Which is heavier, aluminum or titanium?

Car wheels: Titanium vs aluminum

The differences between aluminum and titanium directly affect the quality of the wheels. The autodiski.net.ua team told us which material is better.

Very little time has passed since all disks containing titanium were called titanium. This name is not entirely accurate, because even if this metal is present in the disk, the disk still cannot be made entirely of it.

In the same way, you won’t be able to find wheels made of pure aluminum. The fact is that pure metals are poorly suited for making disks. For example, titanium is expensive and very difficult to machine, and aluminum is too soft and pliable. Now this problem is being solved by using alloys.

Discs, which are called titanium, are lighter than steel. Their weight is one and a half times less than that of steel disks. The strength of titanium allows us to call such discs one of the most reliable. Their wide distribution is hampered only by the high price of titanium. Aluminum is even lighter than titanium - wheels on cars made of this metal can truly be classified as light alloy.

Strength

The main advantage of titanium is its extraordinary strength. The use of hot forging technology allows us to achieve the highest levels of this parameter. Titanium alloy discs are not subject to brittleness - this makes them a very profitable choice.

Corrosion resistance

Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance. Although aluminum also has a sufficient margin of stability, it performs well only under short-term exposure to destructive environments. But titanium feels good even with long and frequent loads. At the same time, all its properties are preserved, making the disks more than reliable.

Design

Titanium cannot be called an easy material to process; it requires considerable effort and time. However, this is precisely what leads to the fact that the final result is of better quality than in the case of other metals.

Disadvantages of titanium discs

The main disadvantages of wheels made of titanium alloys are their high price and weight. Their cost directly depends on the characteristics of titanium, so this choice will pay for itself in the future. Those who want to get a truly lightweight option should not choose titanium wheels. Although titanium is lighter than steel, it is inferior to aluminum here.

How do titanium wheels differ from aluminum wheels?

Titanium differs from aluminum in a number of ways. You can list weight, cost, and strength. The availability of disks also plays a big role in the choice. Aluminum wheels are more popular than titanium wheels, since titanium is not widely used. This means that when you come to the store, you can always find a larger selection of aluminum products.

Titanium is heavier than aluminum; this should be taken into account when choosing. The dynamics of its movement depend on the total weight of the car. In order not to make a mistake when purchasing, it is better to obtain preliminary consultation from specialists in this field.

When it comes to strength, titanium comes out as the clear winner here. Even superior to steel in terms of strength characteristics, it greatly outperforms aluminum.

When choosing disks, be sure to look at their markings. Most often, detailed information about the parameters of the product is indicated there. In turn, purchasing from reliable stores will allow you to avoid purchasing low-quality products.

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Source: https://autogeek.com.ua/diski-na-avto-titan-vs-aljuminij/

Which iron sole is considered the best?

An iron is a household electrical appliance that poses a fire hazard if not handled correctly. It can easily burn fabric and ruin clothes by becoming covered in soot. Manufacturers solve this situation by using different sole materials - after all, it is this part that “slides” over the fabrics being processed. The article will discuss which iron sole is better. It is made from various materials, each option having its own pros and cons.

What to look for when choosing an iron sole

Older versions of the soles "burned", now they use a non-stick coating

When making a choice, take into account the following points:

• slip. The iron should move across the fabric with ease, without jerking, without much effort;
• contact with fabric. The task of ironing equipment is to smooth out wrinkles. She should not leave streaks on things or spoil them;
• uniform heating. To prevent damage to the fabric being processed, the “foundation” must be heated evenly, with a uniform temperature over the entire surface;
• strength characteristics. No material is eternal, therefore it can deteriorate under mechanical stress, for example, if the iron falls;
• ease of use. Older versions of the soles “burned”; now a non-stick coating is used.

These are the performance characteristics inherent in household irons.

Iron sole material

There are not many requirements for the soles of ironing equipment: it should move easily over the fabric, be durable, heat evenly and be gentle on things.

Ceramic

This coating is often found, and in terms of performance parameters it is not inferior to Teflon. But, due to the fact that pure ceramics is fragile, impurities in the form of nickel or chromium are added to its composition. The base of the sole is steel or aluminum.

Advantages:

• does not wrinkle the treated fabric;
• does not “get stuck” in fasteners or buttons;
• easy to clean;
• glides well;
• acceptable price.

Metal ceramics

In their pure form, ceramic parts are practically never used. Nickel, chromium or other alloys are added to their composition.

The name of such a surface is metal ceramics. This is a more durable analogue that resists mechanical damage.

Tefal irons most often have a metal-ceramic working surface.

These are “Supergliss Actif”, “Ultragliss Diffusion”, which are based on aluminum of a special design, ensuring easy glide even on rough, overdried things.

Aluminum

It was from this material, as the cheapest, that the working surfaces of ironing equipment began to be made. Today, irons with such a base are among the most affordable.

Advantages:

• aluminum has high thermal conductivity, so it heats up and cools down quickly;
• thanks to the low coefficient of friction, it glides easily over things;
• light weight.

Aluminum coating is the least scratch resistant. And even if they are not visible, this does not mean that they are not there. Scratches begin to appear after six months of using the equipment, complicating the ironing procedure, as they cling to the fabric.

Stainless steel

The stainless steel base is most widely used as it is durable, affordable and at the same time resistant to damage. Its advantages:

• easy and fast sliding;
• strength characteristics (not afraid of chips, scratches);
• durability. The stainless steel base, along with its strength, does not rust, so it retains its quality for a long time;
• high thermal conductivity, uniform heating.

Manufacturers are improving the sole by adding different elements to it. For example, chromium protects against corrosion and extends service life. Not long ago, they began adding sapphire powder to the composition, which makes the working surface even more “slippery,” stronger and more durable.

Teflon

We are talking about a non-stick coating applied over an aluminum or steel base. Teflon frying pans are known to many - it is almost impossible to burn the food you are preparing on them. This now also applies to ironing technology, which is just as gentle on the fabric.

The advantage of the Teflon coating is its smoothness, so the sole of the device glides easily, smoothing out even established wrinkles. Teflon, unlike its analogues, is completely non-stick, which ensures ease of cleaning and no chance of burning the fabric.

The manufacturer Braun produces Teflon irons with a special “Sapfir” coating - this is a stainless alloy coated with corundum powder (analogous to sapphire). This material is characterized by increased durability, so choose it if you prefer a Teflon sole.

Composite

The most “strong” manufacturers went further and began to use composite materials, which are superior in performance characteristics to ceramics and aluminum.

Their key advantage is resistance to contact with metal parts. There are other advantages:

• better glide;
• strength;
• increased durability.

Titanium

Options based on titanium have appeared not so long ago. If you look at the table of differences, which is easy to find on the Internet, it becomes clear that titanium is similar in density to aluminum, and its thermal conductivity is identical to stainless steel.

As a result, the technique turns out to be easy and safe (you won’t be able to burn the thing, the maximum is to slightly brown it). The titanium soleplate of the iron has the following pros and cons.

Manufacturer technologies

Many brands offer their developments to improve the quality of the sole. Iron coatings are different, but their task is to ensure high-quality ironing and extend the service life of the equipment. When purchasing, you can choose one of the following options.

"Eloxal"

A coating that improves the performance of the ironing device was developed by Braun.

Irons with Eloxal have an anodized aluminum sole, to which expensive alloys are additionally added, which ultimately increases wear resistance.

During production, the aluminum plate is treated with an electrolytic composition, which gives it anti-corrosion properties and increases resistance to deformation and elevated temperatures.

"Steamglide"

Source: https://poisktehniki.ru/tehnika-dlja-doma/kakaja-podoshva-dlja-utjuga-schitaetsja-samoj-luchshej

How to identify real titanium?

In nature, titanium is found in minerals such as titanite, ilmenite or rutile. In its pure form it is a silver-gray light metal with the highest specific strength.

In appearance it is difficult to distinguish it from aluminum or stainless steel. The magnet method will not work here, since magnets also do not attract aluminum or most stainless steels.

To dispel all doubts that you have a sample of real titanium in your hands, you need to conduct one of the tests available to you.

Determination by spark

This is one of the most error-free methods for determining titanium. For it you will need a grinder or a sharpening machine, and if you don’t have one, any abrasive surface, for example, a fine file or asphalt, will do. When aluminum comes into contact with a rotating grinding wheel, the material is ground down with virtually no sparking. The contact of the abrasive and steel is accompanied by a stream of sparks, which range in color from light yellow to dark red.

Tatan, when friction against an abrasive surface or when cutting with a cutting disk, forms a stream of long sparks of bright white color.

The fact is that this metal has the property of pyrophoricity, as a result of which small particles of the material formed during grinding or sawing ignite and sparkle in the air.

These sparks are much brighter and hotter than those generated when processing steel, so they are white in color and create an increased fire hazard. Titanium powder is even used in pyrotechnics to produce bright pyrotechnic fountains.

Determination by mass

The lightest of these three metals is aluminum, the heaviest is steel. For example, a titanium plate will be one and a half times heavier than an aluminum one and two times lighter than a steel one. If there is nothing to compare the sample with, then you will have to use a mathematical method. The density of the metals in question is known to us and is:

• for titanium – 4.5 g/cm³
• for aluminum – 2.7 g/cm³
• for stainless steel 7.8 g/cm³

This is the mass per unit volume. All that remains is to weigh the product on precise scales and determine its volume. If the product has a complex shape, then it is easier to find out the volume using the Archimedean method. Dip the sample into a container of water and determine the required value by the volume of water displaced. All that remains is to calculate the density by dividing the mass by the volume, and then check whether it corresponds to the density of titanium.

Identification by mark on glass

This method is the easiest and is based on the ability of titanium to stick to glass during friction, that is, you can draw with it. The same effect is observed when running a sharp edge over a smooth tile, which is due to the high coefficient of friction of pure titanium.

If stainless steel scratches a glass surface, then, to your great surprise, this hard metal does not damage the glass, but leaves a characteristic metallic mark on it, which can only be washed off with very strong hydrofluoric acid. Aluminum cannot damage glass or paint on it.

It should also be noted that some titanium alloys also do not leave a pattern.

Anodizing test

It is known that as a result of natural oxidation in air, a layer of TiO2 oxide is formed on the surface of titanium. By electrochemical method it is possible to obtain an oxide layer with a coloring effect. To carry out the experiment, you need a 12-volt car battery or several Krona batteries.

The titanium sample is connected with a wire to the “+” electrode. Any iron rod wrapped in a piece of cloth soaked in saline solution or any other conductive liquid (vinegar, cola) is connected to the “-” electrode.

If you run this cloth over a titanium surface, it will instantly become colored, which will never happen with stainless and aluminum products.

There are a number of other testing methods that allow us to distinguish real titanium from other metals that surround us in everyday life. For example, titanium objects seem warmer upon tactile contact.

If you heat one part of the part, the other will remain cold, which indicates its low thermal conductivity. Cutting titanium is much more difficult than other metals. Material particles stick to the blade, making cutting unstable and unsafe.

To accurately determine titanium, it is recommended to carry out not one, but several methods.

Useful tips 01/30/2019 13:23:42

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Source: https://Krepcom.ru/blog/poleznye-sovety/kak-opredelit-nastoyashchiy-titan/

Titanium

 

Crystal Titanium Bar

Titanium is a lightweight, durable metal with a silvery-white color. It exists in two crystal modifications: α-Ti with a hexagonal close-packed lattice, β-Ti with cubic body-centered packing, the temperature of the polymorphic transformation α↔β is 883 °C. Titanium and titanium alloys combine lightness, strength, high corrosion resistance, low thermal coefficient expansion, ability to operate in a wide temperature range.

STRUCTURE

Crystal crystal structure

Titanium has two allotropic modifications. The low-temperature modification, existing up to 882 °C, has a hexagonal close-packed lattice with periods a = 0.296 nm and c = 0.472 nm.

The high-temperature modification has a body-centered cube lattice with a period a = 0.332 nm.

The polymorphic transformation (882 °C) with slow cooling occurs according to the normal mechanism with the formation of equiaxed grains, and with rapid cooling - according to the martensitic mechanism with the formation of an acicular structure.

Titanium has high corrosion and chemical resistance due to the protective oxide film on its surface. It does not corrode in fresh and sea water, mineral acids, aqua regia, etc.

PROPERTIES

Titanium crystals

Melting point 1671 °C, boiling point 3260 °C, density of α-Ti and β-Ti, respectively, is 4.505 (20 °C) and 4.32 (900 °C) g/cm³, atomic density 5.71 × 1022 at/ cm³. Plastic, weldable in an inert atmosphere.

Technical titanium used in industry contains impurities of oxygen, nitrogen, iron, silicon and carbon, which increase its strength, reduce ductility and affect the temperature of the polymorphic transformation, which occurs in the range of 865-920 °C.

For technical Titanium grades VT1-00 and VT1-0, density is about 4.32 g/cm3, tensile strength is 300-550 MN/m2 (30-55 kgf/mm2), relative elongation is not lower than 25%, Brinell hardness is 1150-1650 MN /m2 (115-165 kgf/mm2). Is paramagnetic. Configuration of the outer electron shell of the Ti 3d24s2 atom.

It has a high viscosity and, during machining, is prone to sticking to the cutting tool, and therefore requires the application of special coatings to the tool and various lubricants.

At ordinary temperatures it is covered with a protective passivating film of TiO2 oxide, making it corrosion resistant in most environments (except alkaline). Titanium dust tends to explode. Flash point 400 °C.

Reserves and production

Titanium crystals

Main ores: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), titanite (CaTiSiO5).

As of 2002, 90% of mined titanium was used to produce titanium dioxide TiO2. World production of titanium dioxide was 4.5 million tons per year. Confirmed reserves of titanium dioxide (excluding Russia) are about 800 million tons.

As of 2006, according to the US Geological Survey, in terms of titanium dioxide and excluding Russia, reserves of ilmenite ores amount to 603-673 million tons, and rutile ores - 49.7-52.7 million tons.

Thus, at the current rate of extraction, the world's proven reserves of titanium (excluding Russia) will last for more than 150 years.

Russia has the second largest reserves of titanium in the world, after China. The mineral resource base of titanium in Russia consists of 20 deposits (of which 11 are primary and 9 alluvial), fairly evenly distributed throughout the country. The largest of the explored deposits is located 25 km from the city of Ukhta (Komi Republic). The deposit's reserves are estimated at 2 billion tons.

Titanium ore concentrate is subjected to sulfuric acid or pyrometallurgical processing. The product of sulfuric acid treatment is titanium dioxide powder TiO2. Using the pyrometallurgical method, the ore is sintered with coke and treated with chlorine, producing titanium tetrachloride vapor, which is reduced at 850 °C with magnesium.

The resulting titanium “sponge” is melted down and cleaned. Ilmenite concentrates are reduced in electric arc furnaces, followed by chlorination of the resulting titanium slag.

ORIGIN

Titanium Ore

Titanium is in 10th place in terms of prevalence in nature. in the earth's crust - 0.57% by weight, in sea water - 0.001 mg/l. In ultramafic rocks 300 g/t, in basic rocks - 9 kg/t, in acidic rocks 2.3 kg/t, in clays and shales 4.5 kg/t. In the earth's crust, titanium is almost always tetravalent and is present only in oxygen compounds. Not found in free form.

Under conditions of weathering and precipitation, titanium has a geochemical affinity with Al2O3.
It is concentrated in bauxites of the weathering crust and in marine clayey sediments. Titanium is transferred in the form of mechanical fragments of minerals and in the form of colloids. Up to 30% TiO2 by weight accumulates in some clays. Titanium minerals are resistant to weathering and form large concentrations in placers.

More than 100 minerals containing titanium are known. The most important of them are: rutile TiO2, ilmenite FeTiO3, titanomagnetite FeTiO3 + Fe3O4, perovskite CaTiO3, titanite CaTiSiO5. There are primary titanium ores - ilmenite-titanomagnetite and placer - rutile-ilmenite-zircon. Titanium deposits are located in South Africa, Russia, Ukraine, China, Japan, Australia, India, Ceylon, Brazil, South Korea, and Kazakhstan.

In the CIS countries, the leading places in explored reserves of titanium ores are occupied by the Russian Federation (58.5%) and Ukraine (40.2%).

APPLICATION

Titanium products

Titanium alloys play an important role in aviation technology, where they strive to obtain the lightest structure combined with the necessary strength. Titanium is lightweight compared to other metals, but at the same time can operate at high temperatures.

Titanium alloys are used to make the casing, fastening parts, power kit, chassis parts, and various units. These materials are also used in the construction of aircraft jet engines. This allows you to reduce their weight by 10-25%.

Titanium alloys are used to produce compressor discs and blades, air intake and guide vane parts, and fasteners.

Titanium and its alloys are also used in rocket science. Due to the short-term operation of engines and the rapid passage of dense layers of the atmosphere in rocket science, the problems of fatigue strength, static endurance and partly creep are eliminated to a large extent.

Due to its insufficiently high thermal strength, technical titanium is not suitable for use in aviation, but due to its exceptionally high corrosion resistance, in some cases it is indispensable in the chemical industry and shipbuilding. Thus, it is used in the manufacture of compressors and pumps for pumping such aggressive media as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid and their salts, pipelines, shut-off valves, autoclave, various types of containers, filters, etc.

Only titanium is corrosion resistant in environments such as wet chlorine, aqueous and acidic chlorine solutions, therefore equipment for the chlorine industry is made from this metal. Heat exchangers are made from titanium that operate in corrosive environments, for example, nitric acid (non-smoking). In shipbuilding, titanium is used for the manufacture of propellers, plating of ships, submarines, torpedoes, etc.

Shells do not stick to titanium and its alloys, which sharply increase the resistance of the vessel as it moves.

Titanium alloys are promising for use in many other applications, but their spread in technology is hampered by the high cost and scarcity of titanium.

Titanium - Ti

Crystallographic properties



Source: http://mineralpro.ru/minerals/titan/

Choosing a road bike - steel, aluminum, titanium or carbon

When looking for a new road bike, you'll be surprised by the variety of choices. There are many factors by which you should filter your choice, from price and components, riding style to personal loyalty to a particular brand and even color.

Sometimes the choice of bicycle is based on the choice of material from which the bicycle frame is made. Road bikes are made primarily from four materials: steel, aluminum, titanium and carbon fiber - and the material is known to have an impact on ride quality and style, so it's a good idea to know the basics and the differences before you make your choice.

For some, the choice of material is as important as the list of equipment and price, because... different materials are designed for different types of ride. The frame is the heart of your new road bike and the bulk of your budget is spent on it, and the material plays a big role here, so the choice must be carefully considered.

Below we will tell you about the main advantages of each material, which will help you make the right choice.

Aluminum

Aluminum is the most popular material used initially for road bikes at an affordable price. It is ideal for making bicycle frames because... provides it with rigidity and lightness. Aluminum frames have long been unfairly branded as unsafe and uncomfortable to ride, but stiffness comes from design - the latest aluminum frames dispel myths of unreliability and offer a smooth ride.

While aluminum from most big brands may be considered only for entry-level bikes, there are plenty of top-notch options available, so don't discount it just because it's used on entry-level road bikes. Just look at the super lightweight Kinesis Aethein (photo below) or the new Specialized Allez for examples of the use of high-end aluminum.

Honestly, aluminum is now at the peak of its popularity. Some manufacturers promote it to provide the lightest frames possible, and smart buyers realize they are getting decent quality for the money. An example is the iconic Cannondale CAAD12 (and the previous CAAD10), as well as many others. In terms of price and quality ratio, it’s hard to come up with a better option than aluminum.

Buy aluminum if you're on a budget and want a lightweight, stiff frame for racing or the best performance bang for your buck.

Steel

In years past, steel was the only material available, so choosing a bike was relatively easy.

These days, steel still has a place with the current generation, renowned for its smooth ride, which is why bike tourers still lean towards it, but the latest steel frames have reignited interest in high-performance steel road bikes and even racing bikes, as the Volare 953 proved Madison-Genesis team a couple of years ago.

Today steel is used by a small number of manufacturers, but it is actually easy to work with and has become the choice of the growing customization industry. If you want a custom frame, steel is a good option.

The latest steel frames are much lighter and stiffer than before, and have become a worthy alternative to carbon and aluminum.

Buy steel if you want a custom frame or want to improve the smooth ride quality despite the extra weight.

Titanium

Titanium is a highly sought-after material due to its high strength and shock absorption. It is also lighter than steel, stronger than aluminum and has anti-corrosion properties, and the fact that the surface can be polished means that it is durable, making up for the high cost with the properties of the material, although it is not as expensive as it was twenty years ago.

Titanium can be used in the very best speed bikes, as well as bikes designed for comfortable long-distance riding with or without luggage, such as the Sabbath September (pictured).

Most titanium frames are made from 3AL-2.5V tubing (where the titanium is mixed with 3% aluminum and 2.5% vanadium), and the higher grade 6Al-4V titanium alloy can be seen on more expensive bikes.

Buy titanium if you want a durable, lightweight bike and a smooth ride.

Carbon fiber

For many cyclists, there are no other options other than carbon fiber. In the racing world it is the predominant material used and is the lightest and stiffest of the four frame materials, but it can also be the most expensive. Frame prices have dropped dramatically in recent years, and you can now buy a carbon bike at an affordable price.

Carbon is the most flexible of materials, and the aerodynamics of a road bike give it the ability to be versatile, like this Trek Madone.

However, carbon fiber frames are not made to any generally accepted standard. The significant difference between cheap and expensive carbon fiber, down to the types of fibers used, how they are made, and other important influencing factors. Carbon fiber is easily used by designers to create frames with specific characteristics, be it light weight, comfort, or rigidity.

Buy carbon if you want the lightest, stiffest road bike money can buy, or if you want to be as fast as the wind.

Source: http://veloclub.su/stati/velosipedy/item/1281-2016-08-14-11-47-45

Which is lighter, aluminum or titanium?

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Perhaps the most dramatic upgrade to a bicycle is replacing the frame. It is the frame that determines the character of the bike and has the greatest influence on its driving performance, appearance and, as a result, the enjoyment of riding. On Internet forums, many copies have been broken about the choice of this or that frame material, and this topic can easily be classified as a holivar, but still I will allow myself to speculate and express my opinion.

Aluminum frames

For many years, aluminum frames have been very popular among cyclists around the world. Although the frames are called “aluminum”, they are made not from pure aluminum, but from an alloy, due to the fact that aluminum itself is quite soft. Thus, approximately 95% of the alloy consists of aluminum, but also includes: magnesium, zinc, manganese, titanium, chromium, iron, etc.

This results in popular alloys such as 7005 and 6061, which are most often used in bicycle frames. To increase strength, pipes of large diameter and thicker walls are used. Many aluminum frames, for the purpose of lightening, have the so-called. butting, which is a variable thickness of pipe walls in different places, depending on the load.

As a result, the frame is quite light, rigid and durable.

The weight of a mid-level aluminum frame in size 19” is about 2-2.5 kg, which allows you to build a fairly light bike on a very modest budget. As for rigidity, this is both good and bad. For racing where jerking, dynamic riding while standing on the pedals and precise handling are important, stiffness will be a plus.

But when it comes to long distance riding, riding on an aluminum frame can cause some discomfort in the lower back, back and arms, especially if you have any spinal problems.

The reason for this is the rigidity mentioned above, as well as the properties of the material - low internal friction, as a result of which vibration from the wheels is very well transmitted to the cyclist through the frame.

One of the main disadvantages of aluminum frames is their tendency to accumulate fatigue and, as a result, unexpected breakdowns at the most inopportune moment.

That is why you should be especially wary of used aluminum alloy frames that are more than 10 years old, have a decent mileage, or have been subjected to heavy loads (for example, in extreme disciplines).

This is also true for rigid aluminum forks. Not only is riding on such a fork extremely uncomfortable, but it can also break suddenly.

One way or another, aluminum frames continue to be very popular and many serial bicycle models in the lower and middle price segments are assembled on their basis. Perhaps price is the main factor here. After all, you can purchase a fairly high-quality frame made of aluminum alloy even for 5,000-8,000 rubles.

In professional cycling, aluminum frames have not been used for a long time and they have been completely replaced by carbon, which due to its properties is much better suited for disciplines where time is measured by seconds and weights are measured by grams.

Carbon frames

In professional sports, carbon has a strong and permanent foothold; it is unlikely that anything will be able to displace it in the coming years. Technologies continue to be refined, new frame models are released that have greater rigidity, strength, better aerodynamics and lower weight.

At the same time, carbon frames and components have ceased to be the exclusive privilege of professionals and are increasingly penetrating the ranks of amateur cyclists. At the same time, a lot of articles and topics appeared on forums with very mixed opinions about carbon frames.

Articles where the author talks about how cool, reliable and durable carbon is, but then contradicts himself and says that it is still a little fragile can cause confusion. So, is it reliable or fragile? Let's figure it out.

In fact, this is so, carbon is both strong and fragile, no matter how strange it may sound. In tension, carbon is much stronger than aluminum alloy, but when it comes to breaking or strong pinpoint impacts, everything is not so good.

You can subject a carbon frame to high loads when riding over rough terrain, jumping, even transporting heavy camping equipment on a hike and not worry that the carbon will not hold up and suddenly collapse. But sometimes it may happen that the bicycle accidentally falls on a sharp stone, a corner of a wall, or gets hit while being transported on a train, train or plane.

There are quite a lot of such cases. What is the likelihood that this will happen specifically in your use case is another question. True, you shouldn’t think that carbon is really so fragile and can collapse from any small blow.

In most cases, everything should be done with a surface chip of varnish, a layer of which also provides additional protection for the carbon. With normal use, a carbon frame can last a very long time, as carbon exhibits virtually no fatigue.

Recently, budget (relatively) Chinese carbon frames have become very popular. This is primarily due to the price - about 13,000-15,000 rubles, which is more than two times lower than the cost of models from well-known brands.

Is it worth buying such a frame? If you really want to try carbon, but there is no way to buy a frame from a well-known manufacturer, then this is the only option. But you need to keep in mind that carbon is different from carbon.

A budget carbon frame of unknown origin may not be as light and reliable, may not have well-thought-out geometry, and, in general, may be significantly inferior to branded models. But, one way or another, it will allow you to get an idea of ​​what a carbon frame is and how it behaves.

Source: https://ostwest.su/instrumenty/chto-legche-aljuminij-ili-titan.php/

Which frying pan is better, titanium or aluminum? Titanium coated

The term titanium frying pan is rarely used for cookware made of titanium, but refers to products with a special non-stick coating.

The composition of the spray varies among manufacturers and is only partially known, but it always contains particles of the mentioned metal. Find out what the features of the new generation non-stick layer are, study its pros and cons, and get tips on choosing the best frying pans. To help buyers - a review of manufacturers, and for housewives - recommendations for use and care.

What is titanium coating and how is it applied?

Titanium is a strong and lightweight metal that can withstand high temperatures and is resistant to corrosion. However, this material is too expensive, so in its pure form it is used only in those areas where there is no alternative. For example, in the aircraft industry (important parts) and in medicine (prosthetic heart valves).

Pots and pans are not produced from titanium, and if they were, their cost would be affordable to a few. In stores you can find tourist titanium cookware made from alloys. It's light and thin, which is ideal for camping and camping, but not ideal for home use.

The bodies of popular titanium frying pans are made of aluminum, steel and cast iron to provide the required heat capacity and high thermal conductivity. And titanium is only the top coating of the inner surface. In some cases, the outer part is also made non-stick.

There are no state standards or unified requirements for titanium non-stick coating yet, so each manufacturer himself determines what additives to make the non-stick layer with. Some companies produce compositions with titanium microparticles based on polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon, others based on ceramics, and still others mixed with polymers.

The most attractive frying pans for everyday tasks are those with a titanium-ceramic coating. The duo of two eco-friendly materials is ideal for both stove-top frying and oven baking.

Titanium coating is applied to frying pans, pots, roasting pans, roasting pans and other utensils in two ways :

• by plasma spraying onto finished products;
• rolling onto metal sheets for stamped utensils.

Spraying in several layers is more reliable, since the non-stick layer is not subject to deformation.

How to choose a good titanium frying pan

The non-stick coating, although important for a frying pan and is one of the selection criteria, is far from the only indicator of quality and durability. When choosing, you need to evaluate the dishes according to several criteria.

• Case material. For frying, it is better to give preference to cast aluminum - such pans heat up quickly, retain heat well and distribute it evenly. However, for some dishes they are more suitable. Focus on your needs.
• Bottom thickness. The longer the cookware will sit on the stove, the thicker the bottom is required . For frying meat and vegetables, the bottom thickness must be at least 5 mm.
• Dimensions. Focus on the diameter of the burner and the volumes you plan to cook in a new titanium frying pan. Pay attention to the bevel of the walls and the shape of the bottom. For frying, a flat bottom is better, and for stewing, a rounded corner in the area of ​​the sides is suitable.
• Form. Classic frying pans are round, but do not exclude square and oval ones from consideration. Square ones are more spacious and suitable for steaks, pancakes, and cutlets. Designed for cooking whole fish.
• Pen. More versatile removable handles. It's good if the handle doesn't get hot during cooking.

An induction cooker requires cookware with a magnetic bottom. There is no need to carry a magnet with you; look for the corresponding pictogram on the bottom or on the packaging of the product. We considered the issue of choosing frying pans for different tasks in more detail.

To prevent a titanium-coated pan from cracking after a month, carefully inspect the coating and make sure it is intact and uniform. Run your hand along the bottom and walls - the surface should be smooth if the model does not provide reliefs.

Advantages and disadvantages of titanium coating

You need to carefully choose new cookware, especially if its cost is higher than similar ones. Analyze the pros and cons of titanium frying pans, compare them with your needs and goals.

Obvious advantages of titanium non-stick coating:

• Scratch resistant surface. Careful use of metal spatulas and spoons for mixing is allowed.
• Can be heated to high temperatures, suitable for stove, oven, oven.
• You can fry without adding fat and cook without water if the recipe calls for it. Products do not stick or burn.
• Absolutely safe for health - does not emit harmful substances, does not react with food.
• Does not absorb odors as it has no pores.
• Easy to care for - easy to clean with warm water after frying or baking.
• Long service life - plasma spraying does not wear off.
• Dishwasher safe.

Disadvantages of titanium cookware:

• High price compared to frying pans with Teflon, etc.
• The dependence of durability on the method of applying the non-stick layer. If it’s a roll-on, then you shouldn’t rely on it for the long term.
• The possibility of manifestation of defects in materials that are also present in the composition.

The quality of titanium-coated pans depends on the manufacturer. Unscrupulous manufacturers do not use titanium microparticles at all, but advertise the cookware as titanium. Unfortunately, it is not necessary to indicate the composition of non-stick coatings on products, so you have to trust companies.

Review of famous manufacturers

The best titanium frying pans are produced by cookware manufacturers that have long established themselves in the market. Tefal and Titanium Excellence frying pans.

For pans with titanium-ceramic coating Titanium Pro, Tefal provides a 9-year guarantee of use. The ceramic mineral base makes the surface resistant to scratches and chips.

The Expertise Tefal series of titanium frying pans features a unique surface with a 3D holographic effect. The manufacturer promises that this coating will last three times longer than the company's earlier development, Titanium Force.

The TEFAL Emotion frying pan made of stainless steel deserves attention. The model is suitable for everyday tasks - frying cutlets, meat, vegetables, pancakes. Universal bottom for all types of slabs.

Domestic manufacturers are confidently following on the heels of the French leader. The St. Petersburg company “Neva-metal-ware” produces its own “Titan” line without perfluorooctanoic acid in the coating composition. Neva's assortment includes classic frying pans, pancakes, woks, cauldrons, and saucepans with plasma titanium coating.

The titanium wok “Neva-metal-ware” with a diameter of 30 cm is made of cast aluminum. As befits a wok, there are thick walls and a thickened bottom. Includes lid and removable handle. The frying pan has a lifespan of 4000 cooking cycles.

There are series of titanium frying pans from the famous German manufacturer. Extruded aluminum models are affordable, but light and thin, making them better suited for instant meals.

Even the best titanium-coated frying pan will not live up to expectations if the recommendations for use and care are neglected. Study the manufacturer's instructions and take note of these tips:

1. Remove new dishes from packaging and wash with warm water and a mild detergent. Wipe and lightly grease the surface with purified vegetable oil. No special preparation is required, as is the case with.
2. Heat a frying pan with or without fat and cook according to the recipe.
3. Despite the scratch resistance, the coating should not be scratched with knives and forks . A light touch will do nothing, but if the impact is intense, damage is inevitable.
4. Do not use aggressive detergents or abrasives for washing.
5. If the food is dry, pour warm water and leave for a while.
6. It is recommended to wipe the washed dishes dry so that drops of water do not dry on the surface.

Please note that all items cannot be restored or repaired. Do not use the advice of craftsmen in practice who tell you how to get rid of scratches.

You can buy a good frying pan with a titanium non-stick coating in online stores, in kitchenware departments, in shopping centers and supermarkets. Choose critically so as not to regret the purchase.

Fry pancakes or scrambled eggs, sauté onions and carrots - all this cannot be done without a frying pan. At the same time, it should not be just any kind, but with a good coating, a safe handle and the right size. How then to choose it? Below you will find not only recommendations on this matter, but also options for which frying pans are the best.

Cast-iron pan

Before choosing a specific frying pan, it is worth studying the existing varieties. The universal category includes cast iron. It produces not only excellent pancakes, but also pies in the oven.

A cast iron frying pan is not afraid of acids, so you can safely add vinegar or lemon juice to your dishes. In addition, this material is safe for health and even slightly beneficial, because during the cooking process it fills food with iron.

An excellent choice in terms of price and quality are Lodge frying pans, which have many good reviews.

The main advantage of any cast iron utensil is the natural non-stick coating formed due to the absorption of oil by the pores of the material. The disadvantages include the following:

• the material is heavy and requires special care;
• A cast iron frying pan cannot be washed in the dishwasher;
• food should not be stored in such containers for a long time, because the material rusts;
• modern detergents destroy the natural protection of cast iron.

For induction cookers

While it is fashionable to choose any frying pan for a gas stove, this is not the case with an induction stove. Its glass-ceramic surface heats the dishes due to the electromagnetic field, while remaining cold. For this reason, the material of the cookware must conduct electrical currents well and include magnetic alloys. A frying pan for induction cookers can be as follows:

1. Cast iron. This frying pan has a long service life and does not rust, but it is also fragile because it can break if dropped.
2. Enameled. It is made on the basis of cast iron or alloys. It is resistant to oxidation and corrosion, but is susceptible to chipping and cracking due to improper use.
3. Aluminum. It is distinguished by its lightness, high thermal conductivity, and low price. Its disadvantage is its susceptibility to deformation due to its low strength.
4. Made from stainless steel. Does not oxidize, retains more nutrients in food. Cons – it takes a long time to heat up due to the double bottom, it can cause allergies due to the nickel included in the composition.

With marble coating

If you decide to choose a frying pan with a marble coating, then know that it consists of the same Teflon, to which marble chips are simply added. This material is distinguished by its lightness, uniform heating and longer cooling process, which cannot be said about Teflon and ceramics. In addition, a marble frying pan is less susceptible to mechanical stress and temperature changes. The disadvantages include the high price, as well as the lack of a cover included.

Stainless steel

Source: https://stroysoc.ru/the-walls-and-ceiling/kakaya-skovorodka-luchshe-titan-ili-alyuminii-s-titanovym-pokrytiem-kak-vybrat/

Carbon, steel, titanium, aluminum. Choosing material for the frame | VeloJournal

Today it is the most popular material for frames. Just 20 years ago, aluminum was only on top-end bikes. Now even the most budget models are made from this material. Aluminum has almost completely replaced non-alloy steel. And the segment of expensive bikes has almost completely been occupied by carbon. But some manufacturers, like Cannondale, still make top-end aluminum frames.

It is worth noting that it is often more profitable to buy an aluminum bicycle with better components than a carbon one with a lower class attachment. The main disadvantage is the high rigidity of the frames in terms of transmission of vibrations from the road. This is especially noticeable on road bikes; on mtb bikes, and even more so on dual-suspension bikes, this is compensated for by shock absorbers and thick tires. There are different aluminum alloys, but you don’t need to attach much importance to this.  

pros

• Low price
• Low weight
• Rigidity (Accelerates well)
• No corrosion 

Minuses

• Metal fatigue (May crack after many years of active use)
• Rigidity (all vibrations from the road are transmitted)
• Non-repairability

Buy if : you plan to drive on good roads, you want to save money.

One of the best aluminum frames for road use. Cannondale has 30 years of experience making these bikes and has several of its own technologies. The frame is lighter than some carbon frames and has excellent rigidity for quick acceleration.

The most technologically advanced material.
These are many varieties of polymer composite materials made from interwoven carbon fiber threads. May have different densities. Several types of carbon fiber can be used in one frame. It makes sense to buy a carbon bike from large brands, since small companies often do not have the ability to design frames at the level of top manufacturers.

Learning to distinguish between titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, beryllium and magnesium

Accurate identification of metals with determination of their chemical composition in the presence of impurities can only be performed in laboratory conditions or using special equipment.

It is quite difficult to distinguish titanium from austenitic stainless steel or aluminum. Especially if you have one sample and have nothing to compare with. All three metals are paramagnetic and do not react to magnets, have a silvery color and similar specific gravity.

But there are several proven simple ways to distinguish titanium from alloy steel and aluminum.

The most accessible and simple

This method is based on the ability of titanium to leave characteristic dark marks on the surface of glass and tiles. In this case, the metal does not scratch the glass, but rather draws on its surface. Such a trace can be washed off only with a solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF). Stainless steel may scratch glass, but will not leave a dark mark. Aluminum is not capable of causing any damage at all.

Use of abrasives

When processing metal on a grinding machine or during sharp longitudinal friction on the abrasive surface of a grindstone, the contact of titanium is accompanied by a scattering of bright white sparks. If there is no abrasive, you can use a fine file or even plain concrete, although the effect will be less.

Sparks from stainless steel have yellow and red tints. Much less of them fly out, and on concrete and files there will be none at all. Some grades of stainless steel have been developed to be fire resistant. Sparking during processing of such metals is not technologically possible. When aluminum rubs against a forming surface, sparks are not released, but characteristic silvery marks may remain on the surface.

This test for the possibility of spark formation is the most popular and simplest, since the color really differs very much, and their complete absence immediately indicates that this metal is not titanium.

Galvanic reaction test

To perform this test, you will need a DC source with a voltage of about 12 V. This can be a car battery or a converter transformer. Connect the plus wire of the battery to the test sample, and the minus wire to a metal rod, at the end of which cotton wool, gauze or a piece of cotton fabric is wound. Wet cotton wool with a weak solution of hydrochloric acid or regular Coca-Cola.

If it is titanium, then when you touch the metal, its surface will become colored as a result of the formation of an oxide film. The color shade depends on the voltage, the concentration of the acid in the solution and the exposure time. Stainless alloys and aluminum are not susceptible to this reaction.

Specific gravity comparison

Everyone knows that aluminum is the lightest of these three metals, and steel is the heaviest. But how can you determine if you have one sample and nothing to compare with? This can be done by measuring and calculating the density or specific gravity of the material, which is approximately:

• 2.7 g/cm3 for aluminum;
• 4.5 g/cm3 for titanium;
• 7.8 g/cm3 for stainless steel.

This method of determination requires precise scales and a container for immersing the sample in water.

After weighing the metal, it is necessary to determine its volume. The easiest way to do this is to use Archimedes’ law, known from school, by immersing the sample in a liquid. A change in water level will show the desired value.

This is a more complex and lengthy definition option and is therefore used very rarely. But it also produces results and should be considered.

About other properties of titanium

In some cases, metal determination can be done in simple and very original ways:

• titanium shavings ignite and burn quite easily;
• this metal is a good heat insulator and when one edge of the sample is heated, the rest of the sample will be cold;
• low thermal conductivity gives the feeling of a warm object in the hands, unlike cold steel and aluminum.

And lastly, hit the sample with a hammer, as a result there will be no marks on the steel, a small dent will form on the titanium, and the aluminum will suffer the most.

Source: https://scraptraffic.com/blog/uchimsya-otlichat-titan-alyuminij-nerzhaveyushhuyu-stal-berillij-i-magnij/

How to identify titanium and distinguish it from other metals?

Identification of certain metals is an accurate and simple process only if you have special laboratory equipment, a spectrometer in particular. At home, the task becomes much more complicated. It is especially difficult to distinguish between materials that are similar in color and magnetic properties.

However, even in such a situation, there are practical methods to distinguish titanium from other metals. The most interesting for comparison are aluminum and steel, including stainless steel.

Here, even experienced craftsmen who regularly work with metals and accept titanium scrap are not always able to clearly identify what exactly they have in their hands.

How to distinguish titanium from steel, aluminum

The first pair is non-ferrous and ferrous metals. Most steels have magnetic properties. The exception is alloyed metals of the austenitic class. A striking example is stainless steel with a high nickel content. This grade of steel, like titanium, is paramagnetic. Therefore, the standard option using a magnet is unacceptable here.

see articles:

• Stainless steel scrap - types, descriptions and prices;
• Nickel scrap.

There are three reliable ways to determine titanium at home :

• mathematical;
• graphic;
• abrasive;
• galvanic.

The designations are quite conventional; below we will cover each of the options in detail.

Pure mathematics

In this approach, metal identification is done by weight. The disadvantage of the method occurs when only one type of metal is available . To determine in your hands that it cannot be made heavier, you have to resort to mathematical calculations. This is facilitated by significant differences in the density of metals:

• titanium – 4.5;
• iron – 7.8;
• aluminum and duralumin – 2.7.

To use this method for determining titanium in your household, you need to have accurate scales.

Parameter values ​​are given in g/cc. It remains to add that the density of steel depends on the specific grade of metal. However, in absolute terms these differences are insignificant. Therefore, the density of steel can be safely taken as the value of a similar characteristic of iron.

All that remains is to clarify the volume and weight of the part or piece of metal. Further, simple calculations will show whether it is aluminum, steel or the desired metal - titanium. How to determine the volume of a part with a complex shape? The best option here is Archimedes' law. The mass of the ejected liquid, when immersing a metal structure, allows you to determine its volume. The situation is simplified by the density of water, equivalent to 1 kg/cubic dm. Accordingly, each gram of ejected liquid is equal to one cubic centimeter of volume.

Of course, this is a tedious, complex and inaccurate method, but in order to determine titanium at home, it has its place.

This is what titanium metal looks like

Drawings on glass

This is the most accessible method of how to distinguish titanium at home, but you need to master it and have experience working with titanium. Metal leaves characteristic indelible marks on glass and tiles .

It is enough to run the sharpened edge of the metal along one of the specified materials. These are marks, not scratches. Windows of public transport are often painted in a similar way.

You can wash titanium graphics on tiles with a solution of hydrofluoric acid; you should handle it with extreme caution.

This method is simple and effective. Titanium, contrary to popular belief, leaves a mark even on dirty glass. So there is no need to degrease its surface. On the contrary, any grade of steel and aluminum can barely scratch the glass. This is an excellent method to identify titanium.

Abrasive wheel

An ideal way to distinguish titanium from stainless steel for owners of a sharpening machine (which, in fact, is not at all necessary). However, almost any abrasive surface will do, even asphalt. The contact of titanium with an abrasive is accompanied by a scattering of rich white sparks. The interaction of steel with an abrasive surface is characterized by a yellow or red tint. There are significantly fewer sparks.

Stainless steel grades are fireproof. Processing of certain brands of stainless steel occurs without sparks at all. This property is used in fire hazardous industries. Only stainless steel tools are allowed there. A similar technique is used in the question of how to distinguish titanium from aluminum. Grinding of the latter on an abrasive wheel also occurs practically without sparks.

This method of determining titanium can be called the most effective - the color of the spark will indeed be different from other metals. In general, the spark test is one of the most popular and correct for determining and recognizing different metals.

how to distinguish titanium from magnesium and aluminum:

Galvanic approach

Another sure way to recognize titanium is available right in the garage. The technique is based on coloring this metal through anodization. The simplest design of a “laboratory setup” is a car battery, the plus of which is connected to a titanium plate. A metal rod wrapped in cotton wool soaked in Coca-Cola is connected to the negative of the DC source. The ideal option is any saline solution .

If you run cotton wool over titanium, the metal will become colored within a few seconds. The color obtained during the formation of the oxide film depends on the applied voltage and surface treatment time. However, if the task is how to determine titanium from stainless steel , then the color tone is not important. The main criterion is color change.

How to distinguish titanium from steel using this method:

Other techniques

There are a number of alternative ways to determine titanium in your hands or aluminum, for example. One option is thin shavings. In the case of titanium, it is highly flammable and burns brightly. On the contrary, aluminum shavings melt. When duralumin “metal filings” are placed in an alkaline solution, active evolution of hydrogen is observed.

The next way to distinguish titanium metal from steel and aluminum is thermal conductivity. The numerical values ​​of the parameter W/(m K) for the indicated metals are:

• titanium – 14;
• low carbon steel – 55;
• stainless steel – 16;
• aluminum – 250.

Titanium products are warmer in the hands. Of course, the approach is not characterized by high accuracy, and is generally unsuitable .

Summary

As you can see, even at home, it is quite possible to distinguish titanium from aluminum and steel. The most practical options are spark and glass . For the first case, any abrasive surface is sufficient, even asphalt or hardened concrete.

The bright sparkle of titanium is successfully used by bikers by installing horseshoes made of this metal on their shoes. The mark on the glass is beneficial because the metal is not damaged. A relative disadvantage is that some titanium alloys do not leave a pattern.

But for pure metal this is the best option.

Source: http://xlom.ru/vidy-metalloloma/kak-opredelit-titan-i-otlichit-ego-ot-drugix-metallov/

DreamLeague Season 13 The Leipzig Major: forecast and bets for the playoffs of the tournament January 21 and 22, 2020

The group stage of DreamLeague Season 13: The Leipzig Major is over, which means the playoff stage will begin soon. I suggest you familiarize yourself with the most interesting bets on future matches.

Conduction system

The top 2 of each group advanced to the upper bracket of the playoffs, the rest will continue to play in the lower bracket. All matches except the first round of the lower bracket (bo1 and the grand final (bo5) will be held in the bo3 format.

   

Nigma vs Evil Geniuses

The last group stage turned out to be quite difficult for both teams. There were problems on almost all maps played. But still, Nigma and Evil Geniuses managed to correct themselves in time and get the necessary victories.

This is especially true for Nigma, which is capable of winning back more than 37 thousand gold. In total, the teams played 5 matches. In three fights, TB 2.5 cards were broken. Considering the level of the teams, the history of confrontations, as well as the tournament position, you can think about TB 2.

5 cards. The match will take place on January 21, starting at 12:30 Moscow time.

Invictus Gaming vs Vici Gaming

The match between Invictus Gaming and Vici Gaming is a new Chinese derby in which at least the top 6 of the major will be determined. IG and VG played uncertainly only in the first matches, in the rest there were no problems, which indicates good preparation. It is very difficult to determine the winner, but the statistics of personal meetings speak in favor of VG. The last 6 matches ended in victory for rOtk's team. The match will take place on January 21, starting at 15:30 Moscow time.

Team Secret vs Fnatic

Team Secret is one of the strongest teams in the tournament at the moment. Even the Chinese machine Vici Gaming could not cope with it. Puppey had a blast with their opponents in the group. Fnatic, in turn, reached the upper bracket of the playoffs thanks to two victories over Team Aster. The Asian team couldn't take even one map from Nigma (the group winner). It's worth thinking about Team Secret's clear victory. The match will take place on January 22, starting at 12:30 Moscow time.

Natus Vincere vs Alliance

The meeting between Natus Vincere and Alliance is the Dota 2 El Clasico, or at least it used to be. If Alliance's entry into the upper bracket of the playoffs is not particularly surprising, then Natus Vincere's exit from first place to the upper part of the playoffs greatly surprised the gaming community.

“Born to Win” found themselves in a more difficult group, in which they managed to cope with such teams as Evil Geniuses and Team Liquid. But as often happens with CIS teams, self-confidence after such results almost always hurts in more important and decisive games.

The match will take place on January 22, starting at 15:30 Moscow time.

beastcoast vs paiN Gaming

There are two representatives of South America who, based on the results of the group stage, are forced to fight each other in a bo1 match. beastcoast looks like a favorite thanks to one win in the group, but surprises happen quite often at this stage. The match will take place on January 21, starting at 19:30 Moscow time.

Team Aster vs Chaos EC

Aster is the clear favorite in this confrontation. Still, winning with a score of 2:0 against the winner (TNC) of the first major is worth a lot. Chaos Esports Club, in turn, failed to win even one map in the group stage (overall score 0:4). I don’t see any prerequisites that the situation can change in 1 day. The match will take place on January 21, starting at 21:00 Moscow time.

Reality Rift vs TNC Predator

This match is an excellent example of when an underdog in the person of Reality Rift can easily beat the favorite TNC Predator. The Philippine team has a name and a title, but no game. With Reality Rift it's the opposite. She managed to beat VP and take one card from IG. You can't show such results with a bad game. The match will take place on January 21, starting at 22:30 Moscow time.

Team Liquid vs Virtus.pro

Unfortunately, VP looks like an extremely weak team in this tournament. The Bears lost all four maps in the group in matches against the strongest opponents. Team Liquid tried to compete with EG and NAVI, but it was a little lacking. “Liquid” is currently stronger than VP on all fronts. In addition to the classic outcome, you can pay attention to the duration of the match. All maps featuring VP lasted at least 34 minutes. The match will take place on January 21, starting at 23:59 Moscow time.

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Source: https://legalbet.ru/best-posts/stavki-na-start-plej-off-the-leipzig-major-kto-viletit/