Which metal is not non-ferrous?

Non-ferrous metals list

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Novosibirsk Technological Institute

Moscow State University of Design and Technology

(branch)

Faculty of Correspondence and External Studies

Department: “Machines and devices of light industry”

ABSTRACT

Discipline: Technology of structural materials

Topic: Non-ferrous metals and their alloys

Designation: ZO8073

Novosibirsk – 2010

Introduction

1. Copper and its alloys

1.1 Copper alloys

1.1.1 Brass

1.1.2 Bronzes

2. Aluminum and its alloys

2.1 Wrought aluminum alloys

2.2 Cast aluminum alloys

3. Zinc and its alloys

4. Magnesium and its alloys

4.1 Magnesium-based alloys

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of metallurgy that includes the extraction, enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores and smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Based on their physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be divided into noble, heavy, light and rare.

Noble metals include metals with high corrosion resistance: gold, platinum, palladium, silver, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and osmium. They are used in the form of alloys in electrical engineering, electrovacuum engineering, instrument making, medicine, etc.

Heavy metals include metals with high density: lead, copper, chromium, cobalt, etc. Heavy metals are used mainly as alloying elements, and metals such as copper, lead, zinc, and partly cobalt are also used in their pure form.

Light metals include metals with a density of less than 5 grams per cubic centimeter: lithium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, etc. They are used as deoxidizers of metals and alloys, for alloying, in pyrotechnics, photography, medicine, etc.

Rare metals include metals with special properties: tungsten, molybdenum, selenium, uranium, etc.

The group of widely used non-ferrous metals includes aluminum, titanium, magnesium, copper, lead, and tin.

Non-ferrous metals have a number of very valuable properties. For example, high thermal conductivity (aluminum, copper), very low density (aluminum, magnesium), high corrosion resistance (titanium, aluminum).

According to the manufacturing technology of blanks and products, non-ferrous alloys are divided into wrought and cast (sometimes sintered).

Based on this division, a distinction is made between the metallurgy of light metals and the metallurgy of heavy metals.

1. Copper and its alloys

Copper is a red metal, pink when broken. Copper is one of the metals known since ancient times.

Technically pure copper has high ductility and corrosion resistance, high electrical and thermal conductivity (100% pure copper is the standard, then 65% aluminum, 17% iron), as well as resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Allows its use as a roofing material for critical buildings.

The melting point of copper is 1083°C. FCC crystal lattice. The density of copper is 8.94 g/cm3. Due to its high ductility, copper can be processed well by pressure (copper can be used to make foil 0.02 mm thick), but poorly by cutting.

Casting properties are low due to high shrinkage.

The properties of copper are greatly influenced by impurities: everything except silver and beryllium impair electrical conductivity.

The cost of pure copper is constantly increasing, and world reserves of copper ore, according to various estimates, will be depleted in the next 10-30 years.

Copper is marked with the letter M, followed by a number. The higher the number, the more impurities it contains. The highest grade M00 is 99.99% copper, M4 is 99% copper.

Table 1 contains information on copper grades depending on purity according to GOST 859-78.

Table 1

Copper grade depending on purity

After the brand designation, the method of copper production is indicated: k - cathode, b - oxygen-free, p - deoxidized. Fire refining copper is not indicated.

M00k is technically pure cathode copper containing at least 99.99% copper and silver.

MZ is technically pure fire-refined copper, containing at least 99.5% copper.

1.1 Copper alloys

Two large groups of copper alloys are used in technology: brass and bronze.

1.1.1 Brass

Brasses are alloys of copper with zinc (up to 50% Zn) and small additions of aluminum, silicon, lead, nickel, manganese (GOST 15527-70, GOST 17711-80). Copper alloys intended for the manufacture of parts by casting methods are called foundry, and alloys intended for the manufacture of parts by plastic deformation are called pressure-processed alloys.

Brass is cheaper than copper and surpasses it in strength, toughness and corrosion resistance. They have good casting properties.

Brass is used mainly for the manufacture of parts by stamping, drawing, rolling, rolling, i.e. processes requiring high ductility of the workpiece material. Cases of various ammunition are made from brass.

Depending on the number of components, simple (double) and special (multicomponent) brasses are distinguished.

Plain brasses contain only Cu and Zn.

Al, Mn, Ni increase the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of brass. Lead improves machinability. Silicon brasses have good fluidity and weldability.

1.1.2 Bronzes

Bronzes are alloys of copper with tin (4-33% Sn), lead (up to 30% Pb), aluminum (5-11% AL), silicon (4-5% Si), antimony, phosphorus and other elements.

Bronze is any copper alloy except brass. These are copper alloys in which zinc is not the main alloying element. A general characteristic of bronzes is high corrosion resistance and antifriction (from anti- and Latin frictio - friction). Bronzes are characterized by high corrosion resistance and anti-friction properties. They are used to make bearing shells, worm gear rims and other parts.

The high casting properties of some bronzes allow them to be used for the manufacture of artistic objects, monuments, and bells.

Based on their chemical composition, they are divided into tin bronzes and tin-free (special) bronzes.

Tin bronzes have high mechanical, casting, antifriction properties, corrosion resistance, and machinability, but have limited use due to the scarcity and high cost of tin.

Special bronzes not only serve as substitutes for tin bronzes, but in some cases surpass them in their mechanical, anti-corrosion and technological properties:

Aluminum bronzes – 5-11% aluminum. They have higher mechanical and antifriction properties than tin bronzes, but casting properties are lower. To increase the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties, iron, manganese, and nickel are introduced (for example, BrAZh9-4). Various bushings, guides, and small critical parts are made from these bronzes.

Beryllium bronzes contain 1.8-2.3% beryllium and are characterized by high hardness, wear resistance and elasticity (for example, BrB2, BrBMN1.7). They are used for springs in devices that operate in aggressive environments.

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Silicon bronzes - 3-4% silicon, alloyed with nickel, manganese, zinc in mechanical properties are close to steel.

Lead bronzes contain 30% lead, are good anti-friction alloys and are used in the manufacture of sliding bearings.

Copper alloys are designated by the initial letters of their names (Br or L), followed by the first letters of the names of the main elements that form the alloy, and numbers indicating the percentage of the element.

Examples:

– BrA9Mts2L – bronze containing 9% aluminum, 2% Mn, the rest Cu (“L” indicates that the alloy is cast);

– LTs40Mts3Zh – brass containing 40% Zn, 3% Mn, ~l% Fe, the rest Cu;

– Br0F8.0-0.3 – bronze containing 8% tin and 0.3% phosphorus;

– LAMsh77-2-0.05 – brass containing 77% Cu, 2% Al, 0.055 arsenic, the rest Zn (in the designation of brass intended for pressure treatment, the first number indicates the copper content).

In brasses of simple composition, only the copper content in the alloy is indicated:

– L96 – brass containing 96% Cu and ~4% Zn (tompak);

– Lb3 – brass containing 63% Cu and 37% Zn.

The high cost of copper and alloys based on it led in the 20th century to the search for materials to replace them. Currently, they are being successfully replaced by plastics and composite materials.

2. Aluminum and its alloys

Aluminum is a silver-white metal. Melting point 650°C. Aluminum has a fcc crystal lattice. Aluminum has an electrical conductivity that is 65% of the electrical conductivity of copper. Aluminum ranks third in distribution in the earth's crust after oxygen and silicon.

Aluminum is resistant to atmospheric corrosion due to the formation of a dense oxide film on its surface. The most important feature of aluminum is its low density - 2.7 g/cm3 versus 7.8 g/cm3 for iron and 8.94 g/cm3 for copper. Has good thermal and electrical conductivity. Handles well under pressure.

Marked with the letter A and a number indicating the aluminum content. Aluminum of high purity is grade A999 - the Al content in this grade is 99.999%. High purity aluminum - A99, A95 contain Al 99.99% and 99.95%, respectively. Technical aluminum – A85, A8, A7, etc.

It is used in the electrical industry for the manufacture of current conductors, in the food and chemical industries. Aluminum is not resistant to acidic and alkaline environments, so aluminum cookware is not used for marinades, pickles, and fermented milk products. It is used as a deoxidizer in steel production, for aluminizing parts to increase their heat resistance. It is rarely used in its pure form due to its low strength - 50 MPa.

Source: https://masakarton.com/tsvetnye-metally-spisok/

Russia will have to spend more on finding gold

Geological exploration in Russia should be carried out taking into account the fact that the fund of easily discovered gold deposits is practically exhausted, Anatoly Ivanov, scientific director of the Central Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Institute of Non-Ferrous and Precious Metals (TSNIGRI), told NEWS.ru. Complex mining methods require serious financial investments.

Since 2016, in Russia, against the backdrop of annually increasing production, the increase in total balance reserves of gold has practically ceased, TsNIGRI said. Until recently, it was largely provided by additional exploration of well-known unique and large ore deposits (Sukhoi Log, Olympiada, Natalka, Nezhdaninskoye, etc.). And today, reserves are prepared mainly in new areas, mainly medium and small.

The interest of companies in geological study and prospecting has been growing since 2015; the share of licenses issued for these purposes has doubled. However, in the last three years, experts have reported a significant decrease in the number of areas prepared for prospecting in the unallocated subsoil fund (NRSF). At the same time, users are expanding exploration and assessment of new areas.

The “exploration reserve” was created before 1992, when geologists mainly found promising areas using cheap methods. This was due to the general lack of knowledge of the country and the presence of significant promising “open” areas.

Searches were carried out, as a rule, near existing mining enterprises. A significant part of gold placer nodes in complex mountain taiga landscape conditions were studied using “simple” methods.

But such tools are effective only in favorable geological and geomorphological conditions.

Today, some areas of the unallocated subsoil fund often turn out to be unattractive. Either because the deposits predicted for them are small in terms of reserves, or the local ore is of low quality, or they are located in hard-to-reach places, etc. But nevertheless, companies are forced to license such areas.

According to experts, deposits with an average gold content in ore reserves above 1 g/t are considered profitable in Russia. This figure at the Sukhoi Log site in the Irkutsk region reaches 2.2-2.4 g/t, at Natalkinsky in the Magadan region - 1.7 g/t.

In the Russian Federation, production occurs in two main directions. These are placers (up to 52%) and excavations from a specific location of metal accumulation.

The reason for the possible increase in the cost of production is precisely related to the depletion of “placer” reserves and the forced transition to the sorting of large deposits.

The main thing in assessing a deposit is the balance of profits and costs, explained Sergei Parada, leading researcher at the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SSC RAS). For example, the relatively recently discovered Los Filos mine in the Mexican state of Guerrero, the country's third-largest mine, has a gold grade of less than 1 g/t. However, it is “easily recoverable”, and its proven and probable reserves are estimated at 210 tons.

Jewelry prices may rise

Any new developments in industry at the initial stage increase the cost of the product, recalled Dmitry Inogorodsky, an expert at the International Financial Center.

Of course, the use of new technologies will affect the price of the metal. Today, the cost of gold on the stock exchange is estimated at $1,100 per troy ounce. It is difficult to say how much this value will increase. What is more important is what the price will be at the moment of mass implementation of technologies around the world. If it reaches $2000 per troy ounce, I think this will not affect the price “in the moment,” but will “pull up” the minimum support level for the precious metal.

If mining costs increase, the price of the metal will rise, agrees Vasily Makarov, general director of the gold mining company PAVLIK.

It is, of course, easier to take any precious metal from the surface of the earth, but if it lies at depth, drilling is necessary. In this case, of course, there will be an increase in price, and it will be reflected in the final products.

Parada believes that the current system of subsoil use, when the Rosgeology holding has preferences and funding from the budget for work, undermines the reproduction of the mineral resource base. The old system of competitions, when enterprises competed for projects, brought better results. As a result, in the Russian Federation sometimes objects “lie” due to the reluctance of subsoil users to invest in infrastructure.

Rosgeology does not give plots to anyone and does not hire anyone. They work on the old search base. We discovered gold at the site at one time, they went there, couldn’t drill, and ended up writing a negative review. I encountered this in the North Caucasus and southern Russia. They tell me: “We do not cooperate with organizations that are not part of the holding.”

Reducing costs for new technologies

Due to limited funding for the industry and the exhaustion of the “exploration reserve”, since 2014, the “application principle” of licensing has been introduced for the geological study of areas where there were no predicted resources of categories P1 and (or) P2. In such territories, either gold ore objects had not previously been identified, or prospecting work had not been carried out. The number of issued licenses of this type is growing. As of November 1, 2019, they already account for 87% of the total, TsNIGRI notes.

The activity is largely due to the simplicity of registration and the absence of an initial license fee. Large companies also used the tool to obtain new territories for prospecting work near, first of all, their existing facilities.

Dump truck in the Svetlinsky quarry at a gold mining enterprise Alexander Kondratyuk/RIA Novosti

Many license areas based on the “application principle” are located on complex landscapes, where bedrock is often covered by a cover of long-distance sediments. If “simple prospecting” is used under such conditions, there is a high probability of a negative result, even in areas that are obviously promising for identifying deposits.

TsNIGRI has created a method for searching for gold deposits in complex mountain-taiga landscapes, which already in the early stages of exploration requires significant amounts of mining and drilling work. This, accordingly, leads to an increase in price, which can be largely leveled out with high-quality forecasting of gold-bearing structures during design and field work ,” said Ivanov.

At the same time, Makarov believes that there are no fundamentally new technologies in geological exploration in Russia today. Drilling and analytics are improving, but the main tools are still well drilling and analysis. Space images and geophysics are necessary, but act as auxiliary methods.

An important factor influencing the price of the metal remains the inaccessibility of large deposits. In the central regions of the country, everything has been studied and mined. The largest reserves remain in the Far East - in the Magadan region and Chukotka. It is worth adding corruption in the industry.

We have qualified specialists, but they are not allowed to work. Rosgeology is run by bankers and translators. They do not have the task of expanding the country's mineral resource base. For example, we offer cheap methods, but they are not interested. It is beneficial for the heads of reproduction and search departments to “drive” expensive ones through themselves. It’s clear why ,” Parada concluded.

Source: https://news.ru/economics/rossii-pridyotsya-bolshe-tratit-na-poisk-zolota/

What types of non-ferrous metals and alloys are there: basic, rare, light, heavy - markings and categories of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous is a group of different metals and their alloys.

Let's take a closer look at what non-ferrous metal scrap is.

There are two groups of metals:

Iron and its alloys are called black

The rest are non-ferrous or non-ferrous.

Their list is diverse:

• aluminum;
• copper;
• nickel;
• manganese;
• titanium;
• zirconium, etc.

are in demand today both in production and in scientific activities . Their areas of application are varied.

Scrap metal collection points are happy to buy non-ferrous metal scrap at competitive prices, and in order to avoid getting into trouble when handing it over, you need to be familiar with the types and know the standard classification of non-ferrous metals.

Classification of non-ferrous metals

Depending on their physical properties and purpose, they are divided into the following groups:

• Light non-ferrous metals. The list of this group is large: it includes calcium, strontium, cesium, potassium, and lithium. But the most commonly used metals in the metallurgical industry are aluminum, titanium and magnesium.
• Heavy metals are very popular. These are the well-known zinc and tin, copper and lead, as well as nickel.

• Noble metals such as platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, rhodium. Gold and silver are widely used to make jewelry.
• Rare earth metals - selenium and zirconium, germanium and lanthanum, neodymium, terbium, samarium and others.
• Refractory metals - vanadium and tungsten, tantalum and molybdenum, chromium and manganese.
• Minor metals such as bismuth, cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, mercury.
• Alloys – brass and bronze.

Safety

All non-ferrous scrap must be checked for:

• presence of radiation and harmful chemical contamination;
• explosion hazard.

When transporting scrap metal, it must be accompanied by documentation on radiation and explosion safety.

The concentration of harmful substances must not exceed the values ​​specified in GOST 12.1.005.

The Russian Ministry of Natural Resources has identified five classes of chemical, radiation and explosion hazards of non-ferrous metal scrap:

1. Hazardous waste with great harm to the ecosystem. These include mercury, polonium and plutonium.
2. Highly hazardous waste, the consequences of which take nature thirty years to remove. These are alloys of lead, cobalt and molybdenum.
3. Moderate danger , in which it takes ten years to restore the ecology. This is scrap mixed with copper, nickel, iron, zinc, aluminum and silver.
4. Low hazardous waste, removal of the consequences takes three years. This includes scrap bronze.
5. Low danger , such scrap does not harm the environment. This is the most common class among colored scrap.

Due to the expected harm to humans and nature, all operations with non-ferrous scrap require a license from the points accepting secondary non-ferrous metals. Checking for all types of hazards is carried out according to the following scheme:

Aluminum

Refers to light metals. It has a silvery color and a melting point of about seven hundred degrees. In industrial conditions it is used in alloys. It is used wherever metal is needed. Aluminum has low density and high strength. This metal is easy to cut, saw, weld, drill, solder and bend.

Alloys are formed with metals of various properties, such as copper, nickel, magnesium, silicon. They are highly durable and do not rust in adverse weather conditions. Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity.

Source: https://instanko.ru/drugoe/cvetnye-metally.html