price, amounting to about $300 per kilogram as of October 2016.
Ruthenium
Ruthenium
One of the hardest metals, it belongs to the platinum group, therefore it is considered noble, has a high melting point (2334 ⁰C), rarity, and resistance to external influences.
Ruthenium crystals are quite fragile and can be pounded in a mortar without any problems. It is mostly mined in South Africa and has a pleasant blue-gray tint. Ruthenium is isolated from the rock through complex chemical processing, but in its pure form it is practically not used due to its fragility.
It is mainly added to compounds with various metals to improve characteristics such as hardness (to platinum and palladium in jewelry), resistance to aggressive environments (to titanium), increasing the efficiency of electrical contacts, thermocouples, and is also used for the production of laboratory glassware.
It is not only one of the hardest, but also the most expensive metals, the price exceeds $20 per gram.
Chromium
Chromium
A hard metal of a silvery-white color, not found in its pure form, but mined from chromium iron ore. Melts at a temperature of 1907 ⁰C, is resistant to alkalis and acids, and is not subject to corrosion.
Due to its properties, it is widely used in light industry, used for the production of metal-cutting tools and weapons. The price of the metal is unstable and fluctuates over a very wide range.
Beryllium
Beryllium
A hard, durable, lightweight and very toxic metal with a light gray hue. You can die from beryllium vapor poisoning. It has found application in the nuclear industry in the production of neutron reflectors; it is added to alloys to give them additional strength and corrosion resistance.
Also used in the nuclear industry, metallurgy, and aerodynamics. The price of beryllium in 2016 was $5500-6000 per kilogram
Osmium
Osmium
A durable and dense metal of silver-blue color, 3 times heavier than lead. It is rarely found in its pure form; as a rule, it is extracted from other representatives of the platinum group, in tandem with iridium, or as part of cosmic bodies that fell to Earth.
It has a strong unpleasant aroma. Found in several regions of Russia, North and South America. It is separated from other impurities through complex chemical reactions, the duration of which is up to 9 months. Found wide application in various industries.
In combination with tungsten it is used to produce incandescent filaments, and with platinum - for pacemakers and surgical instruments. Due to the difficulty of extraction and limited quantity, it has a high price; 100 g of osmium costs about $7,700.
Rhenium
Rhenium
It is a by-product in the production of copper and molybdenum. It is used in modern aircraft construction, the production of high-precision electronics, and in the synthesis of high-octane gasoline.
The expansion of rhenium's applications is hampered by the complexity of its extraction and its dispersion over the surface of the earth's crust. The same factor provides the metal with a high cost (up to $4000 per kg).
Tungsten
Tungsten
A light gray metal reminiscent of platinum, it is characterized by high density and refractoriness. It is quite common in nature, found in the form of rock compounds called wolframite.
Despite the hardness of tungsten, it can be easily forged at temperatures above 1600 ⁰C, which allows it to be used in heavy industry as a base for refractory metals.
Tungsten elements are used to create televisions and lighting devices. As of October 2016, the price per kilogram of tungsten is $150.
Uranus
Uranus
One of the strongest metals in the world, which is a weak radioactive element. Distributed everywhere, found both in pure form and as part of sedimentary rocks.
The process of producing pure uranium is quite labor-intensive, divided into several stages, as a result of which only a few grams of metal are obtained from a ton of uranium ore. It is used for the production of nuclear fuel, cores for armor-piercing projectiles, and also for coloring glass.
The cost of uranium in 2016 is about $60 per kg.
Source: https://provesmir.com/reyting-samyih-prochnyih-metallov-na-planete.html
The strongest and softest metals
The strongest and softest metals
The practical use of metals plays a large role in people's lives: from reinforced concrete structures of houses to medical prosthetics and the construction of space rockets, various types of compounds are involved everywhere. Let's consider both the hardest and the softest of them.
At the end of the article we have prepared a surprise
Source: https://udipedia.net/samyj-krepkij-i-myagkie-metally/
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today.
When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.
In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.
Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
Boron suboxide has the ability to create grains shaped like icosahedrons. The formed grains are not isolated crystals or varieties of quasicrystals, but are peculiar twin crystals, consisting of two dozen paired tetrahedral crystals.
The insufficient number of oxygen atoms in boron suboxide provides the material with characteristics characteristic of ceramic materials. This substance has the qualities of chemical inertness, increased strength, abrasion resistance with low density, and its single crystals have a hardness of 45 GPa.
10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa
10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa
Many researchers question whether this material can be classified as a superhard type of material. This is caused by the very unusual mechanical properties of the joint.
The layer-by-layer alternation of different atoms makes this material anisotropic. Therefore, hardness measurements are different in the presence of different types of crystallographic planes. Thus, tests of rhenium diboride at low loads provide a hardness of 48 GPa, and with increasing load the hardness becomes much lower and is approximately 22 GPa.
8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB14) - hardness up to 51 GPa
8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB14) - hardness up to 51 GPa
The composition is a mixture of aluminum, magnesium, boron with low sliding friction, as well as high hardness. These qualities could be a boon for the production of modern machines and mechanisms that operate without lubrication. But using the material in this variation is still considered prohibitively expensive.
AlMgB14 - special thin films created using pulsed laser deposition, have the ability to have a microhardness of up to 51 GPa.
7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa
7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa
The basis of such a compound provides the alloy with qualities that imply optimal resistance to negative chemical influences and high temperatures. This material is provided with a microhardness of up to 70 GPa.
6. Boron carbide B4C (B12C3) - hardness up to 72 GPa
6. Boron carbide B4C (B12C3) - hardness up to 72 GPa
Another material is boron carbide. The substance began to be used quite actively in various fields of industry almost immediately after its invention in the 18th century.
The microhardness of the material reaches 49 GPa, but it has been proven that this figure can be increased by adding argon ions to the structure of the crystal lattice - up to 72 GPa.
5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa
5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa
Researchers and scientists from all over the world have long been trying to synthesize complex superhard materials, with tangible results already achieved. The components of the compound are boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms - similar in size. The qualitative hardness of the material reaches 76 GPa.
4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa
4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa
The material is also called kingsongite, borazon or elbor, and also has unique qualities that are successfully used in modern industry. With cubonite hardness values of 80-90 GPa, close to the diamond standard, the force of the Hall-Petch law can cause their significant increase.
This means that as the size of the crystalline grains decreases, the hardness of the material increases - there are certain possibilities for increasing it up to 108 GPa.
3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa
3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa
The wurtzite crystal structure provides high hardness to this material. With local structural modifications, during the application of a particular type of load, the bonds between atoms in the lattice of the substance are redistributed. At this moment, the quality hardness of the material increases by 78%.
2. Lonsdaleite - hardness up to 152 GPa
2. Lonsdaleite - hardness up to 152 GPa
Lonsdaleite is an allotropic modification of carbon and has a clear similarity to diamond. A solid natural material was discovered in a meteorite crater, formed from graphite, one of the components of the meteorite, but it did not have a record degree of strength.
Scientists proved back in 2009 that the absence of impurities can provide hardness exceeding the hardness of diamond. High hardness values can be achieved in this case, as in the case of wurtzite boron nitride.
1. Fullerite - hardness up to 310 GPa
1. Fullerite - hardness up to 310 GPa
Polymerized fullerite is considered in our time to be the hardest material known to science. This is a structured molecular crystal, the nodes of which consist of whole molecules rather than individual atoms.
Fullerite has a hardness of up to 310 GPa, and it can scratch a diamond surface like regular plastic. As you can see, diamond is no longer the hardest natural material in the world; harder compounds are available to science.
So far, these are the hardest materials on Earth known to science. It is quite possible that new discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of chemistry/physics will soon await us, which will allow us to achieve higher hardness.
Source: https://science-interest.ru/mesta/samyj-tverdyj-metall-v-mire-kakoj-naibolee-tverdyj-na-zemle.html
10 Strongest Metals in the World
10 Strongest Metals in the World
When people talk about the strongest metals in the world , one immediately thinks of a medieval knight with a sword at the ready and in armor made of the legendary Damascus steel.
It is this that many rightly consider to be the hardest, most durable, resistant to mechanical or chemical influences. But steel is not pure metal; it consists of several components that have been processed to change the final properties of the finished product.
Consequently, it cannot be called a substance with the highest hardness. What metal is the strongest on the planet?
10Titanium
10Titanium
Titanium is in 10th position in our ranking of the strongest metals in the world. It is a high-strength, silver-colored, low-density solid.
Titanium is resistant to high temperatures, it does not corrode, is resistant to chemicals and is not afraid of mechanical damage. It is possible to melt titanium only at temperatures above 3200 degrees, and it boils when heated to a temperature of 3300 degrees.
The scope of application of this metal is wide and varied - from the military industry to medicine.
Titanium was discovered by English and German chemists in the 18th century, and they named it in honor of the Titans - giant mythical creatures with unprecedented strength and other supernatural abilities.
For a long time, titanium was not used for industrial purposes, since they could not bypass the natural fragility of this metal. It was possible to obtain it in its pure form only in the winter of 1925
9Uranus
9Uranus
Uranium takes 9th place in the Top 10. Its distinctive feature is weak radioactivity. Uranium occurs in nature both in pure form and as a component of sedimentary rocks. Among the main properties of this metal, it is necessary to highlight good flexibility and malleability, ductility, which allows it to be used in various industries.
Uranium alloys subjected to heat treatment are characterized by high resistance to corrosion; products made from them do not change shape due to temperature changes. That is why this metal was used to make tool steel until the mid-30s of the last century, but later this technology was abandoned.
8Tungsten
8Tungsten
Tungsten is in 8th place in our ranking. This metal has amazing, unparalleled refractory properties. It boils at an incredibly high temperature - 5900 degrees.
And this hard silver-gray metal with a characteristic shine is not afraid of even the most aggressive chemicals, easily takes shape during the forging process and is able to stretch into the thinnest thread without breaking.
Tungsten filament - every person has heard and seen it. So this thread is made from tungsten.
From German, the word “tungsten” is translated as “wolf foam.”
The metal was discovered by the Swedish chemist Karl Scheele in 1781
7Renium
7Renium
This silvery-white transition metal belongs to the expensive category, it is indispensable in the manufacturing process of modern electronics and technology.
Rhenium was awarded the title of one of the most durable metals in the world due to its hardness and density, which do not decrease even under the influence of temperature changes. Rhenium is refractory and is produced from molybdenum and copper ore.
This process is quite complex and labor-intensive, which explains the high cost of the finished metal. To obtain 1 kg of rhenium, 2 thousand tons of ore are needed; the finished production of this metal is no more than 40 tons per year.
Rhenium was invented by famous German chemists Ida and Walter Noddack, and they named it in honor of the picturesque Rhine River.
6Osmium
6Osmium
The 6th position in our rating is given to osmium, the strongest metal in the world, belonging to the platinum group and characterized by incredible density. By analogy with most platinum metals, osmium is refractory and hard, but at the same time it is fragile; is not afraid of mechanical damage and exposure to aggressive substances.
A distinctive feature of osmium is its silvery-white color with a barely noticeable bluish tint and a rather unpleasant odor (something reminiscent of a combination of garlic and bleach).
This metal is not found in its pure form in nature; very rarely it can be found in conjunction with iridium, and even then only in some areas of Siberia, Canada, the USA and South Africa. Osmium is scarce, so it is extremely expensive and is used only where the enormous investment in its extraction is justified.
This metal is used in electronics, the space and chemical industries, and surgery. It is the main component in the production of a rare drug - cortisone.
Osmium is the most expensive metal in the world. The price for 1 gram can reach 200 thousand dollars.
5Beryllium
5Beryllium
Beryllium has a light gray color and is characterized by hardness, fire resistance, good thermal conductivity and toxicity. The metal is mined from rocks and is widely used by modern science. It is indispensable in the aerospace industry and aviation, in nuclear energy and in metallurgy.
4Chrome
4Chrome
Chromium is the most common of the hardest metals in the world, products made from
which is sure to be found in every home. It is durable, resistant to aggressive environments, has a soft blue color and a characteristic shine.
Chromium is widely distributed in nature in the form of chromium iron ore, it is used in almost all industries, and is added to other metals to give them additional hardness, corrosion resistance and improve their appearance.
Chrome-plated parts of interior items, plumbing fixtures and household appliances become an excellent decoration for every home.
The melting point of chromium is 1907 degrees, it boils at a temperature of 2671 degrees. In its pure form, chromium is very viscous and viscous, but in combination with oxygen it becomes brittle and extremely hard.
3Tantalum
3Tantalum
Tantalum is in 3rd place in our ranking; it is worthy of a “bronze medal” as one of the most durable metals on the planet. Tantalum has a silvery color with a characteristic lead-like luster, is characterized by increased hardness and amazing density.
Along with refractoriness, strength, resistance to rust and aggressive chemical attack, this metal is characterized by ductility. It is easily machined, which is highly valued in the chemical industry and metallurgy.
The metal is indispensable during the construction of nuclear reactors; it is the main element of heat-resistant alloys.
2Ruthenium
2Ruthenium
2Ruthenium
Ruthenium is silver in color and is characterized by a unique feature - the presence of fragments of muscle tissue of living beings. According to scientists, it was this unusual composition that influenced the properties of the metal and made it super-strong.
Ruthenium is not only strong and hard, it is also chemically stable, can form complex compounds and plays the role of a catalyst for chemical reactions. The properties of this metal described above make it indispensable in the manufacture of various wiring and contacts, and laboratory glassware. The metal is also in demand in jewelry.
As for the production of ruthenium itself, it is almost entirely concentrated in the Republic of South Africa.
1Iridium
1Iridium
Iridium was unanimously awarded the title of the strongest metal in the world - a refractory substance of unprecedented hardness. It is an extremely rare metal, not found in its pure form, but is sometimes mined in combination with osmium. Iridium is hard and therefore difficult to machine and is resistant to chemicals. It is used to impart additional oxidation resistance to chromium and titanium and is used in jewelry and many industries.
Source: https://lifespeaker.ru/samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
Metals include substances that have specific properties characteristic of them. In this case, high ductility and malleability, as well as electrical conductivity and a number of other parameters are taken into account. Which of them is the strongest metal in the world can be found out from the data below.
About metals in nature
About metals in nature
The word “metal” came into Russian from German. Since the 16th century it has been found in books, although quite rarely. Later, in the era of Peter I, it began to be used more often, and then the word had the general meaning of “ore, mineral, metal.” And only during the period of M.V.’s activity. Lomonosov these concepts were differentiated.
In nature, metals are found quite rarely in their pure form. Basically, they are part of various ores, and also form various compounds, such as sulfides, oxides, carbonates and others.
In order to obtain pure metals, and this is very important for their future use, they need to be isolated and then purified. If necessary, metals are alloyed - special impurities are added in order to change their properties.
Currently, there is a division into ferrous metal ores, which include iron, and non-ferrous ores. Precious or noble metals include gold, platinum and silver.
There are metals even in the human body. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, copper, iron - this is a list of these substances that are found in the greatest quantities.
How are metals produced?
How are metals produced?
Metal-containing ores are considered the source of these most necessary substances for all modern humanity. To find out their exact location, certain search methods are used, which are based on exploration and study of deposits. Metals are obtained as follows:
- Ore deposits are developed by open-pit or quarry, as well as underground or mine. Combined methods are possible.
- Ore beneficiation is the separation of useful components from raw materials, so-called ore concentrates.
- Extraction of metals from enriched ores by chemical or electrolytic reduction using high temperatures or aqueous chemistry.
- Most often, metals are smelted, the ore and a reducing agent are heated to very high temperatures. For iron, carbon is usually used.
Depending on their further use, metals are divided into groups:
- Construction materials. Both the metals themselves and their alloys with significantly improved properties are used. In this case, strength, impermeability to liquids and gases, and homogeneity are valued.
- Materials for tools, most often referring to the working part. Tool steels and hard alloys are suitable for this purpose.
- Electrical materials. Such metals are used as good conductors of electricity. The most common of them are copper and aluminum. They are also used as materials with high resistance - nichrome and others.
The strongest of metals
The strongest of metals
The strength of metals is their ability to resist destruction under the influence of internal stresses, which can arise when external forces influence these materials. This is also the property of a structure to maintain its characteristics for a certain time.
Many alloys are quite strong and resistant not only to physical but also chemical influences; they are not pure metals. There are metals that can be called the most durable.
Titanium, which melts at a temperature above 1,941 K (1660±20 °C), uranium, which is a radioactive metal, refractory tungsten, which boils at a temperature of at least 5,828 K (5555 °C). As well as others that have unique properties and are necessary in the process of manufacturing parts, tools and objects using the most modern technologies.
The five most durable of them include metals whose properties are already known; they are widely used in various sectors of the national economy and are used in scientific experiments and developments.
5. Rhenium
5. Rhenium
Found in molybdenum ores and copper raw materials. Has high hardness and density. Very refractory. Its strength cannot be reduced even under the influence of critical temperature changes. Widely used in many electronic devices and technical means.
4. Beryllium
4. Beryllium
A rare-earth metal with a silver-gray tint and shiny, crystalline formations when broken. Interestingly, beryllium crystals taste somewhat sweet, which is why it was originally called “glucinium,” which means “sweet.”
Thanks to this metal, a new technology has emerged, which is used in the synthesis of artificial stones - emeralds, aquamarines, for the needs of the jewelry industry. Beryllium was discovered while studying the properties of beryl, a semi-precious stone. In 1828, the German scientist F. Wöller obtained metallic beryllium.
It does not interact with x-rays, therefore, it is actively used to create special devices. In addition, beryllium alloys are used in the manufacture of neutron reflectors and moderators for installation in a nuclear reactor.
Its fire-resistant and anti-corrosion properties, high thermal conductivity make it an indispensable element for creating alloys used in aircraft construction and the aerospace industry.
3. Chrome
3. Chrome
This metal was discovered in the Middle Urals. M.V. wrote about him. Lomonosov in his work “The First Foundations of Metallurgy” in 1763. It is very widespread, its most famous and extensive deposits are located in South Africa, Kazakhstan and Russia (Urals). of this metal in ores fluctuates greatly.
Its color is light blue, with a tint. In its pure form it is very hard and can be processed quite well. It serves as an important component for the creation of alloy steels, especially stainless steels, used in the electroplating and aerospace industries.
Its alloy with iron, ferrochrome, is necessary for the production of metal-cutting tools.
2. Tantalum
2. Tantalum
This metal is considered valuable, since its properties are only slightly lower than those of noble metals. It has strong resistance to various acids and is not susceptible to corrosion.
Tantalum is used in various designs and compounds, for the manufacture of products of complex shapes and as a basis for the production of acetic and phosphoric acids. The metal is used in medicine because it can be combined with human tissue.
The rocket industry needs the heat-resistant alloy of tantalum and tungsten because it can withstand temperatures of 2,500 °C. Tantalum capacitors are installed on radar devices and used in electronic systems as transmitters.
1. Iridium
1. Iridium
Iridium is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. The metal is silver in color and very hard. It is classified as a platinum group metal. It is difficult to process and, moreover, refractory. Iridium practically does not interact with caustic substances.
It is used in many industries. Including in jewelry, medical and chemical industries. Significantly improves the resistance of tungsten, chromium and titanium compounds to acidic environments.
Pure iridium is not a toxic material, but its individual compounds can be poisonous.
Despite the fact that many metals have decent characteristics, it is quite difficult to pinpoint exactly which is the strongest metal in the world. To do this, all their parameters are studied in accordance with various analytical systems. But at present, all scientists claim that iridium confidently occupies first place in terms of strength.
Source: https://vseonauke.com/1216373600258362306/kakoj-samyj-prochnyj-metall-v-mire---top-5-elementov/
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
Metals together with alloying additives form the strongest alloy. First of all, this concerns hardness. In addition, they differ in a number of indicators, including heat and electrical conductivity. Strong alloys are in demand in industry. This is especially true for aircraft construction, where lightness is required along with strength. The automotive and shipbuilding industries need strong alloys.
About metals in nature
About metals in nature
Metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The classic representative of the first type is iron. People of color form a more expensive group.
How metals are produced
How metals are produced
Metals do not occur in nature in their pure form. They are contained in ores.
Their production proceeds in the following stages:
- identification of deposits;
- ore mining:
- metal extraction.
The strongest of metals
The strongest of metals
Strength is the ability of a metal to withstand external loads. The resistance of an element is provided by its internal structure, which is capable of creating internal tension that resists external pressure.
The strongest metals include:
- titanium;
- rhenium;
- beryllium;
- chromium;
- tantalum;
- iridium.
The most durable alloy
The most durable alloy
The hardest alloys in the world are tungsten. The basis is powders consisting of several metal carbides and cobalt. Mixing is carried out in a certain proportion. The technology developed by scientists makes it possible to obtain alloys with a high degree of hardness.
Such compounds are marked with the letter designation: VK3, where B is the tungsten group. K is the cobalt content in percent.
Physical and chemical properties
Physical and chemical properties
Basic physical properties of tungsten alloys:
- A characteristic feature is red fastness. It is 800 degrees. The term means that the cutting edge is able to withstand that temperature. This is ensured by high thermal conductivity. Due to this, heat is dissipated.
- High hardness, which is 90 Rockwell units.
- The melting point reaches 2780 degrees.
Chemical resistance to the external environment increases with increasing percentage of cobalt.
Chemical properties of titanium
Features of manufacturing and scope of application
Features of manufacturing and scope of application
The technology for producing hard alloys from tungsten consists of the following stages:
- First, coarse tungsten powder is formed, which is then crushed and sifted.
- Tungsten carbide and cobalt powders are obtained in the same way.
- They are mixed with the addition of glue. This is performed by rubber dissolved in gasoline.
- The mixture is dried and pressed.
- The technological process ends with two sinterings.
Solid material is used in the manufacture of the following products:
- cutters for lathes;
- stamp;
- rolling rolls;
- balls and races for bearings.
- soldering for tools of mining equipment;
Any production requires processing of products.
To ensure this process, a material of higher hardness is needed. This function is performed by hard alloys. 4-4 Hard alloys and materials
Which alloy is considered the most durable in the world Link to main publication
Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/samyj-prochnyj
The hardest metal in the world
The hardest metal in the world
Many lovers of interesting facts are interested in the question, which metal is the hardest? And it won’t be easy to answer this question offhand. Of course, any chemistry teacher will easily say correctly, without even thinking. But among ordinary citizens who last studied chemistry at school, not many will be able to give the answer correctly and quickly.
This is due to the fact that since childhood everyone has been accustomed to making various toys from wire and has well remembered that copper and aluminum are soft and bend well, but steel, on the contrary, is not so easy to give the desired shape. A person deals with the three named metals most often, so he doesn’t even consider the other candidates. But steel is certainly not the hardest metal in the world.
To be fair, it is worth noting that this is not a metal at all in the chemical sense, but a compound of iron and carbon.
What is titanium?
What is titanium?
The hardest metal is titanium. Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. This discovery created a sensation in scientific circles. Industrialists immediately drew attention to the new material and appreciated the benefits of its use. According to the official version, the hardest metal on Earth got its name in honor of the indestructible Titans, who, according to ancient Greek mythology, were the founders of the world.
According to scientists, the total world reserves of titanium today are about 730 million tons. At the current rate of extraction of fossil raw materials, there will be enough for another 150 years. Titanium ranks 10th in natural reserves among all known metals.
The world's largest titanium producer is the Russian company VSMPO-Avisma, which satisfies up to 35% of global needs. The company is engaged in the full processing cycle from ore mining to the manufacture of various products. It occupies about 90% of the Russian titanium production market.
About 70% of finished products are exported.
Titanium is a light, silver-colored metal with a melting point of 1670 degrees Celsius. It exhibits high chemical activity only when heated; under normal conditions it does not react with most chemical elements and compounds. It is not found in nature in its pure form.
Common in the form of rutile (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (a complex substance consisting of titanium dioxide and ferrous oxide) ores.
Pure titanium is isolated by sintering the ore with chlorine and then displacing the more active metal (usually magnesium) from the resulting tetrachloride.
Industrial applications of titanium
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
Today we will look at the strongest metals in the world and discuss their properties. And titanium opens the “strength rating”.
Not the most durable?
The name of the metal presumably comes from the name of the ancient Greek hero Titan. Therefore, we associate this metal with indestructibility. Many consider titanium to be the strongest metal in the world. However, in reality this is far from the case.
Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. The new material immediately attracted attention due to a number of properties. Titanium has begun to be very actively used in the industrial sector. Today, titanium is in 10th place among natural metals in terms of prevalence. The earth's crust contains about 700 million tons. That is, the current raw materials will last for another 150 years.
Titanium has excellent properties. It is a lightweight and durable metal that is resistant to corrosion. It can be easily heat treated and has a wide range of applications. It interacts with other elements of the periodic table only when heated. Found naturally in rutile and ilmenite ores.
Pure titanium is obtained by sintering ore with chlorine.
It is able to withstand enormous loads. The metal is distinguished by its high strength and impact resistance. It is used in the manufacture of vehicles, missiles and even submarines. Titanium can withstand pressure even at great depths.
It is also popular in the medical industry. Prostheses based on it do not interact with body tissues and are not subject to corrosion. But over the years it begins to wear out, which forces you to replace the prosthesis with a new one.
New developments
In 2016, scientists found a way to improve the properties of titanium and make it even more durable. The main goal of the research is to find a more durable material that is compatible with body tissues. And then we remembered gold, which has been used in prosthetics for many years.
The alloy of titanium and gold, after several attempts to find the ideal ratio of components, turned out to be incredibly durable. 4 times stronger than other metals used today for prosthetics.
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals. Named after the ancient Greek god Tantalus, who angered Zeus and was cast into hell. It has a silvery-white color with a bluish tint. It is a characteristic element of granitic and alkaline magma. It is extracted from the mineral coltan, the largest deposits of which are located in Brazil and Africa.
It was opened back in 1802. Then it was considered a variety of columbium, but later it was established that these are two different metals with similar properties. Only 100 years later it was possible to obtain pure tantalum. Its cost today is quite high - $150 per 1 kg of metal.
Tantalum is a refractory metal with a fairly high density.
From a chemical point of view, it is stable because it does not dissolve in dilute acids. In powder form, tantalum burns well in air. Used for the manufacture of electrolytic capacitors, heaters in vacuum furnaces. Tantalum capacitors increase the service life of electronic systems to 10-12 years.
It is noteworthy that even jewelers have found use for it - they replace platinum.
Strength testing of metals showed that the alloy of tantalum and tungsten has almost one hundred percent strength.
Osmium is the very best
Osmium is another incredibly strong metal. It is also included in the list of the rarest and most expensive. It is present in the earth's crust in minute quantities. It is classified as dispersed, that is, it does not have its own deposits. Therefore, its extraction is accompanied by enormous difficulties.
Osmium belongs to the group of platinum metals. Its cost is about $10,000 per gram. In price it is second only to artificial Californian. It consists of several isotopes that are incredibly difficult to separate. The most popular isotope is osmium-187.
Its price per gram reaches up to $200,000!
Osmium is the record holder for density among metals. In addition, it is a high-strength metal. Alloys containing osmium become resistant to corrosion and become stronger and more durable.
Metal is also used in its pure form, for example, to make expensive fountain pens, which practically do not wear out and write for years.
Chromium
Chromium, cobalt and tungsten have been known to science since 1913 and are united under the common name - stellites. They remain hard even at temperatures of 600 degrees Celsius.
This metal is mainly found in the deep layers of the Earth. It is also found in stony meteorites, which are considered analogues of our mantle. Only chrome spinels are of industrial value. Many minerals that contain chromium are completely useless. The purest chromium is obtained by electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions or electrolysis of chromium sulfate.
Metal in combination with steel significantly enhances its strength and also adds resistance to oxidation. It improves the characteristics of steel without reducing its ductility.
Ruthenium
It belongs to the platinum group and is classified as a noble metal. However, from their list, ruthenium is considered the least noble. It was discovered by the scientist Karl-Ernst Klaus in 1844. It is noteworthy that the professor constantly smelled and tasted the results of his research. Once he even received a burn to his mouth when he tasted one of the ruthenium compounds he discovered.
Its world reserves today are about 5,000 tons. Ruthenium has been studied for a long time, but many of its properties are still unknown. The problem is that no way has yet been found to completely purify ruthenium.
The contamination of raw materials prevents the study of its properties. However, doctors are confident that the use of metal in everyday life can increase the incidence of illness among the population. That is why the release of the ruthenium-106 isotope in the Urals caused such a resonance in the press.
After all, ruthenium-106 has radioactive properties.
At the same time, its value in 2017 unexpectedly surpassed all platinum metals.
Iridium is the strongest metal
It is iridium that has the highest strength. Yes, it is inferior to osmium in density, but has the highest strength coefficient. It is also called the rarest of metals, but in fact the content of astatine in the earth's crust is even lower.
Iridium was studied very carefully. 70 years later, its main properties - incredible strength and corrosion resistance - have become known throughout the world. Today it is used in many industries. The lion's share of the metal is exploited by the chemical industry. The remainder is distributed among many other areas, including medicine and jewelry. Iridium combined with platinum creates high-quality and very durable jewelry.
Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/366015/samyiy-prochnyiy-metall-vyisokoprochnyie-metallyi
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
November 6, 2019
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
Metal is a material that is typically highly durable, shiny, and easy to change shape. Generally, all metals have good electrical conductivity. But not all metals are alike. That is why they are used for different purposes depending on the task at hand. In the periodic table of Mendeleev, 91 of the 118 elements are considered metals, but not all of them have sufficient strength.
What makes metal strong?
The strength of the metal depends on the following properties:
1. Tensile strength: how well the metal resists being stretched;
2. Compressive strength: how well the metal can withstand compression;
3. Yield Strength: How well a rod or beam of a particular metal resists bending and permanent damage;
4. Impact resistance: the ability to resist breaking when colliding with another object or surface.
The strongest metals
No. 1: Tungsten - production of bullets and missiles;
No. 2: Steel - construction of railways, roads and other infrastructure;
No. 3: Chrome - stainless steel production;
No. 4: Titanium - used in the aerospace industry as a lightweight yet durable metal;
No. 5: Iron - bridge construction, electricity, cutting tools, etc.;
#6: Vanadium – 80% vanadium is alloyed with iron to make the steel resistant to impact and corrosion;
No. 7: Lutetium - as a catalyst in oil production;
No. 8: Zirconium - use in nuclear power plants;
No. 9: Osmium is an additive for platinum or indium to strengthen metals;
#10: Tantalum - Used as an additive in alloys due to its high melting point and corrosion resistance.
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Source: https://gold.ru/news/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
The hardest metal
The first metal that humanity began to use for economic purposes was copper: it is easy to process, it is found quite often in nature, so it is not surprising that it served as the material for the first metal knives and axes. A little later, people discovered that by adding tin to copper, they could get a much stronger alloy - bronze.
And when they mastered iron, it turned out that in its pure form it is not much stronger than copper, but when combined with carbon it acquires much better strength properties. Medieval alchemists, in addition to searching for the philosopher's stone, also experimented with alloys, trying to determine what the hardest metal in the world was, but all experiments confirmed: alloys are stronger than pure metal, no matter what it is.
But what is the situation today?
articles
All the most durable “pure” metals were discovered by man quite late. The reason is simple: they are much less common than the iron or copper we are used to. There are several methods for determining the hardness of materials: Mohs, Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell, the data of which differ slightly. On the Mohs scale, for example, iron has a value of only 4, and the highest hardness of diamond is 10. And a dozen metals whose hardness is 5 units or higher look like this:
- iridium – 5;
- ruthenium – 5;
- tantalum – 5;
- technetium – 5;
- chromium – 5;
- beryllium – 5.5;
- osmium – 5.5;
- rhenium – 5.5;
- tungsten – 6;
- uranium – 6.
Most of this “magnificent ten” are extremely rare in nature (for example, the annual production of ruthenium in the world is about 18 tons, and rhenium is about 40 tons) or have radioactivity, making their use in everyday life difficult. And all of them have a very significant cost, with the possible exception of chromium. It is the high hardness and relatively low price of this metal that made it popular in the manufacture of durable alloys.
Use of the hardest metals
Due to the fact that most of the hardest metals are very rare in nature, their strength qualities remain unclaimed or are in extremely limited demand, for example, for coating components and parts of mechanisms subjected to the greatest load.
But using rhenium or ruthenium additives in the manufacture of tool steel or armor, you see, is stupid. There simply aren’t enough of these metals for everything. Therefore, chromium turned out to be in great demand.
It is the most important alloying additive, improving both the strength and corrosion resistance of alloys.
Some of the solid metals are used in very small quantities in medicine, in the creation of space technology, as catalysts and in some other areas. In these cases, it was not their hardness that was in demand, but other accompanying qualities.
Tungsten, for example, as the most refractory metal on the planet (melting point +3422 Celsius), has found application in the creation of incandescent filaments for lighting devices.
It is added in small quantities to alloys that must withstand high temperatures for long periods of time - for example, in the metallurgical industry.
Uranus
Uranium, like tungsten, is the hardest metal on Earth, but uranium is much more common on our planet, and therefore has found much wider application. And its radioactivity did not interfere with this. The best known use of uranium is as a “fuel” in nuclear power plants. It is also used in geology to determine the age of rocks and in the chemical industry.
The strength properties and high specific gravity of uranium (it is 19 times heavier than water) were useful in the creation of armor-piercing ammunition. In this case, it is not pure metal that is used, but its depleted version, almost entirely consisting of the weakly radioactive isotope uranium-238.
Heavy cores made of this metal perfectly penetrate even well-armored targets.
The extent to which the residual effects of the use of such ammunition harm the environment and humans is not yet known for certain, since too little statistical material has been accumulated on this issue.
Source: https://TheDifference.ru/samyj-tverdyj-metall/
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.
It is not without reason that archaeologists during excavations find various products and household utensils made of this metal. In the process of evolution, people gradually learned to combine various metals, obtaining increasingly durable alloys suitable for making tools, and later weapons.
Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.
10. Titan
Our rating opens with titanium, a high-strength hard metal that immediately attracted attention. The properties of titanium are:
- high specific strength;
- resistance to high temperatures;
- low density;
- corrosion resistance;
- mechanical and chemical resistance.
Titanium is used in the military industry, aviation medicine, shipbuilding, and other areas of production.
9. Uranus
The most famous element, considered one of the strongest metals in the world, and under normal conditions is a weak radioactive metal. In nature, it is found both in a free state and in acidic sedimentary rocks. It is quite heavy, widely distributed everywhere and has paramagnetic properties, flexibility, malleability, and relative ductility. Uranium is used in many areas of production.
8. Tungsten
Known as the most refractory metal in existence, it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a solid transitional element of a shiny silver-gray color. It has high strength, excellent refractoriness, and resistance to chemical influences. Due to its properties, it can be forged and drawn into a thin thread. Known as tungsten filament.
7. Rhenium
Among the representatives of this group, it is considered a high-density transition metal with a silvery-white color. It occurs in nature in its pure form, but is found in molybdenum and copper raw materials. It is characterized by high hardness and density, and has excellent refractoriness. It has increased strength, which is not lost due to repeated temperature changes. Rhenium is an expensive metal and has a high cost. Used in modern technology and electronics.
6. Osmium
A shiny silver-white metal with a slightly bluish tint, it belongs to the platinum group and is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. Similar to iridium, it has a high atomic density, high strength and hardness.
Since osmium is a platinum metal, it has properties similar to iridium: refractoriness, hardness, brittleness, resistance to mechanical stress, as well as to the influence of aggressive environments.
It has found wide application in surgery, electron microscopy, the chemical industry, rocketry, and electronic equipment.
5. Beryllium
It belongs to the group of metals and is a light gray element with relative hardness and high toxicity. Due to its unique properties, beryllium is used in a wide variety of production areas:
- nuclear energy;
- aerospace engineering;
- metallurgy;
- laser technology;
- nuclear energy.
Due to its high hardness, beryllium is used in the production of alloying alloys and refractory materials.
4. Chrome
Next on the list of the ten strongest metals in the world is chromium - a hard, high-strength metal of a bluish-white color, resistant to alkalis and acids.
It occurs in nature in its pure form and is widely used in various branches of science, technology and production. Chromium is used to create various alloys that are used in the manufacture of medical and chemical processing equipment.
When combined with iron, it forms an alloy called ferrochrome, which is used in the manufacture of metal-cutting tools.
3. Tantalum
Tantalum deserves bronze in the ranking, as it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a silvery metal with high hardness and atomic density. Due to the formation of an oxide film on its surface, it has a leaden tint.
The distinctive properties of tantalum are high strength, refractoriness, resistance to corrosion, and resistance to aggressive environments. The metal is a fairly ductile metal and can be easily machined. Today tantalum is successfully used:
- in the chemical industry;
- during the construction of nuclear reactors;
- in metallurgical production;
- when creating heat-resistant alloys.
2. Ruthenium
The second place in the ranking of the most durable metals in the world is occupied by ruthenium, a silvery metal belonging to the platinum group. Its peculiarity is the presence of living organisms in the muscle tissue.
Valuable properties of ruthenium are high strength, hardness, refractoriness, chemical resistance, and the ability to form complex compounds.
Ruthenium is considered a catalyst for many chemical reactions and acts as a material for the manufacture of electrodes, contacts, and sharp tips.
1. Iridium
The most durable metals in the world are led by iridium - a silver-white, hard and refractory metal that belongs to the platinum group. In nature, the high-strength element is extremely rare and is often combined with osmium. Due to its natural hardness, it is difficult to machine and is highly resistant to chemicals. Iridium reacts with great difficulty to exposure to halogens and sodium peroxide.
This metal plays an important role in everyday life. It is added to titanium, chromium and tungsten to improve resistance to acidic environments, used in the manufacture of stationery, and used in jewelry to create jewelry. The cost of iridium remains high due to its limited presence in nature.
Source: https://top10a.ru/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
the strongest metals on the planet
The debate continues about which metal should be awarded the title of the most durable and valuable in the world. The reason for the controversy was the difference in their characteristics and features.
Iridium
A silver-white, extremely refractory metal belonging to the platinum group, it tops our strength ratings. It was opened only in 1803. It is extremely rare in nature; the main source of iridium production is small celestial bodies that have fallen on the planet. The volume of global iridium production does not exceed 3 tons.
According to scientists, there are deposits of it on our planet; they are located in the very depths of the earth’s bowels, which makes their extraction extremely difficult today.
Iridium is added to refractory metals: titanium, tungsten, chromium to increase their resistance to acids, and is used in the production of jewelry and stationery. The potential of iridium is also actively used in industry; spark plugs for internal combustion engines and parts for spacecraft are produced.
Due to its rarity, the price of the noble metal is extremely high; as of October 2016, it is more than $20 per gram.
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals with high atomic density has a lead tint provided by an oxide film on the surface. It was mined in its pure form only at the beginning of the 20th century.
To obtain 1 ton of tantalum, about 3,000 tons of ore must be processed. The main deposits are located in France, Australia, China and Egypt. Despite its hardness, it has high ductility rates comparable to gold.
It begins to melt at ultra-high temperatures (about 3000 ⁰C), is resistant to chemical reagents and almost all acids, except a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid.
If, after its discovery, tantalum was used exclusively for the production of wire for incandescent lamps, now its resistance to mechanical and thermal influences is appreciated.
It has found wide application in various industries, mechanical engineering and the space industry. Superconductors are made from it and used in the production of bone prostheses and military armor.
The difficulty of extracting tantalum ensures its high price, amounting to about $300 per kilogram as of October 2016.
Ruthenium
One of the hardest metals, it belongs to the platinum group, therefore it is considered noble, has a high melting point (2334 ⁰C), rarity, and resistance to external influences.
Ruthenium crystals are quite fragile and can be pounded in a mortar without any problems. It is mostly mined in South Africa and has a pleasant blue-gray tint. Ruthenium is isolated from the rock through complex chemical processing, but in its pure form it is practically not used due to its fragility.
It is mainly added to compounds with various metals to improve characteristics such as hardness (to platinum and palladium in jewelry), resistance to aggressive environments (to titanium), increasing the efficiency of electrical contacts, thermocouples, and is also used for the production of laboratory glassware.
It is not only one of the hardest, but also the most expensive metals, the price exceeds $20 per gram.
Chromium
A hard metal of a silvery-white color, not found in its pure form, but mined from chromium iron ore. Melts at a temperature of 1907 ⁰C, is resistant to alkalis and acids, and is not subject to corrosion.
Due to its properties, it is widely used in light industry, used for the production of metal-cutting tools and weapons. The price of the metal is unstable and fluctuates over a very wide range.
Beryllium
A hard, durable, lightweight and very toxic metal with a light gray hue. You can die from beryllium vapor poisoning. It has found application in the nuclear industry in the production of neutron reflectors; it is added to alloys to give them additional strength and corrosion resistance.
Also used in the nuclear industry, metallurgy, and aerodynamics. The price of beryllium in 2016 was $5500-6000 per kilogram
Osmium
A durable and dense metal of silver-blue color, 3 times heavier than lead. It is rarely found in its pure form; as a rule, it is extracted from other representatives of the platinum group, in tandem with iridium, or as part of cosmic bodies that fell to Earth.
It has a strong unpleasant aroma. Found in several regions of Russia, North and South America. It is separated from other impurities through complex chemical reactions, the duration of which is up to 9 months. Found wide application in various industries.
In combination with tungsten it is used to produce incandescent filaments, and with platinum - for pacemakers and surgical instruments. Due to the difficulty of extraction and limited quantity, it has a high price; 100 g of osmium costs about $7,700.
Rhenium
It is a by-product in the production of copper and molybdenum. It is used in modern aircraft construction, the production of high-precision electronics, and in the synthesis of high-octane gasoline.
The expansion of rhenium's applications is hampered by the complexity of its extraction and its dispersion over the surface of the earth's crust. The same factor provides the metal with a high cost (up to $4000 per kg).
Tungsten
A light gray metal reminiscent of platinum, it is characterized by high density and refractoriness. It is quite common in nature, found in the form of rock compounds called wolframite.
Despite the hardness of tungsten, it can be easily forged at temperatures above 1600 ⁰C, which allows it to be used in heavy industry as a base for refractory metals.
Tungsten elements are used to create televisions and lighting devices. As of October 2016, the price per kilogram of tungsten is $150.
Uranus
One of the strongest metals in the world, which is a weak radioactive element. Distributed everywhere, found both in pure form and as part of sedimentary rocks.
The process of producing pure uranium is quite labor-intensive, divided into several stages, as a result of which only a few grams of metal are obtained from a ton of uranium ore. It is used for the production of nuclear fuel, cores for armor-piercing projectiles, and also for coloring glass.
The cost of uranium in 2016 is about $60 per kg.
Source: https://provesmir.com/reyting-samyih-prochnyih-metallov-na-planete.html
The strongest and softest metals
The practical use of metals plays a large role in people's lives: from reinforced concrete structures of houses to medical prosthetics and the construction of space rockets, various types of compounds are involved everywhere. Let's consider both the hardest and the softest of them.
At the end of the article we have prepared a surprise
Source: https://udipedia.net/samyj-krepkij-i-myagkie-metally/
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today.
When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.
In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.
Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
Boron suboxide has the ability to create grains shaped like icosahedrons. The formed grains are not isolated crystals or varieties of quasicrystals, but are peculiar twin crystals, consisting of two dozen paired tetrahedral crystals.
The insufficient number of oxygen atoms in boron suboxide provides the material with characteristics characteristic of ceramic materials. This substance has the qualities of chemical inertness, increased strength, abrasion resistance with low density, and its single crystals have a hardness of 45 GPa.
10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa
Many researchers question whether this material can be classified as a superhard type of material. This is caused by the very unusual mechanical properties of the joint.
The layer-by-layer alternation of different atoms makes this material anisotropic. Therefore, hardness measurements are different in the presence of different types of crystallographic planes. Thus, tests of rhenium diboride at low loads provide a hardness of 48 GPa, and with increasing load the hardness becomes much lower and is approximately 22 GPa.
8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB14) - hardness up to 51 GPa
The composition is a mixture of aluminum, magnesium, boron with low sliding friction, as well as high hardness. These qualities could be a boon for the production of modern machines and mechanisms that operate without lubrication. But using the material in this variation is still considered prohibitively expensive.
AlMgB14 - special thin films created using pulsed laser deposition, have the ability to have a microhardness of up to 51 GPa.
7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa
The basis of such a compound provides the alloy with qualities that imply optimal resistance to negative chemical influences and high temperatures. This material is provided with a microhardness of up to 70 GPa.
6. Boron carbide B4C (B12C3) - hardness up to 72 GPa
Another material is boron carbide. The substance began to be used quite actively in various fields of industry almost immediately after its invention in the 18th century.
The microhardness of the material reaches 49 GPa, but it has been proven that this figure can be increased by adding argon ions to the structure of the crystal lattice - up to 72 GPa.
5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa
Researchers and scientists from all over the world have long been trying to synthesize complex superhard materials, with tangible results already achieved. The components of the compound are boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms - similar in size. The qualitative hardness of the material reaches 76 GPa.
4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa
The material is also called kingsongite, borazon or elbor, and also has unique qualities that are successfully used in modern industry. With cubonite hardness values of 80-90 GPa, close to the diamond standard, the force of the Hall-Petch law can cause their significant increase.
This means that as the size of the crystalline grains decreases, the hardness of the material increases - there are certain possibilities for increasing it up to 108 GPa.
3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa
The wurtzite crystal structure provides high hardness to this material. With local structural modifications, during the application of a particular type of load, the bonds between atoms in the lattice of the substance are redistributed. At this moment, the quality hardness of the material increases by 78%.
2. Lonsdaleite - hardness up to 152 GPa
Lonsdaleite is an allotropic modification of carbon and has a clear similarity to diamond. A solid natural material was discovered in a meteorite crater, formed from graphite, one of the components of the meteorite, but it did not have a record degree of strength.
Scientists proved back in 2009 that the absence of impurities can provide hardness exceeding the hardness of diamond. High hardness values can be achieved in this case, as in the case of wurtzite boron nitride.
1. Fullerite - hardness up to 310 GPa
Polymerized fullerite is considered in our time to be the hardest material known to science. This is a structured molecular crystal, the nodes of which consist of whole molecules rather than individual atoms.
Fullerite has a hardness of up to 310 GPa, and it can scratch a diamond surface like regular plastic. As you can see, diamond is no longer the hardest natural material in the world; harder compounds are available to science.
So far, these are the hardest materials on Earth known to science. It is quite possible that new discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of chemistry/physics will soon await us, which will allow us to achieve higher hardness.
Source: https://science-interest.ru/mesta/samyj-tverdyj-metall-v-mire-kakoj-naibolee-tverdyj-na-zemle.html
10 Strongest Metals in the World
When people talk about the strongest metals in the world , one immediately thinks of a medieval knight with a sword at the ready and in armor made of the legendary Damascus steel.
It is this that many rightly consider to be the hardest, most durable, resistant to mechanical or chemical influences. But steel is not pure metal; it consists of several components that have been processed to change the final properties of the finished product.
Consequently, it cannot be called a substance with the highest hardness. What metal is the strongest on the planet?
10Titanium
Titanium is in 10th position in our ranking of the strongest metals in the world. It is a high-strength, silver-colored, low-density solid.
Titanium is resistant to high temperatures, it does not corrode, is resistant to chemicals and is not afraid of mechanical damage. It is possible to melt titanium only at temperatures above 3200 degrees, and it boils when heated to a temperature of 3300 degrees.
The scope of application of this metal is wide and varied - from the military industry to medicine.
Titanium was discovered by English and German chemists in the 18th century, and they named it in honor of the Titans - giant mythical creatures with unprecedented strength and other supernatural abilities.
For a long time, titanium was not used for industrial purposes, since they could not bypass the natural fragility of this metal. It was possible to obtain it in its pure form only in the winter of 1925
9Uranus
Uranium takes 9th place in the Top 10. Its distinctive feature is weak radioactivity. Uranium occurs in nature both in pure form and as a component of sedimentary rocks. Among the main properties of this metal, it is necessary to highlight good flexibility and malleability, ductility, which allows it to be used in various industries.
Uranium alloys subjected to heat treatment are characterized by high resistance to corrosion; products made from them do not change shape due to temperature changes. That is why this metal was used to make tool steel until the mid-30s of the last century, but later this technology was abandoned.
8Tungsten
Tungsten is in 8th place in our ranking. This metal has amazing, unparalleled refractory properties. It boils at an incredibly high temperature - 5900 degrees.
And this hard silver-gray metal with a characteristic shine is not afraid of even the most aggressive chemicals, easily takes shape during the forging process and is able to stretch into the thinnest thread without breaking.
Tungsten filament - every person has heard and seen it. So this thread is made from tungsten.
From German, the word “tungsten” is translated as “wolf foam.”
The metal was discovered by the Swedish chemist Karl Scheele in 1781
7Renium
This silvery-white transition metal belongs to the expensive category, it is indispensable in the manufacturing process of modern electronics and technology.
Rhenium was awarded the title of one of the most durable metals in the world due to its hardness and density, which do not decrease even under the influence of temperature changes. Rhenium is refractory and is produced from molybdenum and copper ore.
This process is quite complex and labor-intensive, which explains the high cost of the finished metal. To obtain 1 kg of rhenium, 2 thousand tons of ore are needed; the finished production of this metal is no more than 40 tons per year.
Rhenium was invented by famous German chemists Ida and Walter Noddack, and they named it in honor of the picturesque Rhine River.
6Osmium
The 6th position in our rating is given to osmium, the strongest metal in the world, belonging to the platinum group and characterized by incredible density. By analogy with most platinum metals, osmium is refractory and hard, but at the same time it is fragile; is not afraid of mechanical damage and exposure to aggressive substances.
A distinctive feature of osmium is its silvery-white color with a barely noticeable bluish tint and a rather unpleasant odor (something reminiscent of a combination of garlic and bleach).
This metal is not found in its pure form in nature; very rarely it can be found in conjunction with iridium, and even then only in some areas of Siberia, Canada, the USA and South Africa. Osmium is scarce, so it is extremely expensive and is used only where the enormous investment in its extraction is justified.
This metal is used in electronics, the space and chemical industries, and surgery. It is the main component in the production of a rare drug - cortisone.
Osmium is the most expensive metal in the world. The price for 1 gram can reach 200 thousand dollars.
5Beryllium
Beryllium has a light gray color and is characterized by hardness, fire resistance, good thermal conductivity and toxicity. The metal is mined from rocks and is widely used by modern science. It is indispensable in the aerospace industry and aviation, in nuclear energy and in metallurgy.
4Chrome
Chromium is the most common of the hardest metals in the world, products made from
which is sure to be found in every home. It is durable, resistant to aggressive environments, has a soft blue color and a characteristic shine.
Chromium is widely distributed in nature in the form of chromium iron ore, it is used in almost all industries, and is added to other metals to give them additional hardness, corrosion resistance and improve their appearance.
Chrome-plated parts of interior items, plumbing fixtures and household appliances become an excellent decoration for every home.
The melting point of chromium is 1907 degrees, it boils at a temperature of 2671 degrees. In its pure form, chromium is very viscous and viscous, but in combination with oxygen it becomes brittle and extremely hard.
3Tantalum
Tantalum is in 3rd place in our ranking; it is worthy of a “bronze medal” as one of the most durable metals on the planet. Tantalum has a silvery color with a characteristic lead-like luster, is characterized by increased hardness and amazing density.
Along with refractoriness, strength, resistance to rust and aggressive chemical attack, this metal is characterized by ductility. It is easily machined, which is highly valued in the chemical industry and metallurgy.
The metal is indispensable during the construction of nuclear reactors; it is the main element of heat-resistant alloys.
2Ruthenium
2Ruthenium
Ruthenium is silver in color and is characterized by a unique feature - the presence of fragments of muscle tissue of living beings. According to scientists, it was this unusual composition that influenced the properties of the metal and made it super-strong.
Ruthenium is not only strong and hard, it is also chemically stable, can form complex compounds and plays the role of a catalyst for chemical reactions. The properties of this metal described above make it indispensable in the manufacture of various wiring and contacts, and laboratory glassware. The metal is also in demand in jewelry.
As for the production of ruthenium itself, it is almost entirely concentrated in the Republic of South Africa.
1Iridium
Iridium was unanimously awarded the title of the strongest metal in the world - a refractory substance of unprecedented hardness. It is an extremely rare metal, not found in its pure form, but is sometimes mined in combination with osmium. Iridium is hard and therefore difficult to machine and is resistant to chemicals. It is used to impart additional oxidation resistance to chromium and titanium and is used in jewelry and many industries.
Source: https://lifespeaker.ru/samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
Metals include substances that have specific properties characteristic of them. In this case, high ductility and malleability, as well as electrical conductivity and a number of other parameters are taken into account. Which of them is the strongest metal in the world can be found out from the data below.
About metals in nature
The word “metal” came into Russian from German. Since the 16th century it has been found in books, although quite rarely. Later, in the era of Peter I, it began to be used more often, and then the word had the general meaning of “ore, mineral, metal.” And only during the period of M.V.’s activity. Lomonosov these concepts were differentiated.
In nature, metals are found quite rarely in their pure form. Basically, they are part of various ores, and also form various compounds, such as sulfides, oxides, carbonates and others.
In order to obtain pure metals, and this is very important for their future use, they need to be isolated and then purified. If necessary, metals are alloyed - special impurities are added in order to change their properties.
Currently, there is a division into ferrous metal ores, which include iron, and non-ferrous ores. Precious or noble metals include gold, platinum and silver.
There are metals even in the human body. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, copper, iron - this is a list of these substances that are found in the greatest quantities.
How are metals produced?
Metal-containing ores are considered the source of these most necessary substances for all modern humanity. To find out their exact location, certain search methods are used, which are based on exploration and study of deposits. Metals are obtained as follows:
- Ore deposits are developed by open-pit or quarry, as well as underground or mine. Combined methods are possible.
- Ore beneficiation is the separation of useful components from raw materials, so-called ore concentrates.
- Extraction of metals from enriched ores by chemical or electrolytic reduction using high temperatures or aqueous chemistry.
- Most often, metals are smelted, the ore and a reducing agent are heated to very high temperatures. For iron, carbon is usually used.
Depending on their further use, metals are divided into groups:
- Construction materials. Both the metals themselves and their alloys with significantly improved properties are used. In this case, strength, impermeability to liquids and gases, and homogeneity are valued.
- Materials for tools, most often referring to the working part. Tool steels and hard alloys are suitable for this purpose.
- Electrical materials. Such metals are used as good conductors of electricity. The most common of them are copper and aluminum. They are also used as materials with high resistance - nichrome and others.
The strongest of metals
The strength of metals is their ability to resist destruction under the influence of internal stresses, which can arise when external forces influence these materials. This is also the property of a structure to maintain its characteristics for a certain time.
Many alloys are quite strong and resistant not only to physical but also chemical influences; they are not pure metals. There are metals that can be called the most durable.
Titanium, which melts at a temperature above 1,941 K (1660±20 °C), uranium, which is a radioactive metal, refractory tungsten, which boils at a temperature of at least 5,828 K (5555 °C). As well as others that have unique properties and are necessary in the process of manufacturing parts, tools and objects using the most modern technologies.
The five most durable of them include metals whose properties are already known; they are widely used in various sectors of the national economy and are used in scientific experiments and developments.
5. Rhenium
Found in molybdenum ores and copper raw materials. Has high hardness and density. Very refractory. Its strength cannot be reduced even under the influence of critical temperature changes. Widely used in many electronic devices and technical means.
4. Beryllium
A rare-earth metal with a silver-gray tint and shiny, crystalline formations when broken. Interestingly, beryllium crystals taste somewhat sweet, which is why it was originally called “glucinium,” which means “sweet.”
Thanks to this metal, a new technology has emerged, which is used in the synthesis of artificial stones - emeralds, aquamarines, for the needs of the jewelry industry. Beryllium was discovered while studying the properties of beryl, a semi-precious stone. In 1828, the German scientist F. Wöller obtained metallic beryllium.
It does not interact with x-rays, therefore, it is actively used to create special devices. In addition, beryllium alloys are used in the manufacture of neutron reflectors and moderators for installation in a nuclear reactor.
Its fire-resistant and anti-corrosion properties, high thermal conductivity make it an indispensable element for creating alloys used in aircraft construction and the aerospace industry.
3. Chrome
This metal was discovered in the Middle Urals. M.V. wrote about him. Lomonosov in his work “The First Foundations of Metallurgy” in 1763. It is very widespread, its most famous and extensive deposits are located in South Africa, Kazakhstan and Russia (Urals). of this metal in ores fluctuates greatly.
Its color is light blue, with a tint. In its pure form it is very hard and can be processed quite well. It serves as an important component for the creation of alloy steels, especially stainless steels, used in the electroplating and aerospace industries.
Its alloy with iron, ferrochrome, is necessary for the production of metal-cutting tools.
2. Tantalum
This metal is considered valuable, since its properties are only slightly lower than those of noble metals. It has strong resistance to various acids and is not susceptible to corrosion.
Tantalum is used in various designs and compounds, for the manufacture of products of complex shapes and as a basis for the production of acetic and phosphoric acids. The metal is used in medicine because it can be combined with human tissue.
The rocket industry needs the heat-resistant alloy of tantalum and tungsten because it can withstand temperatures of 2,500 °C. Tantalum capacitors are installed on radar devices and used in electronic systems as transmitters.
1. Iridium
Iridium is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. The metal is silver in color and very hard. It is classified as a platinum group metal. It is difficult to process and, moreover, refractory. Iridium practically does not interact with caustic substances.
It is used in many industries. Including in jewelry, medical and chemical industries. Significantly improves the resistance of tungsten, chromium and titanium compounds to acidic environments.
Pure iridium is not a toxic material, but its individual compounds can be poisonous.
Despite the fact that many metals have decent characteristics, it is quite difficult to pinpoint exactly which is the strongest metal in the world. To do this, all their parameters are studied in accordance with various analytical systems. But at present, all scientists claim that iridium confidently occupies first place in terms of strength.
Source: https://vseonauke.com/1216373600258362306/kakoj-samyj-prochnyj-metall-v-mire---top-5-elementov/
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
Metals together with alloying additives form the strongest alloy. First of all, this concerns hardness. In addition, they differ in a number of indicators, including heat and electrical conductivity. Strong alloys are in demand in industry. This is especially true for aircraft construction, where lightness is required along with strength. The automotive and shipbuilding industries need strong alloys.
About metals in nature
Metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The classic representative of the first type is iron. People of color form a more expensive group.
How metals are produced
Metals do not occur in nature in their pure form. They are contained in ores.
Their production proceeds in the following stages:
- identification of deposits;
- ore mining:
- metal extraction.
The strongest of metals
Strength is the ability of a metal to withstand external loads. The resistance of an element is provided by its internal structure, which is capable of creating internal tension that resists external pressure.
The strongest metals include:
- titanium;
- rhenium;
- beryllium;
- chromium;
- tantalum;
- iridium.
The most durable alloy
The hardest alloys in the world are tungsten. The basis is powders consisting of several metal carbides and cobalt. Mixing is carried out in a certain proportion. The technology developed by scientists makes it possible to obtain alloys with a high degree of hardness.
Such compounds are marked with the letter designation: VK3, where B is the tungsten group. K is the cobalt content in percent.
Physical and chemical properties
Basic physical properties of tungsten alloys:
- A characteristic feature is red fastness. It is 800 degrees. The term means that the cutting edge is able to withstand that temperature. This is ensured by high thermal conductivity. Due to this, heat is dissipated.
- High hardness, which is 90 Rockwell units.
- The melting point reaches 2780 degrees.
Chemical resistance to the external environment increases with increasing percentage of cobalt.
Chemical properties of titanium
Features of manufacturing and scope of application
The technology for producing hard alloys from tungsten consists of the following stages:
- First, coarse tungsten powder is formed, which is then crushed and sifted.
- Tungsten carbide and cobalt powders are obtained in the same way.
- They are mixed with the addition of glue. This is performed by rubber dissolved in gasoline.
- The mixture is dried and pressed.
- The technological process ends with two sinterings.
Solid material is used in the manufacture of the following products:
- cutters for lathes;
- stamp;
- rolling rolls;
- balls and races for bearings.
- soldering for tools of mining equipment;
Any production requires processing of products.
To ensure this process, a material of higher hardness is needed. This function is performed by hard alloys. 4-4 Hard alloys and materials
Which alloy is considered the most durable in the world Link to main publication
Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/samyj-prochnyj
The hardest metal in the world
Many lovers of interesting facts are interested in the question, which metal is the hardest? And it won’t be easy to answer this question offhand. Of course, any chemistry teacher will easily say correctly, without even thinking. But among ordinary citizens who last studied chemistry at school, not many will be able to give the answer correctly and quickly.
This is due to the fact that since childhood everyone has been accustomed to making various toys from wire and has well remembered that copper and aluminum are soft and bend well, but steel, on the contrary, is not so easy to give the desired shape. A person deals with the three named metals most often, so he doesn’t even consider the other candidates. But steel is certainly not the hardest metal in the world.
To be fair, it is worth noting that this is not a metal at all in the chemical sense, but a compound of iron and carbon.
What is titanium?
The hardest metal is titanium. Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. This discovery created a sensation in scientific circles. Industrialists immediately drew attention to the new material and appreciated the benefits of its use. According to the official version, the hardest metal on Earth got its name in honor of the indestructible Titans, who, according to ancient Greek mythology, were the founders of the world.
According to scientists, the total world reserves of titanium today are about 730 million tons. At the current rate of extraction of fossil raw materials, there will be enough for another 150 years. Titanium ranks 10th in natural reserves among all known metals.
The world's largest titanium producer is the Russian company VSMPO-Avisma, which satisfies up to 35% of global needs. The company is engaged in the full processing cycle from ore mining to the manufacture of various products. It occupies about 90% of the Russian titanium production market.
About 70% of finished products are exported.
Titanium is a light, silver-colored metal with a melting point of 1670 degrees Celsius. It exhibits high chemical activity only when heated; under normal conditions it does not react with most chemical elements and compounds. It is not found in nature in its pure form.
Common in the form of rutile (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (a complex substance consisting of titanium dioxide and ferrous oxide) ores.
Pure titanium is isolated by sintering the ore with chlorine and then displacing the more active metal (usually magnesium) from the resulting tetrachloride.
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
Today we will look at the strongest metals in the world and discuss their properties. And titanium opens the “strength rating”.
Not the most durable?
Not the most durable?
The name of the metal presumably comes from the name of the ancient Greek hero Titan. Therefore, we associate this metal with indestructibility. Many consider titanium to be the strongest metal in the world. However, in reality this is far from the case.
Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. The new material immediately attracted attention due to a number of properties. Titanium has begun to be very actively used in the industrial sector. Today, titanium is in 10th place among natural metals in terms of prevalence. The earth's crust contains about 700 million tons. That is, the current raw materials will last for another 150 years.
Titanium has excellent properties. It is a lightweight and durable metal that is resistant to corrosion. It can be easily heat treated and has a wide range of applications. It interacts with other elements of the periodic table only when heated. Found naturally in rutile and ilmenite ores.
Pure titanium is obtained by sintering ore with chlorine.
It is able to withstand enormous loads. The metal is distinguished by its high strength and impact resistance. It is used in the manufacture of vehicles, missiles and even submarines. Titanium can withstand pressure even at great depths.
It is also popular in the medical industry. Prostheses based on it do not interact with body tissues and are not subject to corrosion. But over the years it begins to wear out, which forces you to replace the prosthesis with a new one.
New developments
New developments
In 2016, scientists found a way to improve the properties of titanium and make it even more durable. The main goal of the research is to find a more durable material that is compatible with body tissues. And then we remembered gold, which has been used in prosthetics for many years.
The alloy of titanium and gold, after several attempts to find the ideal ratio of components, turned out to be incredibly durable. 4 times stronger than other metals used today for prosthetics.
Tantalum
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals. Named after the ancient Greek god Tantalus, who angered Zeus and was cast into hell. It has a silvery-white color with a bluish tint. It is a characteristic element of granitic and alkaline magma. It is extracted from the mineral coltan, the largest deposits of which are located in Brazil and Africa.
It was opened back in 1802. Then it was considered a variety of columbium, but later it was established that these are two different metals with similar properties. Only 100 years later it was possible to obtain pure tantalum. Its cost today is quite high - $150 per 1 kg of metal.
Tantalum is a refractory metal with a fairly high density.
From a chemical point of view, it is stable because it does not dissolve in dilute acids. In powder form, tantalum burns well in air. Used for the manufacture of electrolytic capacitors, heaters in vacuum furnaces. Tantalum capacitors increase the service life of electronic systems to 10-12 years.
It is noteworthy that even jewelers have found use for it - they replace platinum.
Strength testing of metals showed that the alloy of tantalum and tungsten has almost one hundred percent strength.
Osmium is the very best
Osmium is the very best
Osmium is another incredibly strong metal. It is also included in the list of the rarest and most expensive. It is present in the earth's crust in minute quantities. It is classified as dispersed, that is, it does not have its own deposits. Therefore, its extraction is accompanied by enormous difficulties.
Osmium belongs to the group of platinum metals. Its cost is about $10,000 per gram. In price it is second only to artificial Californian. It consists of several isotopes that are incredibly difficult to separate. The most popular isotope is osmium-187.
Its price per gram reaches up to $200,000!
Osmium is the record holder for density among metals. In addition, it is a high-strength metal. Alloys containing osmium become resistant to corrosion and become stronger and more durable.
Metal is also used in its pure form, for example, to make expensive fountain pens, which practically do not wear out and write for years.
Chromium
Chromium
Chromium, cobalt and tungsten have been known to science since 1913 and are united under the common name - stellites. They remain hard even at temperatures of 600 degrees Celsius.
This metal is mainly found in the deep layers of the Earth. It is also found in stony meteorites, which are considered analogues of our mantle. Only chrome spinels are of industrial value. Many minerals that contain chromium are completely useless. The purest chromium is obtained by electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions or electrolysis of chromium sulfate.
Metal in combination with steel significantly enhances its strength and also adds resistance to oxidation. It improves the characteristics of steel without reducing its ductility.
Ruthenium
Ruthenium
It belongs to the platinum group and is classified as a noble metal. However, from their list, ruthenium is considered the least noble. It was discovered by the scientist Karl-Ernst Klaus in 1844. It is noteworthy that the professor constantly smelled and tasted the results of his research. Once he even received a burn to his mouth when he tasted one of the ruthenium compounds he discovered.
Its world reserves today are about 5,000 tons. Ruthenium has been studied for a long time, but many of its properties are still unknown. The problem is that no way has yet been found to completely purify ruthenium.
The contamination of raw materials prevents the study of its properties. However, doctors are confident that the use of metal in everyday life can increase the incidence of illness among the population. That is why the release of the ruthenium-106 isotope in the Urals caused such a resonance in the press.
After all, ruthenium-106 has radioactive properties.
At the same time, its value in 2017 unexpectedly surpassed all platinum metals.
Iridium is the strongest metal
Iridium is the strongest metal
It is iridium that has the highest strength. Yes, it is inferior to osmium in density, but has the highest strength coefficient. It is also called the rarest of metals, but in fact the content of astatine in the earth's crust is even lower.
Iridium was studied very carefully. 70 years later, its main properties - incredible strength and corrosion resistance - have become known throughout the world. Today it is used in many industries. The lion's share of the metal is exploited by the chemical industry. The remainder is distributed among many other areas, including medicine and jewelry. Iridium combined with platinum creates high-quality and very durable jewelry.
Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/366015/samyiy-prochnyiy-metall-vyisokoprochnyie-metallyi
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
November 6, 2019
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
Metal is a material that is typically highly durable, shiny, and easy to change shape. Generally, all metals have good electrical conductivity. But not all metals are alike. That is why they are used for different purposes depending on the task at hand. In the periodic table of Mendeleev, 91 of the 118 elements are considered metals, but not all of them have sufficient strength.
What makes metal strong?
What makes metal strong?
The strength of the metal depends on the following properties:
1. Tensile strength: how well the metal resists being stretched;
2. Compressive strength: how well the metal can withstand compression;
3. Yield Strength: How well a rod or beam of a particular metal resists bending and permanent damage;
4. Impact resistance: the ability to resist breaking when colliding with another object or surface.
The strongest metals
The strongest metals
No. 1: Tungsten - production of bullets and missiles;
No. 2: Steel - construction of railways, roads and other infrastructure;
No. 3: Chrome - stainless steel production;
No. 4: Titanium - used in the aerospace industry as a lightweight yet durable metal;
No. 5: Iron - bridge construction, electricity, cutting tools, etc.;
#6: Vanadium – 80% vanadium is alloyed with iron to make the steel resistant to impact and corrosion;
No. 7: Lutetium - as a catalyst in oil production;
No. 8: Zirconium - use in nuclear power plants;
No. 9: Osmium is an additive for platinum or indium to strengthen metals;
#10: Tantalum - Used as an additive in alloys due to its high melting point and corrosion resistance.
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Source: https://gold.ru/news/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
The hardest metal
The hardest metal
The first metal that humanity began to use for economic purposes was copper: it is easy to process, it is found quite often in nature, so it is not surprising that it served as the material for the first metal knives and axes. A little later, people discovered that by adding tin to copper, they could get a much stronger alloy - bronze.
And when they mastered iron, it turned out that in its pure form it is not much stronger than copper, but when combined with carbon it acquires much better strength properties. Medieval alchemists, in addition to searching for the philosopher's stone, also experimented with alloys, trying to determine what the hardest metal in the world was, but all experiments confirmed: alloys are stronger than pure metal, no matter what it is.
But what is the situation today?
articles
All the most durable “pure” metals were discovered by man quite late. The reason is simple: they are much less common than the iron or copper we are used to. There are several methods for determining the hardness of materials: Mohs, Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell, the data of which differ slightly. On the Mohs scale, for example, iron has a value of only 4, and the highest hardness of diamond is 10. And a dozen metals whose hardness is 5 units or higher look like this:
- iridium – 5;
- ruthenium – 5;
- tantalum – 5;
- technetium – 5;
- chromium – 5;
- beryllium – 5.5;
- osmium – 5.5;
- rhenium – 5.5;
- tungsten – 6;
- uranium – 6.
Most of this “magnificent ten” are extremely rare in nature (for example, the annual production of ruthenium in the world is about 18 tons, and rhenium is about 40 tons) or have radioactivity, making their use in everyday life difficult. And all of them have a very significant cost, with the possible exception of chromium. It is the high hardness and relatively low price of this metal that made it popular in the manufacture of durable alloys.
Use of the hardest metals
Use of the hardest metals
Due to the fact that most of the hardest metals are very rare in nature, their strength qualities remain unclaimed or are in extremely limited demand, for example, for coating components and parts of mechanisms subjected to the greatest load.
But using rhenium or ruthenium additives in the manufacture of tool steel or armor, you see, is stupid. There simply aren’t enough of these metals for everything. Therefore, chromium turned out to be in great demand.
It is the most important alloying additive, improving both the strength and corrosion resistance of alloys.
Some of the solid metals are used in very small quantities in medicine, in the creation of space technology, as catalysts and in some other areas. In these cases, it was not their hardness that was in demand, but other accompanying qualities.
Tungsten, for example, as the most refractory metal on the planet (melting point +3422 Celsius), has found application in the creation of incandescent filaments for lighting devices.
It is added in small quantities to alloys that must withstand high temperatures for long periods of time - for example, in the metallurgical industry.
Uranus
Uranus
Uranium, like tungsten, is the hardest metal on Earth, but uranium is much more common on our planet, and therefore has found much wider application. And its radioactivity did not interfere with this. The best known use of uranium is as a “fuel” in nuclear power plants. It is also used in geology to determine the age of rocks and in the chemical industry.
The strength properties and high specific gravity of uranium (it is 19 times heavier than water) were useful in the creation of armor-piercing ammunition. In this case, it is not pure metal that is used, but its depleted version, almost entirely consisting of the weakly radioactive isotope uranium-238.
Heavy cores made of this metal perfectly penetrate even well-armored targets.
The extent to which the residual effects of the use of such ammunition harm the environment and humans is not yet known for certain, since too little statistical material has been accumulated on this issue.
Source: https://TheDifference.ru/samyj-tverdyj-metall/
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.
It is not without reason that archaeologists during excavations find various products and household utensils made of this metal. In the process of evolution, people gradually learned to combine various metals, obtaining increasingly durable alloys suitable for making tools, and later weapons.
Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.
10. Titan
10. Titan
Our rating opens with titanium, a high-strength hard metal that immediately attracted attention. The properties of titanium are:
- high specific strength;
- resistance to high temperatures;
- low density;
- corrosion resistance;
- mechanical and chemical resistance.
Titanium is used in the military industry, aviation medicine, shipbuilding, and other areas of production.
9. Uranus
9. Uranus
The most famous element, considered one of the strongest metals in the world, and under normal conditions is a weak radioactive metal. In nature, it is found both in a free state and in acidic sedimentary rocks. It is quite heavy, widely distributed everywhere and has paramagnetic properties, flexibility, malleability, and relative ductility. Uranium is used in many areas of production.
8. Tungsten
8. Tungsten
Known as the most refractory metal in existence, it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a solid transitional element of a shiny silver-gray color. It has high strength, excellent refractoriness, and resistance to chemical influences. Due to its properties, it can be forged and drawn into a thin thread. Known as tungsten filament.
7. Rhenium
7. Rhenium
Among the representatives of this group, it is considered a high-density transition metal with a silvery-white color. It occurs in nature in its pure form, but is found in molybdenum and copper raw materials. It is characterized by high hardness and density, and has excellent refractoriness. It has increased strength, which is not lost due to repeated temperature changes. Rhenium is an expensive metal and has a high cost. Used in modern technology and electronics.
6. Osmium
6. Osmium
A shiny silver-white metal with a slightly bluish tint, it belongs to the platinum group and is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. Similar to iridium, it has a high atomic density, high strength and hardness.
Since osmium is a platinum metal, it has properties similar to iridium: refractoriness, hardness, brittleness, resistance to mechanical stress, as well as to the influence of aggressive environments.
It has found wide application in surgery, electron microscopy, the chemical industry, rocketry, and electronic equipment.
5. Beryllium
5. Beryllium
It belongs to the group of metals and is a light gray element with relative hardness and high toxicity. Due to its unique properties, beryllium is used in a wide variety of production areas:
- nuclear energy;
- aerospace engineering;
- metallurgy;
- laser technology;
- nuclear energy.
Due to its high hardness, beryllium is used in the production of alloying alloys and refractory materials.
4. Chrome
4. Chrome
Next on the list of the ten strongest metals in the world is chromium - a hard, high-strength metal of a bluish-white color, resistant to alkalis and acids.
It occurs in nature in its pure form and is widely used in various branches of science, technology and production. Chromium is used to create various alloys that are used in the manufacture of medical and chemical processing equipment.
When combined with iron, it forms an alloy called ferrochrome, which is used in the manufacture of metal-cutting tools.
3. Tantalum
3. Tantalum
Tantalum deserves bronze in the ranking, as it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a silvery metal with high hardness and atomic density. Due to the formation of an oxide film on its surface, it has a leaden tint.
The distinctive properties of tantalum are high strength, refractoriness, resistance to corrosion, and resistance to aggressive environments. The metal is a fairly ductile metal and can be easily machined. Today tantalum is successfully used:
- in the chemical industry;
- during the construction of nuclear reactors;
- in metallurgical production;
- when creating heat-resistant alloys.
2. Ruthenium
2. Ruthenium
The second place in the ranking of the most durable metals in the world is occupied by ruthenium, a silvery metal belonging to the platinum group. Its peculiarity is the presence of living organisms in the muscle tissue.
Valuable properties of ruthenium are high strength, hardness, refractoriness, chemical resistance, and the ability to form complex compounds.
Ruthenium is considered a catalyst for many chemical reactions and acts as a material for the manufacture of electrodes, contacts, and sharp tips.
1. Iridium
1. Iridium
The most durable metals in the world are led by iridium - a silver-white, hard and refractory metal that belongs to the platinum group. In nature, the high-strength element is extremely rare and is often combined with osmium. Due to its natural hardness, it is difficult to machine and is highly resistant to chemicals. Iridium reacts with great difficulty to exposure to halogens and sodium peroxide.
This metal plays an important role in everyday life. It is added to titanium, chromium and tungsten to improve resistance to acidic environments, used in the manufacture of stationery, and used in jewelry to create jewelry. The cost of iridium remains high due to its limited presence in nature.
Source: https://top10a.ru/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
the strongest metals on the planet
the strongest metals on the planet
The debate continues about which metal should be awarded the title of the most durable and valuable in the world. The reason for the controversy was the difference in their characteristics and features.
Iridium
Iridium
A silver-white, extremely refractory metal belonging to the platinum group, it tops our strength ratings. It was opened only in 1803. It is extremely rare in nature; the main source of iridium production is small celestial bodies that have fallen on the planet. The volume of global iridium production does not exceed 3 tons.
According to scientists, there are deposits of it on our planet; they are located in the very depths of the earth’s bowels, which makes their extraction extremely difficult today.
Iridium is added to refractory metals: titanium, tungsten, chromium to increase their resistance to acids, and is used in the production of jewelry and stationery. The potential of iridium is also actively used in industry; spark plugs for internal combustion engines and parts for spacecraft are produced.
Due to its rarity, the price of the noble metal is extremely high; as of October 2016, it is more than $20 per gram.
Tantalum
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals with high atomic density has a lead tint provided by an oxide film on the surface. It was mined in its pure form only at the beginning of the 20th century.
To obtain 1 ton of tantalum, about 3,000 tons of ore must be processed. The main deposits are located in France, Australia, China and Egypt. Despite its hardness, it has high ductility rates comparable to gold.
It begins to melt at ultra-high temperatures (about 3000 ⁰C), is resistant to chemical reagents and almost all acids, except a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid.
If, after its discovery, tantalum was used exclusively for the production of wire for incandescent lamps, now its resistance to mechanical and thermal influences is appreciated.
It has found wide application in various industries, mechanical engineering and the space industry. Superconductors are made from it and used in the production of bone prostheses and military armor.
The difficulty of extracting tantalum ensures its high price, amounting to about $300 per kilogram as of October 2016.
Ruthenium
Ruthenium
One of the hardest metals, it belongs to the platinum group, therefore it is considered noble, has a high melting point (2334 ⁰C), rarity, and resistance to external influences.
Ruthenium crystals are quite fragile and can be pounded in a mortar without any problems. It is mostly mined in South Africa and has a pleasant blue-gray tint. Ruthenium is isolated from the rock through complex chemical processing, but in its pure form it is practically not used due to its fragility.
It is mainly added to compounds with various metals to improve characteristics such as hardness (to platinum and palladium in jewelry), resistance to aggressive environments (to titanium), increasing the efficiency of electrical contacts, thermocouples, and is also used for the production of laboratory glassware.
It is not only one of the hardest, but also the most expensive metals, the price exceeds $20 per gram.
Chromium
Chromium
A hard metal of a silvery-white color, not found in its pure form, but mined from chromium iron ore. Melts at a temperature of 1907 ⁰C, is resistant to alkalis and acids, and is not subject to corrosion.
Due to its properties, it is widely used in light industry, used for the production of metal-cutting tools and weapons. The price of the metal is unstable and fluctuates over a very wide range.
Beryllium
Beryllium
A hard, durable, lightweight and very toxic metal with a light gray hue. You can die from beryllium vapor poisoning. It has found application in the nuclear industry in the production of neutron reflectors; it is added to alloys to give them additional strength and corrosion resistance.
Also used in the nuclear industry, metallurgy, and aerodynamics. The price of beryllium in 2016 was $5500-6000 per kilogram
Osmium
Osmium
A durable and dense metal of silver-blue color, 3 times heavier than lead. It is rarely found in its pure form; as a rule, it is extracted from other representatives of the platinum group, in tandem with iridium, or as part of cosmic bodies that fell to Earth.
It has a strong unpleasant aroma. Found in several regions of Russia, North and South America. It is separated from other impurities through complex chemical reactions, the duration of which is up to 9 months. Found wide application in various industries.
In combination with tungsten it is used to produce incandescent filaments, and with platinum - for pacemakers and surgical instruments. Due to the difficulty of extraction and limited quantity, it has a high price; 100 g of osmium costs about $7,700.
Rhenium
Rhenium
It is a by-product in the production of copper and molybdenum. It is used in modern aircraft construction, the production of high-precision electronics, and in the synthesis of high-octane gasoline.
The expansion of rhenium's applications is hampered by the complexity of its extraction and its dispersion over the surface of the earth's crust. The same factor provides the metal with a high cost (up to $4000 per kg).
Tungsten
Tungsten
A light gray metal reminiscent of platinum, it is characterized by high density and refractoriness. It is quite common in nature, found in the form of rock compounds called wolframite.
Despite the hardness of tungsten, it can be easily forged at temperatures above 1600 ⁰C, which allows it to be used in heavy industry as a base for refractory metals.
Tungsten elements are used to create televisions and lighting devices. As of October 2016, the price per kilogram of tungsten is $150.
Uranus
Uranus
One of the strongest metals in the world, which is a weak radioactive element. Distributed everywhere, found both in pure form and as part of sedimentary rocks.
The process of producing pure uranium is quite labor-intensive, divided into several stages, as a result of which only a few grams of metal are obtained from a ton of uranium ore. It is used for the production of nuclear fuel, cores for armor-piercing projectiles, and also for coloring glass.
The cost of uranium in 2016 is about $60 per kg.
Source: https://provesmir.com/reyting-samyih-prochnyih-metallov-na-planete.html
The strongest and softest metals
The strongest and softest metals
The practical use of metals plays a large role in people's lives: from reinforced concrete structures of houses to medical prosthetics and the construction of space rockets, various types of compounds are involved everywhere. Let's consider both the hardest and the softest of them.
At the end of the article we have prepared a surprise
Source: https://udipedia.net/samyj-krepkij-i-myagkie-metally/
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today.
When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.
In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.
Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
Boron suboxide has the ability to create grains shaped like icosahedrons. The formed grains are not isolated crystals or varieties of quasicrystals, but are peculiar twin crystals, consisting of two dozen paired tetrahedral crystals.
The insufficient number of oxygen atoms in boron suboxide provides the material with characteristics characteristic of ceramic materials. This substance has the qualities of chemical inertness, increased strength, abrasion resistance with low density, and its single crystals have a hardness of 45 GPa.
10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa
10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa
Many researchers question whether this material can be classified as a superhard type of material. This is caused by the very unusual mechanical properties of the joint.
The layer-by-layer alternation of different atoms makes this material anisotropic. Therefore, hardness measurements are different in the presence of different types of crystallographic planes. Thus, tests of rhenium diboride at low loads provide a hardness of 48 GPa, and with increasing load the hardness becomes much lower and is approximately 22 GPa.
8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB14) - hardness up to 51 GPa
8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB14) - hardness up to 51 GPa
The composition is a mixture of aluminum, magnesium, boron with low sliding friction, as well as high hardness. These qualities could be a boon for the production of modern machines and mechanisms that operate without lubrication. But using the material in this variation is still considered prohibitively expensive.
AlMgB14 - special thin films created using pulsed laser deposition, have the ability to have a microhardness of up to 51 GPa.
7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa
7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa
The basis of such a compound provides the alloy with qualities that imply optimal resistance to negative chemical influences and high temperatures. This material is provided with a microhardness of up to 70 GPa.
6. Boron carbide B4C (B12C3) - hardness up to 72 GPa
6. Boron carbide B4C (B12C3) - hardness up to 72 GPa
Another material is boron carbide. The substance began to be used quite actively in various fields of industry almost immediately after its invention in the 18th century.
The microhardness of the material reaches 49 GPa, but it has been proven that this figure can be increased by adding argon ions to the structure of the crystal lattice - up to 72 GPa.
5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa
5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa
Researchers and scientists from all over the world have long been trying to synthesize complex superhard materials, with tangible results already achieved. The components of the compound are boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms - similar in size. The qualitative hardness of the material reaches 76 GPa.
4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa
4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa
The material is also called kingsongite, borazon or elbor, and also has unique qualities that are successfully used in modern industry. With cubonite hardness values of 80-90 GPa, close to the diamond standard, the force of the Hall-Petch law can cause their significant increase.
This means that as the size of the crystalline grains decreases, the hardness of the material increases - there are certain possibilities for increasing it up to 108 GPa.
3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa
3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa
The wurtzite crystal structure provides high hardness to this material. With local structural modifications, during the application of a particular type of load, the bonds between atoms in the lattice of the substance are redistributed. At this moment, the quality hardness of the material increases by 78%.
2. Lonsdaleite - hardness up to 152 GPa
2. Lonsdaleite - hardness up to 152 GPa
Lonsdaleite is an allotropic modification of carbon and has a clear similarity to diamond. A solid natural material was discovered in a meteorite crater, formed from graphite, one of the components of the meteorite, but it did not have a record degree of strength.
Scientists proved back in 2009 that the absence of impurities can provide hardness exceeding the hardness of diamond. High hardness values can be achieved in this case, as in the case of wurtzite boron nitride.
1. Fullerite - hardness up to 310 GPa
1. Fullerite - hardness up to 310 GPa
Polymerized fullerite is considered in our time to be the hardest material known to science. This is a structured molecular crystal, the nodes of which consist of whole molecules rather than individual atoms.
Fullerite has a hardness of up to 310 GPa, and it can scratch a diamond surface like regular plastic. As you can see, diamond is no longer the hardest natural material in the world; harder compounds are available to science.
So far, these are the hardest materials on Earth known to science. It is quite possible that new discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of chemistry/physics will soon await us, which will allow us to achieve higher hardness.
Source: https://science-interest.ru/mesta/samyj-tverdyj-metall-v-mire-kakoj-naibolee-tverdyj-na-zemle.html
10 Strongest Metals in the World
10 Strongest Metals in the World
When people talk about the strongest metals in the world , one immediately thinks of a medieval knight with a sword at the ready and in armor made of the legendary Damascus steel.
It is this that many rightly consider to be the hardest, most durable, resistant to mechanical or chemical influences. But steel is not pure metal; it consists of several components that have been processed to change the final properties of the finished product.
Consequently, it cannot be called a substance with the highest hardness. What metal is the strongest on the planet?
10Titanium
10Titanium
Titanium is in 10th position in our ranking of the strongest metals in the world. It is a high-strength, silver-colored, low-density solid.
Titanium is resistant to high temperatures, it does not corrode, is resistant to chemicals and is not afraid of mechanical damage. It is possible to melt titanium only at temperatures above 3200 degrees, and it boils when heated to a temperature of 3300 degrees.
The scope of application of this metal is wide and varied - from the military industry to medicine.
Titanium was discovered by English and German chemists in the 18th century, and they named it in honor of the Titans - giant mythical creatures with unprecedented strength and other supernatural abilities.
For a long time, titanium was not used for industrial purposes, since they could not bypass the natural fragility of this metal. It was possible to obtain it in its pure form only in the winter of 1925
9Uranus
9Uranus
Uranium takes 9th place in the Top 10. Its distinctive feature is weak radioactivity. Uranium occurs in nature both in pure form and as a component of sedimentary rocks. Among the main properties of this metal, it is necessary to highlight good flexibility and malleability, ductility, which allows it to be used in various industries.
Uranium alloys subjected to heat treatment are characterized by high resistance to corrosion; products made from them do not change shape due to temperature changes. That is why this metal was used to make tool steel until the mid-30s of the last century, but later this technology was abandoned.
8Tungsten
8Tungsten
Tungsten is in 8th place in our ranking. This metal has amazing, unparalleled refractory properties. It boils at an incredibly high temperature - 5900 degrees.
And this hard silver-gray metal with a characteristic shine is not afraid of even the most aggressive chemicals, easily takes shape during the forging process and is able to stretch into the thinnest thread without breaking.
Tungsten filament - every person has heard and seen it. So this thread is made from tungsten.
From German, the word “tungsten” is translated as “wolf foam.”
The metal was discovered by the Swedish chemist Karl Scheele in 1781
7Renium
7Renium
This silvery-white transition metal belongs to the expensive category, it is indispensable in the manufacturing process of modern electronics and technology.
Rhenium was awarded the title of one of the most durable metals in the world due to its hardness and density, which do not decrease even under the influence of temperature changes. Rhenium is refractory and is produced from molybdenum and copper ore.
This process is quite complex and labor-intensive, which explains the high cost of the finished metal. To obtain 1 kg of rhenium, 2 thousand tons of ore are needed; the finished production of this metal is no more than 40 tons per year.
Rhenium was invented by famous German chemists Ida and Walter Noddack, and they named it in honor of the picturesque Rhine River.
6Osmium
6Osmium
The 6th position in our rating is given to osmium, the strongest metal in the world, belonging to the platinum group and characterized by incredible density. By analogy with most platinum metals, osmium is refractory and hard, but at the same time it is fragile; is not afraid of mechanical damage and exposure to aggressive substances.
A distinctive feature of osmium is its silvery-white color with a barely noticeable bluish tint and a rather unpleasant odor (something reminiscent of a combination of garlic and bleach).
This metal is not found in its pure form in nature; very rarely it can be found in conjunction with iridium, and even then only in some areas of Siberia, Canada, the USA and South Africa. Osmium is scarce, so it is extremely expensive and is used only where the enormous investment in its extraction is justified.
This metal is used in electronics, the space and chemical industries, and surgery. It is the main component in the production of a rare drug - cortisone.
Osmium is the most expensive metal in the world. The price for 1 gram can reach 200 thousand dollars.
5Beryllium
5Beryllium
Beryllium has a light gray color and is characterized by hardness, fire resistance, good thermal conductivity and toxicity. The metal is mined from rocks and is widely used by modern science. It is indispensable in the aerospace industry and aviation, in nuclear energy and in metallurgy.
4Chrome
4Chrome
Chromium is the most common of the hardest metals in the world, products made from
which is sure to be found in every home. It is durable, resistant to aggressive environments, has a soft blue color and a characteristic shine.
Chromium is widely distributed in nature in the form of chromium iron ore, it is used in almost all industries, and is added to other metals to give them additional hardness, corrosion resistance and improve their appearance.
Chrome-plated parts of interior items, plumbing fixtures and household appliances become an excellent decoration for every home.
The melting point of chromium is 1907 degrees, it boils at a temperature of 2671 degrees. In its pure form, chromium is very viscous and viscous, but in combination with oxygen it becomes brittle and extremely hard.
3Tantalum
3Tantalum
Tantalum is in 3rd place in our ranking; it is worthy of a “bronze medal” as one of the most durable metals on the planet. Tantalum has a silvery color with a characteristic lead-like luster, is characterized by increased hardness and amazing density.
Along with refractoriness, strength, resistance to rust and aggressive chemical attack, this metal is characterized by ductility. It is easily machined, which is highly valued in the chemical industry and metallurgy.
The metal is indispensable during the construction of nuclear reactors; it is the main element of heat-resistant alloys.
2Ruthenium
2Ruthenium
2Ruthenium
Ruthenium is silver in color and is characterized by a unique feature - the presence of fragments of muscle tissue of living beings. According to scientists, it was this unusual composition that influenced the properties of the metal and made it super-strong.
Ruthenium is not only strong and hard, it is also chemically stable, can form complex compounds and plays the role of a catalyst for chemical reactions. The properties of this metal described above make it indispensable in the manufacture of various wiring and contacts, and laboratory glassware. The metal is also in demand in jewelry.
As for the production of ruthenium itself, it is almost entirely concentrated in the Republic of South Africa.
1Iridium
1Iridium
Iridium was unanimously awarded the title of the strongest metal in the world - a refractory substance of unprecedented hardness. It is an extremely rare metal, not found in its pure form, but is sometimes mined in combination with osmium. Iridium is hard and therefore difficult to machine and is resistant to chemicals. It is used to impart additional oxidation resistance to chromium and titanium and is used in jewelry and many industries.
Source: https://lifespeaker.ru/samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
Metals include substances that have specific properties characteristic of them. In this case, high ductility and malleability, as well as electrical conductivity and a number of other parameters are taken into account. Which of them is the strongest metal in the world can be found out from the data below.
About metals in nature
About metals in nature
The word “metal” came into Russian from German. Since the 16th century it has been found in books, although quite rarely. Later, in the era of Peter I, it began to be used more often, and then the word had the general meaning of “ore, mineral, metal.” And only during the period of M.V.’s activity. Lomonosov these concepts were differentiated.
In nature, metals are found quite rarely in their pure form. Basically, they are part of various ores, and also form various compounds, such as sulfides, oxides, carbonates and others.
In order to obtain pure metals, and this is very important for their future use, they need to be isolated and then purified. If necessary, metals are alloyed - special impurities are added in order to change their properties.
Currently, there is a division into ferrous metal ores, which include iron, and non-ferrous ores. Precious or noble metals include gold, platinum and silver.
There are metals even in the human body. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, copper, iron - this is a list of these substances that are found in the greatest quantities.
How are metals produced?
How are metals produced?
Metal-containing ores are considered the source of these most necessary substances for all modern humanity. To find out their exact location, certain search methods are used, which are based on exploration and study of deposits. Metals are obtained as follows:
- Ore deposits are developed by open-pit or quarry, as well as underground or mine. Combined methods are possible.
- Ore beneficiation is the separation of useful components from raw materials, so-called ore concentrates.
- Extraction of metals from enriched ores by chemical or electrolytic reduction using high temperatures or aqueous chemistry.
- Most often, metals are smelted, the ore and a reducing agent are heated to very high temperatures. For iron, carbon is usually used.
Depending on their further use, metals are divided into groups:
- Construction materials. Both the metals themselves and their alloys with significantly improved properties are used. In this case, strength, impermeability to liquids and gases, and homogeneity are valued.
- Materials for tools, most often referring to the working part. Tool steels and hard alloys are suitable for this purpose.
- Electrical materials. Such metals are used as good conductors of electricity. The most common of them are copper and aluminum. They are also used as materials with high resistance - nichrome and others.
The strongest of metals
The strongest of metals
The strength of metals is their ability to resist destruction under the influence of internal stresses, which can arise when external forces influence these materials. This is also the property of a structure to maintain its characteristics for a certain time.
Many alloys are quite strong and resistant not only to physical but also chemical influences; they are not pure metals. There are metals that can be called the most durable.
Titanium, which melts at a temperature above 1,941 K (1660±20 °C), uranium, which is a radioactive metal, refractory tungsten, which boils at a temperature of at least 5,828 K (5555 °C). As well as others that have unique properties and are necessary in the process of manufacturing parts, tools and objects using the most modern technologies.
The five most durable of them include metals whose properties are already known; they are widely used in various sectors of the national economy and are used in scientific experiments and developments.
5. Rhenium
5. Rhenium
Found in molybdenum ores and copper raw materials. Has high hardness and density. Very refractory. Its strength cannot be reduced even under the influence of critical temperature changes. Widely used in many electronic devices and technical means.
4. Beryllium
4. Beryllium
A rare-earth metal with a silver-gray tint and shiny, crystalline formations when broken. Interestingly, beryllium crystals taste somewhat sweet, which is why it was originally called “glucinium,” which means “sweet.”
Thanks to this metal, a new technology has emerged, which is used in the synthesis of artificial stones - emeralds, aquamarines, for the needs of the jewelry industry. Beryllium was discovered while studying the properties of beryl, a semi-precious stone. In 1828, the German scientist F. Wöller obtained metallic beryllium.
It does not interact with x-rays, therefore, it is actively used to create special devices. In addition, beryllium alloys are used in the manufacture of neutron reflectors and moderators for installation in a nuclear reactor.
Its fire-resistant and anti-corrosion properties, high thermal conductivity make it an indispensable element for creating alloys used in aircraft construction and the aerospace industry.
3. Chrome
3. Chrome
This metal was discovered in the Middle Urals. M.V. wrote about him. Lomonosov in his work “The First Foundations of Metallurgy” in 1763. It is very widespread, its most famous and extensive deposits are located in South Africa, Kazakhstan and Russia (Urals). of this metal in ores fluctuates greatly.
Its color is light blue, with a tint. In its pure form it is very hard and can be processed quite well. It serves as an important component for the creation of alloy steels, especially stainless steels, used in the electroplating and aerospace industries.
Its alloy with iron, ferrochrome, is necessary for the production of metal-cutting tools.
2. Tantalum
2. Tantalum
This metal is considered valuable, since its properties are only slightly lower than those of noble metals. It has strong resistance to various acids and is not susceptible to corrosion.
Tantalum is used in various designs and compounds, for the manufacture of products of complex shapes and as a basis for the production of acetic and phosphoric acids. The metal is used in medicine because it can be combined with human tissue.
The rocket industry needs the heat-resistant alloy of tantalum and tungsten because it can withstand temperatures of 2,500 °C. Tantalum capacitors are installed on radar devices and used in electronic systems as transmitters.
1. Iridium
1. Iridium
Iridium is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. The metal is silver in color and very hard. It is classified as a platinum group metal. It is difficult to process and, moreover, refractory. Iridium practically does not interact with caustic substances.
It is used in many industries. Including in jewelry, medical and chemical industries. Significantly improves the resistance of tungsten, chromium and titanium compounds to acidic environments.
Pure iridium is not a toxic material, but its individual compounds can be poisonous.
Despite the fact that many metals have decent characteristics, it is quite difficult to pinpoint exactly which is the strongest metal in the world. To do this, all their parameters are studied in accordance with various analytical systems. But at present, all scientists claim that iridium confidently occupies first place in terms of strength.
Source: https://vseonauke.com/1216373600258362306/kakoj-samyj-prochnyj-metall-v-mire---top-5-elementov/
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
Metals together with alloying additives form the strongest alloy. First of all, this concerns hardness. In addition, they differ in a number of indicators, including heat and electrical conductivity. Strong alloys are in demand in industry. This is especially true for aircraft construction, where lightness is required along with strength. The automotive and shipbuilding industries need strong alloys.
About metals in nature
About metals in nature
Metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The classic representative of the first type is iron. People of color form a more expensive group.
How metals are produced
How metals are produced
Metals do not occur in nature in their pure form. They are contained in ores.
Their production proceeds in the following stages:
- identification of deposits;
- ore mining:
- metal extraction.
The strongest of metals
The strongest of metals
Strength is the ability of a metal to withstand external loads. The resistance of an element is provided by its internal structure, which is capable of creating internal tension that resists external pressure.
The strongest metals include:
- titanium;
- rhenium;
- beryllium;
- chromium;
- tantalum;
- iridium.
The most durable alloy
The most durable alloy
The hardest alloys in the world are tungsten. The basis is powders consisting of several metal carbides and cobalt. Mixing is carried out in a certain proportion. The technology developed by scientists makes it possible to obtain alloys with a high degree of hardness.
Such compounds are marked with the letter designation: VK3, where B is the tungsten group. K is the cobalt content in percent.
Physical and chemical properties
Physical and chemical properties
Basic physical properties of tungsten alloys:
- A characteristic feature is red fastness. It is 800 degrees. The term means that the cutting edge is able to withstand that temperature. This is ensured by high thermal conductivity. Due to this, heat is dissipated.
- High hardness, which is 90 Rockwell units.
- The melting point reaches 2780 degrees.
Chemical resistance to the external environment increases with increasing percentage of cobalt.
Chemical properties of titanium
Features of manufacturing and scope of application
Features of manufacturing and scope of application
The technology for producing hard alloys from tungsten consists of the following stages:
- First, coarse tungsten powder is formed, which is then crushed and sifted.
- Tungsten carbide and cobalt powders are obtained in the same way.
- They are mixed with the addition of glue. This is performed by rubber dissolved in gasoline.
- The mixture is dried and pressed.
- The technological process ends with two sinterings.
Solid material is used in the manufacture of the following products:
- cutters for lathes;
- stamp;
- rolling rolls;
- balls and races for bearings.
- soldering for tools of mining equipment;
Any production requires processing of products.
To ensure this process, a material of higher hardness is needed. This function is performed by hard alloys. 4-4 Hard alloys and materials
Which alloy is considered the most durable in the world Link to main publication
Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/samyj-prochnyj
The hardest metal in the world
The hardest metal in the world
Many lovers of interesting facts are interested in the question, which metal is the hardest? And it won’t be easy to answer this question offhand. Of course, any chemistry teacher will easily say correctly, without even thinking. But among ordinary citizens who last studied chemistry at school, not many will be able to give the answer correctly and quickly.
This is due to the fact that since childhood everyone has been accustomed to making various toys from wire and has well remembered that copper and aluminum are soft and bend well, but steel, on the contrary, is not so easy to give the desired shape. A person deals with the three named metals most often, so he doesn’t even consider the other candidates. But steel is certainly not the hardest metal in the world.
To be fair, it is worth noting that this is not a metal at all in the chemical sense, but a compound of iron and carbon.
What is titanium?
What is titanium?
The hardest metal is titanium. Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. This discovery created a sensation in scientific circles. Industrialists immediately drew attention to the new material and appreciated the benefits of its use. According to the official version, the hardest metal on Earth got its name in honor of the indestructible Titans, who, according to ancient Greek mythology, were the founders of the world.
According to scientists, the total world reserves of titanium today are about 730 million tons. At the current rate of extraction of fossil raw materials, there will be enough for another 150 years. Titanium ranks 10th in natural reserves among all known metals.
The world's largest titanium producer is the Russian company VSMPO-Avisma, which satisfies up to 35% of global needs. The company is engaged in the full processing cycle from ore mining to the manufacture of various products. It occupies about 90% of the Russian titanium production market.
About 70% of finished products are exported.
Titanium is a light, silver-colored metal with a melting point of 1670 degrees Celsius. It exhibits high chemical activity only when heated; under normal conditions it does not react with most chemical elements and compounds. It is not found in nature in its pure form.
Common in the form of rutile (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (a complex substance consisting of titanium dioxide and ferrous oxide) ores.
Pure titanium is isolated by sintering the ore with chlorine and then displacing the more active metal (usually magnesium) from the resulting tetrachloride.
Industrial applications of titanium
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
The most durable metal. High strength metals:
Today we will look at the strongest metals in the world and discuss their properties. And titanium opens the “strength rating”.
Not the most durable?
The name of the metal presumably comes from the name of the ancient Greek hero Titan. Therefore, we associate this metal with indestructibility. Many consider titanium to be the strongest metal in the world. However, in reality this is far from the case.
Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. The new material immediately attracted attention due to a number of properties. Titanium has begun to be very actively used in the industrial sector. Today, titanium is in 10th place among natural metals in terms of prevalence. The earth's crust contains about 700 million tons. That is, the current raw materials will last for another 150 years.
Titanium has excellent properties. It is a lightweight and durable metal that is resistant to corrosion. It can be easily heat treated and has a wide range of applications. It interacts with other elements of the periodic table only when heated. Found naturally in rutile and ilmenite ores.
Pure titanium is obtained by sintering ore with chlorine.
It is able to withstand enormous loads. The metal is distinguished by its high strength and impact resistance. It is used in the manufacture of vehicles, missiles and even submarines. Titanium can withstand pressure even at great depths.
It is also popular in the medical industry. Prostheses based on it do not interact with body tissues and are not subject to corrosion. But over the years it begins to wear out, which forces you to replace the prosthesis with a new one.
New developments
In 2016, scientists found a way to improve the properties of titanium and make it even more durable. The main goal of the research is to find a more durable material that is compatible with body tissues. And then we remembered gold, which has been used in prosthetics for many years.
The alloy of titanium and gold, after several attempts to find the ideal ratio of components, turned out to be incredibly durable. 4 times stronger than other metals used today for prosthetics.
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals. Named after the ancient Greek god Tantalus, who angered Zeus and was cast into hell. It has a silvery-white color with a bluish tint. It is a characteristic element of granitic and alkaline magma. It is extracted from the mineral coltan, the largest deposits of which are located in Brazil and Africa.
It was opened back in 1802. Then it was considered a variety of columbium, but later it was established that these are two different metals with similar properties. Only 100 years later it was possible to obtain pure tantalum. Its cost today is quite high - $150 per 1 kg of metal.
Tantalum is a refractory metal with a fairly high density.
From a chemical point of view, it is stable because it does not dissolve in dilute acids. In powder form, tantalum burns well in air. Used for the manufacture of electrolytic capacitors, heaters in vacuum furnaces. Tantalum capacitors increase the service life of electronic systems to 10-12 years.
It is noteworthy that even jewelers have found use for it - they replace platinum.
Strength testing of metals showed that the alloy of tantalum and tungsten has almost one hundred percent strength.
Osmium is the very best
Osmium is another incredibly strong metal. It is also included in the list of the rarest and most expensive. It is present in the earth's crust in minute quantities. It is classified as dispersed, that is, it does not have its own deposits. Therefore, its extraction is accompanied by enormous difficulties.
Osmium belongs to the group of platinum metals. Its cost is about $10,000 per gram. In price it is second only to artificial Californian. It consists of several isotopes that are incredibly difficult to separate. The most popular isotope is osmium-187.
Its price per gram reaches up to $200,000!
Osmium is the record holder for density among metals. In addition, it is a high-strength metal. Alloys containing osmium become resistant to corrosion and become stronger and more durable.
Metal is also used in its pure form, for example, to make expensive fountain pens, which practically do not wear out and write for years.
Chromium
Chromium, cobalt and tungsten have been known to science since 1913 and are united under the common name - stellites. They remain hard even at temperatures of 600 degrees Celsius.
This metal is mainly found in the deep layers of the Earth. It is also found in stony meteorites, which are considered analogues of our mantle. Only chrome spinels are of industrial value. Many minerals that contain chromium are completely useless. The purest chromium is obtained by electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions or electrolysis of chromium sulfate.
Metal in combination with steel significantly enhances its strength and also adds resistance to oxidation. It improves the characteristics of steel without reducing its ductility.
Ruthenium
It belongs to the platinum group and is classified as a noble metal. However, from their list, ruthenium is considered the least noble. It was discovered by the scientist Karl-Ernst Klaus in 1844. It is noteworthy that the professor constantly smelled and tasted the results of his research. Once he even received a burn to his mouth when he tasted one of the ruthenium compounds he discovered.
Its world reserves today are about 5,000 tons. Ruthenium has been studied for a long time, but many of its properties are still unknown. The problem is that no way has yet been found to completely purify ruthenium.
The contamination of raw materials prevents the study of its properties. However, doctors are confident that the use of metal in everyday life can increase the incidence of illness among the population. That is why the release of the ruthenium-106 isotope in the Urals caused such a resonance in the press.
After all, ruthenium-106 has radioactive properties.
At the same time, its value in 2017 unexpectedly surpassed all platinum metals.
Iridium is the strongest metal
It is iridium that has the highest strength. Yes, it is inferior to osmium in density, but has the highest strength coefficient. It is also called the rarest of metals, but in fact the content of astatine in the earth's crust is even lower.
Iridium was studied very carefully. 70 years later, its main properties - incredible strength and corrosion resistance - have become known throughout the world. Today it is used in many industries. The lion's share of the metal is exploited by the chemical industry. The remainder is distributed among many other areas, including medicine and jewelry. Iridium combined with platinum creates high-quality and very durable jewelry.
Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/366015/samyiy-prochnyiy-metall-vyisokoprochnyie-metallyi
TOP 10 most durable metals in the world
November 6, 2019
The use of metals and the progress of human civilization have gone hand in hand for many centuries. Many metals have become an integral part of modern industry due to their unique properties for certain tasks.
Metal is a material that is typically highly durable, shiny, and easy to change shape. Generally, all metals have good electrical conductivity. But not all metals are alike. That is why they are used for different purposes depending on the task at hand. In the periodic table of Mendeleev, 91 of the 118 elements are considered metals, but not all of them have sufficient strength.
What makes metal strong?
The strength of the metal depends on the following properties:
1. Tensile strength: how well the metal resists being stretched;
2. Compressive strength: how well the metal can withstand compression;
3. Yield Strength: How well a rod or beam of a particular metal resists bending and permanent damage;
4. Impact resistance: the ability to resist breaking when colliding with another object or surface.
The strongest metals
No. 1: Tungsten - production of bullets and missiles;
No. 2: Steel - construction of railways, roads and other infrastructure;
No. 3: Chrome - stainless steel production;
No. 4: Titanium - used in the aerospace industry as a lightweight yet durable metal;
No. 5: Iron - bridge construction, electricity, cutting tools, etc.;
#6: Vanadium – 80% vanadium is alloyed with iron to make the steel resistant to impact and corrosion;
No. 7: Lutetium - as a catalyst in oil production;
No. 8: Zirconium - use in nuclear power plants;
No. 9: Osmium is an additive for platinum or indium to strengthen metals;
#10: Tantalum - Used as an additive in alloys due to its high melting point and corrosion resistance.
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Source: https://gold.ru/news/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
The hardest metal
The first metal that humanity began to use for economic purposes was copper: it is easy to process, it is found quite often in nature, so it is not surprising that it served as the material for the first metal knives and axes. A little later, people discovered that by adding tin to copper, they could get a much stronger alloy - bronze.
And when they mastered iron, it turned out that in its pure form it is not much stronger than copper, but when combined with carbon it acquires much better strength properties. Medieval alchemists, in addition to searching for the philosopher's stone, also experimented with alloys, trying to determine what the hardest metal in the world was, but all experiments confirmed: alloys are stronger than pure metal, no matter what it is.
But what is the situation today?
articles
All the most durable “pure” metals were discovered by man quite late. The reason is simple: they are much less common than the iron or copper we are used to. There are several methods for determining the hardness of materials: Mohs, Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell, the data of which differ slightly. On the Mohs scale, for example, iron has a value of only 4, and the highest hardness of diamond is 10. And a dozen metals whose hardness is 5 units or higher look like this:
- iridium – 5;
- ruthenium – 5;
- tantalum – 5;
- technetium – 5;
- chromium – 5;
- beryllium – 5.5;
- osmium – 5.5;
- rhenium – 5.5;
- tungsten – 6;
- uranium – 6.
Most of this “magnificent ten” are extremely rare in nature (for example, the annual production of ruthenium in the world is about 18 tons, and rhenium is about 40 tons) or have radioactivity, making their use in everyday life difficult. And all of them have a very significant cost, with the possible exception of chromium. It is the high hardness and relatively low price of this metal that made it popular in the manufacture of durable alloys.
Use of the hardest metals
Due to the fact that most of the hardest metals are very rare in nature, their strength qualities remain unclaimed or are in extremely limited demand, for example, for coating components and parts of mechanisms subjected to the greatest load.
But using rhenium or ruthenium additives in the manufacture of tool steel or armor, you see, is stupid. There simply aren’t enough of these metals for everything. Therefore, chromium turned out to be in great demand.
It is the most important alloying additive, improving both the strength and corrosion resistance of alloys.
Some of the solid metals are used in very small quantities in medicine, in the creation of space technology, as catalysts and in some other areas. In these cases, it was not their hardness that was in demand, but other accompanying qualities.
Tungsten, for example, as the most refractory metal on the planet (melting point +3422 Celsius), has found application in the creation of incandescent filaments for lighting devices.
It is added in small quantities to alloys that must withstand high temperatures for long periods of time - for example, in the metallurgical industry.
Uranus
Uranium, like tungsten, is the hardest metal on Earth, but uranium is much more common on our planet, and therefore has found much wider application. And its radioactivity did not interfere with this. The best known use of uranium is as a “fuel” in nuclear power plants. It is also used in geology to determine the age of rocks and in the chemical industry.
The strength properties and high specific gravity of uranium (it is 19 times heavier than water) were useful in the creation of armor-piercing ammunition. In this case, it is not pure metal that is used, but its depleted version, almost entirely consisting of the weakly radioactive isotope uranium-238.
Heavy cores made of this metal perfectly penetrate even well-armored targets.
The extent to which the residual effects of the use of such ammunition harm the environment and humans is not yet known for certain, since too little statistical material has been accumulated on this issue.
Source: https://TheDifference.ru/samyj-tverdyj-metall/
Top 10 strongest metals in the world
The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.
It is not without reason that archaeologists during excavations find various products and household utensils made of this metal. In the process of evolution, people gradually learned to combine various metals, obtaining increasingly durable alloys suitable for making tools, and later weapons.
Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.
10. Titan
Our rating opens with titanium, a high-strength hard metal that immediately attracted attention. The properties of titanium are:
- high specific strength;
- resistance to high temperatures;
- low density;
- corrosion resistance;
- mechanical and chemical resistance.
Titanium is used in the military industry, aviation medicine, shipbuilding, and other areas of production.
9. Uranus
The most famous element, considered one of the strongest metals in the world, and under normal conditions is a weak radioactive metal. In nature, it is found both in a free state and in acidic sedimentary rocks. It is quite heavy, widely distributed everywhere and has paramagnetic properties, flexibility, malleability, and relative ductility. Uranium is used in many areas of production.
8. Tungsten
Known as the most refractory metal in existence, it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a solid transitional element of a shiny silver-gray color. It has high strength, excellent refractoriness, and resistance to chemical influences. Due to its properties, it can be forged and drawn into a thin thread. Known as tungsten filament.
7. Rhenium
Among the representatives of this group, it is considered a high-density transition metal with a silvery-white color. It occurs in nature in its pure form, but is found in molybdenum and copper raw materials. It is characterized by high hardness and density, and has excellent refractoriness. It has increased strength, which is not lost due to repeated temperature changes. Rhenium is an expensive metal and has a high cost. Used in modern technology and electronics.
6. Osmium
A shiny silver-white metal with a slightly bluish tint, it belongs to the platinum group and is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. Similar to iridium, it has a high atomic density, high strength and hardness.
Since osmium is a platinum metal, it has properties similar to iridium: refractoriness, hardness, brittleness, resistance to mechanical stress, as well as to the influence of aggressive environments.
It has found wide application in surgery, electron microscopy, the chemical industry, rocketry, and electronic equipment.
5. Beryllium
It belongs to the group of metals and is a light gray element with relative hardness and high toxicity. Due to its unique properties, beryllium is used in a wide variety of production areas:
- nuclear energy;
- aerospace engineering;
- metallurgy;
- laser technology;
- nuclear energy.
Due to its high hardness, beryllium is used in the production of alloying alloys and refractory materials.
4. Chrome
Next on the list of the ten strongest metals in the world is chromium - a hard, high-strength metal of a bluish-white color, resistant to alkalis and acids.
It occurs in nature in its pure form and is widely used in various branches of science, technology and production. Chromium is used to create various alloys that are used in the manufacture of medical and chemical processing equipment.
When combined with iron, it forms an alloy called ferrochrome, which is used in the manufacture of metal-cutting tools.
3. Tantalum
Tantalum deserves bronze in the ranking, as it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a silvery metal with high hardness and atomic density. Due to the formation of an oxide film on its surface, it has a leaden tint.
The distinctive properties of tantalum are high strength, refractoriness, resistance to corrosion, and resistance to aggressive environments. The metal is a fairly ductile metal and can be easily machined. Today tantalum is successfully used:
- in the chemical industry;
- during the construction of nuclear reactors;
- in metallurgical production;
- when creating heat-resistant alloys.
2. Ruthenium
The second place in the ranking of the most durable metals in the world is occupied by ruthenium, a silvery metal belonging to the platinum group. Its peculiarity is the presence of living organisms in the muscle tissue.
Valuable properties of ruthenium are high strength, hardness, refractoriness, chemical resistance, and the ability to form complex compounds.
Ruthenium is considered a catalyst for many chemical reactions and acts as a material for the manufacture of electrodes, contacts, and sharp tips.
1. Iridium
The most durable metals in the world are led by iridium - a silver-white, hard and refractory metal that belongs to the platinum group. In nature, the high-strength element is extremely rare and is often combined with osmium. Due to its natural hardness, it is difficult to machine and is highly resistant to chemicals. Iridium reacts with great difficulty to exposure to halogens and sodium peroxide.
This metal plays an important role in everyday life. It is added to titanium, chromium and tungsten to improve resistance to acidic environments, used in the manufacture of stationery, and used in jewelry to create jewelry. The cost of iridium remains high due to its limited presence in nature.
Source: https://top10a.ru/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
the strongest metals on the planet
The debate continues about which metal should be awarded the title of the most durable and valuable in the world. The reason for the controversy was the difference in their characteristics and features.
Iridium
A silver-white, extremely refractory metal belonging to the platinum group, it tops our strength ratings. It was opened only in 1803. It is extremely rare in nature; the main source of iridium production is small celestial bodies that have fallen on the planet. The volume of global iridium production does not exceed 3 tons.
According to scientists, there are deposits of it on our planet; they are located in the very depths of the earth’s bowels, which makes their extraction extremely difficult today.
Iridium is added to refractory metals: titanium, tungsten, chromium to increase their resistance to acids, and is used in the production of jewelry and stationery. The potential of iridium is also actively used in industry; spark plugs for internal combustion engines and parts for spacecraft are produced.
Due to its rarity, the price of the noble metal is extremely high; as of October 2016, it is more than $20 per gram.
Tantalum
One of the strongest metals with high atomic density has a lead tint provided by an oxide film on the surface. It was mined in its pure form only at the beginning of the 20th century.
To obtain 1 ton of tantalum, about 3,000 tons of ore must be processed. The main deposits are located in France, Australia, China and Egypt. Despite its hardness, it has high ductility rates comparable to gold.
It begins to melt at ultra-high temperatures (about 3000 ⁰C), is resistant to chemical reagents and almost all acids, except a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid.
If, after its discovery, tantalum was used exclusively for the production of wire for incandescent lamps, now its resistance to mechanical and thermal influences is appreciated.
It has found wide application in various industries, mechanical engineering and the space industry. Superconductors are made from it and used in the production of bone prostheses and military armor.
The difficulty of extracting tantalum ensures its high price, amounting to about $300 per kilogram as of October 2016.
Ruthenium
One of the hardest metals, it belongs to the platinum group, therefore it is considered noble, has a high melting point (2334 ⁰C), rarity, and resistance to external influences.
Ruthenium crystals are quite fragile and can be pounded in a mortar without any problems. It is mostly mined in South Africa and has a pleasant blue-gray tint. Ruthenium is isolated from the rock through complex chemical processing, but in its pure form it is practically not used due to its fragility.
It is mainly added to compounds with various metals to improve characteristics such as hardness (to platinum and palladium in jewelry), resistance to aggressive environments (to titanium), increasing the efficiency of electrical contacts, thermocouples, and is also used for the production of laboratory glassware.
It is not only one of the hardest, but also the most expensive metals, the price exceeds $20 per gram.
Chromium
A hard metal of a silvery-white color, not found in its pure form, but mined from chromium iron ore. Melts at a temperature of 1907 ⁰C, is resistant to alkalis and acids, and is not subject to corrosion.
Due to its properties, it is widely used in light industry, used for the production of metal-cutting tools and weapons. The price of the metal is unstable and fluctuates over a very wide range.
Beryllium
A hard, durable, lightweight and very toxic metal with a light gray hue. You can die from beryllium vapor poisoning. It has found application in the nuclear industry in the production of neutron reflectors; it is added to alloys to give them additional strength and corrosion resistance.
Also used in the nuclear industry, metallurgy, and aerodynamics. The price of beryllium in 2016 was $5500-6000 per kilogram
Osmium
A durable and dense metal of silver-blue color, 3 times heavier than lead. It is rarely found in its pure form; as a rule, it is extracted from other representatives of the platinum group, in tandem with iridium, or as part of cosmic bodies that fell to Earth.
It has a strong unpleasant aroma. Found in several regions of Russia, North and South America. It is separated from other impurities through complex chemical reactions, the duration of which is up to 9 months. Found wide application in various industries.
In combination with tungsten it is used to produce incandescent filaments, and with platinum - for pacemakers and surgical instruments. Due to the difficulty of extraction and limited quantity, it has a high price; 100 g of osmium costs about $7,700.
Rhenium
It is a by-product in the production of copper and molybdenum. It is used in modern aircraft construction, the production of high-precision electronics, and in the synthesis of high-octane gasoline.
The expansion of rhenium's applications is hampered by the complexity of its extraction and its dispersion over the surface of the earth's crust. The same factor provides the metal with a high cost (up to $4000 per kg).
Tungsten
A light gray metal reminiscent of platinum, it is characterized by high density and refractoriness. It is quite common in nature, found in the form of rock compounds called wolframite.
Despite the hardness of tungsten, it can be easily forged at temperatures above 1600 ⁰C, which allows it to be used in heavy industry as a base for refractory metals.
Tungsten elements are used to create televisions and lighting devices. As of October 2016, the price per kilogram of tungsten is $150.
Uranus
One of the strongest metals in the world, which is a weak radioactive element. Distributed everywhere, found both in pure form and as part of sedimentary rocks.
The process of producing pure uranium is quite labor-intensive, divided into several stages, as a result of which only a few grams of metal are obtained from a ton of uranium ore. It is used for the production of nuclear fuel, cores for armor-piercing projectiles, and also for coloring glass.
The cost of uranium in 2016 is about $60 per kg.
Source: https://provesmir.com/reyting-samyih-prochnyih-metallov-na-planete.html
The strongest and softest metals
The practical use of metals plays a large role in people's lives: from reinforced concrete structures of houses to medical prosthetics and the construction of space rockets, various types of compounds are involved everywhere. Let's consider both the hardest and the softest of them.
At the end of the article we have prepared a surprise
Source: https://udipedia.net/samyj-krepkij-i-myagkie-metally/
The hardest metal in the world, which is the hardest on earth - Facts
Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today.
When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.
In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.
Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.
10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa
Boron suboxide has the ability to create grains shaped like icosahedrons. The formed grains are not isolated crystals or varieties of quasicrystals, but are peculiar twin crystals, consisting of two dozen paired tetrahedral crystals.
The insufficient number of oxygen atoms in boron suboxide provides the material with characteristics characteristic of ceramic materials. This substance has the qualities of chemical inertness, increased strength, abrasion resistance with low density, and its single crystals have a hardness of 45 GPa.
10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa
Many researchers question whether this material can be classified as a superhard type of material. This is caused by the very unusual mechanical properties of the joint.
The layer-by-layer alternation of different atoms makes this material anisotropic. Therefore, hardness measurements are different in the presence of different types of crystallographic planes. Thus, tests of rhenium diboride at low loads provide a hardness of 48 GPa, and with increasing load the hardness becomes much lower and is approximately 22 GPa.
8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB14) - hardness up to 51 GPa
The composition is a mixture of aluminum, magnesium, boron with low sliding friction, as well as high hardness. These qualities could be a boon for the production of modern machines and mechanisms that operate without lubrication. But using the material in this variation is still considered prohibitively expensive.
AlMgB14 - special thin films created using pulsed laser deposition, have the ability to have a microhardness of up to 51 GPa.
7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa
The basis of such a compound provides the alloy with qualities that imply optimal resistance to negative chemical influences and high temperatures. This material is provided with a microhardness of up to 70 GPa.
6. Boron carbide B4C (B12C3) - hardness up to 72 GPa
Another material is boron carbide. The substance began to be used quite actively in various fields of industry almost immediately after its invention in the 18th century.
The microhardness of the material reaches 49 GPa, but it has been proven that this figure can be increased by adding argon ions to the structure of the crystal lattice - up to 72 GPa.
5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa
Researchers and scientists from all over the world have long been trying to synthesize complex superhard materials, with tangible results already achieved. The components of the compound are boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms - similar in size. The qualitative hardness of the material reaches 76 GPa.
4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa
The material is also called kingsongite, borazon or elbor, and also has unique qualities that are successfully used in modern industry. With cubonite hardness values of 80-90 GPa, close to the diamond standard, the force of the Hall-Petch law can cause their significant increase.
This means that as the size of the crystalline grains decreases, the hardness of the material increases - there are certain possibilities for increasing it up to 108 GPa.
3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa
The wurtzite crystal structure provides high hardness to this material. With local structural modifications, during the application of a particular type of load, the bonds between atoms in the lattice of the substance are redistributed. At this moment, the quality hardness of the material increases by 78%.
2. Lonsdaleite - hardness up to 152 GPa
Lonsdaleite is an allotropic modification of carbon and has a clear similarity to diamond. A solid natural material was discovered in a meteorite crater, formed from graphite, one of the components of the meteorite, but it did not have a record degree of strength.
Scientists proved back in 2009 that the absence of impurities can provide hardness exceeding the hardness of diamond. High hardness values can be achieved in this case, as in the case of wurtzite boron nitride.
1. Fullerite - hardness up to 310 GPa
Polymerized fullerite is considered in our time to be the hardest material known to science. This is a structured molecular crystal, the nodes of which consist of whole molecules rather than individual atoms.
Fullerite has a hardness of up to 310 GPa, and it can scratch a diamond surface like regular plastic. As you can see, diamond is no longer the hardest natural material in the world; harder compounds are available to science.
So far, these are the hardest materials on Earth known to science. It is quite possible that new discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of chemistry/physics will soon await us, which will allow us to achieve higher hardness.
Source: https://science-interest.ru/mesta/samyj-tverdyj-metall-v-mire-kakoj-naibolee-tverdyj-na-zemle.html
10 Strongest Metals in the World
When people talk about the strongest metals in the world , one immediately thinks of a medieval knight with a sword at the ready and in armor made of the legendary Damascus steel.
It is this that many rightly consider to be the hardest, most durable, resistant to mechanical or chemical influences. But steel is not pure metal; it consists of several components that have been processed to change the final properties of the finished product.
Consequently, it cannot be called a substance with the highest hardness. What metal is the strongest on the planet?
10Titanium
Titanium is in 10th position in our ranking of the strongest metals in the world. It is a high-strength, silver-colored, low-density solid.
Titanium is resistant to high temperatures, it does not corrode, is resistant to chemicals and is not afraid of mechanical damage. It is possible to melt titanium only at temperatures above 3200 degrees, and it boils when heated to a temperature of 3300 degrees.
The scope of application of this metal is wide and varied - from the military industry to medicine.
Titanium was discovered by English and German chemists in the 18th century, and they named it in honor of the Titans - giant mythical creatures with unprecedented strength and other supernatural abilities.
For a long time, titanium was not used for industrial purposes, since they could not bypass the natural fragility of this metal. It was possible to obtain it in its pure form only in the winter of 1925
9Uranus
Uranium takes 9th place in the Top 10. Its distinctive feature is weak radioactivity. Uranium occurs in nature both in pure form and as a component of sedimentary rocks. Among the main properties of this metal, it is necessary to highlight good flexibility and malleability, ductility, which allows it to be used in various industries.
Uranium alloys subjected to heat treatment are characterized by high resistance to corrosion; products made from them do not change shape due to temperature changes. That is why this metal was used to make tool steel until the mid-30s of the last century, but later this technology was abandoned.
8Tungsten
Tungsten is in 8th place in our ranking. This metal has amazing, unparalleled refractory properties. It boils at an incredibly high temperature - 5900 degrees.
And this hard silver-gray metal with a characteristic shine is not afraid of even the most aggressive chemicals, easily takes shape during the forging process and is able to stretch into the thinnest thread without breaking.
Tungsten filament - every person has heard and seen it. So this thread is made from tungsten.
From German, the word “tungsten” is translated as “wolf foam.”
The metal was discovered by the Swedish chemist Karl Scheele in 1781
7Renium
This silvery-white transition metal belongs to the expensive category, it is indispensable in the manufacturing process of modern electronics and technology.
Rhenium was awarded the title of one of the most durable metals in the world due to its hardness and density, which do not decrease even under the influence of temperature changes. Rhenium is refractory and is produced from molybdenum and copper ore.
This process is quite complex and labor-intensive, which explains the high cost of the finished metal. To obtain 1 kg of rhenium, 2 thousand tons of ore are needed; the finished production of this metal is no more than 40 tons per year.
Rhenium was invented by famous German chemists Ida and Walter Noddack, and they named it in honor of the picturesque Rhine River.
6Osmium
The 6th position in our rating is given to osmium, the strongest metal in the world, belonging to the platinum group and characterized by incredible density. By analogy with most platinum metals, osmium is refractory and hard, but at the same time it is fragile; is not afraid of mechanical damage and exposure to aggressive substances.
A distinctive feature of osmium is its silvery-white color with a barely noticeable bluish tint and a rather unpleasant odor (something reminiscent of a combination of garlic and bleach).
This metal is not found in its pure form in nature; very rarely it can be found in conjunction with iridium, and even then only in some areas of Siberia, Canada, the USA and South Africa. Osmium is scarce, so it is extremely expensive and is used only where the enormous investment in its extraction is justified.
This metal is used in electronics, the space and chemical industries, and surgery. It is the main component in the production of a rare drug - cortisone.
Osmium is the most expensive metal in the world. The price for 1 gram can reach 200 thousand dollars.
5Beryllium
Beryllium has a light gray color and is characterized by hardness, fire resistance, good thermal conductivity and toxicity. The metal is mined from rocks and is widely used by modern science. It is indispensable in the aerospace industry and aviation, in nuclear energy and in metallurgy.
4Chrome
Chromium is the most common of the hardest metals in the world, products made from
which is sure to be found in every home. It is durable, resistant to aggressive environments, has a soft blue color and a characteristic shine.
Chromium is widely distributed in nature in the form of chromium iron ore, it is used in almost all industries, and is added to other metals to give them additional hardness, corrosion resistance and improve their appearance.
Chrome-plated parts of interior items, plumbing fixtures and household appliances become an excellent decoration for every home.
The melting point of chromium is 1907 degrees, it boils at a temperature of 2671 degrees. In its pure form, chromium is very viscous and viscous, but in combination with oxygen it becomes brittle and extremely hard.
3Tantalum
Tantalum is in 3rd place in our ranking; it is worthy of a “bronze medal” as one of the most durable metals on the planet. Tantalum has a silvery color with a characteristic lead-like luster, is characterized by increased hardness and amazing density.
Along with refractoriness, strength, resistance to rust and aggressive chemical attack, this metal is characterized by ductility. It is easily machined, which is highly valued in the chemical industry and metallurgy.
The metal is indispensable during the construction of nuclear reactors; it is the main element of heat-resistant alloys.
2Ruthenium
2Ruthenium
Ruthenium is silver in color and is characterized by a unique feature - the presence of fragments of muscle tissue of living beings. According to scientists, it was this unusual composition that influenced the properties of the metal and made it super-strong.
Ruthenium is not only strong and hard, it is also chemically stable, can form complex compounds and plays the role of a catalyst for chemical reactions. The properties of this metal described above make it indispensable in the manufacture of various wiring and contacts, and laboratory glassware. The metal is also in demand in jewelry.
As for the production of ruthenium itself, it is almost entirely concentrated in the Republic of South Africa.
1Iridium
Iridium was unanimously awarded the title of the strongest metal in the world - a refractory substance of unprecedented hardness. It is an extremely rare metal, not found in its pure form, but is sometimes mined in combination with osmium. Iridium is hard and therefore difficult to machine and is resistant to chemicals. It is used to impart additional oxidation resistance to chromium and titanium and is used in jewelry and many industries.
Source: https://lifespeaker.ru/samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire.html
What is the strongest metal in the world - TOP 5 elements
Metals include substances that have specific properties characteristic of them. In this case, high ductility and malleability, as well as electrical conductivity and a number of other parameters are taken into account. Which of them is the strongest metal in the world can be found out from the data below.
About metals in nature
The word “metal” came into Russian from German. Since the 16th century it has been found in books, although quite rarely. Later, in the era of Peter I, it began to be used more often, and then the word had the general meaning of “ore, mineral, metal.” And only during the period of M.V.’s activity. Lomonosov these concepts were differentiated.
In nature, metals are found quite rarely in their pure form. Basically, they are part of various ores, and also form various compounds, such as sulfides, oxides, carbonates and others.
In order to obtain pure metals, and this is very important for their future use, they need to be isolated and then purified. If necessary, metals are alloyed - special impurities are added in order to change their properties.
Currently, there is a division into ferrous metal ores, which include iron, and non-ferrous ores. Precious or noble metals include gold, platinum and silver.
There are metals even in the human body. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, copper, iron - this is a list of these substances that are found in the greatest quantities.
How are metals produced?
Metal-containing ores are considered the source of these most necessary substances for all modern humanity. To find out their exact location, certain search methods are used, which are based on exploration and study of deposits. Metals are obtained as follows:
- Ore deposits are developed by open-pit or quarry, as well as underground or mine. Combined methods are possible.
- Ore beneficiation is the separation of useful components from raw materials, so-called ore concentrates.
- Extraction of metals from enriched ores by chemical or electrolytic reduction using high temperatures or aqueous chemistry.
- Most often, metals are smelted, the ore and a reducing agent are heated to very high temperatures. For iron, carbon is usually used.
Depending on their further use, metals are divided into groups:
- Construction materials. Both the metals themselves and their alloys with significantly improved properties are used. In this case, strength, impermeability to liquids and gases, and homogeneity are valued.
- Materials for tools, most often referring to the working part. Tool steels and hard alloys are suitable for this purpose.
- Electrical materials. Such metals are used as good conductors of electricity. The most common of them are copper and aluminum. They are also used as materials with high resistance - nichrome and others.
The strongest of metals
The strength of metals is their ability to resist destruction under the influence of internal stresses, which can arise when external forces influence these materials. This is also the property of a structure to maintain its characteristics for a certain time.
Many alloys are quite strong and resistant not only to physical but also chemical influences; they are not pure metals. There are metals that can be called the most durable.
Titanium, which melts at a temperature above 1,941 K (1660±20 °C), uranium, which is a radioactive metal, refractory tungsten, which boils at a temperature of at least 5,828 K (5555 °C). As well as others that have unique properties and are necessary in the process of manufacturing parts, tools and objects using the most modern technologies.
The five most durable of them include metals whose properties are already known; they are widely used in various sectors of the national economy and are used in scientific experiments and developments.
5. Rhenium
Found in molybdenum ores and copper raw materials. Has high hardness and density. Very refractory. Its strength cannot be reduced even under the influence of critical temperature changes. Widely used in many electronic devices and technical means.
4. Beryllium
A rare-earth metal with a silver-gray tint and shiny, crystalline formations when broken. Interestingly, beryllium crystals taste somewhat sweet, which is why it was originally called “glucinium,” which means “sweet.”
Thanks to this metal, a new technology has emerged, which is used in the synthesis of artificial stones - emeralds, aquamarines, for the needs of the jewelry industry. Beryllium was discovered while studying the properties of beryl, a semi-precious stone. In 1828, the German scientist F. Wöller obtained metallic beryllium.
It does not interact with x-rays, therefore, it is actively used to create special devices. In addition, beryllium alloys are used in the manufacture of neutron reflectors and moderators for installation in a nuclear reactor.
Its fire-resistant and anti-corrosion properties, high thermal conductivity make it an indispensable element for creating alloys used in aircraft construction and the aerospace industry.
3. Chrome
This metal was discovered in the Middle Urals. M.V. wrote about him. Lomonosov in his work “The First Foundations of Metallurgy” in 1763. It is very widespread, its most famous and extensive deposits are located in South Africa, Kazakhstan and Russia (Urals). of this metal in ores fluctuates greatly.
Its color is light blue, with a tint. In its pure form it is very hard and can be processed quite well. It serves as an important component for the creation of alloy steels, especially stainless steels, used in the electroplating and aerospace industries.
Its alloy with iron, ferrochrome, is necessary for the production of metal-cutting tools.
2. Tantalum
This metal is considered valuable, since its properties are only slightly lower than those of noble metals. It has strong resistance to various acids and is not susceptible to corrosion.
Tantalum is used in various designs and compounds, for the manufacture of products of complex shapes and as a basis for the production of acetic and phosphoric acids. The metal is used in medicine because it can be combined with human tissue.
The rocket industry needs the heat-resistant alloy of tantalum and tungsten because it can withstand temperatures of 2,500 °C. Tantalum capacitors are installed on radar devices and used in electronic systems as transmitters.
1. Iridium
Iridium is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. The metal is silver in color and very hard. It is classified as a platinum group metal. It is difficult to process and, moreover, refractory. Iridium practically does not interact with caustic substances.
It is used in many industries. Including in jewelry, medical and chemical industries. Significantly improves the resistance of tungsten, chromium and titanium compounds to acidic environments.
Pure iridium is not a toxic material, but its individual compounds can be poisonous.
Despite the fact that many metals have decent characteristics, it is quite difficult to pinpoint exactly which is the strongest metal in the world. To do this, all their parameters are studied in accordance with various analytical systems. But at present, all scientists claim that iridium confidently occupies first place in terms of strength.
Source: https://vseonauke.com/1216373600258362306/kakoj-samyj-prochnyj-metall-v-mire---top-5-elementov/
What alloy is considered the strongest in the world?
Metals together with alloying additives form the strongest alloy. First of all, this concerns hardness. In addition, they differ in a number of indicators, including heat and electrical conductivity. Strong alloys are in demand in industry. This is especially true for aircraft construction, where lightness is required along with strength. The automotive and shipbuilding industries need strong alloys.
About metals in nature
Metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The classic representative of the first type is iron. People of color form a more expensive group.
How metals are produced
Metals do not occur in nature in their pure form. They are contained in ores.
Their production proceeds in the following stages:
- identification of deposits;
- ore mining:
- metal extraction.
The strongest of metals
Strength is the ability of a metal to withstand external loads. The resistance of an element is provided by its internal structure, which is capable of creating internal tension that resists external pressure.
The strongest metals include:
- titanium;
- rhenium;
- beryllium;
- chromium;
- tantalum;
- iridium.
The most durable alloy
The hardest alloys in the world are tungsten. The basis is powders consisting of several metal carbides and cobalt. Mixing is carried out in a certain proportion. The technology developed by scientists makes it possible to obtain alloys with a high degree of hardness.
Such compounds are marked with the letter designation: VK3, where B is the tungsten group. K is the cobalt content in percent.
Physical and chemical properties
Basic physical properties of tungsten alloys:
- A characteristic feature is red fastness. It is 800 degrees. The term means that the cutting edge is able to withstand that temperature. This is ensured by high thermal conductivity. Due to this, heat is dissipated.
- High hardness, which is 90 Rockwell units.
- The melting point reaches 2780 degrees.
Chemical resistance to the external environment increases with increasing percentage of cobalt.
Chemical properties of titanium
Features of manufacturing and scope of application
The technology for producing hard alloys from tungsten consists of the following stages:
- First, coarse tungsten powder is formed, which is then crushed and sifted.
- Tungsten carbide and cobalt powders are obtained in the same way.
- They are mixed with the addition of glue. This is performed by rubber dissolved in gasoline.
- The mixture is dried and pressed.
- The technological process ends with two sinterings.
Solid material is used in the manufacture of the following products:
- cutters for lathes;
- stamp;
- rolling rolls;
- balls and races for bearings.
- soldering for tools of mining equipment;
Any production requires processing of products.
To ensure this process, a material of higher hardness is needed. This function is performed by hard alloys. 4-4 Hard alloys and materials
Which alloy is considered the most durable in the world Link to main publication
Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/samyj-prochnyj
The hardest metal in the world
Many lovers of interesting facts are interested in the question, which metal is the hardest? And it won’t be easy to answer this question offhand. Of course, any chemistry teacher will easily say correctly, without even thinking. But among ordinary citizens who last studied chemistry at school, not many will be able to give the answer correctly and quickly.
This is due to the fact that since childhood everyone has been accustomed to making various toys from wire and has well remembered that copper and aluminum are soft and bend well, but steel, on the contrary, is not so easy to give the desired shape. A person deals with the three named metals most often, so he doesn’t even consider the other candidates. But steel is certainly not the hardest metal in the world.
To be fair, it is worth noting that this is not a metal at all in the chemical sense, but a compound of iron and carbon.
What is titanium?
The hardest metal is titanium. Pure titanium was first obtained in 1925. This discovery created a sensation in scientific circles. Industrialists immediately drew attention to the new material and appreciated the benefits of its use. According to the official version, the hardest metal on Earth got its name in honor of the indestructible Titans, who, according to ancient Greek mythology, were the founders of the world.
According to scientists, the total world reserves of titanium today are about 730 million tons. At the current rate of extraction of fossil raw materials, there will be enough for another 150 years. Titanium ranks 10th in natural reserves among all known metals.
The world's largest titanium producer is the Russian company VSMPO-Avisma, which satisfies up to 35% of global needs. The company is engaged in the full processing cycle from ore mining to the manufacture of various products. It occupies about 90% of the Russian titanium production market.
About 70% of finished products are exported.
Titanium is a light, silver-colored metal with a melting point of 1670 degrees Celsius. It exhibits high chemical activity only when heated; under normal conditions it does not react with most chemical elements and compounds. It is not found in nature in its pure form.
Common in the form of rutile (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (a complex substance consisting of titanium dioxide and ferrous oxide) ores.
Pure titanium is isolated by sintering the ore with chlorine and then displacing the more active metal (usually magnesium) from the resulting tetrachloride.
Industrial applications of titanium
The hardest metal has a fairly wide range of applications in many industries. Amorphously arranged atoms provide titanium with the highest level of tensile and torsional strength, good impact resistance, and high magnetic qualities.
The metal is used to make air transport bodies and missiles. It copes well with the enormous loads that cars experience at great heights.
Titanium is also used in the production of hulls for submarines, as it can withstand high pressure at great depths.
In the medical industry, metal is used in the manufacture of dentures and dental implants, as well as surgical instruments. The element is added as an alloying additive to some grades of steel, which gives them increased strength and resistance to corrosion.
Titanium is well suited for casting as it produces perfectly smooth surfaces. It is also used to make jewelry and decorative items. Titanium compounds are also actively used.
Dioxide is used to make paints, whitewash, and is added to paper and plastic.
Organic titanium salts are used as a hardening catalyst in paint and varnish production. Various tools and attachments for processing and drilling other metals are made from titanium carbide. In precision engineering, titanium aluminide is used to produce wear-resistant elements that have a high safety margin.
The hardest metal alloy was obtained by American scientists in 2011. Its composition included palladium, silicon, phosphorus, germanium and silver. The new material was called "metallic glass".
It combines the hardness of glass and the plasticity of metal. The latter prevents cracks from spreading, as happens with standard glass.
Naturally, the material was not put into widespread production, since its components, especially palladium, are rare metals and are very expensive.
At the moment, the efforts of scientists are aimed at searching for alternative components that would preserve the properties obtained, but significantly reduce the cost of production. However, some parts for the aerospace industry are already being produced from the resulting alloy. If alternative elements can be introduced into the structure and the material becomes widespread, then it is quite possible that it will become one of the most popular alloys of the future.
Source: https://promplace.ru/vidy-metallov-i-klassifikaciya-staty/samyi-tverdyi-metall-1494.htm
