What is copper used for?

Copper Applications

The large role of copper in technology is due to a number of its valuable properties and, above all, high electrical conductivity, ductility, and thermal conductivity. Due to these properties, copper is the main material for wires; over 50% of mined copper is used in the electrical industry. All impurities reduce the electrical conductivity of Copper, and therefore in electrical engineering they use the highest grade metal containing at least 99.9% Cu.

High thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance make it possible to manufacture critical parts of heat exchangers, refrigerators, vacuum devices, etc. from copper.

Application of copper alloys

More than 30% of copper goes to alloys. Alloys of copper with other metals are used in mechanical engineering, in the automotive and tractor industries (radiators, bearings), and for the manufacture of chemical equipment.

Copper alloys - brass (the main additive is zinc, Zn), bronze (alloys with various elements, mainly metals - tin, aluminum, beryllium, lead, cadmium and others, except zinc and nickel) and copper-nickel alloys, including cupronickel and nickel silver.

Depending on the brand (composition), alloys are used in a wide variety of fields of technology as structural, anti-distortion, corrosion-resistant materials, as well as materials with a given electrical and thermal conductivity. The so-called coin alloys (copper with aluminum and copper with nickel) are used for minting coins - “copper” and “silver”; but copper is part of both real coin silver and coin gold.

Use of copper in everyday life

Copper has been used as an artistic material since the Copper Age (jewelry, sculpture, utensils, dishes). Forged and cast products made of copper and alloys are decorated with chasing, engraving and embossing.

The ease of processing copper (due to its softness) allows craftsmen to achieve a variety of textures, careful elaboration of details, and fine modeling of shape. Copper products are distinguished by the beauty of their golden or reddish tones, as well as their ability to acquire shine when polished.

Copper is often gilded, patinated, tinted, and decorated with enamel. Since the 15th century, copper has also been used to make printing plates.

Copper oxides are used to produce yttrium barium copper oxide YBa2Cu3O7-δ, which is the basis for the production of superconductors. Copper is used for the production of copper-oxide galvanic cells and batteries. Copper is the most widely used acetylene polymerization catalyst.

In addition to the needs of heavy industry, communications, transport, some amount of copper (mainly in the form of salts) is consumed for the preparation of mineral pigments, control of pests and plant diseases, as microfertilizers, catalysts for oxidation processes, as well as in the leather and fur industries and in the production of artificial silk.

Source: https://www.allmetals.ru/metals/copper/apply/

Features of the use of copper in various fields of industry and construction

Copper ranks second in popularity among all non-ferrous metals. Its main source is copper ore, which is mined in many shale and sandstone deposits. Copper sheets have been used by humans for tens of hundreds of years and at the moment they do not lose their demand.

The metal itself has a red-pink color and has high thermal and electrical conductivity. When compared with other metals, copper has 6 times the level of thermal conductivity compared to iron. You will learn all this from this article about the types, properties and areas of application of copper and its alloys, what their role is in construction.

Both in pure form and in combination with alloys, copper is actively used in various industrial fields.

• Due to its properties, it is widely used in the field of electrical engineering. More than half of all extracted material is used for the production of all kinds of electrical appliances and power transmission.
• Pure copper is used to make power cables, various components for electric generators, copper wire, etc.
• In combination with alloys, this material can be found in the automotive field.
• As a result of its high thermal conductivity, it is also used in the production of heating mains and heating devices.

Copper alloys are used in chemical production and have proven themselves to be excellent.

For information on the use of copper in electroplating, watch the video below:

High rates of electrical and thermal conductivity have led to copper being actively used both in construction and in automotive and instrument making. The material itself is resistant to the negative effects of corrosion and ultraviolet rays, and also tolerates sudden temperature changes without deformation or damage to the structure.

Thanks to these features, it allows the production of parts and other structures that are designed to withstand prolonged exposure to moisture.

Wires

Copper is in greatest demand in the electrical field, in particular for the production of wires. For this purpose, the purest possible metal is used, since minor components significantly reduce its conductivity. If the finished material contains more than 0.02% aluminum, then its ability to conduct current is reduced by 10%.

A significant increase in resistance occurs as a result of the presence of non-metallic impurities in the raw material. The metal itself has an extremely low resistance, which is second only to silver. This feature of the metal also contributed to its use in power transformers and energy-saving drives.

Wire

The high level of viscosity and plasticity has led to the active use of copper for the production of products with various patterns. The wire, which was made of red copper, after firing becomes as flexible and soft as possible. In this state, it allows you to create patterns and ornaments of any complexity.

This wire is actively used in the following industries:

• Electrical Engineering;
• Electric power industry;
• Automotive industry;
• Shipbuilding;
• Production of cables and wires.

Water and heat supply

Due to its high thermal conductivity, copper is used in various heat exchangers and heat sinks. In other words, coolers for system units, heating radiators, pipes, air conditioners and other devices are made from it.

Copper pipes have absolutely unique characteristics, which have led to their widespread use despite the high cost of the raw materials themselves. Such products are not afraid of ultraviolet radiation and are resistant to corrosion and temperature changes. These properties make it possible to install copper pipes even at low air temperatures.

The high mechanical strength, as well as the possibility of mechanical processing of the material, make it possible to create seamless copper pipes with a round cross-section. They are designed for transporting liquid substances or gases in gas and water supply, air conditioning and heating systems.

This video will tell you about the role of copper pipes in water supply:

One of the first materials used as roofing is copper. This roofing has a long service life (up to 200 years), which is due to its unique features. After some time, a copper roof undergoes an oxidation process, which consists of the formation of a patina.

This kind of protective layer protects the copper surface from the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation, low temperatures, moisture and other weather conditions.

Thus, copper roofing immediately after its installation has a golden hue, but after 10 years it becomes darker, in some cases almost black. This process of patina formation can be artificially accelerated if desired.

Read about other uses of copper below.

• In addition to the above areas, copper alloys can be used in combination with gold. This is necessary to give the jewelry greater strength and abrasion resistance.
• Metal has also become widespread in the field of architectural construction. Roofing, facades, various decorative elements - all this can be made of absolutely any shape and level of complexity.
• Among the new areas of use is the use of copper as a bactericidal surface in medical institutions: railings, handles, doors, countertops and much more.

The advantages of this metal have contributed not only to its widespread use, but also to the expansion of its areas of application.

Today, the use of different grades of copper in industry, in everyday life, in electrical engineering and construction, and medicine is considered very profitable and promising.

This video will tell you how to convert copper into “gold”:

Source: http://stroyres.net/metallicheskie/vidyi/tsvetnyie/med/sferyi-primeneniya.html

Application of copper:

In electrical engineering:

Due to its low resistivity, copper is widely used in electrical engineering for the manufacture of power and other cables, wires or other conductors, for example, in printed wiring. Copper wires, in turn, are also used in the windings of electric drives and power transformers. For these purposes, the metal must be very pure: impurities sharply reduce electrical conductivity. For example, , the presence of 0.02% aluminum in copper reduces its electrical conductivity by almost 10%.

Heat exchange:

Another useful quality of copper is its high thermal conductivity. This allows it to be used in various heat sink devices, heat exchangers, which include well-known cooling radiators, heating air conditioners, computer coolers, and heat pipes.

For pipe production:

Due to their high mechanical strength and suitability for machining, copper seamless pipes of round cross-section are widely used for the transportation of liquids and gases: in internal water supply systems, heating, gas supply, air conditioning systems and refrigeration units, and the use in this capacity is by the Federal Code of Rules SP 40-108-2004. In addition, pipelines made of copper and copper alloys are widely used in shipbuilding and energy for the transportation of liquids and steam.

Alloys:

Copper is an important component of hard solders - alloys with a melting point of 590-880 degrees Celsius, which have good adhesion to most metals, and are used for durable connections of a variety of metal parts, especially dissimilar metals, from pipeline fittings to liquid-propellant rocket engines.

In jewelry, alloys of copper and gold are often used to increase the strength of products against deformation and abrasion, since pure gold is a very soft metal and is not resistant to mechanical stress.

Copper connections:

Copper oxides are used to produce yttrium barium copper oxide YBa2Cu3O7-δ, which is the basis for the production of high-temperature superconductors. Copper is used for the production of copper-oxide galvanic cells and batteries.

Other areas

Copper is the most widely used acetylene polymerization catalyst.

Because of this, copper pipelines for transporting acetylene can only be used if the content of copper in the alloy of the pipe material is no more than 64%.

The predicted new mass use of copper promises to be its use as bactericidal surfaces in medical institutions to reduce intra-hospital bacterial transmission: doors, handles, water stop valves, railings, bed rails, tabletops - all surfaces touched by the human hand.

Copper vapor is used as a working medium in copper vapor lasers at lasing wavelengths of 510 and 578 nm.

Applications of zinc:

Pure zinc metal is used to recover noble metals mined by underground leaching (gold, silver). In addition, zinc is used to recover silver, gold (and other metals) from crude lead in the form of zinc-silver and gold intermetallics (the so-called “silver foam”), which is then processed by conventional refining methods.

It is used to protect steel from corrosion (galvanization of surfaces not subject to mechanical stress, or metallization for bridges, tanks, metal structures).

Zinc is used as a material for the negative electrode in chemical current sources, that is, in batteries and accumulators.

The role of zinc in zinc-air batteries, which have a very high specific energy capacity, is very important. They are promising for starting engines (lead battery - 55 Wh/kg, zinc-air - 220-300 Wh/kg) and for electric vehicles (range up to 900 km) .

Zinc is added to many hard solders to reduce their melting point.

Zinc telluride, selenide, phosphide, and sulfide are widely used semiconductors. Zinc sulfide is a component of many phosphors. Zinc phosphide is used as a poison for rodents.

Targeted uses of zinc include:

• galvanizing - 45-60%
• medicine (zinc oxide as an antiseptic) - 10%
• production of alloys - 10%
• production of rubber tires - 10%
• oil paints - 10%

Source: https://studfile.net/preview/6269959/page:2/

Copper: properties, characteristics, use of metal

Copper (derived from the Greek word “Κύπρος”) is a material that one encounters everywhere in everyday life, without even noticing or thinking about the contact. Every time you use an electrical device, such as a vacuum cleaner or washing machine, the user comes into direct or indirect contact with copper.

The versatile metal is an integral part of high-tech gadgets and machines - from electron microscopes and mobile phones to simple food pans. The entire history of the existence of copper dates back approximately 10,000 years since the discovery of this metal in Cyprus.

This is quite enough to pay attention to the popular metal.

What is copper in the general sense of the word?

Copper physically appears as a soft metal with a reddish-orange color. The metal has good electrical conductivity and heat exchange. Among the common chemical elements present in the earth's crust, copper occupies 25th place in a kind of ranking.

Copper rods of different diameters clearly demonstrate the appearance of the material and the quality of the structure as a whole. However, these are the simplest products possible.

The world's leading copper supplier is Chile (about a third of global production). The list of fairly powerful sources of production is also supplemented by:

• Poland
• England
• Canada
• Peru
• United States
• Zambia
• Australia

Compared to aluminum and titanium, copper is often found in raw form during mining, mixed in rocks with other metals - gold, silver, lead.

Copper-containing minerals are also found - chalcocite, chalcopyrite, bornite. Despite the extensive extraction of copper from the bowels of the earth, quite large volumes are produced by recycling materials, for example, outdated electrical equipment.

Chemical element production process

As a rule, the concentration of copper in ore is noted at a level of no more than 4%. The vast majority of ore is waste. Various processes are used to separate copper and waste.

The exact nature of the recycling process depends on the metals and other impurities mixed with the copper, as well as the purity requirements of the final product. The cleaning process usually involves several stages of varying complexity. Each stage of removing impurities results in greater concentration and improved purity of copper.

This is roughly what a natural copper mineral looks like, found during the extraction of a popular chemical element. Such formations have a higher content of substance

A typical process begins with the function of crushing the ore, followed by preparing a slurry by adding water. The slurry is loaded into tanks and mixed with air and oily chemicals. These are impurities that help separate the Cuprum particles from other minerals present.

The remaining ore is then heated in a large smelter where the remaining impurities are burned off. After heat treatment, the material left is copper matte, containing at least 50% copper.

At the next stage, a second process of heating the copper matte with silica and air is carried out in order to remove waste even more “finely”. What remains is the recycled material - blister copper, which has a purity of more than 97%.

The highest possible purity of copper is obtained by electrolysis, where an electric current is passed through a solution containing copper. Copper obtained by electrolysis is characterized by a purity of 99.9% - an ideal material for conducting electricity.

Physical properties of copper

Physically, copper conducts heat and electricity very well. The material is relatively soft and lightweight. The metal does not rust, but is susceptible to oxidation in the open air.

Traditional use of copper conductors in the design of electric motors. At the same time, there is a huge range of copper wires, including insulated, stranded, stranded, special and others.

The structure of the material allows for significant complication through the formation of longer crystals. This increases the overall structure with the formation of something similar to the “reinforcement” of reinforced concrete.

What Cuprum compounds are there?

Despite the weak reactivity of copper, this metal allows the creation of a wide range of useful compounds and alloys. When copper atoms combine with atoms of other metals, two very different behaviors are chemically observed:

1. Cuprum I compounds are formed
2. Cuprum II compounds are formed

The two most important copper compounds are copper(II) sulfate, which is bright blue in color, used in agriculture and medicine, and copper(II) chloride, used as a wood preservative and in the printing and dyeing industries.

How are copper alloys obtained?

Copper alloys are produced by mixing with one or more other metals. The result is a new material that combines the best properties. The most famous copper alloys are bronze and brass. Bronze metal is an alloy whose structure is based on copper and tin. Sometimes zinc or lead is added.

The nickel-copper alloy product not only has improved mechanical properties, but also exhibits improved appearance

Bronze is significantly harder, stronger and more resistant (from a corrosion point of view) than pure copper. Varieties of bronze differ in different proportions of the noted ingredients in the structure. For example, solid bronze for making statues usually contains:

• 78.5% copper,
• 17.2% zinc,
• 2.9% tin
• 1.4% lead.

Brass is also an alloy of copper and usually contains 10-50% zinc, depending on its intended use.

What is copper metal used for?

The specific application of materials depends entirely on the physical and chemical properties that these materials possess. Actually, this is the essence of the science called materials science. As for copper specifically, the soft, malleable and ductile material conducts electricity and heat and has a pleasant appearance.

This is why the two main uses of copper are in building construction and electrical (electronic) equipment manufacturing. It is extremely difficult to find an electrical (electronic) device whose design does not contain copper.

Household and household accessories, art and crafts are often made on the basis of copper material.

The result is very interesting and attractive products.

Since Cuprum is a good heat conductor, this material is also widely used in the production of household accessories. A classic example is pots with a copper bottom.

Considering that metal does not rust, it seems relevant to use it as a coating (for example, as in its time for covering the bottoms of ships). Finally, the production of money cannot do without copper.

Features inherent in a popular chemical element

Copper material is considered to be an almost ideal electrical conductor. Only silver exhibits the best conductivity properties. However, compared to copper, a silver conductor is quite expensive.

Therefore, silver electric current transport lines are used very limitedly, in device circuits that have special requirements for the transmission of electricity.

Many living organisms and natural plants require some amount of Cuprum. This natural “supplement” literally helps plants and organisms survive.

If we single out humans among living organisms, certain amounts of copper entering the body contribute to the formation of hemoglobin, which is responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood.

Source: https://zetsila.ru/%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1% 82%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81 %D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/

Copper - properties of copper, alloys and applications

Man's acquaintance with copper dates back thousands of years, where its direct competitor can only be gold, which has managed to acquire the status of a noble metal.

Properties of copper and place in human life

In its pure state, the periodic table element called Cu is extremely rare. It is a ductile metal with a slight pink tint. To humans, it is known by a different color: yellow-red, more often brown-red. This is due to the high oxidizing ability of the substance. When exposed to air, copper becomes covered with a thin oxide film, which makes the color of the metal closer to red.

pure copper

Man's primitive craving for copper was based on the property of plasticity, which allows this metal to be given the required shape through simple processing. Copper is easy to engrave and carve, while remaining quite durable. The modern value of copper as a metal is its high conductivity: electrical and thermal. Such information allows us to highlight the main directions for searching for this non-ferrous metal in the form of waste and scrap.

The specific gravity of copper, which is approximately 8.9 g/cm3, is also useful for the scrap metal collector. Knowing the volume of collected scrap, in particular wires and cores, it is easy to calculate its estimated weight.

Copper alloys

In addition to its relatively pure form, characterized by an insignificant content of impurities, copper is a constituent element of many alloys, among which the most famous are:

Brass - copper alloy

Bronze

Cupronickel - more related to silver than copper

Separately, it is worth highlighting the copper alloy with nickel, called cupronickel. It is known to a wide audience for small change coins from Soviet times, starting with 10 kopecks, as well as gift sets of cutlery, but is significantly inferior to the first two in terms of demand.

The most promising materials for human needs remain: brass and bronze. Yellow copper, otherwise known as brass, is widely in demand in plumbing at the household level. Those who have encountered the selection of a tap or mixer know this well. According to their chemical composition they are distinguished:

• double brass - an alloy of copper and zinc;

• multicomponent, in which Zn remains the main alloying element.

The percentage of zinc, even in double brass, varies widely. Alloys where the share of Zn is no more than 20% are called tompak .

Tombak bullets

The composition of brass can be determined based on the markings: for double alloys, after the letter “L” the percentage of copper is indicated, for example L60. The marking of multicomponent alloys is constructed in a similar way, only “L” is followed by alloying impurities with their concentrations. Thus, multicomponent brass of the LMts58-2 brand, used in the manufacture of machine parts, nuts, bolts, fittings, implies a copper content of 58%, zinc - 40%, manganese - 2%.

Bronze - in the standard sense, is a copper alloy with tin, but in practice it also has a very variable composition. In fact, bronze is usually understood as any copper alloy where nickel and zinc are not the main alloying elements. It is worth noting that tin bronze is quite difficult to find. Its tin-free varieties have become more widespread.

Copper and its alloys as a source of non-ferrous secondary metal

Weighing “pure” metal and its alloys on the scale of profitability when handing over scrap metal, we can say that the cost of the former is one and a half to two times higher. However, the weight content of copper in metal structures is often inferior to its alloys.

Thus, copper alloys can be found among deteriorating plumbing products: water taps, valves, shower hoses and tubes. Many old lamps and door fittings are also made of copper alloys, but the top of the pedestal, in terms of weight content, is occupied by heating radiators.

You should look for copper directly among household appliances, preferably those that have already exhausted their service life:

• tube TV - 1.5 kg;

Tube TV with copper

• semiconductor TV receiver – 0.5 kg;

• compression refrigerator - about a kilogram in the engine, the radiator tubes can contain the same amount;

• electric motors - on average a kilogram per kilowatt of power;

Magnetic starters are undeservedly ignored, although the equipment, in addition to the windings, contains copper in the tires. A small metal content, less than a kilogram, will come from car starters and generators, fluorescent lamp chokes, transformers, relays, and refrigerator compressors.

See the article - Where to look for copper scrap metal?

Primary copper, production and application

Depending on the purity of the metal, the following grades are distinguished:

Copper cathode M0

One of the sources of raw materials for metal production is copper scrap, processed according to fire refining technology.

The natural resources of the metal are native copper and sulfide ores, in particular copper pyrite and luster. There are two metallurgical methods for obtaining metal from ore. The main method is pyrometallurgical, accounting for 90% of the primary metal, the remaining 10% is the result of hydrometallurgical technology.

Copper ore

The physical properties of copper could not go unnoticed in industry. Its high electrical conductivity allows the metal to be used in the manufacture of electrodes, wires, especially power cables (grade M0). The relative chemical inertness of copper has found use as a metal in equipment components for working with flammable substances.

The high thermal conductivity of the metal, along with its resistance to corrosion, is used in the manufacture of plumbing structures, components, and roofing coverings. Currently, copper has been replaced by other, cheaper materials.

A fairly wide market for the use of copper is the production of alloys. Brass and bronze, where Cu is the main component, have already been discussed previously. Another alloy, duralumin, is widely used, where the copper content reaches up to 5%.

Source: http://xlom.ru/vidy-metalloloma/med-svojstva-medi-splavy-i-primenenie/

Metallic copper: description of the chemical element, properties and scope of application

Copper metal has long been used by humanity in various areas of life. The twenty-ninth element from D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table, located between nickel and zinc, has interesting characteristics and properties. This element is represented by the symbol Cu. It is one of the few metals with a characteristic color other than silver and gray.

The great significance of this chemical element in the history of mankind and the planet can be guessed from the names of historical eras. After the Stone Age came the Copper Age, and after it came the Bronze Age, which is also directly related to this element.

Copper is one of the seven metals that became known to mankind in ancient times. If you believe historical data, ancient people became acquainted with this metal approximately nine thousand years ago.

The oldest products made from this material were discovered in the territory of modern Turkey. Archaeological excavations carried out at the site of a large Neolithic settlement called Çatalhöyük made it possible to find small copper beads, as well as copper plates with which ancient people decorated their clothes.

The items found were dated to the junction of the eighth and seventh millennia BC. In addition to the products themselves, slag was discovered at the excavation site, which indicates that metal was smelted from ore.

Obtaining copper from ore was relatively accessible. Therefore, despite its high melting point, this metal was among the first to be quickly and widely mastered by mankind.

Extraction methods

Under natural conditions, this chemical element exists in two forms:

An interesting fact is the following: copper nuggets are found in nature much more often than gold, silver and iron.

Natural copper compounds are:

• oxides;
• carbon dioxide and sulfur complexes;
• hydrocarbonates;
• sulfide ores.

The most common ores are copper luster and copper pyrite. These ores contain only one or two percent copper. Primary copper is mined in two main ways:

• hydrometallurgical;
• pyrometallurgical.

The share of the first method is ten percent. The remaining ninety belong to the second method.

The pyrometallic method includes a complex of processes. First, the copper ores are beneficiated and roasted. Then the raw material is melted into matte, after which it is purged in a converter. This is how blister copper is obtained. Its transformation into pure is carried out by refining - first fire, then electrolytic. This is the last stage. Upon completion, the purity of the resulting metal is almost one hundred percent.

The process of obtaining copper using the hydrometallurgical method is divided into two stages.

1. First, the raw material is leached using a weak solution of sulfuric acid.
2. At the final stage, the metal is isolated directly from the solution mentioned in the first paragraph.

This method is used when processing only low-grade ores, since, unlike the previous method, it is impossible to extract precious metals along the way. That is why the percentage attributable to this method is so small compared to the other method.

A little about the name

The chemical element Cuprum, designated by the symbol Cu, got its name in honor of the notorious island of Cyprus. It was there that large deposits of copper ore were discovered in the distant third century BC. Local craftsmen who worked in these mines smelted this metal.

Physical properties of metal

It is perhaps impossible to understand what metallic copper is without understanding its properties, main characteristics and features.

When exposed to air, this metal turns yellowish-pink in color. This unique golden-pink hue is caused by the appearance of an oxide film on the metal surface. If this film is removed, the copper will acquire an expressive pink color with a characteristic bright metallic sheen.

An amazing fact: when exposed to light, the thinnest copper plates are not pink at all, but greenish-blue or, in other words, a sea color.

In its simple form, copper has the following characteristics:

• amazing plasticity;
• sufficient softness;
• viscousness.

Pure copper without any impurities is excellent for processing - it can easily be rolled into a rod or sheet, or drawn into wire, the thickness of which will be brought to thousandths of a millimeter. Adding impurities to this metal increases its hardness.

In addition to the mentioned physical characteristics, this chemical element has high electrical conductivity. This feature mainly determined the use of copper metal.

Among the main properties of this metal, it is worth noting its high thermal conductivity. In terms of electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, copper is one of the leaders among metals. Only one metal has higher indicators for these parameters - silver.

It is impossible not to take into account the fact that the electrical and thermal conductivity of copper belongs to the category of basic properties. They remain at a high level only as long as the metal is in its pure form. It is possible to reduce these indicators by adding impurities:

• arsenic;
• gland;
• tin;
• phosphorus;
• antimony

Each of these impurities, in combination with copper, has a certain effect on it, as a result of which the values ​​of thermal and electrical conductivity are noticeably reduced.

Among other things, copper metal is characterized by incredible strength, a high melting point, and a high boiling point. The data is truly impressive. The melting point of copper exceeds one thousand degrees Celsius! And the boiling point is 2570 degrees Celsius.

This metal belongs to the group of diamagnetic metals. This means that its magnetization, like that of a number of other metals, occurs not in the direction of the external magnetic field, but against it.

Another important characteristic is the excellent resistance of this metal to corrosion. Under conditions of high humidity, the oxidation of iron, for example, occurs several times faster than the oxidation of copper.

This element is inactive. When in contact with dry air under normal conditions, copper does not begin to oxidize. Humid air, on the contrary, triggers an oxidation process in which copper carbonate (II) is formed, which is the top layer of patina. Almost instantly this element reacts with substances such as:

Acids that do not have oxidizing properties are not able to affect copper. In addition, it does not react in any way upon contact with chemical elements such as:

In addition to the already noted chemical properties, copper is characterized by amphotericity. This means that in the earth’s crust it is capable of forming cations and anions. Compounds of this metal can exhibit both acidic and basic properties - this directly depends on specific conditions.

Areas and features of application

In ancient times, copper metal was used to make a variety of things. The skillful use of this material allowed ancient people to acquire:

• expensive dishes;
• decorations;
• instruments with a thin blade.

Industries

The valuable properties of copper alloys and pure substance have contributed to their use in industries such as:

• electrical engineering;
• electrical engineering;
• instrument making;
• radio electronics.

But, of course, these are not all the areas of application of this metal. It is a highly environmentally friendly material. That is why it is used in the construction of houses. For example, a roof covering made of copper metal, due to its high corrosion resistance, has a service life of more than a hundred years, without requiring special care or painting.

Another area of ​​use of this metal is the jewelry industry. It is mainly used in the form of alloys with gold. Products made from copper-gold alloy are characterized by increased strength and high durability. Such products do not deform or wear out for a long time.

Metallic copper compounds are distinguished by high biological activity. In the world of flora, this metal is important because it is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll. The participation of this element in this process makes it possible to detect it among the components of mineral fertilizers for plants.

Role in the human body

The lack of this element in the human body can have a negative effect on the composition of the blood, namely, worsen it. You can compensate for the deficiency of this substance with the help of specially selected nutrition. Copper is found in many foods, so creating a healthy diet to your liking is not difficult. For example, one of the products that contains this element is regular milk.

But when compiling a menu rich in this element, one should not forget that an excess of its compounds can lead to poisoning of the body. Therefore, when saturating the body with this beneficial substance, it is very important not to overdo it. And this applies not only to the amount of food consumed.

For example, food poisoning can be caused by using copper cookware. Cooking food in such containers is highly discouraged and even prohibited. This is due to the fact that during the boiling process, a significant amount of this element enters the food, which can lead to poisoning.

There is one caveat to the ban on copper utensils. The use of such cookware is not dangerous if its inner surface is coated with tin. Only if this condition is met, the use of copper saucepans does not pose a threat of food poisoning.

In addition to all the listed areas of application, the spread of this element has not spared medicine. In the field of treatment and health maintenance, it is used as an astringent and antiseptic. This chemical element is part of eye drops that are used to treat diseases such as conjunctivitis. In addition, copper is an important component of various solutions for burns.

Source: https://tokar.guru/metally/metallicheskaya-med-opisanie-elementa-svoystva-i-primenenie.html

We use copper for effective treatment of joints

The healing properties of copper have been known for a long time. In ancient India, this metal was used to treat skin and eye diseases. In ancient Greece - inflammation of the tonsils and even deafness.

Warriors who wore copper armor coped with fatigue faster, their wounds healed faster and festered less.

Nowadays, treatment with copper is also relevant, the indications for its use are wide, contraindications are the incorrect use of copper.

Application history

Applying copper to the injured area immediately after the injury prevents the appearance of a bruise.

Even in the old days, it was noticed that people wearing a copper cross around their necks rarely fell ill with cholera during terrible epidemics; for some reason, workers at copper factories never suffered from this disease, which claims more than one life.

The blacksmiths, who girdled themselves with copper wire, did not know what sciatica was. Copper was used to get rid of worms, treated epilepsy, meningitis, and anemia.

Russian peasants knew about the healing properties of copper nickels. They were applied to sore spots for radiculitis, sore throat, and wound treatment.

For many years, treatment with copper was consigned to oblivion due to accusations of traditional healers of quackery, but in recent years this type of relief from ailments has become popular in folk medicine.

Properties of copper

Copper is a soft red metal. The metal is ductile and malleable, heats up quickly, and conducts heat very well.

Copper is an essential enzyme and its deficiency in the body can cause serious illness.

The metal has antibacterial, analgesic, hemostatic properties, lowers high body temperature, has a calming effect on the nervous system, and helps restore normal sleep.

External use of copper has a strong healing effect. It copes with inflammatory processes, relieves pain, copes with the maturation of abscesses, and is a prophylactic against infectious diseases.

Indications for treatment with copper are benign tumors, such as:

• mastitis
• lumps in the chest
• uterine fibroid
• heartache

Grades of copper used for medicinal purposes

All brands of this metal contain almost 100% copper, but their composition of impurities is different. The following grades of copper are suitable for therapeutic manipulations:

1. MOO
2. MOB
3. MG
4. MB (vacuum)

There is information that the oxygen-free MB brand is best suited for medicinal purposes. The listed brands contain ten times less impurities than others. This most likely explains their therapeutic effect.

Terms of use

Sometimes the use of copper for treatment does not give the desired result. It turns out that you first need to find out whether treatment will take place using this remedy. To do this, you need to apply a copper plate or a small piece of copper sheet to the sore spot for a day.

If the plate is stuck to the body, treatment will occur. If, after removing the plate from the sore spot, a green coating is visible on it, this indicates a good therapeutic effect.

If there is no green coating, it means that the wrong grade of copper was chosen or the metal was placed in the “wrong” place.

Sometimes copper itself finds places that need to have a healing effect. Somehow it moves from the place where it was placed and “sticks” well in the right place.

Action of the copper applicator

In humans, sweat saturated with various salts is secreted through the sweat glands. Sweat is a good conductor. When a copper object is applied to the skin, ions pass from it into the electrolyte, penetrating into the subcutaneous layer, where they begin to exert their therapeutic effect: destroy pathogens, enhance physiological processes.

Upon contact with the skin, copper oxidizes and darkens, leaving a greenish mark on it. During illness, sweat becomes acidic. This enhances the process of metal oxidation, the number of ions and oxides penetrating under the skin increases. As a result, the therapeutic effect becomes more effective.

For copper treatment, special plates are made: thin, carefully polished circles of red copper with a diameter of 1 to 8 cm and a thickness of up to 3 mm. Copper plates are applied to the appropriate places for treatment. For a greater therapeutic effect, before using the plates, they are calcined over a fire, cooled and cleaned with fine-grained sandpaper.

For medicinal purposes, you can use copper coins issued from 1930 to 1957, 2-, 3-, 5-kopeck coins issued before 1961, made from MB-1 copper, which has high healing power. Royal copper coins are also suitable for use in healing.

The healing effect of copper increases if you first polish the coins or plates and make holes in them from 2 to 7 mm in diameter.

Methodology of the procedure

To treat spinal joints, intervertebral hernias, radiculitis, osteochondrosis and other back diseases with copper, you can use the application on the entire back at once.

1. Place coins or round plates on the sheet in several rows (next to each other). The width of the application should be equal to the distance between the shoulder blades of a person in a standing position, and the length should correspond to the distance from the 7th cervical vertebra to the beginning of the fold on the buttocks.
2. Carefully lie down on the plates and lie motionless on them for 40 minutes.
3. When getting out of bed, most of the plates fall off, but some remain on the skin of the back. They need to be secured with a plaster crosswise and left for 5 days.
4. After 5 days, the copper “tablets” are removed. If greenish spots remain on the skin from the plates, this means that the therapeutic effect has occurred. After the procedure, the skin should be washed with warm water and soap, and lubricated with moisturizer. After a 3-day rest, repeat the procedure. Usually the course is 10 applications.

Important! Do not use copper plates on oily, wet skin. The plates must be removed after the procedure carefully - they can damage the skin. The plates should fit tightly to the skin. Do not use large and thick plates to avoid poisoning.

Signs of poisoning : general weakness, vomiting, nausea.

Copper must be cleaned periodically - boil in salted water, rinse in clean water, heat over a fire and sand with fine sandpaper.

Copper bracelets

When purchasing a product, pay attention to the grade of copper (MV - vacuum melted copper), which contains 99.9% copper. The bracelet must be polished on all sides. If a product contains at least one non-copper part, it loses its healing properties. A high-quality bracelet closes along the contour.

A copper product, tightly adjacent to the skin at the place where the pulse is measured, is worn on the right wrist - with increased pressure, and on the left with low pressure. Wearing such a bracelet activates blood circulation, improves metabolism, strengthens the immune system, and promotes the production of sex hormones.

• It has been proven that proper wearing of products improves health in arthritis, radiculitis, vascular and heart diseases, migraines, weather dependence, insomnia, and reduces high blood pressure.
• Copper bracelets are allowed and even recommended for use by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
• To clean the bracelet after prolonged use, you can use toothpaste (wipe the copper item thoroughly with a soft cloth soaked in the paste).

Treatment of diseases with copper

To find out if copper treatment is right for you, apply a plate or coin to your skin. If they adhere well to the skin and stay in place for a long time, you can use this treatment method. If there is no clutch, do not use this method.

It happens that one area of ​​the skin has adhesion, but another does not. This means that you apply the applications in places where the copper plates have good adhesion to the skin.

At night, apply coins or copper discs to the tonsil area. Tie a warm scarf around your throat. The procedure time is 10 hours.

Apply copper coins or plates to painful areas. Wear the plates on your leg until they begin to roll off.

Apply coins (plates) to the area of ​​the maxillary sinuses, under the eyes (at night).

Lie on your back, apply copper plates to your forehead and temples. Lie quietly for 30 minutes. During this time, copper will relieve vasospasm and headaches.

Attach copper plates to the skin at the site of the benign formation, secure with a bandage and wear around the clock for a week. The course is repeated after 4 days. Before using the product, be sure to undergo examination at an oncology clinic!

Contraindications

If the dosage is violated (when copper is consumed orally), poisoning with its salts is possible. An overdose can cause vomiting, convulsions, diarrhea, failure of cardiac activity and breathing, suffocation, and coma may occur.

Source: https://cmiac.ru/pozvonochnik/primenyaem-med-dlya-effektivnogo-lecheniya-sustavov.html

Treatment with Copper

Modern medicine and technological progress provide us with a wide range of different medications and specific treatment methods.

However, modern drug therapy causes irreparable damage to our health and leads to the emergence of new diseases. It is for this reason that we are increasingly turning to nature for treatment and using the healing properties of metals, herbs, stones, etc.

Copper treatment is a simple and safe way to get rid of various types of diseases.

The healing properties of copper have been known to man since time immemorial. In ancient India, Greece, China and Japan, copper and its magical properties were used to cure many ailments and diseases.

According to Ancient Medicine, energy moves through certain channels. Stagnation of energy in one place and its lack in another disrupt energetic harmony, which in turn leads to the occurrence of disease. All diseases can be divided into 2 main types: inflammatory and chronic. Gold and silver help in curing chronic diseases, and copper treats inflammatory processes in the body, spasms, pain, and bruises.

The Slavs have also used the unique properties of copper since ancient times. This metal was used in the treatment of fractures, radiculitis, hematomas, tumors, polyarthritis, epileptic seizures and cholera. Interesting fact: Volga barge haulers put copper coins under their heels and wore crosses made of this metal to protect themselves from cholera.

An experiment was conducted in which the subject’s biofield was measured, the particles in which moved chaotically. After the bracelet was put on the subject’s hand, a few minutes later the measurements showed a calmer movement of the particles and harmonization of the biofield.

How does copper heal?

For treatment, ancient copper coins and bracelets are traditionally used, which are more suitable for treatment than modern alloys.

The healing properties of copper are used for:

• temperature reduction;
• pain relief;
• resorption of benign formations;
• activation of metabolic processes, incl. enhancing insulin production and leukocyte blood functions;
• disinfection and stopping bleeding.

Copper helps to cure diseases such as: tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis, radiculitis, hemorrhoids, conjunctivitis (including follicular), kidney stones, inflammatory processes of various origins (sore throat, otitis media, sinusitis, arthritis, cholecystitis, nephritis and etc.

), arthritis, tendovaginitis, diseases of the skin and gastrointestinal tract, cardiac and circulatory systems. The healing properties of medicine are also irreplaceable for injuries, abscesses, and during postoperative and post-infarction recovery of the body.

Copper has the unique property of removing radiation when irradiating cancerous tumors.

Copper acts very quickly. To treat serious diseases, treatment is carried out in courses and increases the duration of copper on the human body. As a smart healer, metal independently finds painful weak points in the human body and begins to influence them in a beneficial way. For example, after the operation, a man’s suture was very painful. Copper coins were applied to the seam, and a nylon thread came out, forgotten by the doctors during the operation.

Sometimes it happens that after applying metal to the body, the disease begins to worsen, but after some time everything goes away. One woman had severe pain in her arm and it was impossible to move it. They began to heal the hand with copper, and after the painful area came into contact with the metal, the hand became very swollen and the temperature increased. But a little later the fever and pain went away, and the hand regained its former mobility. Similar temporary aggravations also sometimes occur when copper is applied to bruises.

The miracle metal has a beneficial effect on the central nervous system, calming it: eliminates nervous overexcitation, stress, insomnia, and reduces headaches. In order to relieve a headache, you need to take a coin and apply it to the source of pain (temple, forehead, back of the head), and in ten to fifteen minutes everything will go away.

Metal helps with pain in the heart: place a coin in the subclavian fossa and check whether it sits or falls off, if it does not fall off, then secure it with a plaster and wear it around the clock for ten days.

At the beginning of the article it was said that copper perfectly cures inflammatory diseases, but it also copes well with chronic diseases, such as tracheobronchitis and sinusitis, only treatment here should be carried out in courses. In the case of tracheobronchitis, coins are placed on the neck at night, and in case of sinusitis - on the eyes. And so in a few nights the person recovers.

Recommendations:

1. It is better to buy antique copper - coins, bracelets, plates, jewelry.

2. You should not wear copper all the time; you need to take breaks between wearing it. It is advisable to periodically change the bracelet from one hand to the other.

3. When choosing a bracelet, make sure that it has gaps; closed bracelets are undesirable for wearing, both for medicinal purposes and as decoration.

4. After a serious illness has been cured with metal or you have lent copper to someone, it is necessary to clean it. For energetic cleansing, you can use spring water, incense, candle fire, and use polishing to remove oxidation from metal.

5. Greenish marks on the body after wearing copper indicate that a person has a disease and a lack of copper in the body.

Copper has a wide field of activity, the healing properties of which can be used by everyone. Its healing power has been proven by the centuries-old history of various peoples and cultures, experimental data from scientists of the 20th and 21st centuries, successful healings and our own experience of interacting with metal. In conclusion, I would like to say that copper is the metal of the planet Venus, which teaches love, mutual understanding and helps to choose the right path.

Source: https://worldshaman.ru/lechenie-medju

Application area of ​​copper

Both in the form of pure metal and in combination with alloys, copper is used in various industrial fields. Its properties make it possible to actively use this metal in electrical engineering. Over 50% of the mined metal is used for the production of all kinds of electrical appliances and power transmissions. High levels of electrical and thermal conductivity determine the widespread use of copper in the construction industry.

As is known, the metal is resistant to the negative effects of corrosion and ultraviolet rays, and also does not deform under conditions of sharp temperature fluctuations. The most popular copper product is wire. For their manufacture, the purest possible metal is used, because additional impurities significantly reduce the current conductivity.

For example, if more than 0.02% aluminum is present in the finished product, then the product’s ability to conduct current drops by 10%.

Good toughness and ductility make copper popular for creating products with various patterns. As a result of firing, wire made from red copper acquires the maximum level of ductility and softness.

It can be used to form patterns and ornaments of any complexity.

This wire is used in:

• electrical engineering
• electric power industry
• automotive industry
• shipbuilding
• production of cables and wires.

The high thermal conductivity of copper allows it to be used in various heat exchangers and heat sink devices.
It is copper that is used to create coolers for system units, heating radiators, pipes, air conditioners and other mechanisms. Despite the rather high cost of copper pipes, their advantages are undeniable:

• are not afraid of ultraviolet radiation
• resistant to corrosion
• do not respond to temperature changes. Therefore, installation can be carried out even in conditions of low air temperatures.

Due to the high mechanical strength, as well as the possibility of mechanical processing, specialists create seamless copper pipes with a round cross-section. They are designed for transporting liquid substances or gases in gas and water supply, air conditioning and heating systems.

Perhaps the very first material from which roofing was made was copper. This roofing option is characterized by a long service life - about 200 years. After a certain time, the copper roof oxidizes, resulting in the formation of a patina film.

She protects

copper surface from the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation, low temperature, humidity and other weather phenomena.

Copper alloys and their applications

Copper and its alloys are widely used in the construction of power lines and various types of communication devices. Alloys are used in the electrical engineering industry, in the creation of various devices, in the manufacture of refrigerators, and vacuum devices. Approximately half of all copper is used for the needs of the electrical industry.

Based on copper, a huge number of alloys with different metals have been obtained, for example, Zn, Sn, Al, Be, Ni, Mn, Pb, Ti, Ag, Au. There are alloys with non-metals, for example, with phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and others.

The scope of use of such alloys is quite extensive. Most of them are distinguished by high anti-friction qualities.

Alloys are used in cast and forged forms, as well as in powder form. For example, alloys are widely used:

• tin. Contains from 4 to 33% Sn
• lead. They contain approximately 30% Pb
• aluminum. Contains from 5 to 11% Al
• silicon. Such alloys contain 4-5% Si
• antimony bronze, which is in demand in the production of bearings, heat exchangers and other materials in the form of sheets, rods and pipes for the chemical, paper and food industries.

Various alloys of copper and chromium, as well as tungsten powder alloy, are used for the manufacture of electrodes and electrical contacts.
It is difficult to imagine the chemical industry and mechanical engineering without brass - an alloy of copper and zinc (up to 50% Zn). Most often, other elements are also present in small quantities, for example, Al, Si, Ni, Mn. Alloys of copper with phosphorus (6-8%) are used as solders.

Use of copper in medicine

The use of copper in the medical industry can be found quite often. According to the norms of traditional medicine, copper is an extremely important element of human life. In our body, copper is present in a volume of 2 * 10-4% of a person’s total weight.

Every day we consume approximately 60 mg of copper with food, but only 2 mg is absorbed, but this is the amount that is the daily norm for an adult.
Copper is extremely important in the process of hemoglobin biosynthesis, as well as in maintaining sugar, cholesterol and uric acid levels.

In order for the cardiovascular system, brain, and digestive tract to function as expected, copper is needed. With a chronic lack of copper in the human body, the following diseases develop:

• anemia
• osteoporosis
• glaucoma
• psoriasis
• the heart muscle atrophies
• a person gets tired quickly, loses weight
• Cholesterol accumulates in the body.

The richest foods containing copper are:

• Champignon
• potato
• Cod liver
• whole grain
• oysters and cuttlefish.

Application and marking of copper

To find out the specific composition, according to the GOST 859-2001 classification, there is a special table with characteristics and markings.

The most in demand is cathode copper or copper semi-finished products, in other words, wire rod, rolled products, ingots and items made of copper alloys.

The features and scope of use of the metal, according to the GOST 859-2001 table, are determined according to the percentage of various impurities. Different brands of copper contain from 10 to 50 different impurities. Most often there is a division into two groups:

• an alloy that contains a minimal amount of oxygen (up to 0.011%). This alloy has high purity. Designation according to GOST 859-2001 – M00, M01, copper M3. Used mainly to create conductors or high-purity alloys
• a refined metal containing an admixture of phosphorus for general use. Designations according to GOST 859-2001 – M1f, M2r, M3r. This metal is used to create pipes, hot-rolled and cold-rolled sheets, and foil.

It is worth noting that the classification data according to GOST 859-2001 corresponds to foreign classification data according to DIN. In a foreign classification, chemical elements and impurities must be designated. For example, grade M00 is CuOFE, M1 is CuOF.

For the cryogenic industry, only the purest metals, oxygen-free grades, are used.

For all other needs, the most popular are the following types of hot and cold rolled products, which are used in a variety of construction and manufacturing sectors:

• M0, M00 – used to create electrical conductors and high-frequency products. They are made only to order and are more expensive.
• M001b, M001bf - they are used to make small-section copper wire, electrical busbars, wiring
• M1 copper (M1r, M1re, M1f) are excellent current conductors, rolled materials and high-quality bronzes with the lowest possible amount of tin. Such copper is used to create rods and electrodes for electric welding of cast iron and other poorly weldable metals
• copper M2 (M2k, M2r). It is suitable for creating products for cryogenic technology, cast products for pressure processing.
• M3 copper (M3r, M3k) is used in the process of creating pressed semi-finished products and flat products. In addition, it is used to make wire for electromechanical welding of copper and cast iron objects.

Copper connections

Next, we will consider the most popular copper compounds and their applications. Let's start with fungicides. For over a hundred years, they have been used to combat false mildew and imperfect fungi, which cause spotting of the vegetative organs of plants. Copper-based fungicides are still the main ones in the anti-resistance program to systemic fungicides today.

Copper-based pesticides are in great demand to protect orchards and vineyards from pests and diseases. Copper sulfate is very popular. The use of this substance occurs everywhere and in various areas. Copper(II) sulfate is the most important copper salt. It is the starting material for the synthesis of many substances. Anhydrous copper sulfate is used as a moisture indicator. In laboratory conditions, it is responsible for drying ethanol and a number of other compounds.

However, the largest volume of copper sulfate CuSO4 is consumed for pest control in the agricultural industry.

Copper hydroxide application

Copper hydroxide, as well as sulfate, is an excellent fungicide.
It protects the plant from various diseases, both fungal and bacterial. Pros of using copper hydroxide:

• a wide range of infections that the compound acts on
• can be used on almost all types of plants
• Copper nutrients ensure long shelf life for vegetables and fruits
• low copper content due to saturation of preparations with Cu++ ions
• resistant to precipitation
• does not have a negative effect on nature
• low cost.

Copper oxide application

Copper oxide - CuO - is in great demand in the production of glass and enamels.
It gives the finished products a green and blue tint. Copper oxide is also indispensable in the production of copper-ruby glass. In laboratory conditions, it is used to identify the reducing properties of various compounds. The substance is capable of reducing the oxide to copper metal. In this case, a transition from the black color of copper oxide to a pink tint of copper is observed.

Source: http://mining-prom.ru/cvetmet/med/96/

Copper - Application

01 March 2011

1. Copper

2. History and origin of the name
3. Occurrence in nature
4. Physical properties5. Application

6. Biological role

7. Copper production, mining and reserves
8. Interesting facts

Due to its low resistivity, copper is widely used in electrical engineering for the manufacture of power cables, wires or other conductors, for example, in printed circuit wiring.

Copper wires, in turn, are also used in the windings of energy-saving electric drives and power transformers. For these purposes, the metal must be very pure: impurities sharply reduce electrical conductivity.

For example, the presence of 0.02% aluminum in copper reduces its electrical conductivity by almost 10%.

Heat exchange

Another useful quality of copper is its high thermal conductivity. This allows it to be used in various heat removal devices and heat exchangers, which include well-known radiators for cooling, air conditioning and heating.

For pipe production

Due to their high mechanical strength, but at the same time suitability for mechanical processing, seamless copper pipes of round cross-section are widely used for transporting liquids and gases: in internal water supply systems, heating, gas supply, air conditioning systems and refrigeration units. In a number of countries, copper pipes are the main material used for these purposes: in France, Great Britain and Australia for gas supply to buildings, in Great Britain, USA, Sweden and Hong Kong for water supply, in Great Britain and Sweden for heating.

In Russia, the production of water and gas pipes from copper is standardized by the national standard GOST R 52318-2005, and the application in this capacity by the federal Code of Rules SP 40-108-2004. In addition, pipelines made of copper and copper alloys are widely used in the shipbuilding and energy industries to transport liquids and steam.

Copper alloys

Alloys using copper are widely used in various fields of technology, the most widespread of which are the above-mentioned bronze and brass. Both alloys are general names for a whole family of materials, which in addition to tin and zinc may include nickel, bismuth and other metals.

For example, in the composition of the so-called cannon metal, which in the 16th-18th centuries. actually used to make artillery pieces, includes all three main metals - copper, tin, zinc; the recipe changed depending on the time and place of manufacture of the weapon.

Nowadays, it is used in military affairs in cumulative ammunition due to its high ductility; a large amount of brass is used for the manufacture of weapon casings.

For machine parts, alloys of copper with zinc, tin, aluminum, silicon, etc. are used because of their greater strength: 30-40 kgf/mm² for alloys and 25-29 kgf/mm² for technically pure copper. Copper alloys do not undergo heat treatment, and their mechanical properties and wear resistance are determined by the chemical composition and its effect on the structure. Modulus of elasticity of copper alloys.

The main advantage of copper alloys is their low coefficient of friction, which for many alloys is combined with high ductility and good resistance to corrosion in a number of aggressive environments and good electrical conductivity. The magnitude of the coefficient of friction is almost the same for all copper alloys, while the mechanical properties and wear resistance, as well as behavior under corrosion conditions, depend on the composition of the alloys, and therefore on the structure.

Strength is higher in two-phase alloys, and ductility is higher in single-phase alloys. Copper-nickel alloys are used for minting small change coins.

Copper-nickel alloys, including the so-called “Admiralty” alloy, are widely used in shipbuilding and applications related to the possibility of aggressive action of sea water due to their exemplary corrosion resistance.

Copper is an important component of hard solders - alloys with a melting point of 590-880 degrees Celsius, which have good adhesion to most metals, and are used for durable connections of a variety of metal parts, especially dissimilar metals, from pipeline fittings to liquid rocket engines

Alloys in which copper is significant

Dural is defined as an alloy of aluminum and copper.

Jewelry alloys

In jewelry, alloys of copper and gold are often used to increase the resistance of products to deformation and abrasion, since pure gold is a very soft metal and is not resistant to these mechanical influences.

Other Applications

Copper is the most widely used acetylene polymerization catalyst. Because of this, copper pipelines for transporting acetylene can only be used if the copper content in the alloy of the pipe material is no more than 64%.

Copper is widely used in architecture. Roofs and facades made of thin sheet copper, due to the auto-attenuation of the corrosion process of the copper sheet, serve trouble-free for 100-150 years. In Russia, the use of copper sheets for roofs and facades is standardized by the federal Code of Rules SP 31-116-2006.

The predicted new mass use of copper promises to be its use as bactericidal surfaces in medical institutions to reduce intra-hospital bacterial transfer: doors, handles, water stop valves, railings, bed rails, table tops - all surfaces touched by the human hand.

Source: http://4108.ru/u/med_-_primenenie

Application of copper in terms of properties

In the production of various products, copper is used in its pure form and in the form of alloys with various metals. Copper sheet and tape are widely used in various areas of production, which are used both in electrical engineering and in the construction of structures and interior design.

Copper as an electrical conductor

Pure copper is used and used for the production of wires, cables, network conductors, and power transmission. The core of the cables is a copper core, in the production of which only very pure metal is used; any impurities reduce the effect of electrical conductivity of copper.

Low resistivity allows the use of copper in electrical engineering for the manufacture of power cables and other conductors, as well as power buses carrying high currents; wires made of high-purity copper are used in the windings of electric drives and power transformers.

Copper in everyday life

Currently, when installing electrical wiring in residential premises, only wires with a copper core are allowed, which are made from high-frequency copper wire, which, in turn, is made from class A copper rod. Thus, copper wire is used in our apartments to operate all electrical appliances and lighting.

The use of copper instead of aluminum in wires is due not only to the better electrical conductivity of copper, but mainly to better fire safety.

Copper is less susceptible to corrosion than aluminum and reacts less with water, which allows the use of copper tubes and pipes to transfer liquids and gases in various home heating and air conditioning systems.

The use of copper in terms of thermal conductivity

The high electrical conductivity of copper is just one of the main properties that determine its widest use in everyday life and industry.

The second fundamental property of copper is its extremely high thermal conductivity, which, in the presence of impurities of tin, arsenic, phosphorus, iron and other elements, drops sharply along with an increase in electrical resistance.

High thermal conductivity and good heat transfer allow the use of copper in heat exchangers, heat sinks and devices where they are used - refrigerators, coolers, air conditioners. The best computer coolers use copper heatsinks to draw heat away from processors and graphics cards.

Examples of copper applications - medicine, jewelry, accessories

Currently, a wide range of studies are being carried out on the bactericidal properties of copper. It has long been believed that copper utensils help destroy pathogenic bacteria and are very hygienic. Modern scientific research suggests that the use of copper in everyday life reduces the transfer of bacteria.

Thus, there are recommendations for the use of copper in hospital life and in clinics as an antiseptic. The gold products around us made of gold of different grades are stems of copper and gold, their proportions are called hallmarks. We see pure gold without copper, practically, only in bars that are stored in banks.

Copper is one of the vital trace elements. It is involved in the process of photosynthesis and the absorption of nitrogen by plants, promotes the synthesis of sugar, proteins, starch, and vitamins. Most often, copper is added to the soil in the form of copper sulfate - copper sulfate pentahydrate.

In significant quantities it is poisonous, like many other copper compounds, especially to lower organisms. In small doses, copper is absolutely necessary for all living things.

Copper is also used for nickel and chromium plating of steel. You can notice that when even a drop of the silvery shiny layer is erased from shiny handles and other elements, then underneath we see not steel, but a pinkish, thin layer of copper plating. Without this layer, chrome and nickel plated parts would become shabby and ugly very quickly.

Copper in construction - down conductors, roofing

In the construction of houses, copper is invariably used as lightning rods and lightning protection.

For lightning protection, a copper core 8 mm thick made of pure copper is used, that is, for this you need MM grade copper wire, since the purity of this grade of copper ensures effective current drainage. Copper sheets are also used in construction as roofing.

Copper, which already has good anti-corrosion properties, thanks to the formation of a patina on the surface of sheets or strips of deoxidized copper, lasts for more than 2 centuries, during the life of at least five generations of home owners.

Source: https://poliasmet.ru/svojstva-medi/primenenie-medi.html