Not lead alone: top 5 unusual bullets
By the end of World War II, Germany faced an acute shortage of metals, including lead, necessary for the production of ammunition. In this regard, German gunsmiths attempted to find an alternative. One option was wood bullets.
But a problem immediately arose: the standard charge of gunpowder was too powerful for such a bullet, and it simply exploded when fired. Reducing the amount of gunpowder also did not give the required result - now there was not enough power.
As a result, wooden ammunition was used only for training purposes, and subsequently went out of use.
However, these developments were not in vain: gunsmiths conducted many experiments with shotgun bullets, which were made from “iron wood” (guaiacum or backwood). Its wood is dense enough to “survive” a shot. Tests showed that a wooden bullet was quite capable of hitting a target, but it was still not as effective as a classic lead bullet.
The humaneness of using wood as a destructive element is in question. During the Vietnam War, Viet Cong guerrillas used any available means as weapons, including the bamboo growing around them.
A large piece of the trunk of this plant was stuffed with explosives and used as an anti-personnel mine. When defeated, bamboo slivers stuck into the enemy’s body, and it was extremely difficult to remove such “splinters”: they could not be found using x-rays.
Wounds with splinters inside began to rot very quickly, dooming the victim to a painful death.
2. Plastic bullets
After the adoption of ESAPI-class body armor in the early 2000s, which can withstand a bullet with a steel core, the US military began searching for an alternative. Scientists turned their attention to polymers.
Plastic bullets, at first glance, seem to be an excellent option due to their lightness and, therefore, high flight speed. However, the situation with wooden submunitions repeated itself. The “combat” charge of gunpowder, which accelerates the bullet to a speed sufficient to kill, melted the plastic. However, small reserves of gunpowder allowed the use of plastic as an alternative to rubber bullets in the mid-1970s.
British police were the first to use them to quell riots. Tests have shown that such bullets are several times more accurate than rubber ones. Despite the non-lethal nature of the ammunition, in the first 10 years of use, plastic bullets killed 15 people, including children. British doctors appealed to the European Parliament with a demand to ban the use of such ammunition due to their increased danger, but the police in England and Wales still use them.
The Israeli army also actively used plastic bullets to disperse Palestinian demonstrations. Mini-shells with a metal core were used. According to the Palestinian side, they killed 47 Palestinians.
In the production of ammunition, polymers are now also used for the production of cartridges. These are lighter, cheaper and significantly reduce wear on the weapon when firing. But they also have disadvantages: polymers do not tolerate low temperatures well and become brittle. The use of cartridges with such sleeves at air temperatures below 18 degrees is officially prohibited by the manufacturers.
3. Glass bullets
The first mention of glass destructive elements dates back to 1920: they were used by soldiers of the White Guard Asian Division of Baron Roman Ungern von Sternberg.
In the fall of 1920, he commanded the defense of the Mongolian city of Urga (now Ulaanbaatar) against the ten-thousand-strong army of the Chinese general Chu Lijiang. During the defense, Ungern's fighters experienced a shortage of ammunition. Military engineer Lisovsky came to the rescue: he established the production of glass bullets.
They did not have the range that classic bullets achieve, but they had impressive penetrating power.
“The first experiments were successful, and in the battle some of the militia fired glass bullets at the enemy.”
From the book “Autocrat of the Desert” by Leonid Yuzefovich.
Nowadays, gun lovers conducted a test. The glass bullet with a metal core was fired from a shotgun with a rifled choke. The result was amazing: bullet fragments managed to penetrate the body armor of the 3rd protection class. Another experiment tested a shotgun cartridge filled with 12-gauge glass beads. A metal plate was used as a target. A shot from a distance of 7 meters pierced the target right through.
Today, glass beads are actively used in China as ammunition for air guns.
4. Exothermic “Dragon Breath”
Another experimental shotgun ammunition received the loud name “Dragon's Breath”. The cartridge contains exothermic pyrophoric materials that ignite instantly when fired. A shotgun charged with Dragon's Breath resembles more of a flamethrower. Tests have shown that such a shot not only looks impressive, but also causes colossal damage to the target.
Ammunition that hits a target with fragments of hot metal is prohibited for use, so there is no reliable evidence of its actual use. However, due to the strong visual effect, it is proposed to use such ammunition as a deterrent, for example, when hunting.
5. Electric bullets
A special 12-gauge stun cartridge was developed by the American company Taser. Its stun guns, which fire wired darts, are now known throughout the world, and the name “taser” has become a household name for any such means of self-defense.
The XREP cartridge is the embodiment of the same idea in a “wireless” format. It ensures hitting targets at a distance of up to 20 meters. However, product development is far from complete. During the tests, multiple deficiencies were identified.
Testers have revealed that the high cost of the cartridge, coupled with low efficiency, does not allow these cartridges to be used as effectively as the already familiar “tasers”.
Tests also showed that the unpredictability of the flight of such a bullet poses a serious danger: there is a high probability of hitting the eyes or other vital organs, which can be fatal. This is unacceptable for ammunition that is intended for non-lethal neutralization of a target. But the developers continue to improve their product.
The myth of “ice bullets”
The assassination of the 35th US President John Kennedy gave rise to a large number of rumors and legends. Many in America questioned the official version of what happened. Versions have been put forward that American or Soviet intelligence services and the Cuban government were allegedly behind the murder
There were also versions about the use of unusual ammunition by the killer Lee Harvey Oswald. One of them said that Kennedy was killed by an ice bullet. This, in theory, could hit the target, and then melt into the victim’s body, leaving criminologists and ballistics experts without the most important evidence.
Experimenters from the American popular science program Mythbusters conducted an experiment in which they tried to make an ice bullet and hit a target with it. In practice, such a mini-shell turned out to be too fragile, and when fired, the hot powder gases instantly melted it.
As a result, the version of Kennedy’s assassination using such an exotic weapon was considered unrealistic. But the irrepressible gun lovers did not stop. They tried different variations, such as adding gelatin to the bullet water or using a plastic casing.
The result remained the same: the ice bullet was unsuitable for shooting.
Source: https://zvezdaweekly.ru/news/t/201811281416-xvPfL.html
Why are bullets made of lead?
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Question for experts: Why is lead used in bullets, and not, for example, iron?
Best regards, Toha
Best answers
Lead is the cheapest and softest of the heavy metals. Only tungsten is heavier, but it is more expensive and making bullets from it is more labor-intensive. For shooting from a smooth gun at a speed of up to 400 m/s, solid lead bullets are sufficient - such a complex-shaped bullet (crushed bands) easily passes through the DS choke and choke without destroying the barrel itself. Thereby being centered along the axis of the barrel.
In rifled weapons, speeds are more and more difficult from 700 m/s to 1000 and above. At such speeds, lead becomes plastic and spreads like wax over the barrel and rifling. Therefore, it is placed in a copper or bimetallic or Tompak shell - it then goes along the rifling of the barrel without deforming.
Well, to improve the ballistics of the bullet, it has a small diameter, pointed nose and long (compared to the diameter-caliber). The exception is the .22LR caliber; it has a subsonic (370 m/s) bullet with low mass and, when passing through steep rifling, it does not deform at the exit, maintaining the desired ballistics. Bullets of .22WMR caliber already have a copper shell with lead inside, so the speed is already 670 m/s.
Caliber .22-250 Remington.220Swift have a special bullet shape for ballistics and speeds from 1070m/s
Heavy, easy to cast. The density of lead is almost one and a half times greater than the density of iron.
Only uranium is heavier (well, tungsten, gold, platinum, etc.). But it's very expensive.
One more thing. For rifled weapons, the entire bullet or just the jacket is always made of lead because it is soft. Any other metal will quickly ruin the rifling in the barrel.
Well why not? Steel, bronze, and brass are often used in shotgun bullets. The specific gravity of lead is higher and this directly affects the lethality of the charge. Lead itself is soft, its density is approximately equal to that of bone.
That is, when it hits the bone of an animal, the lead is greatly deformed, which significantly increases the area of damage. A steel bullet can penetrate even an elk through soft tissue, leaving a small wound channel.
And this entails a long and difficult hunt for the beast, without any guarantee of success.
Lead is heavier - the range is longer. Lead is soft - you can shoot from a rifled weapon without fear of ruining the rifling of the barrel.
You can cast bullets from lead at home, but you can cast bullets from steel.
Ek = M * V2 / 2, what is it: where m is the mass of the bullet, v is in m/s, total: the power will be higher with a lead bullet, as already said here, the specific gravity of lead is higher than iron, and unlike any tungsten/uranium and platinum group metals, lead is cheap and easy to process, but poisonous, which is why geyropa and pindostania use steel shot.
iron will scratch your barrel, but lead is a soft material.
answer
This video will help you figure it out
Answers from experts
It may seem strange, but because lead is soft. During a shot, the bullet heats up greatly, which means it expands greatly; if the bullets were made of steel, they would get stuck in the barrel when fired, and in order to increase the penetration ability of such lead bullets, steel cores are inserted into the middle, and the bullet itself is covered with a thin layer copper, copper also deforms when fired, but in flight it makes the bullet fly faster.
Not all bullets are made of lead!
Heavy metal, accumulates energy well. Well, actually, now in Russia, bullets are made with a brass shell, and a special lead alloy core, which is expensive.. And then it’s soft.. the bullet flattens on the body armor. In the West, for civilian weapons, bullets are soft..
High density at low price. Better than gold, but a little expensive.
Because it is the heaviest material widely available, which allows the bullet to retain its stopping power much longer. But nowadays this is more relevant for pistols. Rifle and machine gun bullets are usually made of steel, a stronger and cheaper material.
Far, deadly, cheap, toxic
The shell used to be made of copper; inside there was a steel core, which was filled with lead. So it turns out that lead is more technologically advanced. What else can you fill with this technology?
It has its own composition which, when hit, can still fly
The heaviest and softest.
technologically advanced because it is soft and fusible. .
in general, bullets are made not from lead, but with lead
The main reasons why bullets began to be made from lead were that:
it is quite common in nature,
its 0.0016% of the mass of the earth's crust (its content is constantly increasing due to the decay of uranium, thorium, etc.);
about 180 minerals can serve as raw materials for its production, from which it is quite easily extracted; Lead has a melting point of only 327.5 degrees, which is much lower than that of its competitors in terms of abundance.
it is soft and ductile, which, together with its low melting point, makes it much easier to process compared to others
metals. at the same time, it is much heavier than its competitors (in terms of specific density g/cm3 it is inferior almost only to noble metals)
which is very important for such components of shooting as accuracy and lethal force. In principle, lead could compete with: copper, but it is rarer, lighter and has a much higher melting point; iron, it is more common, but again has a higher melting point, quite complex technology for extraction from ores, it is lighter, less convenient to process and is susceptible to destruction by rust. Tin, although a lighter metal, has an even lower melting point and is also soft and ductile, but unfortunately only for the time being. Already at a temperature of 13.2 degrees, tin begins to turn into a powdery state, and the “tin plague” begins, leading to the complete disintegration of tin products.
aluminum and nickel, they are lighter, have a higher melting point, and are more difficult to extract and process.
What is important is the maximum weight, with minimum dimensions.
by the way, they are often made of steel.
tungsten ones are more reliable. and the armor won't help
Lead core (cheap and heavy) and steel (with brass) - shell for strength and core for penetration.
Because it is heavy and soft. Heaviness is needed for greater weapon effectiveness. And softness is needed so that the bullet covers the barrel bore more tightly - like a plasticine plug. So it accelerates better.
The range of materials is not limited to lead and is quite wide - rubber, steel, tungsten, copper, brass, aluminum, depleted uranium.
Source: https://dom-voprosov.ru/prochee/pochemu-puli-delayut-iz-svintsa
What are machine gun bullets made from?
What and how are bullets for rifled weapons made from? Currently, the industry produces a very large number of various types of ammunition.
If previously almost all cartridges were made as carbon copies and had a very simple design, today the technologies for the production of small arms and cartridges have gone far ahead.
Without exaggeration, we can say that the most talented designers and inventors are attracted to work in the military-industrial complex, and their activities are very well financed, which, of course, bears fruit.
A little history
The prototype of the bullet was an ordinary stone. Some may be surprised, but this is true. It was with this “projectile” that ancient people killed wild animals to get their own food. Only after many, many millennia, an unknown inventor figured out how to increase the killing power of the stone.
People began to use the sling. The stone, which was spun on a leather belt, flew at a much higher speed than the stone that was thrown by hand. What were bullets made of in those days? There was no weapons production as such yet.
“Bullets” (aka stones) were collected from the surface of the earth and put into action.
It was only in the tenth century AD that firearms appeared. Its homeland is Ancient China, where the bullet in our usual sense was first used. What was the weapon itself made of? The inventor used bamboo as a trunk - a fairly durable material.
According to some reports, bamboo can withstand ten times the load when tensile tested than ordinary quality steel. Many people are also interested in what bullets were made of at that time. Surprisingly, in those days bullets were cast from lead. This material, like many others (for example, antimony, tin) has been known to mankind since ancient times.
And ancient people appreciated the properties of lead, namely its low melting point.
Small arms have undergone significant evolution. In April 2013, an event occurred in Russia that resonated throughout the world and marked a new milestone in the development of weapons production technologies. We are talking about a statement by representatives of the Ministry of Defense about the abandonment of lead tracer bullets and the transition to the use of armor-piercing projectiles with a steel tip.
Minie bullet
A French citizen, Captain Minier became famous throughout the world for his invention back in 1848. In those days, people already had an idea about rifled weapons, but they were not widely popular. The main reason for this was problems with loading: in order to impart rotation to the bullet as it moves along the barrel, one very important condition must be met - the bullet must fit tightly to the inner spiral wall.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U0_8HlKsvs
How did the captain solve this problem? What did he make the bullets from? Everything ingenious is simple. Minier proposed an original way to solve the problem: install a steel core on the back of the lead bullet. When the gunpowder was detonated by a shock wave, the core was driven into the lead tip, which led to an increase in its diameter to the dimensions necessary to produce a high-quality shot.
The appearance of a cartridge with a sleeve
A little more time passed, and the Minier bullet was replaced by a cartridge with a cartridge case. What were the bullets and casings made from? The damaging element itself was still (and remains in many cases today) made of the usual lead. A variety of materials could be used to make the cartridge case. Thanks to this invention, it became possible to load weapons not from the muzzle, but from the breech.
Chuck design elements
In combat and hunting weapons, so-called unitary cartridges are used. A mandatory attribute of such a projectile is a metal casing. It combines all the constituent elements into a cartridge: the primer, the charge (gunpowder) and the bullet itself.
What are the sleeves made of? The main material for the production of live ammunition is brass. Hunting cartridges can be used many times; such products are made of plastic (walls) and brass (capsule). But hunters often use shot rather than bullets.
The device of an ordinary bullet
The bullet is the main and most important component of the weapon. It is she who is the damaging element. The entire variety of cartridges can be divided into two classes: cartridges with an ordinary bullet and cartridges with bullets of a special design and purpose.
What material are bullets made from? Their device is actually not as simple as it might seem at first glance. We say with confidence that a modern bullet is a masterpiece of engineering.
Ordinary bullets (for hitting open targets and unprotected enemy forces) consist of the following elements: jacket, core and jacket. The material used in most cases is lead, although there are alternative materials that can replace lead.
What is the function of the bullet core for a machine gun? What is it made of? The answer is simple: the core is introduced into the design to increase the penetrating power of the ammunition, and the material is steel with great hardness.
Device of special bullets
Special-purpose ammunition is usually divided into bullets of a single and combined principle of action. The first include tracer, incendiary, explosive, armor-piercing and other bullets. However, at present, preference is given to dual-use ammunition: armor-piercing tracer, armor-piercing incendiary and others.
Bullets of this class can be used in a wide variety of weapons, from an anti-aircraft gun to a Kalashnikov assault rifle. What are bullets made of for special tasks? The design of such cartridges is more complex compared to conventional ammunition.
Thus, a bullet for tracer fire, in addition to a steel core and jacket, has a tracer, thanks to which the bullet’s flight path is visible in the dark. Incendiaries contain a substance that ignites when a bullet hits a gap as a result of compression of the cavity and heating.
How and what are pneumatic bullets made from?
The material used for air gun bullets is regular lead. It is this material that allows for optimal performance, as it is heavy and easily deformed.
But with production technology, everything is not as simple as it seems. Bullets for air guns can be produced by casting, cold stamping, and rolling. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Such bullets are subject to very stringent quality requirements. In accordance with international standards, bullets from the same batch should not have a difference in weight of more than 0.005 grams. Achieving such precision is quite difficult, given the small size of the product and the fast pace of production.
Source: https://FB.ru/article/382813/iz-chego-delayut-puli-dlya-avtomata
The cartridge of discord: why are Russian ammunition criticized, but still bought? – New defense order. Strategies
The quality of Russian cartridges for rifled small arms often causes criticism, especially among civilian shooters - athletes and hunters. Russian cartridges “eat up” the barrels of imported rifles and are not capable of providing high accuracy. But experts say that in terms of price-quality ratio, domestic ammunition is close to ideal, and an attempt to play in another market niche will only harm our companies.
How steel appeared
The peculiarity of Russian cartridges, both military and civilian, is the material from which they are made (the accuracy of the shot and the service life of the weapon depend on this). The material of the bullet shell must reduce the coefficient of friction as much as possible in order to reduce barrel wear, be plastic so that the bullet fits tightly into the rifling and, at the same time, be hard enough so that it does not fall off them.
Most foreign ammunition, both military and civilian, uses a brass case and a bullet with a tombac (an alloy based on copper and zinc) jacket - it is believed that copper alloys best meet the necessary requirements. In Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, copper-based alloys were also used. Thus, the three-line cartridge of the 1908 model had a brass sleeve and a bullet with a cupronickel (copper-nickel alloy) jacket (nickel silver was used not only in our country in the manufacture of bullets).
But already in the 1930s, Soviet industry began to switch to the production of bimetal cartridges - soft low-carbon steel with a thin layer of tombac, about four to six percent of the total thickness.
One of the reasons for this was the imbalances in the Soviet economy - steel was produced in huge volumes and was relatively cheap, which made it possible to organize mass production of inexpensive cartridges. Savings in non-ferrous metals when switching cartridge production to bimetal reached 96%.
During the Great Patriotic War, cartridges were often made without any protective coating at all, and since the 50s of the 20th century, tombac was increasingly replaced by cheaper varnish.
Of course, a steel sleeve and bimetallic casing wear out the barrel of a weapon faster - after the abandonment of copper alloys, the service life of rifles was reduced by about four times. This problem was solved by chrome plating the barrels and chambers. It is believed that the corresponding domestic cartridges do not create problems for modern military models and their Russian-made civilian counterparts.
Thus, the declared service life of Kalashnikov assault rifles of 5.45x39 caliber is 15 thousand rounds. Saiga carbines based on the Kalashnikov assault rifle from the Kalashnikov concern have approximately the same resource (calibers 223 Rem (5.56x45), 5.45x39, 7.62x39, 308 Win (7.62x51), 7.62x54). The service life of the Vepr carbines based on the Kalashnikov light machine gun from the Molot plant is about 25 thousand rounds.
True, the warranty period indicated in the product passport and on the plant’s website does not exceed two thousand shots.
Experts note the fairly high quality of Russian military cartridges.
“You need to understand that a machine gun cartridge does not require sniper precision, and the 5.45 gross and 7.62 gross are quite adequate for the tasks they face,” says weapons expert, representative of the Kalashnikov concern on social networks Maxim Popenker, emphasizing that the intermediate cartridge of 5.45x39 millimeters is superior to the NATO low-pulse cartridge of 5.56x45 millimeters in such a characteristic as flatness.
“Eaten” trunks
The main suppliers of “rifled” cartridges to the Russian civilian market are the Barnaul Cartridge Plant (BPZ), the Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant (NPZ) and the Tula Cartridge Plant (TPZ). The vast majority of their products are cartridges with a steel case and a bullet with a bimetallic jacket. Only the core is not steel, as in army ammunition, but lead.
The steel sleeve can be coated with varnish or tombac, have a polymer coating or galvanization. Bullets are sometimes coated with additional brass coating - for example, Barnaul Gold cartridges from BPZ. According to manufacturers, the wear resistance of the barrel when using such a bullet increases by 30-50 percent.
But the cost of such a cartridge is almost twice as much - about 14 rubles versus 8-8.5 rubles.
Problems when using this ammunition arise primarily among owners of imported weapons.
“Bimetallic bullets used in domestic 223-caliber cartridges reduce the life of a rifle barrel by approximately three times compared to a tombak bullet, and domestic cartridges with a foreign tombak bullet cost three to four times more expensive compared to cartridges with a bimetallic jacket,” Lente explained. .ru" responsible for working with weapons manufacturers of the Federation of Practical Shooting of Russia, Honored Master of Sports in Practical Shooting Vsevolod Ilyin.
Sports shooters, according to him, fire from 10 thousand to 40 thousand shots per year.
In monetary terms, this is from 80 thousand to 320 thousand rubles when shooting with a cheap cartridge with a bimetallic bullet (we are talking about caliber 223 Rem, the most popular among practical shooters) and up to one million rubles when shooting with a domestic cartridge with an imported tombak bullet.
Precision non-chromed barrels of sporting rifles (mainly on the American AR15 platform) can withstand approximately 15 thousand shots on cartridges with a tombak bullet and five to eight thousand with a bimetallic one. For chrome-plated barrels this figure is two to three times higher, but their accuracy is usually somewhat lower.
By the way, according to experts, even chrome plating does not always save the barrels of foreign rifles.
A “Saiga” with a chrome-plated barrel on domestic cartridges can fire 15-20 thousand rounds, a “Bushmaster” barrel (the American company Bushmaster Firearms International produces rifles like AR-15), also chrome-plated, is “eaten up” after six thousand shots, the bullets begin to fly sideways , there is no accuracy,” says Maxim Popenker. “We initially have very strict military requirements for chrome plating.”
There are also complaints about the range of cartridges produced. “If for sporting rifles in caliber .
223 Rem, you can choose a suitable one, including an imported cartridge, but for carbines in the 5.45x39 caliber, the domestic industry does not produce match cartridges, and foreign high-quality cartridges in this caliber are simply not available on our market,” notes a representative of the FPSR. And he clarifies that things are somewhat better with the 7.62x39 cartridge - there are imported high-quality cartridges on the Russian market.
Another frequent complaint is the unstable quality of Russian cartridges. The actual characteristics of civilian ammunition, such as bullet speed, very often differ from those declared by the manufacturer. Measurements show that the bullet speed of cartridges from one pack can differ by 20-50 meters per second - a consequence of the unstable weight of gunpowder, as well as the cost of using gunpowder made according to military standards.
More expensive than an atomic bomb
Nevertheless, experts believe that the range and quality of domestic cartridges fully correspond to market demands and the market niche occupied by Russian companies. The civilian range of our cartridge factories is optimized for export.
Thus, according to various estimates, up to one billion Russian-made cartridges enter the US civilian market annually. “Russian cartridge factories are not included in the sanctions lists; export markets are open to them,” says Mikhail Degtyarev, editor-in-chief of Kalashnikov magazine. Domestic cartridges are in great demand among foreign shooters due to their low price.
The expert estimates their shortage in the American market alone at “at least 100 million rounds of ammunition per year.”
Now Russian manufacturers reliably occupy a niche in which they have practically no competitors. A change in materials or manufacturing technologies for cartridges will inevitably lead to a transition to a different price segment, where they will have to withstand severe pressure from foreign suppliers.
In general, replacing a cartridge is an extremely expensive matter. “On the scale of an army like ours, switching from caliber to caliber is more expensive than adopting a new generation of nuclear missiles,” argues Mikhail Degtyarev.
“These products are produced in billions of pieces, and the life cycle of a cartridge is several decades - manufacturing, storage, movement, periodic testing, etc.”
Suffice it to remember that the stocks of Kalashnikov assault rifles in army warehouses, according to the estimate of the former head of the Ministry of Defense Anatoly Serdyukov, made in 2011, exceed 17 million units.
Of course, mastering the production of new civilian cartridges does not require such colossal costs, but given the peculiarities of our production, designed for mass production, readjustment or purchase of equipment will be very expensive (experts could not estimate possible investments). At the same time, sanctions will most likely force our factories to give their production policies flexibility. Moreover, in the smoothbore cartridge segment there are examples of fruitful cooperation between manufacturers and consumers.
Source: https://dfnc.ru/c106-technika/patron-razdora-pochemu-rossijskie-boepripasy-rugayut-no-pokupayut/
Nine grams of death. The most lethal types of bullets
MOSCOW, December 2 – RIA Novosti, Andrey Stanavov. Complex splinter fractures of bones, ruptures of internal organs and numerous injuries to soft tissues - such terrible consequences can result from a “confrontation” with several grams of lead enclosed in a durable metal shell of a special shape.
Over the long history of the development of firearms, hundreds of types of lethal ammunition have been created. The mechanism of action of some is so cruel that they were banned at the very first Hague conference. For example, if a person is seriously wounded by an expansive bullet, there is practically no chance of survival.
RIA Novosti talks about some small arms cartridges, the bullets of which cause injuries that are rarely compatible with life.
Bomb in the heart
Anti-personnel rifle cartridge with explosive bullet is one of the most dangerous small arms ammunition, causing fatal consequences. Banned for combat use by the Hague International Convention for humanitarian reasons. The principle of its operation is simple: an explosive charge sealed inside a bullet, similar to an artillery shell, detonates when it collides with an obstacle.
Despite the low power, such a mini-explosion, combined with the colossal kinetic energy of the bullet, completely incapacitates a person, seriously damaging bones, soft tissues and internal organs.
It is known that the Austrians were among the first to develop rifle ammunition with explosive bullets and began to use them on the fronts of the First World War. Later, their production was mastered by other countries, including Germany, Great Britain and the USSR.
To avoid contradictions with international agreements, incendiary-explosive cartridges began to be classified not as combat, but as sighting and training.
The main disadvantages of such ammunition are their high cost and difficulty in manufacturing.
In addition, many early products, due to imperfect design and lack of reliable safety mechanisms, posed a danger to their troops, as they could explode at any time when reloading weapons or careless transportation.
Because of these problems and the international ban, explosive bullets never took root in small infantry weapons, but they have gained great popularity in aviation, where they are still successfully used today.
Strike and open
In second place in terms of lethality after explosive bullets are the so-called expansive “dum-dum” bullets, which, due to a notch or a cross-shaped notch in the front part, unfold in a “rose pattern” during a collision, inflicting monstrous wounds on the victim. Unlike explosive ones, they are equipped with both rifle and pistol cartridges.
A prominent domestic “representative” of such ammunition is the nine-millimeter SP-7 expansive cartridge, the bullet of which contains a plastic core. It was developed in the 1980s for the KGB of the USSR and is distinguished by its high lethality.
To ensure that the bullet opens like a flower when it hits the body, six longitudinal notches are made on the leading edge of its shell. It is noteworthy that for special operations on board passenger aircraft, a weakened version of the “seven” was created - the SP-8 cartridge.
The reduced powder charge and low penetration power of the bullet reduced the risk of damage to the skin and depressurization of the aircraft at flight level.
The Hague Convention prohibits the use of expansive ammunition in combat operations, but they are widely used by hunters and police officers around the world. The first - to hit a large animal on the spot and not leave wounded animals, the second - due to the high stopping properties of this ammunition. In addition, “expansions” reduce the likelihood of through wounds. This is very valuable when shooting in urban conditions, where a stray bullet that passes right through can hit a random passerby.
Radical expansion bullets are one of the many varieties of self-expanding ammunition. Like regular “dum-dum”, they have a recess in the front part, but the mechanism of action here is fundamentally different.
A piece of copper made in a special shape, when it enters the body, does not just unfold like a rose, but breaks up into several sharp fragments.
The fragments are “screwed” into the victim in a diverging spiral, forming several wound channels of complex shape at once.
Today, radically expansive ammunition under the RIP brand is produced by the American company G2 Research. They are freely sold on the civilian market and are in constant demand among self-defense fighters.
There is no need to talk about humanity in this case - the mechanism of action of these mini-projectiles is inhumane in its essence. Interestingly, when choosing the shape of the striking petals, the bullet developers turned to medical technologies.
They were inspired by a triangular surgical trocar designed to effectively penetrate soft tissue.
At first glance, a large-caliber bullet may seem more dangerous and destructive than a small-caliber bullet. But that's not true. In pursuit of combat effectiveness, designers of small arms ammunition were able to prove that caliber is no longer so important to inflict maximum damage to manpower.
The high initial velocity, slightly elongated pointed shape and slight shift of the center of mass towards the tail can turn even a small 5.45 mm bullet into a terrible “meat grinder” for those for whom it was intended.
In addition, a light bullet manages to transfer more kinetic energy to an object than a heavy one; these are already the laws of physics.
As a rule, upon collision with a target, the longitudinal axis of the “unbalanced” mini-projectile deviates from the flight path, and it begins to tumble randomly, tearing soft tissue and destroying bones at great speed. Instead of a narrow through one, a wide curved wound channel is formed in the body with extensive peripheral damage, often leading to death.
In particular, the domestic low-pulse 5.45x39 caliber cartridge, developed for the Kalashnikov assault rifle and put into service in 1974, is equipped with such a deadly bullet. It has an air cavity in the nose, due to which the center of mass is shifted back.
This ammunition was a response to the armies of NATO countries, armed with a 5.56x45 cartridge with a bullet that unfolds and breaks in the body of the victim. It is interesting that a through wound from a heavier bullet from the Soviet 7.62x39 cartridge is less dangerous for a person, unless, of course, bones and vital organs are hit.
It does not tumble, but simply stitches through soft tissue. It is much easier to heal such a wound.
Source: https://ria.ru/20171202/1509844261.html
We reviewed the Virtus.pro fight: it clearly shows two of their problems
Solo was a full screen behind Nun.
The second map against Reality Rift was a disappointing point in Virtus.pro's performance in the group. This defeat is not accidental, and VP has serious problems on two levels at once: we took one fight in which these problems are most clearly visible.
No leader in the game
Perhaps the key fight in the game: VP lost four, No[o]ne bought back, and soon died without ransom on his highground. So the “bears” lost five barracks.
This is what the moment looked like on stream:
It was not possible to kill Omnic, Nun crumbled under the focus of Templar, Solo could not give a grave, and where was Solo anyway? Let's see this episode through his eyes.
We asked Reality Rift about the series with Virtus.pro. Their mid player thought it was an easy game for Meepo
Solo carries himself a smoke - but when the courier arrives, Nun with Epileptic and Resolution are already moving to the top. Solo smokes only himself and Save and goes the other way.
The fight begins, but Solo and Save are still far away. Moreover, they are cut off by the enemy Leshrac. Solo tries to throw a grave on Nun, completely gets out of position and is himself killed by Templar.
Question: why are Virtus.pro so divided? Was there really any idea behind the separate smoke of the two supports? If not, then why didn’t Solo command the others to wait and smoke together?
Let's look at Nuna's perspective.
Vladimir notices the enemy heroes on the top and offers to attack with pings. During the entire attack, Nun never once turned the camera to Solo and even ran in the opposite direction from him in the fight.
* * *
Let's assume that Nun saw something in the enemy's position that we do not see. Let's assume that he had a plan that required quick reaction and precise execution - and this was not a hasty exit, but, on the contrary, Solo and Save were behind Nun's train of thought.
In this case, the conclusions are even sadder: Nun takes on the responsibilities of a leader in the game, but does not fulfill them to the end. An advanced vision of the game will not help the team if the leader is not able to convey it to the rest, and a good coordinator must also take into account the location and capabilities of his teammates.
No leader in the draft?
Yesterday I noted that each Death Prophet ultimate did not provide the required impact, and each cooldown period resulted in a huge minus of VP.
Virtus.pro took Death Prophet with a last pick. We still don't understand why
Why did DP appear in the game at all, and even for the closing pick? Bulk tried to give an answer, but we never heard an answer.
“We picked Death Prophet because there were very few heroes left in the pool . The opponent banned both Huskar and Razor. We needed an active hero so that we could keep up with the opponent's pace, play a 4+1 strategy and not give a big advantage to the opponent until Naga reached critical mass.
Everyone thought that DP was a suitable hero. We had a choice between a Gyrocopter and a Pugna . There were options. We just thought that DP would cope with the task of holding back the opponent’s pace and buying Naga time.”
According to Bulk, it turns out that the enemy’s bans came as a surprise to VP, and the hero was chosen for the 22nd pick at the last moment.
At the same time, Naga is one of the signature heroes of Epileptic. So why does the situation when the enemy bans active mid-laners surprise VP? Why wasn’t a clear answer to this situation found during the preparation for the Major? Why do non-meta signatures of Nun sound in the alternatives (Pugna has 0 picks and 1 ban in Dream League, Gyrocopter has never been chosen to mid)?
But the main thing is the wording. If the decision was indeed made collectively, then now there is simply no person in Virtus.pro who can clearly close the draft and take responsibility. “We just did the math.”
We just lost.
You will feel very funny from the old model of Underlord - Snapfire now has his legs
Source: https://cyber.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/midorfeed/2702814.html
Lethal force of ancient weapons | Historical document
Not long ago, an experiment was conducted in Scotland on the hills where Roman soldiers once threw lead bullets from slings. Some have been shown to have the killing power of a .44 Magnum pistol.
Victory was on the side of the slingers, since the local army was armed only with swords and other simple weapons.
Based on the results of excavations south of Edinburgh on a hilltop in Burnswark, it was concluded that almost none of the local warriors survived, but the Romans also received a good rebuff.
Training ground or battle site?
But the battle in Burnswark was only the beginning of the war against those who lived in the north. But even with excellent weapons, the Romans were stuck in Scotland for a long time. A strong and resourceful enemy stood against them. The warriors of Scotland could completely disappear into the hills and moors.
Twenty years after attacking Burnswark and conquering part of the lowlands of Scotland, the Romans were forced to retreat to Hadrian's Wall. Archaeologists examined the remains of two Roman warrior camps. They tried to unravel the events that took place at this place. Their opinions were divided.
Some scientists have come to the conclusion that Bernsvark became a training ground for the Romans, where they practiced their combat techniques. According to others, this was the site of a long siege of a fort on a hill.
Searches using metal detectors
To come to a common decision, archaeologists from America conducted more thorough searches around Bernsvarka Hill. There used to be a small Scottish fortress there. Archaeologists explored the area using metal detectors, trying to find the remains of ancient weapons.
They tried to draw up a diagram of the movement of the soldiers based on the lead bullets found in the ground. They have already done this at excavations in the Little Bighorn.
To begin with, they set the metal detectors so that they would only respond to lead, and not to other ancient metal objects resting at the site.
Using metal detectors, archaeologists explored the hillsides step by step. They discovered more than 2,700 lead bullets, which were plotted on the map.
Large accumulations of lead bullets
The next stage was excavation. Their result was the discovery of more than 400 Roman slings, which were loaded with lead. In addition to the slings, archaeologists unearthed a pair of spherical rockets made of sandstone. These were 11 ballistic balls. Most of the artifacts found by metal detectors were Roman lead bullets. Encouraged by their success, archaeologists began to analyze the sites where large concentrations of lead shells were discovered.
They wanted to understand the course of events. The entire southern rampart of the Scottish fort was strewn with such shells. This cluster was located directly above the Roman camp. This proved that the siege of the fort still took place. Another large concentration of bullets was on the north side. Scientists have suggested that it was the defenders of the fort who tried to escape unsuccessfully. The Scots suffered heavy losses, but the Romans, even with such powerful weapons, were unable to defeat them.
Experiments carried out in Germany clearly showed that a Roman lead projectile weighing 50 grams, launched by a skilled slinger, has almost equal destructive power to a cartridge fired from a .44 caliber pistol.
Other tests have shown that a skilled slinger can hit a target at 130 yards. This was exactly the distance between the front rampart of the southern Roman camp and the fort standing on the top of the hill. Bullets fired from a sling could reach speeds of up to 160 kilometers per hour.
It was quite easy to kill or injure an enemy with such a weapon.
Hole bullets - a weapon to intimidate the enemy
The Romans also used new tactics. This was psychological warfare, involving methods of intimidating the Scots to break their ability to defend themselves. To do this, Roman slingers used bullets with small specially drilled holes.
These shells made up about 10% of all those found. Scientists have never found such weapons in any historical place where such excavations were carried out. The discovery of shells with holes made of lead became a real sensation in the historical world. The experimenters decided to test such holey bullets. When they launched these shells, they heard a wild howl.
It was made by flying bullets. In this way, the enemy was intimidated. The whistle of flying lead was supposed to serve as additional horror and cause panic in the enemy camp.
Previously, such holey bullets made of ceramics were found only during excavations in Greece. Their age corresponded to the 2nd – 3rd centuries BC. Scientists had previously puzzled over why they needed holes inside them for a long time.
It was even assumed that poison was placed there to better defeat the enemy. This version was completely rejected by experiments.
As a result of artifacts found at the excavation site, it was established that the bloody battle took place around 140. Then Emperor Antoninus Pius ruled Rome, and he needed victory. He wanted to conquer the restless tribes living along the northern border and expand the empire's possessions. While building Hadrian's Wall, the Romans found new enemies among the Scottish tribes. But no matter how hard they tried to break the Scots, victory at that time was not on their side. The Roman soldiers only got stuck in Scotland.
Neither howling bullets nor siege weapons brought success to the Roman conquerors. 5 thousand people who allegedly participated in the siege and storming of the fortress were forced to retreat without breaking the defense of one and a half thousand defenders of the fort. In the mid-1st century, Roman troops returned behind Hadrian's Wall. And weapons found at the excavation site indicate that a bloody assault took place in Bernsvark, and that this place was not a training ground.
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Source: http://history-doc.ru/ubojnaya-sila-oruzhiya-drevnosti/
Airgun bullets: overview of the main types
And again, good day to everyone reading. Mentions regularly appear here regarding pneumatic ammunition, but there has not yet been a place for people to park, a point of possible discussion. In addition, stores are full of all kinds of bullets, and it can be simply difficult for beginners to navigate such “trash.” Let's try to streamline the topic a little and talk in general terms about bullets for air guns.
Let's agree a little on the names. Here and further we will call everything bullets: both rifle bullets and air pistol balls, so if something like this flashes somewhere, we close our eyes. In addition, some people do not like to call pneumatic bullets “bullets”, preferring a softer name like “bullets”. By the way, abroad the word “bullets” is used for firearms ammunition, and “pellets” for pneumatic ammunition.
General typology
Before diving into the world of bullets, the shortest important classification of pneumatics for this matter is: pneumatics with a smooth barrel and with a rifled barrel. Rifles, by definition, come with a rifled barrel; pistols come with both rifled and smooth barrels.
Typical representatives of air pistols firing lead bullets: MP-651, A-3000 "Skif", IZH-53M, Umarex Beretta 92S and Walther CP88, as well as revolvers like Gletcher SW R25.
That’s all for now, we already have a whole article here about types of barrels and examples of weapons.
Pneumatic bullets are made of lead or steel. Lead bullets are used for rifled barrels, steel bullets for smooth ones. Steel ones are made in the form of a ball (BB), lead ones are usually in the form of a familiar shooting range bullet with a head and a “skirt”.
In flight, rifle bullets are stable, the head is heavier than the skirt, and the rifling sets the spin. They have low friction in the barrel (touching occurs only with the edge of the head and skirt).
For shooting at near and supersonic speeds, it is recommended to use bullets with an ogival shape, where the laws of aerodynamics already remove a regular bullet from a state of stability.
To maintain their shape, but for use in more powerful samples, bullets are increased in weight by increasing the caliber, while maintaining stability and high muzzle energy.
The most popular pneumatic caliber is 4.5 mm (.177). Hunting samples use the mentioned increase in caliber - 5.5 mm (.22) and 6.35 mm (.25). In factory production there are bullets up to a caliber of 12.7 mm (.50), in practice there are even more homemade ones. Ideally, bullets are selected individually in batches for a specific barrel. For fans of precision fitting, some manufacturers even assign a skirt diameter to their bullets (for example, 4.50 mm, 4.52 mm).
The mass for bullets is indicated in grams. The USA and some Western countries like to use grains to measure it. 1 gram – 0.062 grains. The vast majority of pneumatic bullets up to 7.5 J fall within the range of up to 0.55 g.
Here it is worth understanding that weak pneumatics are not capable of accelerating a heavy bullet to a speed that ensures its stability and effective energy transfer. A light bullet, on the contrary, will quickly lose energy, not providing stability at a distance.
So selecting the bullet weight for an air gun is also an individual matter.
Classification by shape
It is clear that bullets can have a wide variety of shapes, but here we will try to clearly structure them according to general characteristics and give a description of their application.
Flat bullets
Typical of the sports shooting world, they leave precise round holes in the paper. Within acceptable hardball speeds, the risk of penetration in humans is minimized. Due to the high resistance created by the shape, they behave well only at short distances.
Hemispherical bullets
The most popular airgun bullets for long-range shooting. Almost all samples have high ballistic coefficients.
Conical bullets
They have good penetrating ability. But the accuracy of shooting from such bullets may suffer, because making the center of the cone ideal is technically difficult.
Expansive bullets
Or unfolding bullets. Bullets with a depression in the head. When hitting a target, they turn sideways, thereby delivering a blow over a larger area, creating a greater defeat. Used for hunting. In practice, it can only be used at close range due to the need for high speed. Ballistic performance is slightly higher than flat bullets. There are models with a plastic core, which supposedly creates better “flight” characteristics.
Ballistic gel – on the left is an expansive bullet (increased entry diameter), on the right is an ogival bullet
Ogival bullets
The shape resembles samples from firearms. Show excellent performance when firing at near or supersonic speeds. They require a powerful rifle for confident acceleration.
Spherical bullets
They are balls, they are BB. One of the most common types of air pistol bullets, used for most CO2 smoothbore air guns. BB is named after the average size of the shot (B, BB, BBB).
“BeBeshki” are made mainly of steel, with copper, zinc or other anti-corrosion coating. The balls are light (about 0.3 g), and they are still “balls”, so we can generally remain silent about any aerodynamic properties. But at close range they are excellent for destroying glass containers, because... Steel still copes with this task more confidently than lead.
The BB caliber is slightly smaller than the barrel - usually around 4.4 or 4.45 mm. The material of the balls for an air pistol does not allow shooting along rifling, because... The barrel will wear out quickly. For rifled barrels there is an option for Gamo Round lead balls (4.4, 4.45), but the model is not suitable for all samples.
Stun bullets
The plastic base contains an explosive charge. When they hit a target they detonate and explode. For example, domestic “Blik” bullets belong to this class. It is better not to fill high-velocity rifles; the plastic may not withstand it.
Armor-piercing bullets
A harder metal, such as a steel ball, is used as the core. Needed for the destruction of cans, bottles, and barrels for entertainment purposes that have resisted crushing lead.
Cap bullets
Lightweight bullets (there were options up to 0.2 g) of different classes, an excellent way to bring a powerful rifle to supersonic for the feeling of a barrier. The rest is not so great.
Dart bullets
Several options for plastic elongated bullets with a sharpened metal tip. Used to defeat something or someone.
Well, we’ve looked at the basic classification of all currently existing bullets for air guns. Price ranges and quality can vary greatly from manufacturer to manufacturer. The main thing in this matter is initial individual selection and experience. Proper selection will ensure not only an increase in the shooting performance of the weapon, but also its longer life.
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Source: https://dvhard.ru/teoriya/311
How the US and Russia are circumventing the ban on the production of “sadistic” explosive bullets
They were banned for use in combat by the Hague International Convention back in 1899, but are still used in civilian and hunting weapons, causing incredibly severe damage when they hit a target. These are expansive action bullets, united by the common name “dum-dum”.
With the advent of rifled firearms, the use of deadly cartridges with lead bullets became very dangerous for the shooter himself, since upon entering the barrel the lead was deformed and torn off the rifling, and the accuracy of hitting targets dropped sharply.
Therefore, at the end of the 19th century, mass production of jacketed bullets began, in which the lead core was protected by a dense copper, brass, cupronickel or steel coating. Such bullets had excellent ballistic properties and accurately hit targets from a long distance.
The history of new bullets
But too powerful is not always good. The shortcomings of this type of ammunition were first noticed by the British military, who took part in numerous colonial wars. They wrote in their memoirs that the natives struck by such a bullet continued to run to the attack, and only a direct hit to the head or heart could stop them.
In 1895, during the war in the Khanate of Chitral, located between British India and Afghanistan, British soldiers began to grumble that the new ammunition, which pierced the body of their opponents, was ineffective. Despite the hits, the Afghans continued to advance and fell, only receiving several gunshot wounds. Reloading rifles took a long time, and given that machine guns were very rare at that time, it became very difficult to repel enemy attacks.
A way out of the situation was proposed by Captain Neville Bertie-Clay , who developed fundamentally new bullets for the 303 British cartridge, which was used as ammunition for Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield rifles. The solution was incredibly simple: the officer decided to remove about 1 mm of copper alloy from the tip of a standard bullet, exposing the lead base.
The first cartridges with the new bullet were released by a weapons factory located in a suburb of Calcutta called Dum Dum. Who would have thought then that the name of a peaceful area of a large Indian city would become a household name and would remind of millions of soldiers who died during various wars?
The destructive power of the new ammunition
The very first use of the new ammunition demonstrated their incredible effectiveness. When it hit the target, the bullet was flattened, transferring all the force of its movement to the target. During the Boer Wars, the public was struck by horrific photographs of wounds caused by new bullets, which were immediately dubbed explosive (most likely due to the fact that chunks of flesh flew off the victims, leaving a huge wound where they exited the body).
The British only needed to hit the native attacking them once to incapacitate him for a long time, causing complex bone fractures, ruptures of internal organs and numerous injuries to soft tissues. In most cases, victims of the “dum-dum” bullet died within a short time, unable to cope with the wounds received and the painful shock.
Already in 1899, 15 leading countries in the world advocated a complete ban on this type of ammunition, although the governments of another 11 decided that such a decision was premature. By and large, the proliferation of dum-dum bullets was stopped by conventional machine guns, which were much more effective than rifles, but often jammed when using cartridges with damaged shell integrity.
The principle of action of a “dum-dum” bullet when it hits an enemy’s leg. Picture: Upenn.edu
World Wars and modern use
Both world wars were not complete without the use of explosive cartridges, most of which were made by hand. There are many known cases when, during the calm period before a battle, fighters used files to file off the tips of their cartridges or make X-shaped cuts on bullets. This was done by soldiers of all warring sides, without exception.
When hitting the target, such bullets opened in the form of a flower, hence the name “flowers of death.” The officers did not interfere with the initiative of their subordinates, but when such ammunition was captured and identified, the soldiers faced inevitable execution.
In the pre-war period, the Soviet Union also tried to establish its own production of ammunition with “dum-dum” bullets. Experimental DD and R-44 bullets were even produced, but due to their low ballistic qualities and inability to hit targets at a distance of more than 300 meters, they were never put into service.
Despite the ban, due to their stopping capabilities, dum-dum bullets are still used when hunting large animals, as well as by special forces soldiers conducting operations in crowded places, especially when freeing hostages on airplanes. Once they hit a person, they remain in the body, preventing ricochets and injury to others.
Russian special forces use Soviet SP-7 and SP-8 cartridges. They have a plastic core with six special notches applied to the leading edge of the shell, allowing the bullet to open in the form of a “flower of death” with six petals.
"Flower of death". wikipedia
Tricky incendiary explosive cartridges
To circumvent the ban of the Hague International Conference, designers from Great Britain, Germany, the USA and the USSR began developing full-fledged explosive bullets. The principle of their operation is quite simple.
Inside the bullet capsule is an explosive charge that detonates upon contact with the target. In fact, a micro-explosion is heard in the victim’s body, multiplying the damage to his internal organs.
These bullets are considered the most effective way to hit a target, significantly surpassing the classic “dum-dum” bullets in their destructive ability.
Their significant drawback is that they are capable of detonating if stored carelessly, causing serious injury to a soldier in his own army or breaking the barrel of a small arms weapon during intense combat. Such ammunition proved to be very expensive to produce and was not widely used, although it is now used in incendiary-explosive cartridges, which are sometimes used by special forces snipers to effectively destroy their targets.
Off-center bullets
Trying to circumvent the restrictions of the Hague International Conference, after the Second World War, the Americans created a fundamentally new automatic cartridge 5.56x45 mm. His bullet has a displaced center, changes direction of flight upon contact with the bones of the victim and breaks, causing injuries incompatible with life.
The Soviet response was the creation of a low-impulse 5.45x39 mm cartridge, which is suitable for firing from the Kalashnikov AK-74 assault rifle and its later modifications. Due to the small air cavity in the front, the bullet's center of gravity is shifted back, causing it to tumble when it hits the target. Even though they have significantly less power than 7.62 mm cartridges, Soviet off-center bullets inflict much more serious wounds on the enemy.
Modern extensive cartridges with a cavity and rifling on the bullet. pixabay.com
Modern fragmentation-penetrating bullets
Later, American designers decided to take a completely new path, producing ammunition whose bullets do not open up, but scatter into several (usually eight) fragments, while the bottom continues to move in the form of an independent striking unit.
The leadership of this country is convinced that such ammunition can more reliably protect the lives of US residents, so it is allowed to purchase them even for civil self-defense.
Due to growing international tensions, designers from various Western countries began to create hunting weapons capable of firing expansive bullets of combat calibers. According to military experts, this will make it possible to produce larger quantities of formally prohibited ammunition. Peaceful and hunting, they can be transferred to army units at any time and cause the painful death of thousands of people.
Source: https://www.eg.ru/society/432663/
