Bronze what is it

Metal: what it is, its physical properties, what it consists of

05Dec

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The discovery of common physical and chemical properties of metals and alloys led to widespread use of the material. Over time, scientists began to study its characteristics in detail, as well as create various metalworking methods that increase strength and improve the crystal lattice. At the moment, there are such compositions that are used in shipbuilding.

More and more areas of life cannot do without metal elements - from a household spoon or fountain pen to complex mechanical components and microcircuits. But ordinary people often do not understand what kind of substance we use and what features make it so widespread. In the article we will talk about this in detail.

What is it - metal

The ancient Greek word metallion just means “to dig out of the earth” - mined from rock ore. Currently, 96 pure values ​​and an unlimited number of alloys are known. All of them differ from non-metals in their increased strength properties and conductivity, which is why wires are made from them. At first glance, you can distinguish a metal sample from a stone or other one by its specific shine.

Physical properties

At room temperature and without applying pressure, all substances are solid. But there is gallium, which already at 30 degrees of heat begins to deform and melts in your hands. Characteristics you can note:

• High plasticity. Only manganese, tin and zinc are fragile.
• Can be light or heavy. Compare aluminum with osmium.
• The melting point is very high. There are exceptions, for example, mercury, which is why it is used in classic thermometers.
• Color – gray, silver, bluish. Colored items, such as yellow or red, are rare.
• Increased conductivity of heat and electricity, especially in copper, is why copper wires are popular.

Basic chemical properties of metals

There are no general rules in this category, since they are all divided into many subgroups according to activity level - alkaline, actinides, semimetals and others. Many interact with water, almost all interact with oxygen (except gold and platinum), and oxidation occurs. The process takes place under normal conditions if there is a lot of click in the composition, only when heated - if not. Also, almost all elements react with sulfur and chlorine.

Signs

We list the features by which the average person can distinguish substances of this category from non-metals:

• fishing line
• Good conductivity of heat and electricity.
• Strength.
• Can be forged and welded.
• Crystalline body structure.
• High melting and crystallization temperatures.

Classification and types of metals

There are pure, single-component structures and alloys. The most classic example is the different types of steel. They differ according to GOST in accordance with the addition of alloying additives. The higher the carbon content, the stronger the material. There is also a generally accepted distinction; below we present the subtypes.

Black

They are mined from metal ore. In production they occupy 90% of all raw materials. Usually these are cast iron and steel. To change the characteristics, more or less amount of carbon and alloying additives are added: copper, silicon, chromium, nickel.

One of the very popular subspecies is stainless steel, which is distinguished by its shiny surface and unique properties - lightness, high strength and resistance to humidity and temperature changes.

What applies to non-ferrous metals

The second name is non-iron, that is, alloys do not contain iron, but consist of more expensive materials. Substances have different colors and have unique qualities:

• durability;
• long-term preservation of properties;
• the formation of an oxide film that prevents corrosion.

Thanks to this, certain varieties can be used in medicine, jewelry, the chemical industry, and in the manufacture of electrical wires. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, chromium, silver, gold and others.

Copper and its alloys are popular metals

Copper ore was one of the first to be processed by man because it is subjected to the cold method of forging and stamping. Pliability has led to demand everywhere. Oxygen in the composition leads to a red tint. But decreasing the valency in various compounds will lead to yellow, green, blue color. Excellent thermal conductivity is considered an attractive quality - second only to silver, which is why it is used for wires. Connections can be:

• solid - in combination with iron, arsenic, zinc, phosphorus;
• with poor solubility with bismuth, lead;
• fragile - with sulfur or oxygen.

Metals include aluminum and alloys

Al was discovered in 1825 and is distinguished by its ease and simplicity in metalworking. It is made from bauxite, and the reserves of this rock are practically inexhaustible. Next, the element is combined in various proportions with copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, and silicon. Less often with titanium, lithium, beryllium. Features depending on additives:

• good weldability;
• corrosion resistance;
• high fatigue strength;
• plastic.

It is used for the manufacture of jewelry, cutlery, as well as for glass melting, in the food and military industries, for the creation of rockets and for the production of hydrogen and heat in aluminum energy.

All about the metals magnesium, titanium and their alloys

Mg is the lightest substance of this group. It does not have strength, but it has advantages, for example, plasticity, chemical activity. Due to its high structural ability, it is added to compositions to increase weldability and ease of metalworking with a cutting knife. It must be taken into account that magnesium is very susceptible to rust.

Titanium has similar qualities - lightness, ductility, silver color. But the anti-corrosion film appears upon first contact with oxygen. Distinctive features are low thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and lack of magnetism. Metal containing titanium is a substance used in the aviation, chemical, and shipbuilding industries.

Anti-friction alloys

A characteristic feature of this group is its ease of use under mechanical stress. They create virtually no friction and also reduce it in other composites. Very often they act as a solid lubricant for components, for example, for bearings. The composition usually includes fluoroplastic, brass, bronze, iron graphite and babbit.

Soft

These are those whose metal bonds are weakened. For this reason, they have a lower melting and boiling point and simply become deformed. Sometimes you can make a dent with one finger press, or leave a scratch with your fingernail. These include: copper, silver, gold, bronze, lead, aluminum, cesium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and others. One of the softest is mercury; it is found in nature in a liquid state.

What does hard metal mean?

In nature, such ore is extremely rare. The rock is found in fallen meteorites. One of the most popular is chrome. It is refractory and can be easily processed into metal. Another element is tungsten. It melts very poorly, but when properly processed is used in lighting applications due to its heat resistance and flexibility.

Metal materials in the energy sector

We would not have such a developed electrical network and a lot of devices that consume electricity if a number of substances were not distinguished by the presence of free electrons, positive ions and high conductivity. Wires are made from lead, copper and aluminum. Silver would be great, but its rarity affects the cost, so it is rarely used.

Features of Ferrous Secondary Metals

This is waste that is generated as a result of one of the metalworking stages - forging, cutting. These could be scraps or shavings. They are sent to steel-smelting furnaces, but before that they must pass inspections in accordance with GOST. Scrap is called ferrous metal, it is distinguished into steel and cast iron according to price. Its use is in great demand instead of ore processing.

Alkaline earth alloys

These are solid substances that have high chemical activity. They are very rarely found in their pure form, but are used in compounds. Their importance cannot be overestimated from the point of view of human and animal anatomy. Magnesium and calcium are essential microelements.

Alkali metal concept

They are able to dissolve in water, forming an alkali. Due to its increased chemical activity (reaction occurs with violent action, ignition, release of gas, smoke) it is almost never found in nature. After all, at the external level there is only one electron, which is easily given to any substance. Hydroxides are very important in industry.

General characteristics of materials from the d- and f-families

These are transition elements that can be both oxidizing and reducing agents. Properties depend on the environment in which they are located. But there are also common ones:

• there are many electrons in the outer level;
• several oxidation states;
• increased valence;
• strength;
• ductility;
• ductility.

What are the side subgroups of metals in the periodic system?

In fact, these are varieties of the previous category - transitional elements. This is a line from scandium to zinc. They are often smelted and have virtually the same characteristics as the above materials from the d- and f-families.

Alloys

Pure ingots mined from ore are used as rarely as possible. This is due to both high cost and insufficiently good qualities (to correct it, carbon and alloying additives are added). Sometimes compounds occur in nature, and you just need to adjust the composition. The most famous:

• brass;
• bronze;
• steel;
• cast iron.

Comparison of properties

The second part of the elements in the periodic table is characterized by a variety of characteristics, so it is almost impossible to provide a complete summary table. We offer a table that shows 4 distinctive features:

Signs	Metals	Nonmetals
Position in P.S.	Under the diagonal boron-astatine	Above her
Atomic structure	Large atomic radius, pure electrons in the last layer - from 1 to 3	Small, from 4 to 7 - respectively
Physical properties	Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, gloss, malleability, plasticity, in terms of state of aggregation, mostly solid	Dielectrics, non-shiny, brittle, gases, liquids and volatile solids
Crystal lattices	Metal	Molecular, atomic
Chemical properties	Restorers	Oxidative (sometimes reduced)

We talked about metal, what kind of material it is, how it is used. If you need metalworking machines, order them from the Rosta company.

Source: http://rocta.ru/info/metall-chto-ehto-takoe-ego-fizicheskie-svojstva-iz-chego-sostoit/

Impact resistant glass - what is it?

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» Miscellaneous » Impact-resistant glass what is it

The glass company "Etkos" produces various products using safety glass. We currently use four main types of glass:

Safety glass Triplex

Triplex is a composition of two glasses, which are connected to each other by a transparent polyvinyl butyral film using the autoclave pressing method.

Laminated glass is a structure similar to triplex, but it consists of three or more glasses, for which two or more layers of film are used to connect them. These glasses are connected to each other using autoclave pressing methods or filling with transparent polyurethane.

The main advantages of laminated glass include increased resistance to breakage and destruction. Such impact-resistant glass can be used in the glazing of anti-vandal partitions.

When producing double-glazed windows, the Etkos company uses transparent or tinted glass, the unit thickness of which can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 12 mm.

For a standard building triplex, the thickness can be 6.4 mm or 8.4 mm, the maximum dimensions of one sheet of glass are 3100 x 2100 mm.

Laminated glass also belongs to this group of products. It is not multilayer, since in its manufacture only one layer of glass is used, onto which a special film is glued. For the production of laminated glass, lavsan, matte or tinted, as well as transparent reinforcing film can be used. The thickness of the latter can be 112, 224 or 336 microns.

Laminated safety glass has limited size limits. For transparent and frosted glass, the maximum dimensions are 3100 x 1800 mm, for tinting films - 3100 x 1500 mm.

Lamination allows you to obtain safety glass, which, when broken, does not produce sharp fragments. It is worth noting that laminated glass is characterized by increased impact resistance, which allows it to be used in the creation of load-bearing elements, as well as impact-resistant burglary-proof partitions.

Also, reinforced mirrors can be used in the production of partitions. You can find out more about prices for reinforced mirrors in our price list for glass processing.

Strained glass

Tempered glass is characterized by increased strength and heat resistance; it can withstand temperature changes of up to 160 degrees C. This impact-resistant glass can be manufactured in thicknesses from 4.0 to 12.0 mm, and can be manufactured using mass tinting.

An important advantage of tempered glass is that when broken, it breaks into fragments that do not have sharp corners, and their size does not exceed the thickness of the glass.

The most common use of tempered glass is for the manufacture of furniture elements (including tabletops), roof canopies, staircase balustrades and fences, as well as for fireproof screens for fireplaces, stoves and stoves.

Tempered glass dimensions can vary from 200 x 300 mm to 3600 x 2400 mm. Tempered glass is made to size using the air tempering method.

Duplex

Impact-resistant duplex glass is a protective material consisting of only one layer of glass, which is covered with a durable, sometimes decorative, matte or tinted film.

Duplex, thanks to its protective film, provides not only anti-vandal properties, but also high safety from injuries, since when its surface is destroyed, the fragments will stick together and will not fly apart and damage people and material assets.

Due to its simple design, this safety glass is light weight, high strength, relatively low price and is inferior to triplex only in less noise insulation.

Composite glass

Glass floors are an exclusive element of the interior of private houses, multi-level apartments, shopping centers and clubs. In addition to its main function, such a floor can play the role of an exhibition showcase and a place for storing decorative elements.

Composite glass is a particularly strong product of very large thickness, which is manufactured specifically for creating glass stairs, ceilings and floors.

This safety glass has a supporting function and turns the flight of stairs into a lightweight transparent structure that does not impede the free penetration of light.

Steps and floors made of sheet glass are an aesthetic solution for a modern interior. They are made from sheet glass, including tempered glass, as well as from triplex and safety glass, coated with laminated reinforcing films. The main purpose of such products is to use floors, ceilings, steps, etc. as load-bearing elements.

Types of safety glass from the Etkos company

Nomenclature Formula Price Notes

TRIPLEX	Triplex 4.1.4 and thicker only with sanded edges
6.4 mm	True to size	Prices >>>	Maximum size 2900*1900
8.4 mm	True to size	Prices >>>	Maximum size 2900*1900
10.4 mm	True to size	Maximum size 2900*1900
IMPACT-RESISTANT GLASS	Protection class	Protection classes according to GOST R 51136-98
A1 (4-6 mm)	Prices >>>
A2 (4-6 mm)	Prices >>>
A3 (4-6 mm)	Prices >>>
STRAINED GLASS
4 mm	Prices >>>	Min size one side over 350 mm
5 mm	Prices >>>
6 mm	Prices >>>
4 mm Bronze	Prices >>>	Max 2,500 x 1,600 mm
5 mm Bronze
6 mm Bronze	Prices >>>	For glass 8 mm - 12 mm plus edge processing
8 mm	Prices >>>
8mm Bronze	Prices >>>
10 mm	Prices >>>
10mm Bronze	Prices >>>
12 mm	Prices >>>

Also in the assortment of the Etkos company are special types of glass, including:

• impact-resistant and vandal-proof glass with protection classes P1A, P4A, and P6B, P8B according to GOST 30826-2014;
• bulletproof glass of classes Br1, Br2, Br4, Br5 according to GOST 30826-2014.

The Etkos company takes a responsible and professional approach to cooperation with its clients. Each order is carried out according to individual technical specifications. When making floor coverings, the latter can be additionally equipped with anti-slip elements. In addition, sandblasting can be used for glass. In this case, the thickness of the products should not exceed 38 mm, for products made of B6 bulletproof glass - 53 mm.

All products presented in the Etkos assortment are of guaranteed quality and have certificates of conformity.

www.etkos.ru

Shockproof glass

The production of impact-resistant glass is one of the main activities of the StekKo-NN company.

Impact-resistant glass is glass with a special polymer film. This type of glass is also called burglar-resistant glass.

Protection classes

This polymer film can be of various thicknesses. Depending on this thickness, impact-resistant glass is divided into three protection classes: A1, A2, A3.

• Class A1 glass can withstand the impact of a not very heavy object thrown at it.
• A2 class glass can withstand very serious impacts.
• A3 class glass provides enhanced protection. Glass of this class is usually chosen by banks, jewelry stores, expensive boutiques, etc.

Impact-resistant glass is used:

• In the construction of business centers, shopping centers, various architectural structures..
• For glazing shop windows.
• To create special boxes in which jewelry is stored.

Advantages of impact-resistant glass

• Can reach VERY HIGH strength. Withstands huge overloads.
• This type of glass is fire resistant.
• Possibility of creating structures of varying complexity.

Order impact-resistant glass from us

Order impact-resistant glass from us, and be sure that:

• All products will be of high quality.
• All products will be produced extremely quickly.
• Great professionalism of the staff.
• Individual approach to each client.
• Various special offers and promotions for our clients and partners.

You can order impact-resistant glass or just ask a question by filling out the form on the website or calling us at (831) 414-11-03.

We highly value all our clients and will always be happy to help you!

Source: https://yznai-ka.ru/raznoe/udaroprochnoe-steklo-chto-eto-takoe.html

What is included in the bronze alloy?

Bronze is an alloy containing copper and additional components. This mixture is considered the most famous and unique in its characteristics. To understand where this alloy is used, you need to know its composition and properties.

What is bronze?

Bronze is an alloy based on copper and other metals. The composition may vary depending on which the parameters of the finished material change. Manganese, iron, chromium, and phosphorus can be used as additional components. The optimal content of alloying impurities in a bronze alloy is 2.5%.

The color of the material depends on the amount of copper in the material. For example, bright flame bronze pieces contain more than 35% copper. A mixture of zinc and copper cannot be classified as a variety of bronze. This is a separate mixture called brass.

History of discovery

The first finds of bronze alloys were discovered in the third millennium BC. Back then, people mixed copper with tin to create a material with special characteristics and appearance. At that time, dishes, figurines, jewelry, and tools were made from bronze. The bronze alloy gained great popularity during the Middle Ages. Weapons and shells were made from them.

Structure and composition

The composition of a bronze alloy consists of certain components. Not every mixture can be called a bronze material. For example, brass and cupronickel contain a large amount of copper, but are not considered bronze. Thus, the additional components are various metals with the exception of zinc and nickel. The characteristics of the mixture depend on the amount of alloying metals. Copper-based mixtures can be divided into two groups:

1. Tin - the percentage of tin in such bronze alloys is greater than other alloying impurities. The finished material has high elasticity and hardness. It melts easily, making it easy to process. To improve the corrosion resistance and castability of the mixture, other alloying impurities are added to its composition.
2. Special - these mixtures do not contain tin. Additional components include iron, silicon, and aluminum. The characteristics of the material depend on the alloying impurities used.

Special bronze mixtures are considered more universal than tin mixtures.

Properties and characteristics

To understand where this material can be used, you need to take into account the properties and characteristics of bronze. Mixture properties:

• good weldability;
• resistance to acids and salt water;
• high corrosion resistance;
• melting point - up to 1140 degrees Celsius;
• density - up to 8700 kg/m3.

Properties may vary depending on the percentage of alloying components.

Production of material

The quality of bronze depends on the process of its production. For this purpose, induction furnaces and additional melting substances are used. Production process:

1. The oven is heating up and coal is poured into it. If wood material is not available, flux is used.
2. The furnace is filled with copper. It should melt.
3. Molten metal must be deoxidized with copper phosphorous
4. The melt is saturated with alloying impurities. The annealing temperature increases uniformly.
5. The molten components are mixed and continue to heat.
6. The last step before casting into molds is re-deoxidation of the mixture.

The molten metal is poured into molds that go through a press treatment. After the castings have cooled, they are used in further production.

Varieties

Experts distinguish the following types of bronze:

1. Lead - a composition in which the main alloying additive is lead. The finished material is resistant to high pressure. Used in the manufacture of moving elements in industrial equipment.
2. Silica-zinc - in addition to the main component, this composition contains tin and silicon. The mixture has good plasticity and fluidity. It is easy to work with the material and make products of complex shapes from it. It welds well and is resistant to low temperatures.
3. Beryllium bronze is a hard material. Resistant to high temperatures and corrosion. The composition includes cobalt, nickel and iron.
4. Aluminum - the mixture contains 95% copper and 5% aluminum. The material has a golden hue and shines in the light. Resistant to alkalis and acids. Does not change characteristics when exposed to low temperatures, has high strength.

If it is necessary to strengthen the structure of the material, nickel is added to it. Electrical conductivity is reduced with chromium.

Marking

To help buyers and manufacturers understand bronze alloys, special markings for bronze were created. It is a set of numbers and letters that indicate the name of the components and their percentage in the composition:

1. At the beginning of the marking the letters “Br” are indicated, which indicate the name of the material.
2. After the main designation there is a letter indicating alloying additives.
3. The marking closes with a number indicating the percentage of the alloying component.

An example of a bronze grade is BrO5. The alloy contains 5% tin. The markings of all compounds with a copper base are indicated in tables that can be found on the Internet.

Advantages and disadvantages

To evaluate a bronze alloy, you need to talk about its strengths and weaknesses.

Pros:

1. The presence of mixtures with different types of metals and additional components allows their use in various areas of industry.
2. Creation of alloys with different characteristics. You can vary the ratio and percentage of alloying components.
3. The material can be recycled again.
4. High elasticity.
5. Resistant to corrosion, acids and alkalis.

The disadvantage is the high cost of bronze alloys. Because of this, buyers often prefer other materials.

Application area

Bronze alloys are used in various industries. High resistance to friction and corrosion allows the use of bronze products in aggressive conditions, as moving parts for industrial equipment.

Bronze is used in modern industry, the manufacture of sculptures, household utensils, and parts for pipelines.

Bronze alloy price

The cost of bronze alloys depends on several factors:

1. What alloying additives are included in the alloy and in what percentage.
2. In what form is the product sold? The more complex the design, the more expensive it will cost.
3. Appearance and condition. If the surface of a bronze item has cracks, scratches, scale or dents, its value will decrease.

For wholesale buyers, purchases are made at reduced prices. The cost of a bronze rod is 500 rubles.

Bronze is considered the oldest alloy. It is used in different areas of industry due to the variety of materials based on it. The characteristics of this metal make it possible to use it under the influence of acids and alkalis, as well as install bronze parts in industrial equipment.

What is included in bronze alloy Link to main publication

Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/bronza

How to spot a fake Bronze Goddess perfume

• 1 Price
• 2 Box
• 3 Bottle
• 4 Aroma
• 5 Durability

This summer, the Estee Lauder released a limited-edition Bronze Goddess 2019 collection, the pearl of which was the Bronze Goddess Eau Fraiche Skinscent .

And the first batches were sold out instantly, so the production of counterfeits began immediately, selling at two or even three times cheaper.

Who wouldn’t want to buy a new product, and even for such a price, especially when they say that it is 100% original? For these reasons, we will tell you how you can distinguish a fake from the original.

New for 2019 – Bronze Goddess perfume

Price

The cost ranges from 5,000 rubles to 6,000 rubles . If you see a price tag of 3000 rubles or 2000 rubles, you shouldn’t run out and buy this product, thinking that you’ve got a very good discount. Believe me, no one will just sell off a new product at such a low price.

First, look at the seller’s reputation, read reviews, find out the reason for the price reduction. We are sure that no one will give you an exact answer as to why the cost is several times lower. But these basic questions will help you save several thousand rubles.

Box

• It is made of strong cardboard with high-quality patterns.
• Animal print on the outside leopard spots, and inside is a bright turquoise color.

  The box has a blurred leopard print

• All inscriptions are clear and even.
• At the bottom of the box there is a batch code and an imprinted batch number.

Bottle

• Quite heavy, made of thick glass. When you pick up the bottle, you should feel like you are holding an expensive product.

  The bottle has an impressive weight

• All inscriptions are made with high quality. In the light the bottle is perfectly smooth, there are no cracks or chips.

  Information on the bottom of the bottle

• Cap made in a signature design - bronze, turquoise and animal print.

  The cap must not have scratches or abrasions

• The sprayer is easy to press, without any roughness.

Aroma

The most difficult point of comparison is the aroma. The smell is quite bright, but unobtrusive. There are hints of spicy citrus with a slight sourness. The lime note comes in the form of bitterness from the zest.

You can feel the bergamot very clearly, but a little different from what we are used to feeling in drinks. After a few minutes, the bitterness subsides and the aroma becomes honey-like . It is this honeyed sound that gives the tiara.

You can also hear the creamy coconut flesh . And this whole set of exotic notes merges into one beautiful aroma.

Bottle design options

Durability

The aroma lasts from 4 to 8 hours , gradually disappearing. A fake cannot boast of such a result, a maximum of 2 hours. The difference is noticeable. Most likely, it is at this point that you will be able to distinguish a fake from the original, since the appearance can be copied so that you cannot tell the difference. The aroma can be confused, because not all of us can distinguish the note of lime and bergamot. But durability can be determined without any problems.

We can say that now, knowing all the subtleties of this fragrance, you can easily determine where the fake is and where the original is.

How to spot a fake Bronze Goddess perfume Link to main publication

Source: https://kakotlichit.ru/beauty/perfumery/bronze-goddess.html