What alloys are not magnetic?

Is stainless steel magnetic or not? Grades and properties of stainless steel

• March 27, 2019
• Miscellaneous
• Svetlana Pavlova

It is impossible to imagine the absence of anti-corrosion steel in modern life. The emergence of a stainless alloy made it possible to make great strides in many areas of the national economy. Only the addition of chromium to steel makes it resistant to corrosion. But when using it, consumers often have a question: is stainless steel magnetic or not? That's what we'll talk about in this article.

What is anti-corrosion steel?

Steel that does not become rusty during use is popularly called stainless steel. It is obtained from an alloy of iron with carbon and various alloying additives: nickel, chromium, niobium, titanium. Each of these components enhances or reduces certain properties of the alloy - magnetism, strength, hardness, ductility, corrosion. The main quality of stainless steel is corrosion resistance. It just depends on the chromium content in it.

The more of this metal in the alloy, the less susceptible it is to corrosion. Therefore, all steels that are resistant to rust contain at least 10.5% chromium. The uniqueness of this metal is that when it reacts with oxygen, it creates an oxide film on the surface of the product, which prevents the alloy from reacting with aggressive environments. Moreover, if the surface is damaged, the film forms again after the oxidation of chromium with oxygen.

Stainless steel classification

And yet, is stainless steel magnetic or not? Depending on the composition of chemical elements and internal structure, it can be magnetic or not, and is divided into the following types:

• Ferritic - contain more than 20% chromium, are resistant to aggressive environments, are endowed with magnetic properties, are affordable, and are widely used.
• Austenitic - do not corrode, contain large amounts of nickel and chromium, are flexible and durable. Easy to weld, belong to non-magnetic alloys.
• Martensitic - anti-corrosion alloys can be exposed to high temperatures, do not emit harmful fumes, and have increased wear resistance and strength.
• Combined - special stainless steels that combine the properties of all the above groups. Produced according to individual customer requests. The greatest demand is for austenitic-martensitic and austenitic-ferritic alloys.

It should be noted that the magnetic properties of steel do not affect its corrosion properties.

Magnetic properties of materials

All materials according to their magnetic properties are divided into:

• Paramagnets - tin, platinum, aluminum - increase the external magnetic field due to the coincidence of molecular currents with it.
• Diamagnets - copper, silver, zinc, their internal field weakens the external one.
• Ferromagnets - iron, cobalt, nickel, in which magnetization is greatly enhanced even under weak influence of an external field.

Why is stainless steel magnetic? This happens when the external magnetic field is strengthened by the internal one. Moreover, the more intensely they increase each other, the magnetization will be stronger. In addition, the magnetic properties of stainless steel depend both on the ratio of alloy additives that make up its composition, and on the phase state of the steel.

How to identify a stainless steel product?

Many consumers often try to determine on their own what metal a particular household item is made of. Visually, ordinary steel cannot be distinguished from stainless steel, so it is customary to use a magnet to check.

There is an opinion that real anti-corrosion steel is not magnetic. Can stainless steel be magnetic or not? Anything can happen. Therefore, this method of verification does not give a reliable result.

Sometimes it happens that a product is attracted to a magnet, but serves for a long time without changing its qualities.

And vice versa, which does not react to it in any way, upon contact with water it becomes covered with rust. Corrosion resistance can be correctly determined by examining its chemical composition, which is impossible to do at home. To protect yourself from counterfeits, it is better to purchase household products in branded stores.

Stainless steel that is not magnetic

Very often, alloys with a high content of chromium, nickel and manganese are used to produce anti-corrosion steel. They are used to produce a large number of different equipment and products for use in various fields. Non-magnetic steels include:

• Austenitic. They are used to make equipment for ships, refrigerators, the food industry, kitchen utensils and plumbing equipment.
• Austenitic-ferritic. The main advantages of such alloys are strength and increased resistance to cracking.

People most often in everyday life come across equipment and products made from these steels, so to the question “Is stainless steel magnetic or not?” and answer in the negative, although this is incorrect.

Anti-corrosion magnetic steels

Alloys that are resistant to rust but are strongly attracted to a magnet include:

• Martensitic - the material has high strength, can be ground and polished well, is very resistant to corrosion, and can be easily processed by stamping, cutting and welding. In addition to the manufacture of industrial equipment, it is used for the manufacture of cutlery. Therefore, the question of whether stainless steel is magnetic or not can be answered positively.
• Ferritic – the most popular grade of steel with magnetic properties is AISI 430, used for the production of food equipment.

Use of chromium-nickel steel

Anti-corrosion steel 12Х18Н10Т is an environmentally friendly and durable material.

The composition of the chromium-nickel alloy, in addition to the main component - iron, includes up to 19% chromium, which provides it with strong anti-corrosion properties, and 11% nickel, which transfers it to the class of austenites and imparts flexibility, strength and heat resistance.

Due to its characteristics, it is widely used. Many people are interested in whether steel grade 12Х18Н10Т is magnetic or not? It is non-magnetic, like all austenitic alloys, and is used in the following industries:

• Chemical - aggressive acids: acetic, nitric, phosphoric are transported through pipes made of this grade of steel.
• Food – dairy, meat, alcohol.
• Mechanical engineering – production of parts in contact with acids and alkalis, production of welded equipment, exhaust system manifolds.
• Petroleum - for the manufacture of pipes.

In addition, chromium-nickel alloys are used in the fuel and energy sector. Furnace fittings and heat exchangers are made from them.

Conclusion

Now you know which stainless steel is magnetic and which is not, and that these properties do not have any effect on the quality of the purchased product. At home, there is no way to check whether the dishes or plumbing equipment you purchased will rust or not. Everything will become clear during operation. To avoid making a mistake in your choice, make purchases at large retail outlets and from well-known manufacturers.

Source: https://truehunter.ru/458381a-nerjaveyka-magnititsya-ili-net-marki-i-svoystva-nerjaveyuschey-stali

What metals are not magnetic list?

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Question for experts: Iron, what or what other metals are attracted to a magnet?

Best regards, Grandfather Pavel

Best answers

It should be noted that not only iron and other ferromagnets, but in general all substances in nature are magnetic and, having certain magnetic properties, interact with an external magnetic field. It’s just that paramagnetic materials such as aluminum, tin, chromium, manganese, platinum, tungsten, and solutions of iron salts are attracted to magnets thousands of times weaker than ferromagnetic materials.

Nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium

Each metal has the properties of ferromagnets and paramagnets. The combination is completely incomprehensible. Samarium-cobalt magnet. These are metals.

Or - iron, neodymium, cobalt.

Grandfather, should I look in the encyclopedia - it’s a waste of time?

Ferromagnetic materials include transition elements - Fe, Co, Ni, some rare earth elements (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm); metal binary and multicomponent alloys and compounds of the listed metals with each other and with other non-ferromagnetic elements; alloys and compounds of Cr and Mn with non-ferromagnetic elements; amorphous alloys, including metallic glasses, for example, composition (80% Fe, 20% B); some actinide compounds, for example UH3; dilute solutions of substitution of paramagnetic atoms, for example, Fe or Co, in the Pd matrix, as well as a number of oxide compounds, for example EuO, La1–xCaxMnO5 (0.4 > x > 0.2).

answer

This video will help you figure it out

Answers from experts

Metals are non-ferrous and iron-based ALLOYS, i.e. ferrous.
A number of steel grades are non-magnetic.

Non-ferrous metals are not magnetic.

Ferromagnets are materials that are attracted to a magnet strongly enough that the attraction is felt. Only these materials can retain magnetization and become permanent magnets.

Paramagnetic materials - platinum and aluminum - are very weakly attracted to a magnet. But they may not resist very strong magnets.

Not long ago, scientists discovered magnetic polymers—plastic magnets. Some of them are very flexible and plastic. Some only work at extremely low temperatures, while others only lift very light materials (such as metal filings).

Any metals and alloys that are not ferromagnetic or ferrite are not magnetic. This difference is not at all based on color!

There are alloys of non-ferrous metals that are ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic.

Most metals and alloys are not magnetic, including types of steel and cast iron, and metals that are magnetic lose this ability when heated to a certain temperature

iron, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium

Nickel and chrome are definitely magnetic.

and besides him, none)))) is meant so clearly!
but steel and cast iron .. it’s the same iron only “in profile”)))

low carbon steels and cast iron

Just the one that doesn't need to be mentioned.

Source: https://dom-voprosov.ru/prochee/kakie-metally-ne-magnityatsya-spisok

Metals that are not magnetic - Metals and their processing

Probably everyone had to hold in their hands a piece of jewelry or another object, obviously metal.

But how can you determine what metal is used in production? It could be a precious material or a counterfeit, or even a trinket with no claims to value. Expertise from specialists will give you the exact answer, but it is not free.

But there are methods for approximately determining the type of metal at home. They were used a long time ago, but they have not lost their relevance in our time.

Magnet check

Bringing a magnet close to the item being tested is a good way to perform initial testing. By the reaction of the magnet you can determine which group the metal belongs to:

1. Ferromagnets. The magnet is clearly attracted to the object, which means that the product may contain iron, steel or nickel.
2. Paramagnetic materials. The interaction with the magnet is very weak. This group includes aluminum and chrome. Precious metals that are paramagnetic are platinum, palladium and silver.
3. Diamagnets. In general, they do not react to magnets. Copper and zinc have these properties. Precious metals - gold.

Magnet check

Of course, such a check will not allow us to accurately determine the material from which the item is made. After all, a non-magnetic metal may not be in its pure form, but in the form of an alloy with a ferromagnet. But it can confirm or refute the assumption. For example, if it is checked whether it is gold or not, but the item is clearly magnetic, then it can be argued that it is a fake.

When checking jewelry, you should take into account that, in addition to precious metals, they may contain clasps, built-in springs, made of another material. You need to check the metal itself.

Heat check

You can also determine the group of a metal by how it conducts heat. It is known that the thermal conductivity of silver is very high. It is almost five times higher than that of iron or platinum. Slightly worse for gold, copper and aluminum. Platinum transfers heat even weaker than iron.

If you immerse the metal in hot water for 15–20 seconds, then based on its temperature, determined by touch, you can draw some conclusions.

1. Gold and silver objects will become as hot as the water in which they were dipped.
2. During this time, platinum and items containing iron will become warm, but not hot.

In this way it is easy to distinguish platinum from silver. But it’s not possible to compare silver or aluminum alloy.

Iodine test

You can check the authenticity of the metal using an iodine solution purchased at a pharmacy. A drop of iodine is applied to the surface and left for several seconds. Iodine will not harm noble metals - gold, platinum, silver. If the color of a drop of iodine does not change, and after removing it with a napkin, no traces or stains remain, this indicates the authenticity of the metal. If darkening is visible at the place of the drop, then this is a low-quality alloy or an outright fake.

Iodine testing of gold

Vinegar test

Household vinegar solution also does not affect precious metals. And it is dangerous for counterfeits. But, unlike the iodine test, acetic acid takes time. To wait for the result, you need to immerse the metal being tested in a container with vinegar for 15–30 minutes. The absence of traces of interaction between metal and vinegar is a sign of nobility.

If, in addition to metal, the product contains precious or semi-precious stones, then it is better not to check them this way; vinegar can ruin them. This is especially true for pearls.

Dental check

From novels and films we know that they used to test the authenticity of gold coins by biting them. What exactly can be installed in this “old-fashioned” way? Gold is a soft metal. Therefore, even with a weak bite, a dent from the teeth remains on it. Fake alloys do not have this property; you cannot take them with your teeth.

Such a test gives good results for high-quality products. The higher the pure gold content, the softer it is. Gold of 900 purity and higher is so soft that they try not to expose valuable items made from it to contact with other objects.

This is how you can compare platinum and silver. The latter does not have the softness of gold, but a strong bite may leave a small dent. It is impossible to leave marks with teeth on real platinum.

Application of chemicals

Testing with active chemical reagents should be left as a last resort. If handled improperly, they will damage even genuine precious metal. And they can be dangerous for the health of the inspector.

Ammonia

Pure gold does not react to ammonia. But practically no products intended for use are made from gold 900 and 999, only for collections. And on a precious metal of lesser purity, ammonia can leave an irremovable mark. Its solution in combination with other substances is used to clean gold items. Therefore, it is not worth identifying gold and silver items using ammonia.

Platinum products are usually produced with a high purity. Therefore, you can check the authenticity of platinum with ammonia. This chemical will not leave a mark on her.

Nitric and hydrochloric acids

Separately, these acids do not affect high-grade gold and platinum. And if you mix their concentrated solutions in a ratio of 1:3, you get a mixture called aqua regia. It can even dissolve gold. Aqua regia does not “take on” platinum when it is cold. This precious metal will gradually dissolve in the heated mixture.

Oddly enough, royal vodka is not afraid of genuine silver. It reacts to it by forming silver chloride in the form of a thin film on the surface. The latter protects the product itself from destruction.

Density check

One of the reliable ways to determine the type of metal or alloy is to determine its density. For pure gold it is two times higher than for copper and almost three times higher than for iron. Platinum is even heavier than gold. Even an alloy of 585 gold is noticeably heavier than base metals.

Of course, to determine the exact density of a small product you will need pharmaceutical scales, volume calculations (Archimedes' law to help) and tabular data on the density of base metals. But to solve the question of what the alloy is mainly made of, gold or another metal, rough estimates are sufficient. If you have at hand an object made of obviously genuine metal of approximately equal volume, then you may not even need a scale. A weight difference of two to three times is not so difficult to catch.

Separately, each of the considered methods will not give an exact answer to the question of what metal the product is made of. But if several different tests show the same results, you can be confident in the correct determination. If not, then you will have to turn to professionals.

Source: https://magnetline.ru/metally-i-splavy/metally-kotorye-ne-magnityatsya.html

Which stainless steel is magnetic and why which is food grade?

Among the main properties of a metal, the degree of magnetism is distinguished. Recently, there is simply a huge number of stainless steels, the performance characteristics of which can differ significantly. In many ways, the property under consideration depends on the chemical composition of the alloy. It is quite difficult to independently check the degree of magnetism, since it can vary depending on operating conditions.

What determine the magnetic properties of materials?

To determine the magnetic properties of stainless steel and other alloys, a certain formula is used, which reflects the proportionality coefficient and magnetic susceptibility. Depending on the type of factor used, stainless steel falls into one of several groups:

1. When the coefficient is above zero, the material belongs to the group of paramagnets.
2. When using zero, stainless steel is diamagnetic.
3. Ferromagnets are characterized by good magnetic susceptibility. This group includes nickel, cadmium and iron.

Magnetic properties of stainless steel

Stainless steel becomes magnetic when exposed to a certain field. Such a reaction is associated with the structural features of the alloy, and to some extent, with the chemical composition. Some substances are characterized by reacting to the influence of a magnet.

Stainless steels with good magnetic properties

The magnetic properties of stainless steel largely depend on the structure of the material. They manifest themselves most in the following cases:

1. Martensite is characterized by good magnetic properties and is ferrimagnetic in its pure form. This kind of stainless steel is extremely rare, since it is quite difficult to maintain a pure chemical composition. Like conventional carbon versions, this one can be improved by hardening or tempering. This metal is widely used not only in industry, but also in everyday life. The most widely used brands are: 20X13 and 40X13. They can be subjected to mechanical action, grinding or polishing, as well as various heat treatments. Features of the chemical composition include an increased concentration of chromium and carbon. 20Х17Н2 is another stainless steel, which is characterized by a high concentration of chromium. Due to this, the structure becomes more resistant to moisture and some aggressive agents. Despite the large number of alloying elements, spain is weldable and can be hot or cold forged.
2. Ferrite, depending on the degree of heating, can take two forms: ferromagnetic and paramagnetic. The chemical composition of such materials contains less carbon, making them softer and easier to process. This group includes stainless steel 08Х13, which is actively used in the food industry. In addition, this group includes AISI 430, which is used in food production plants.
3. Martensitic-ferritic alloys are characterized by very attractive performance properties. Alloy 12X13 has a similar structure. Like previous metals, this one can be subjected to mechanical and thermochemical processing.

The above information indicates that the martensitic structure has the most pronounced magnetic properties.

When choosing an alloy, it should be taken into account that not all stainless steels are resistant to mechanical damage. Even minor impacts can damage the surface layer. Despite the fact that the chromium film can be restored upon contact with oxygen, new alloys have been produced that are characterized by increased mechanical stability.

Read also: How to make a machine from a jigsaw

Another classification of metals involves their division into the following groups:

1. Highly resistant to acids.
2. Heat-resistant version
3. Food grade stainless steel.

Heat resistant stainless steel

Material marking is carried out using alphanumeric designations. Each symbol is used to designate a specific chemical element, the number indicates the concentration. Other countries have their own specific standards for naming metal.

Non-magnetic stainless steels

There are quite a large number of metals that do not have magnetic properties. They contain nickel and manganese. The following groups of alloys are distinguished:

1. Austenites are the most widely used. This group includes 08Х18Н10 and 10Х17Н13М2Т. These metals are actively used in the manufacture of various products in the food industry, for example, cutlery and dishes. Increased corrosion properties are maintained in almost any operating environment.
2. Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels 08Х22Н6Т and 08Х21Н6М2Т are characterized by an increased concentration of chromium and some other alloying elements. To change the basic characteristics, other chemical elements are also included in the composition.

Non-magnetic stainless steel is selected when the resulting product should not respond to the influence of a magnetic field.

The choice of stainless steel can be made not only taking into account the degree of magnetism, but also the following points:

1. Weldability. Some versions need to be preheated, others weld well even when cold.
2. Ductility is taken into account when choosing a material for cold and hot stamping. A sufficiently high ductility index determines that it is possible to stamp metal sheets in a cold state.
3. Corrosion resistance when exposed to high temperatures. Many metals lose their characteristics when exposed to strong heat, including corrosion resistance.
4. Price is also an important factor. Metals can have high performance characteristics, but due to their high cost, their use for the production of some products is impractical.
5. Degree of machinability. Often, workpieces are supplied for cutting on special equipment. Due to the high concentration of carbon, hardness increases and the surface treatment process becomes more complicated.
6. Heat resistance is also an important quality that is considered when choosing a material. With good heat resistance, the manufactured product does not lose its strength and hardness when exposed to high temperatures.

Some brands are subjected to heat treatment, which increases the strength and hardness of the surface.

When tempering is carried out, the structure becomes more plastic and resistant to variable loads.

How to determine whether magnetic or non-magnetic steel is stainless?

As previously noted, it is possible to determine whether stainless steel is magnetic without the use of special equipment. Among the features of the procedure, we note the following points:

1. The test area should be polished to a high shine. Hand tools and special materials can be used for this.
2. A few drops of concentrated copper sulfate are applied to the cleaned area.
3. If the metal is stainless steel, then a red coating will appear on the surface.

Determination of magnetic properties using vitriol

This process allows you to determine which stainless steel is magnetic and which is not corrosion resistant. It is almost impossible to determine the characteristics of a food alloy on your own.

Magnetic properties can also be checked using a regular magnet. However, it does not give an accurate result.

That is why it is recommended to purchase products from reputable manufacturers.

Portable metal analyzer

In conclusion, we note that magnetic properties do not in any way reduce the corrosion resistance of the surface. That is why such alloys are characterized by a wide range of applications.

Source: https://morflot.su/kakaja-nerzhavejka-magnititsja-i-pochemu-kakaja/

Is stainless steel magnetic: magnetic properties of stainless steel

Considering the fact that stainless steel today is produced in a wide variety of brands, it is impossible to unequivocally answer the question of whether it is magnetic or not. The magnetic properties of stainless steels depend on the chemical composition and, accordingly, on the internal structure of the alloys.

A portable metal analyzer allows you to quickly determine the content of chemical elements and make a conclusion about the quality of stainless steel

How to Determine Whether Magnetic or Non-Magnetic Steel is Stainless

Considering all of the above, we can draw the following conclusion: even if steel has magnetic properties, this does not mean at all that it cannot be classified as a stainless-type alloy.

There is a fairly simple way to check whether magnetic steel is stainless steel.

In order to determine this, it is necessary to clean the surface area of ​​the product being tested to a metallic shine, and then apply a few drops of concentrated copper sulfate to this area.

The fact that this is stainless steel is indicated by a coating of red copper that covers the cleaned area. This simple method allows you to very accurately determine whether magnetic steel is stainless. But it is almost impossible to check (and especially determine at home) whether stainless steel belongs to the food category.

If you decide to check whether magnetic steel is stainless or not, keep in mind that its properties, such as the ability to magnetize, do not in any way impair its corrosion resistance.

Source: http://met-all.org/metalloprokat/nerzhaveyushhij/nerzhavejka-magnititsya-ili-net.html

How to distinguish cast iron from steel, iron and aluminum at home

Cast iron is an alloy of iron with a sufficient carbon content (from 2.14 to 6.67%). The concentration of the added substance affects the ductility, ductility and hardness of the metal, so steel is made from an alloy of iron and less than 2.14% carbon. Cast iron alloy is very hard and brittle and difficult to cast and process with cutting tools. Therefore, it is quite simple to distinguish cast iron from steel by properties, appearance and characteristics.

The high carbon content gives the high-carbon iron alloy a dark, almost black color. You can visually distinguish cast iron from steel by the lack of shine. Also, spel is formed on its surface - large inclusions of lamellar graphite, which are visible to the naked eye at the fracture. They appear as a result of crystallization of high-carbon alloys.

Main characteristics

In addition to carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, molybdenum, etc. are added to the alloy. The carbon in it is in the form of graphite or cementite (iron carbide), and their quantity determines the type of metal. All types of alloy are characterized by high density - about 7200 kg / cubic meter. m.

Cast iron can be distinguished from other metals by its poor weldability. During the heating process, oxidation of silicon in the iron alloy occurs. Due to its higher melting point, silicon oxide makes the welding process more difficult, so permanent joints are difficult to form. At the same time, cast iron alloys have a relatively low melting point (from 1150 to 1200 °C, which is lower compared to steel and pure iron).

Types of alloys

Main varieties:

• white - a metal with a light gray hue that is difficult to process, but has high hardness;
• gray - a material with a high carbon content in the form of graphite, which has good casting properties, is easy to process and is suitable for the production of machine elements, beds, covers, pulleys and presses;
• malleable - metal obtained as a result of heat treatment of a white alloy with the formation of flake-like granite (in demand in automotive production, in the manufacture of agricultural machinery and spare parts for it);
• half - material for the production of wear-resistant friction parts;
• high-strength – an alloy with spherical graphite in the composition for the production of pipes and machine elements.

To understand how to distinguish cast iron, it is important to study the characteristic features and areas of application of its varieties.

Metals that are often confused

A high-carbon iron alloy is often confused with other metals used for the production of plumbing fixtures, fittings, shut-off valves, machine tool parts, and radiators. People think about how to identify cast iron when trying to hand over scrap metal to a collection point. Scrap of this metal is one of the cheapest, since it is difficult to process, fragile, and harmful impurities (phosphorus and sulfur) are difficult to remove from it.

Therefore, before traveling to the collection point, it is important to determine whether it is cast iron or steel. It is also often confused with pure iron, aluminum and silumin - an alloy of aluminum and silicon used for the production of frying pans, pots, mixers, taps, etc. You can distinguish cast iron from iron and other metals at home: by color, magnetic properties, strength and even the sound!

Differences from iron

Pure iron is a material that can only be seen in the laboratory. It practically does not occur in nature, and is also not applicable for mass production of spare parts, plumbing products and household items. You can determine whether the material in front of you is cast iron or cast iron by its appearance: iron has a light silver color, is very soft and ductile, and is also highly susceptible to corrosion.

It is important not to confuse iron and its derivative, steel. These concepts are not interchangeable. Steel is an alloy of iron, small amounts of carbon, manganese, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus. This iron-carbon alloy is elastic, deformable, and malleable. It can also be difficult to distinguish steel from cast iron by eye: a similar composition gives them similar shades, but completely different properties and characteristics. Steel is easier to process, stronger, and resistant to shock and mechanical stress.

How to distinguish cast iron from steel?

Steel is a high-strength material with a melting point of approximately 1300–1500 °C. From it they produce:

• plumbing tools (hammers, chisels, screwdrivers, scythes, saws, scissors, etc.);
• machine parts (pushers, gears);
• springs and leaf springs;
• blacksmith tools;
• products for stone and wood processing;
• pipes and radiators;
• surgical equipment;
• building materials;
• dishes, cutlery and household items.

It is widely believed that cast iron can be distinguished from steel using a magnet. The statement is partly true, since the magnetic properties of a metal depend on its composition. Ausetnitic and austenitic-ferritic alloys with a high content of chromium (up to 20%) and nickel (up to 15%) are not magnetic. The inclusion of titanium, molybdenum, and niobium also reduces the magnetic properties of the metal.

Differences between steel and cast iron

A high-carbon alloy is always magnetic, while steel depends on its composition. Cast iron is also determined by the color and condition of the surface: products made from it have a dark, almost matte black color, and when broken, the metal is dark gray. Also, cast iron objects are more massive and weigh more compared to their steel counterparts, although the density of steel is much higher - up to 7900 kg / cubic meter. m.

Steel is easier to process, so items made from it are produced by stamping. Weak, non-ductile cast iron is suitable for the manufacture of cast products. It does not withstand strong impacts and can crack, so a strong blow with a hammer will help to distinguish it. At the same time, it is porous and retains heat longer, and therefore another test option is strong heating. Cast iron products heat up slowly but evenly, and cool down for at least 10 minutes.

Differences from aluminum

A magnet can be used to distinguish cast iron not only from steel, but also from aluminum - a silvery-white light metal. This substance is paramagnetic, therefore it has external magnetic susceptibility (in the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic moments of atoms are non-zero).

The relative magnetic permeability of the metal is slightly greater than unity, and the magnetic field in it increases insignificantly. Accordingly, aluminum is magnetic, but very weakly. This is not visible visually, so it is generally accepted that it is not magnetic.

In addition to magnetic properties, metals have other differences: color, mass, density, hardness and flexibility. Therefore, you can distinguish them from each other in other ways.

How to distinguish aluminum from cast iron?

1 cubic meter of aluminum weighs 2,700 kg, and cast iron - more than 7,000 kg. The first is less dense, and therefore products made from it should be much lighter compared to cast iron. But it should be taken into account that aluminum is less durable, so objects made from it are made thick-walled, which affects the weight.

Aluminum products are lighter and have a slightly shiny surface. Under atmospheric conditions, the metal is immediately covered with a transparent, gas-permeable oxide film. Aluminum is smooth and even, while cast iron is dark, porous and rough. A significant difference between metals is hardness: aluminum is easy to bend, and impacts form dents on its surface. Cast iron cannot be bent: under heavy loads it will crack, but will not deform.

Features of the delivery of cast iron scrap

This type of ferrous scrap metal is the most in demand, and it is classified as metal waste. It is recycled, melted down in smelters, and even recycled into steel by reducing its carbon concentration. Most of the cast iron scrap is of industrial origin.

Outdated machines, equipment, and dismantled metal structures are sold for scrap metal. The cost of such scrap is relatively low, but due to the large mass, these items can fetch good money.

You can distinguish cast iron from aluminum, steel, and iron by color, weight, and even sound (cast iron products are the most resonant, so when struck they make loud, sharp sounds). But the most reliable way is to send a metal sample to our laboratory equipped with a spectrometer. We will accurately determine the composition of the alloy and offer the best price for scrap metal!

Source: https://blog.blizkolom.ru/kak-otlichit-chugun

Useful

Designation of alloying elements in stainless steels
The influence of the main alloying elements on the properties of stainless steels
Compliance of foreign standards with Russian GOST
Why is one brand of stainless steel magnetic and another not?
What is “Food Stainless Steel”?
The most common types of surface of stainless steel sheets

Designation of alloying elements in stainless steels

• In the initial part of the stamp there are numbers (two or one) showing the carbon content.
• Two numbers indicate its average content in the alloy in hundredths of a percent, and one – in tenths. There are also steels that do not have numbers at the beginning of the brand name. This means that the carbon content in these alloys is within 1%.
• The letters that can be seen behind the first digits of the brand name indicate what the alloy is made of.
• The letters that give information about a particular element in its composition may or may not have numbers. If there is a number, then it determines (in whole percentages) the average content of the element indicated by the letter in the composition of the alloy, and if there is no number, then this element is contained in the range from 1 to 1.5%.

X - chromium
N - nickel
K - cobalt
M - molybdenum
B tungsten
T - titanium
D - copper
G - manganese
C - silicon
F - vanadium
P - boron
A - nitrogen
B niobium
E - selenium
C - zirconium
U - aluminum

Chromium (Cr):

• is the main element of steel, determining its resistance to oxidation (corrosion). Chromium sharply increases the corrosion resistance of steel when it increases in the alloy above 12.5%, starting from this concentration a dense oxide film of Cr2O3 is formed on the surface (chromium actually makes steel stainless, for example, steels 20Х13, 30Х13, 40Х13, etc.) ;
• when the chromium content in steel is 12-14%, the thermal conductivity of steel is 2 times less than pure iron, and the electrical resistance increases 3 times;
• provides increased strength at elevated temperatures, the addition of chromium increases the hardness and strength of steel without reducing its ductility;
• reduces the impact strength of steel.

Nickel (Ni):

• The main function of nickel is to stabilize the austenitic structure of steel; such a structure is especially strong and elastic. The minimum amount of nickel capable of stabilizing the austenitic structure is 8% (this is exactly how much nickel is found in the most common imported steel AISI 304);
• the presence of 8-10% nickel in steel provides it with good ductility and good forming properties;
• improves the weldability of steel and further increases the resistance of steel to oxidation (corrosion) in the weld area;
• nickel increases the heat resistance of steel (especially in relation to resistance to deformation);
• Thanks to nickel, stainless steel polishes better and is more scratch resistant than conventional steels (brushed and mirrored surfaces).

Molybdenum (Mo):

• increases the resistance of steel to oxidation (corrosion) at high temperatures, reduces the resistance of steels to pitting corrosion;
• increases red resistance, elasticity, tensile strength;
• provides additional thermal strengthening.

Titanium (Ti):

• increases the strength of steel;
• Titanium is added to stainless steels to prevent intergranular corrosion.

Carbon (C):

• with an increase in carbon to 0.8%, the hardness and strength of the steel increases, but leads to an increase in the threshold of cold brittleness (for example, steels 40Х13 and 95Х18 are used for the production of knives);
• the more carbon there is in the steel, the more difficult it is to process by cutting, the worse it deforms and the worse it welds (for example, the most common commercially available imported steels of the 300 series AISI304/321/316 have 0.8% carbon in their composition, which gives them a wide range of applications compared to domestic steel 12x18n10t).

Compliance of foreign standards with Russian GOST.

Currently, almost all stainless steel products supplied to our country are marked according to AISI, DIN, or EN standards. Let's consider the compliance of these standards with Russian GOST.

AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute), American Institute of Iron and Steel

The designation of standard stainless steels according to AISI includes three numbers followed by one, two or more letters in some cases. The first digit of the designation determines the steel class.

Thus, the designations of austenitic stainless steels begin with the numbers 2XX and 3XX. While ferritic and martensitic steels are defined in class 4XX.

Moreover, the last two digits, unlike carbon and alloy steels, are in no way related to the chemical composition, but simply determine the serial number of the steel in the group.

The additional letters and numbers following the numbers used to designate AISI stainless steels mean:

xxxL – Low carbon content < 0.03%xxxS – Normal carbon content < 0.08%xxxN – Added nitrogenxxxLN – Low carbon content < 0.03% + added nitrogenxxxF – Increased sulfur and phosphorus contentxxxSe – Added seleniumxxxB – Added siliconxxxH – Extended range of carbon content

xxxCu – Copper added

For example:

Steel 304 belongs to the austenitic class, the carbon content in it is

Source: https://nergspb.ru/useful/

Stainless steel grades: 304, 316 and magnetic stainless steel

One of the most popular types of rolled metal is heat-resistant stainless steel, grades of which are able to retain their properties at high temperatures, incl. in aggressive environments. Containers and equipment made from such alloys are effectively used for hot liquids, caustic acid solutions, and in the manufacture of parts for heating devices and boilers.

For the material itself, designations make it easy to determine the composition and purpose. For welding consumables such as stainless steel electrodes, the marking determines their use and classification:

• Consumable wire electrodes - copper, aluminum, steel, cast iron, etc.;
• Non-melting - tungsten, graphite (synthetic). Special coal is also used for electrical equipment;

Stainless steel grade

In the CIS, USA, Asian countries and the EU, stainless steel grades and their characteristics are slightly different. In particular, we are talking about the amount of chromium, nickel, and other alloying additives in the alloy. In this regard, Russian designations are somewhat more convenient, because allow you to immediately find out the composition.

For example, 08Х18Н10 is 0.8% carbon, 18% chromium and 10% nickel. The closest foreign analogue received the designation AISI 304. The Regional House of Metal company sells domestic and American formats, where the marking uses not only numbers, but also letters.

They usually mean either carbon content or additional alloying additives:

• Ti – titanium;
• Cu – copper;
• N – nitrogen, and others.

The properties of each steel are different. For example, the price of stainless steel depends on whether it is austenitic or low-carbon. It shows excellent resistance to the destructive effects of corrosion. Having a composition similar to AISI 304, this steel is more reliable due to its higher nickel content and additional alloying with molybdenum. The scope of application depends on the properties.

Stainless steel grades

The Regional House of Metal company sells steels with different properties. We suggest you purchase the most popular brands of magnetic stainless steel. These include ferritic alloys, such as AISI 430. Martensitic steels are best magnetic. Ferritic alloys exhibit this property, depending on the composition. AISI 409, 08x13 and many others are also magnetized.

For comparison, grade 304 stainless steel is austenitic and therefore not magnetic. But it is universal in use. You can use it to make a table for cutting meat, a chimney, metal utensils, and other products.

How can marking stainless steel help determine magnetic properties? Everything is very simple. You need to look at how much nickel is in the alloy. At 10% or more, the material stops being magnetic.

Source: http://RDMetall.ru/marki-nerzhaveyuschey-stali/

Magnetic properties of copper and its alloys. Is chrome magnetic or not?

ChromeChrome is magnetic or not

One of the most popular types of rolled metal is heat-resistant stainless steel, grades of which are able to retain their properties at high temperatures, incl. in aggressive environments. Containers and equipment made from such alloys are effectively used for hot liquids, caustic acid solutions, and in the manufacture of parts for heating devices and boilers.

For the material itself, designations make it easy to determine the composition and purpose. For welding consumables such as stainless steel electrodes, the marking determines their use and classification:

• Consumable wire electrodes - copper, aluminum, steel, cast iron, etc.;
• Non-melting - tungsten, graphite (synthetic). Special coal is also used for electrical equipment;

AISI 430 is magnetic or not

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Source: https://www.consei.ru/hrom/hrom-magnititsya-ili-net.html

Is copper magnetic or not: reasons and methods for determining

Sometimes at home you need to distinguish copper from another metal, and also check the cleanliness of a copper product and whether there are any foreign impurities in it. This can be done based on the appearance of the metal, as well as on determining its properties, in particular, by conducting a test with a magnet.

• general information
• Magnet check
• Alloys

general information

Copper (cuprum) is a metal that has a golden-reddish color and is characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity. Another distinctive quality of the element is its high ductility. Nuggets are found less and less often in nature; they are most often mined from ore.

Is copper magnetic or not?

When determining the authenticity and purity of a sample, you can turn to an expert, but determining a chemical element in a laboratory is quite expensive. Therefore, you need to focus on several home methods.

First of all, we take a closer look at the color of the product. Since this element tends to oxidize, it is necessary to evaluate the cut or cut of the object. For accuracy, take a sample and compare the color. It should be golden-reddish. Gold has similar colors, as do osmium and cesium.

If copper wire is set on fire, it will not burn, but will first lose its shine and then change color to dark.

You can treat the sample with nitric acid - it should acquire a greenish-blue tint.

Alloys

The most popular alloys using the element are brass (with the addition of zinc) and bronze. As for brass, it does not react to the electromagnetic field in the same way as cuprum. This is due to the fact that copper in this alloy is at least 55% or more. This alloy differs from the pure sample in terms of weight and also in the shape of the chips.

Bronze also has no electromagnetic field. But this alloy is much stronger than cuprum. If you touch samples with your teeth, traces will remain on pure copper, but not on bronze and brass.

If you look at the periodic table, you won’t be able to immediately find out anything about the magnetic properties of elements. To do this, you need to study this material in a little more detail. Modern production produces composite materials that are indistinguishable from copper (the 29th element of the table).

Therefore, testing with an electromagnetic field can be a reliable test for the presence of impurities and the purity of material that will not be attracted to a magnet.

In addition, at home, heating, removing chips, and also carrying out chemical reactions will help identify cuprum, during which care and safety precautions should be observed.

Source: https://DedAntikvar.com/interesnoe/obladaet-li-med-magnitnymi-svojstvami

Is stainless steel magnetic?

Among the main properties of a metal, the degree of magnetism is distinguished. Recently, there is simply a huge number of stainless steels, the performance characteristics of which can differ significantly. In many ways, the property under consideration depends on the chemical composition of the alloy. It is quite difficult to independently check the degree of magnetism, since it can vary depending on operating conditions.

Is stainless steel magnetic?

Magnetic stainless steels and corrosion resistance

Are there magnetic stainless steels and how does this affect corrosion resistance?

There is no clear answer to the question of whether stainless steel is magnetic, since the magnetic properties of alloys are determined by the properties of their structural components.

Classification of materials according to their magnetic properties

Bodies placed in a magnetic field become magnetized. The magnetization intensity (J) is directly proportional to the increase in field strength (H):

J= ϰH, where ϰ is a proportionality coefficient called magnetic susceptibility.

If ϰ>0, then such materials are called paramagnetic, and if ϰ

Some metals - Fe, Co, Ni, Cd - have extremely high positive susceptibility (about 105); they are called ferromagnets. Ferromagnets are intensely magnetized even in weak magnetic fields.

Stainless steels for industrial use may contain ferrite, martensite, austenite, or combinations of these structures in different proportions. It is the phase components and their ratio that determine whether a stainless steel is magnetic or not.

Magnetic stainless steel: structural composition and grades

There are two phase components of steel with strong magnetic characteristics:

• Martensite, from the point of view of magnetic properties, is a pure ferromagnet.
• Ferrite can have two modifications. At temperatures below the Curie point, it, like martensite, is ferromagnetic. High temperature delta ferrite is paramagnetic.

Thus, corrosion-resistant steels, the structure of which consists of martensite, are magnetic stainless steel. These alloys react to magnets like regular carbon steel. Ferritic or ferritic-martensitic steels can have different properties depending on the ratio of phase components, but, most often, they are ferromagnetic.

This category includes chromium and some chromium-nickel steels. They are divided into the following subgroups:

• Martensitic steels are hard and can be strengthened by quenching and tempering, just like regular carbon steels. They are used mainly for the production of cutlery, cutting tools and general mechanical engineering.

Steels 20Х13, 30Х13, 40Х13 martensitic class are produced mainly in a heat-treated ground or polished state

Chromium-nickel martensitic steel 20Х17Н2 has higher corrosion resistance than 13% chromium steels. This steel is highly manufacturable - it lends itself well to stamping, hot and cold, can be processed by cutting, and can be welded by all types of welding.

• Ferritic steels of type 08Х13 are softer than martensitic steels due to their lower carbon content. One of the most consumed ferritic steels is the magnetic corrosion-resistant alloy AISI 430, which is an improved analogue of grade 08Х17. This steel is used for the manufacture of technological equipment for food production, used for washing and sorting food raw materials, grinding, separating, sorting, packaging, and transporting products.
• Ferritic-martensitic steels (12X13) have martensite and structurally free ferrite in their structure.

Non-magnetic stainless steel

Non-magnetic alloys include chromium-nickel and chromium-manganese-nickel steels of the following groups:

• Austenitic steels occupy a leading position in terms of production volume. Non-magnetic stainless steel of the austenitic class is widely used - AISI 304 steel (analogue - 08Х18Н10). This material is used in the production of equipment for the food industry, the manufacture of containers for kvass and beer, evaporators, cutlery - pots, pans, bowls, kitchen sinks, in medicine - for needles, marine and refrigeration equipment, plumbing equipment, tanks for various liquids composition and purpose and dry substances. Steels 08Х18Н10, 08Х18Н10Т, 12Х18Н10Т (used in hardware A2), 10Х17Н13М2Т (used in hardware for use in aggressive environments, acid-resistant and salty, A4) have excellent manufacturability and high corrosion resistance even in chemical production vapors and ocean waters.
• Austenitic-ferritic steels are characterized by a high chromium content and a low nickel content. Additional alloying elements are molybdenum, copper, titanium or niobium. These steels (08Х22Н6Т, 12Х21Н5Т, 08Х21Н6М2Т) have some advantages over austenitic steels - higher strength while maintaining the required ductility, greater resistance to intergranular corrosion and corrosion cracking.

The group of non-magnetic materials also includes corrosion-resistant austenitic-martensitic and austenitic-carbide steels.

Method for determining whether non-magnetic steel is corrosion resistant

As the information presented above shows, there is no clear answer to the question – is stainless steel magnetic or not?

If steel is magnetic, can you tell if it is corrosion resistant? To answer this question, you need to clean a small area of ​​the part (wire, pipe, plate) until it shines. Two or three drops of a concentrated solution of copper sulfate are applied and rubbed onto the cleaned surface. If the steel is coated with a layer of red copper, the alloy is not corrosion resistant. If no changes have occurred on the surface of the material, then this is stainless steel.

It is impossible to check at home whether steel belongs to the group of food alloys.

The magnetic properties of stainless steel do not in any way affect the performance characteristics, in particular, the corrosion resistance of the material.

Having received the necessary information, you can select the hardware and stainless steel fasteners you need in our store: http://lednik.com.ua/shop

Source: https://lednik.com.ua/articles/492/