How to properly weld a weld

Types and techniques of welding seams

Today, the most popular type of joining parts into a monolithic product is welding. There are many types of it, since welding work is used in many industries, from households to the creation of complex technical structures. It’s not difficult to learn the art of welding, the main thing is to understand the basic concepts, distinguish between types of welding and get good at guiding the electrode (torch) to create a beautiful, durable and high-quality seam.

Welding principles and basic concepts

Before we move on to the technology of how to properly lay a welding seam, let’s look at a few concepts:

• a welded connection is the joining of two parts using a welding method;
• welding seam is a section of a welded joint, which was formed due to the molecular connection of the molten edges of two metal parts, as a result of further crystallization of the metal;
• weld metal is an alloy that is formed as a result of thermal effects on the base metal (part);
• the fusion zone is the boundary between the weld metal and the base metal (product);
• a thermally affected zone is an area that was exposed to heat, but did not melt, but only changed its properties due to heating.
• welding is a process during which metal is melted using special equipment that connects elements by melting their edges;
• electric arc is a discharge that occurs between the workpiece and the electrode;
• An electrode is a special metal rod with various chemical coatings that conducts electric current.

Different industries use different types of welding, which differ in the method of influence, the use of different materials and operating technologies to create simple and multi-pass seams.

For example, in arc welding, the main melting element is the electrode, which excites and holds the arc on the workpiece.

In gas welding, the heat source is a torch, from which, under strong pressure, an even, uninterrupted flame emerges, formed as a result of the combustion of a mixture of oxygen and acetylene.

Although different types of welding have different effects on the part, the essence remains the same: two metal products are placed tightly against each other or with a short distance if, for example, it is necessary to weld a leaky part.

Next, using a welding machine, the master heats the edges of the part so that they begin to melt. At this moment, a so-called weld pool is formed. In addition to the base metal, an additional one (electrode or wire) is often used to increase the amount of weld metal.

When the molten material is ready, a path is formed. It then crystallizes and forms a strong compound.

Types of seams and technology

When the master has already mastered how to properly weld, you can proceed directly to the types and techniques of the seam.

The key to a quality connection is the correct settings on the welding machine (transformer or inverter), in accordance with the characteristics of the metal and its melting point. Soft metals are cooked at low currents, dense metals at high currents.

It is also necessary to take into account the type of weld, since each of them has its own technique. The most common types of seams:

1. In appearance – flat, reinforced and weakened.

2.According to the technique of execution - single-sided and double-sided (in which the master solders the workpieces on both sides).

3.By the number of layers - one-, two-, three-layer.

4. By length - point, double-sided chess, chain, point, continuous.

5.In the direction of force - transverse, longitudinal, oblique, combined.

6. According to spatial placement - horizontal, vertical, ceiling, bottom.

Let's now move on to the technology of making the seam. Let's consider the main stages of work:

1. Preparatory. This step requires some preparatory work to be done. First, prepare the workplace in accordance with safety rules. Secondly, stock up on overalls and a protective mask to prevent eye burns.

Third, prepare the product for use. To do this, it must be cleaned of any remaining paint, varnish, oil, dust and other contaminants. To do this, use a metal brush or highly abrasive sandpaper.

Then you need to set all the settings on the welding machine and you can start.

2.Creating an arc or igniting the torch (depending on the type of welding). Features of electric arc welding can be read here, and gas welding here.

3. At this stage, welding seams are created (consider electrode guiding techniques in more detail).

4.Final stage. When the track is ready, you must remember to knock off the slag from the roller (for arc welding). Connections created by gas and plasma welding do not slag, that is, there is no debris from them.

Electrode guiding technique is the key to a beautiful welding seam

To create a perfect seam, it is not enough to move the electrode in a straight line along the gap between the parts. There are several methods for creating connections. All of them are based on the smooth movement of the electrode along a certain path, resulting in a smooth path.

To create a beautiful welding seam, the torch or electrode needs to be slightly rotated in relation to the part by 60 degrees. It needs to be done smoothly, but it is important not to hold the conductor in one place so as not to scorch the workpiece.

The easiest way is “zigzag”. In this case, the conductor is drawn from the right fusion zone to the left one slightly diagonally. You should return in a mirror image and the result will be as if the master is conventionally drawing a zigzag.

This connection can be used for different types of alloys and metals.

If the gap between the workpieces is more than 5 millimeters, then it is better to use the herringbone technique. In this case, more movements are made, which allow you to fuse more material for bonding.

It is recommended to start on the right side and lead the conductor with an even horizontal line to the left, then at an angle of 45 degrees you need to return down to the middle of the seam and at the same angle lay a line upward, stretching it above the one from which you started.

Thus, you will get a conditional Christmas tree created from many triangles. In this case, the main thing is not to increase the distance between the electrode and the workpiece, so as not to lose the arc (during electric arc welding).

Beautiful connections are obtained using the “loop” technique. It can be used for thin metal when working semi-automatically or gas welding. Here the seams should be applied in smooth, rounded movements, reminiscent of a continuous chain of loops.

In the picture you can see what other methods are used to apply welds.

Tips from the professionals

Masters who easily create tracks of any complexity and in any position share some tips with novice welders who do not understand why they cannot make this or that connection:

• it is important to maintain the same width of the gap along the entire seam, then it will be of high quality and reliable;
• the distance between the part and the electrode must not be violated, since when the arc is lost, the connection is deformed;
• the electrode or burner must be held at an angle of 60-75 degrees relative to the seam, thus the metal quickly crystallizes without drips;
• when working on a vertical surface, it is better to weld from the bottom up, this way you will avoid the spreading of the metal formed during welding.

In conclusion, it should be noted that we looked at the basic techniques for making a good seam. You can find out more in the following video:

Source: https://svarkaed.ru/svarka/shvy-i-soedineniya/vidy-i-tehniki-vypolneniya-svarochnyh-shvov.html

Types and methods of making welding seams

The ultimate goal of any welder is to obtain a high-quality weld. The strength and durability of the connection of parts depends on this. For successful operation, it is important to make the connection correctly; select the current strength, the angle of the electrode; have a good command of the seam technique. The result of proper work will be reliable welding of metal parts.

Electrode tilt

Welding seams are classified according to several criteria. The types and types of welding joints must be considered sequentially, delving into the intricacies of the process. The seam is affected by the location, direction and trajectory of the electrode.

After fixing the selected electrode in the clamp, setting the current, connecting the polarity, the welding process begins.

Each master has his own preferred angle of the electrode. Many consider the optimal value to be 70° from the horizontal surface.

An angle of 20° is formed from the vertical axis. Some work at a maximum angle of 60°. In general, most training guidelines include a range of 30° to 60° from the vertical axis.

In certain situations, when welding in hard-to-reach places, it is necessary to orient the electrode strictly perpendicular to the surface of the material being welded.

You can also move the electrode in different ways, in opposite directions: away from you or towards you.

If the material requires deep heating, then the electrode is directed towards itself. Following him in the direction of the welder is the working area. The resulting slag covers the fusion site.

If the work does not involve strong heating, then the electrode is moved away from you. The welding zone “crawls” behind it. The depth of heating with this type of weld is minimal. The direction is clear.

Trajectory of movement

The trajectory of the electrode has a particular influence on the seam. In any case, it has an oscillatory character. Otherwise, it will not be possible to sew the two surfaces together.

Oscillations can be similar to zigzags with different steps between the sharp corners of the trajectory. They can be smooth, resembling movement in an offset figure eight. The path can be similar to a herringbone or a capital letter Z with monograms at the top and bottom.

An ideal seam has a constant height, width, uniform appearance without defects in the form of craters, undercuts, pores, or lack of penetration. The name of the possible flaws speaks for itself. Having mastered your skills well, you can successfully apply any seam and weld a variety of metal parts.

Standards and the concept of leg

The weld begins to form in the working area when the metals are molten, and is finally formed after solidification.

The existing classification groups seams according to various criteria: the type of connection of parts, the resulting shape of the seam, its length, the number of layers, orientation in space.

The types of possible welded joints are shown in the standard for manual and arc welding GOST 5264. Connections made by arc welding in a shielding gas atmosphere are standardized by the GOST 14771 document.

GOSTs have a designation for each welded joint, as well as a table containing the main characteristics, in particular the values ​​of the leg of the weld.

It’s quite easy to understand what a leg is by looking at the drawing of the parts being connected. This is the side of a speculative isosceles triangle of maximum dimensions that will fit in the cross section of the seam. A correctly calculated leg value guarantees the strength of the connection.

For parts of uneven thickness, the cross-sectional area of ​​the part in its thinnest part is taken as a basis. You should not try to unduly increase the leg. This can lead to deformation of the welded structure. In addition, the consumption of materials will increase.

Checking leg dimensions is carried out using universal reference templates presented in specialized literature.

Types of connections

Depending on the relative position of the parts, welding joints occur:

• end-to-end;
• overlap;
• in an angular way;
• in a tee way.

When butt welding, the ends of two parts located in the same plane are welded. The joint can be made with a flange, without a bevel, or with a bevel. The shape of the bevel may resemble the letters X, K, V.

In some cases, welding is done with an overlap, then one part is partially mounted on another, located parallel. The combined part is an overlap. Welding is done without bevel on both sides.

Often there is a need to make a welded corner. This connection is referred to as the corner type. It is always done on both sides and may not have bevels or have a bevel on one edge.

If the welded parts result in the letter T, then a T-joint has been made. Sometimes parts welded with a T-seam form an acute angle.

In any case, one part is welded to the side of the other. Welding is carried out on both sides without a bevel or with bevels on each side.

Shape and extent

The shape of the seam can be convex, even (flat). Sometimes it becomes necessary to make a concave shape. Convex joints are designed for increased load.

The concave areas of the alloys withstand dynamic loads well. Flat seams, which are made most often, are characterized by versatility.

The length of the seams is continuous, without intervals between the fused joints. Sometimes interrupted stitches are sufficient.

An interesting industrial variation of the intermittent seam is the joint formed by resistance seam welding. It is done on special equipment equipped with rotating disk electrodes.

They are often called rollers, and this type of welding is called roller welding. Continuous connections can also be made using such equipment. The resulting seam is very strong and absolutely airtight. The method is used on an industrial scale for the manufacture of pipes, containers, and sealed modules.

Layers and spatial arrangement

A metal seam can consist of a bead made in one pass. In this case it is called single-layer. If the parts being welded are thick, several passes are performed, as a result of which beads are sequentially formed one on top of the other. This welding joint is called multilayer.

Considering the variety of production situations in which welding occurs, it is clear that the seams are oriented differently in each specific case. There are lower, upper (ceiling) seams, vertical and horizontal.

Vertical seams are usually welded from bottom to top. The trajectory of moving the electrode along a crescent, herringbone or zigzag is used. It is more convenient for novice welders to move the crescent.

When welding horizontally, several passes are made from the lower edge of the parts being joined to the upper edge.

In the lower position, butt welding is carried out or by any angular method. A good result is obtained by welding at an angle of 45 °, “in a boat”, which can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. When welding in hard-to-reach places, it is better to use an asymmetrical “boat”.

The most difficult thing to do is weld in the ceiling position. This requires experience. The problem is that the melt tries to drain out of the work area. To prevent this from happening, welding is carried out with a short arc, the current strength is reduced by 15-20% compared to normal values.

If the thickness of the metal at the welding site exceeds 8 mm, then several passes must be performed. The diameter of the first pass should be 4 mm, subsequent ones - 5 mm.

Depending on the orientation of the seam, select the appropriate position of the electrode . To make horizontal, vertical, ceiling connections, and weld non-rotating pipe joints, the electrode is directed at an angle forward.

When welding corner and butt joints, the electrode is directed at an angle backwards. Hard-to-reach places are welded with an electrode at a right angle.

Weld joint processing

When welding, slag is formed. If slag inclusions get into the weld, its quality deteriorates. All slag deposits must be cleaned off.

If welding is performed in several passes, then the seams are cleaned after each welding stage. In this case, any methods are used. First, the welded parts are hammered and cleaned with a stiff brush.

Then a rough cleaning is carried out. Small parts are cleaned with special knives or grinding wheels. Large blanks are cleaned on machines. At the final stage, the welded joint is polished.

Often a fiber wheel of a grinding machine is used for this. There are other ways to polish welded joints.

Welding is constantly evolving. New materials are appearing and technology is improving. It is necessary to follow the news in welding to learn a lot of new and interesting things.

Source: https://svaring.com/welding/teorija/svarochnye-shvy

How to cook using electric welding

In a private house, in a country house, in a garage and even in an apartment - everywhere there are many jobs that require metal welding. This need is especially acute during the construction process. Here, especially often, something needs to be cooked or cut off.

And if you can still cut it with a grinder, then there is nothing to reliably connect the metal parts with except welding. And if the construction is carried out with your own hands, then the welding work can be done independently. Especially in places where the beauty of the seam is not required.

We will tell you how to properly weld by welding in this article.

Basics of electric welding

Welded metal joints are the most reliable today: pieces or parts are fused into a single whole. This happens as a result of exposure to high temperatures. Most modern welding machines use an electric arc to melt metal. It heats the metal in the affected area to the melting temperature, and this happens over a small area. Since an electric arc is used, welding is called electric arc welding.

This is not a completely correct way of welding)) At a minimum, you need a mask

Types of electric welding

An electric arc can be formed by both direct and alternating current. Welding transformers use alternating current, and inverters use direct current.

Working with a transformer is more complicated: the current is alternating, so the welding arc “jumps”, the device itself is heavy and bulky. The noise that both the arc and the transformer itself makes during operation is also quite annoying. There is one more problem: the transformer greatly “stresses” the network. Moreover, significant voltage surges are observed. The neighbors are not very happy about this fact, and your household appliances may suffer.

Inverters mainly operate from a 220 V network. At the same time, they are small in size and weight (about 3-8 kilograms), operate quietly, and have almost no effect on voltage.

The neighbors won't even know you started using the welding machine unless they see you. In addition, since the arc is caused by direct current, it does not jump and is easier to stir and control.

So if you decide to learn how to weld metal, start with a welding inverter. Read about choosing an inverter welding machine here.  

Welding technology

For an electric arc to occur, two conductive elements with opposite charges are required. One is a metal part, and the second is an electrode.

The electrodes used for manual arc welding consist of a metal core coated with a special protective compound. There are also graphite and carbon non-metallic welding electrodes, but they are used for special work and are unlikely to be useful to a novice welder.

When an electrode and metal of opposite polarity touch, an electric arc occurs. After its appearance, in the place where it is directed, the metal of the part begins to melt. At the same time, the metal of the electrode rod melts, being transferred with the electric arc to the melting zone: the weld pool.

How a weld pool is formed. Without understanding this process, you will not understand how to weld metal correctly (To enlarge the size of the picture, right-click on it)

During the process, the protective coating also burns, partially melting, partially evaporating and releasing a certain amount of hot gases. Gases surround the weld pool, protecting the metal from interaction with oxygen. Their composition depends on the type of protective coating. The molten slag also coats the metal, also helping to maintain its temperature. To weld properly, you must ensure that the slag covers the weld pool.

The weld is formed by moving the bath. And it moves when the electrode moves. This is the whole secret of welding: you need to move the electrode at a certain speed. It is also important, depending on the required type of connection, to correctly select its angle of inclination and current parameters.

As the metal cools, a slag crust forms on it - the result of the combustion of protective gases. It also protects the metal from contact with oxygen in the air. After cooling, it is beaten with a hammer. In this case, hot fragments fly away, so eye protection is required (wear special glasses).

You can read about how to make a barbecue out of a cylinder or barrel here. Just get some practice.

How to learn to cook by welding

It all starts with preparing the workplace. Safety when working with electric welding must be given increased attention: there is a possibility of injury from both electricity and high temperatures. Therefore, take your preparation seriously.

It is more convenient to learn to weld with electric welding on a thick piece of metal: it is better to practice on it. In addition to it and the welding machine, you will need gaiters (thick gloves) and a welder’s mask. You also need thick clothing that protects the entire body, and durable shoes with thick leather. They must withstand sparks and scale. You will also need a hammer and a wire brush to knock off the slag. You will need glasses to protect your eyes.

How to connect the electrode

It will be easier for beginners to carry out welding work if they take a universal electrode with a diameter of 3 mm (3.2 mm, to be precise). They are more expensive, but easier to work with. After you learn how to weld metal, you can try using cheaper ones, but it’s better to start with these.

The electrode is inserted into a holder attached to one of the welding cables. There are two types of clamps - spring and screw. If the electrode holder is spring-loaded, press the button on the handle and insert the electrode into the socket that appears. When screw clamped, the handle rotates. Unscrew it, insert the electrode and clamp it. In any case, it should not wobble. After installing the electrode, you can connect the cables.

There are two outputs on a DC welder: positive and negative. There are also two welding cables:

• one ends with a metal clamp-retainer - it is connected to the part;
• the other is a holder for the electrode.

Which polarity to connect for welding depends on the type of work. If we talk about inverters, then more often the plus is connected to the part, and the minus is supplied to the electrode. This connection option is called direct polarity. But there is a list of works in which reverse polarity is applied: minus to the part, plus to the electrode (for example, for welding stainless steel).

Direct and reverse polarity of connection on the welding inverter

Straight polarity provides better heating of the metal, which is necessary for most connections. This is explained by the fact that electrons move from the negatively charged pole - with straight polarity, this is the electrode - to the positive - part. At the same time, they additionally transfer their energy to the metal, increasing its temperature.

Start of welding: light the arc

We figured out how to connect the electrode to the inverter. Now about how to light an arc. It occurs when there is direct contact between the electrode and the part. There are two ways:

• chirping;
• tapping.

Everything is clear from the name: in one case, you need to run the electrode along the seam (so that there are no marks left), in the second, you need to hit the part with the tip of the electrode several times.

When the electrode is new, its tip is exposed, ignition occurs easily. If it was already in use, a wall of several millimeters of protective coating would form around the rod. This coating needs to be knocked off by hitting the part with the tip several times.

Both methods of ignition are used, here everyone chooses what is convenient for them. This skill is the first one you will have to master if you want to learn how to use electric welding.

Therefore, you take several electrodes, a thick piece of metal, and try to strike an arc. Once you have succeeded, you can proceed to the next stage of training.

Electrode movements

The answer to the question “how to properly weld with electric welding” is simple: you need to control the weld pool. To do this, it is necessary to hold the electrode at a distance of 2-3 mm from the metal surface and control the condition and size of the weld pool. This is where the skill of a welder lies.

The difficulty lies in the fact that several parameters have to be controlled simultaneously:

• move the electrode along one of the trajectories shown in the photo,
• as it burns, lower it a little lower, maintaining a constant distance of 2-3 mm;
• monitor the size and condition of the weld pool, accelerating or slowing down the movement of the electrode;
• follow the direction of the seam.

The movements of the electrode tip are shown in the figure. Those who want to learn electric welding for home use do not need to master all of them, but you will need two or three movements: for different situations, seams and metals.

Another element of manual arc welding technique: the tip of the electrode must move along one of these trajectories (or something similar)

How to learn to cook with electric welding? Practice movements on a thick piece of metal. Then you get not seams, but rollers. This stage is the initial one. On it you will master the basic skills of a welder: learn to control the distance from the tip of the electrode to the part, and at the same time, move it along a given path, monitor the weld pool and the slag in it.

To do this, take thick metal and draw a line on it with chalk: you will need to lay a roller along it. You light the arc and begin to master the movements, learning to control the bath at the same time. You won’t succeed the first time, or even the tenth time. You will probably use a dozen electrodes. When the manual arc welding technique has been mastered: the bead is uniform, its width and height are constant (or almost), you can try to connect the parts.

You should get similar rollers. This way you can learn how to weld using electrodes correctly.

Read how to make a gazebo on a metal frame in this article, and here the construction of a shed on a metal frame is described.

How to weld metal correctly

Learning to hold the electrode correctly and move the bath is not enough for a good result. It is necessary to know some of the subtleties of the behavior of the metals being joined. The peculiarity is that the seam “pulls” the parts, which can cause them to warp. As a result, the shape of the product may differ greatly from what was intended.

Electric welding technology: before starting to apply a seam, the parts are connected using tack welds - short seams located at a distance of 80-250 mm from each other

Therefore, before work, parts are secured with clamps, ties and other devices. In addition, tacks are made - short transverse seams laid every few tens of centimeters. They hold the parts together, giving the product its shape. When welding joints, they are applied on both sides: this way the resulting stresses are compensated. Only after these preparatory measures do welding begin.

Read about the types of welds and joints (horizontal, vertical, ceiling) and how to weld them correctly here.

How to choose a current for welding

It is impossible to learn how to weld using electric welding if you do not know what current to set. It depends on the thickness of the parts being welded and the electrodes used. Their dependence is presented in the table.

But with manual arc welding, everything is interconnected. For example, the voltage in the network has dropped. The inverter simply cannot produce the required current. But even under these conditions you can work: you can move the electrode more slowly, achieving good heating. If this does not help, change the type of movement of the electrode - passing over one place several times. Another way is to use a thinner electrode. By combining all these methods you can achieve a good weld even in such conditions.

Now you know how to weld properly. All that remains is to practice the skills. Choose a welding machine, buy electrodes and a welding helmet and start practicing.

To reinforce the information, watch the video lesson on welding.

Source: https://stroychik.ru/tools/kak-pravilno-varit-svarkoj

How to weld a vertical weld

Electric welding involves the application of an electric arc to the metal being processed. It is formed between the product and the used electrode made of conductive material.

Too high a temperature causes the metal to melt, due to which the individual parts are connected. The connection point is usually called a weld.

To change its indicators, the technical parameters of welding are changed, for example, the amplitude and speed of movement. The features of vertical welding should be considered in more detail.

How to cook a vertical seam

Features of vertical welding

The welding of vertical seams is characterized by a fairly large number of different features. These include the following points:

1. When the alloy is exposed to heat, drops are formed that tend to roll down. This natural process creates quite a lot of difficulties, since the hot drops do not allow for a qualitative effect on the treated area.
2. It is recommended to make vertical welds with a shorter arc, due to which the action of surface tension forces simplifies the transition of the electrode into the weld crater.
3. In order to allow the drop to harden during welding, you need to move the rod to the side. The absence of a heat source causes the metal to quickly crystallize.
4. In the upper zone, as a rule, the metal melts faster. In this case, the crystallization process accelerates in the area of ​​joints and connections.
5. It is important to choose the correct current indicator. As a rule, it is selected from a lower range than for conventional welding work.
6. It is possible to use point technology, which provides relatively low fastening of two elements.

Position of welds in space

Vertical welding is quite difficult for inexperienced craftsmen, but it is carried out extremely often. This is due to the fact that a wide variety of defects are welded with an electrode and responsible and also load-bearing structures are created with it.

When using this welding method, it is important to follow all the rules and recommendations, since otherwise the vertical seam will turn out to be of poor quality

How to weld a vertical seam?

There are quite a few rules that, if followed, can improve the quality of the resulting seam. It is quite difficult to exclude the possibility of dripping of hot metal drops.

The main recommendations include the following points:

1. The electric arc must be extremely short. A long one can cause the alloy to spread out as it flows under the influence of gravity.
2. At the time of arson, the working part is placed exclusively perpendicular to the surface being treated. It is important that it is positioned perpendicular to both surfaces being processed, which ensures high quality processing.
3. When working, it is recommended to tilt the electrode slightly downwards. By maintaining an acute angle, it is possible to retain the hot metal, preventing it from flowing down.
4. In some cases, it is impossible to eliminate the possibility of metal dripping. Then it is recommended to increase the current strength and speed up the movement of the working part. However, when increasing this indicator, you need to be careful, as this leads to an increase in the arc. In addition, it is recommended to increase the width of the seam by moving the tool from side to side.

Vertical welding methods

The above technology is much simpler to implement if we compare the option of conducting the electrode from the bottom up.

Semi-automatic vertical seam

The quality of the weld seam determines how strong the resulting structure will be and what load it will be designed for. In addition, in some cases it is important to maintain an attractive aesthetic appearance. The most problems arise with the creation of a vertical weld, as the metal flows out of the pool. A fairly common question is how to weld a vertical seam. Among the features we note the following points:

1. The material is prepared depending on what kind of work will be carried out. The thickness of the material and the degree of machinability are taken into account.
2. A short arc with an average operating current is selected.
3. The rod with a special coating is located at an angle of 80 degrees relative to the surface being treated.
4. When creating a vertical seam, it is recommended to manipulate the rod across the entire width of the bead being formed.

Semi-automatic welding

A high-quality vertical seam can be obtained by welding with the arc separated from the surface.
For novice welders, this method is more suitable, as it is easier to perform. This is due to the fact that at the moment the arc breaks off, the metal can cool down. However, there is a significant drawback - the performance indicator decreases. Among the features of the application of this method associated with the separation of the rod from the surface, we mention the following points:

1. When welding, the tip can be rested on the shelf of the weld crater.
2. The pattern of movement of the working part from side to side, due to which the entire vertical seam is covered. In addition, you can use a loop pattern or a short roller when moving the working part from top to bottom.
3. The set current strength largely determines the shape of the seam and its main parameters. In general, it is recommended to reduce the value by 5 A from the usual value for a particular alloy thickness

It is worth considering that the main parameters of the work being carried out are chosen experimentally in almost all cases. That is why the welder’s skills largely determine the quality of the connection and its reliability.

The seams created by an electric inverter have a fairly broad classification. When determining the main parameters, the type of parts being connected is taken into account. When considering how to properly weld a vertical seam using electric welding, you need to take into account their features. The most common types of connections are:

1. Butt.
2. Tavrovoe.
3. Overlapping.
4. Angular.

Creating a seam with an electrode

It is worth considering that to ensure a stable arc, it is necessary to clean the surface from a wide variety of contaminants.

That is why welding of a vertical seam is carried out with careful preparation of the surface. The technologies used make it possible to obtain a high-quality seam only with the correct choice of electrode thickness. It should be slightly smaller than the width of the seam, since to eliminate the possibility of the alloy running off, it is recommended to move the rod from side to side.

Top down technique

Moving the electrode from top to bottom can only be used to weld when using an electrode that produces a thin layer of slag. Among the features of this process, we note the following points:

1. By using such a rod in the weld pool, the material hardens faster. In this case, the molten material does not flow down.
2. It is recommended to use plastic and cellulose coated electrodes. An example is the LNO-9 and VSC-2 brands.
3. This technology is characterized by high productivity. That is why, if there is a need to increase labor productivity, then the technology in question is chosen.

Vertical seam from top to bottom

This technique is not suitable for beginner welders, as it is difficult to prevent the alloy from dripping.

Bottom-up technique

This technology is extremely common. It is characterized by the following features:

1. At the beginning of work, the welding machine rod is placed perpendicular to the surface being processed.
2. As soon as the arc has been excited and the first drops have formed, it is recommended to tilt the electrode slightly.
3. A short arc is supported by the end of the rod and the drops are collected a little, and when it is withdrawn briefly, time is given for the molten material to cool and crystallize.
4. Transverse oscillatory movements can be reported. This eliminates the possibility of a long delay of the heat source at one point.

Vertical seam from bottom to top

This technique allows you to get a high-quality seam. However, it is characterized by low productivity, since it is necessary to allow the drops to cool from time to time.

Principles of vertical welding

There are several other common technologies that can be used to produce a seam. Among them we note:

1. Triangle technology is suitable for cases where the metal thickness is no more than 2 mm. It should be carried out only after the edges that will be joined have been blunted. The shape of the resulting bathtub resembles a triangle. For this technology, it is recommended to choose an electrode with a diameter of 3 mm. The current strength should be no more than 100 Amperes.
2. The herringbone is used extremely rarely, as it is suitable for a base with a thickness of 2-3 mm. It involves chaotic and complex movement of the arc.
3. The ladder is used when it is necessary to create the widest possible seam, the edges are minimally blunted. Among the features of this technology, it can be noted that the rod must quickly move from one edge to another with minimal vertical movement. There is no need to hold the tool on the edge for a long time, after which it is quickly transferred to the opposite side. A ladder is used when the thickness of the alloy is 4 mm.

Vertical welding is easier when using a modern welding inverter, which allows you to adjust the main parameters with high accuracy.

Conditions for a high-quality vertical seam

Almost all novice specialists are not familiar with the basic conditions for obtaining a high-quality vertical seam. In addition, it must be characterized by high strength, be made with high quality and have an aesthetic appearance.

There are several main mistakes that are made when carrying out such work:

1. At the time of arson, the rod must be in a perpendicular state. If there is an angle, the arc may be unstable.
2. The shorter the arc length, the faster the material crystallizes. This reduces the risk of leaks. However, many do not follow this recommendation, since a small arc reduces the performance indicator.
3. The rod is tilted to reduce the likelihood of smudges, but maintaining an acute angle is quite difficult.
4. If a leak appears, it is recommended to increase the current and the width of the seam. Due to this, the process of crystallization of the substance can be significantly accelerated.

To obtain a compound with a high quality index, you need to pay attention to the preparatory stage. An example is the removal of dust and dirt, paint and oil residues, and rust. In some cases, spot welding is carried out, due to which the risk of drips is reduced several times.

High-quality vertical seam

In conclusion, we note that the quality of the weld depends on a fairly large number of parameters. An example is the skill of the welder or the characteristics of the materials being joined. Depending on some of the above parameters, the most suitable technology is selected.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/svarka/kak-varit-vertikalnyjj-svarochnyjj-shov.html

How to weld a beautiful seam using electric welding

Electric welding involves the application of an electric arc to the metal being processed. It is formed between the product and the used electrode made of conductive material.

Too high a temperature causes the metal to melt, due to which the individual parts are connected. The connection point is usually called a weld.

To change its indicators, the technical parameters of welding are changed, for example, the amplitude and speed of movement. The features of vertical welding should be considered in more detail.

Creating a seam with an electrode

The seams created by an electric inverter have a fairly broad classification. When determining the main parameters, the type of parts being connected is taken into account. When considering how to properly weld a vertical seam using electric welding, you need to take into account their features. The most common types of connections are:

1. Butt.
2. Tavrovoe.
3. Overlapping.
4. Angular.

Creating a seam with an electrode

It is worth considering that to ensure a stable arc, it is necessary to clean the surface from a wide variety of contaminants.

That is why welding of a vertical seam is carried out with careful preparation of the surface. The technologies used make it possible to obtain a high-quality seam only with the correct choice of electrode thickness. It should be slightly smaller than the width of the seam, since to eliminate the possibility of the alloy running off, it is recommended to move the rod from side to side.

Welding with an inverter for beginners: how to learn to weld from scratch and the basics of arc welding

In a private house, country house or garage, quite often there is a need to connect various metal parts and create structures from them. It makes no sense to turn to professionals for help every time in such a situation, because you can purchase an automatic welding machine yourself.

A wide selection of different devices are available in stores in different price categories, so welding with an inverter for beginners is the best that the market has to offer.

Welding methods

Nowadays there are many methods used for welding. They are divided according to various criteria. This information will be useful for a beginner, so you should definitely read it.

Depending on the heating, the edges of the product may completely melt or be in a plastic state. The first method also requires applying certain forces to the parts being joined - pressure welding.

In the second, the connection is formed as a result of the formation of a weld pool in which there is molten metal and an electrode.

There are other welding methods in which the product does not heat up at all - cold welding, or is not brought to a plastic state - connection using ultrasound.

Methods and types of welding.

Other types of welding are listed below:

1. Forge.
   In this method, the ends of the joined products are heated in a forge and then forged. This method is one of the most ancient and is currently practically not used.
2. Gas press.
   The edges of the products are heated with oxygen acetylene over the entire plane and brought to a plastic state, after which they are subjected to compression. This method is highly efficient and productive. Used in the construction of gas pipelines, railways, and mechanical engineering.
3. Contact.
   The parts are included in the electrical circuit of the welding equipment and current is passed through them. A short circuit occurs at the point of contact of the parts, as a result of which a large amount of heat is released at the junction. It is enough to melt and join metal.
4. Butt, point and suture are varieties of the contact method of fastening the product.
5. Roller.
   Used in joining sheet structures that require high-quality and reliable seams.
6. Termite.
   The metal is held together by burning thermite, a mixture of iron oxide powder and pure aluminum.
7. Nuclear-water.
   The edges of the product are melted by the action of an arc burning between two tungsten electrodes. The electrodes are connected to special holders through which hydrogen is supplied. As a result, the arc and liquid metal of the weld pool are protected by hydrogen from the harmful effects of atmospheric gases such as oxygen and nitrogen.
8. Gas.
   The essence of the method is to use a flame to heat and melt parts. A flame is produced by burning a flammable gas in an oxygen atmosphere. The gas-oxygen mixture is produced using special burners.

The gas welding method refers to fusion welding. The gaps between the products are filled using filler wire. This method is widely used in various areas of human life. Most often found when joining thin-walled products, non-ferrous metals, cast iron.

When working with an inverter device, the polarity of the electrodes is of no small importance. Depending on the scheme, the heating intensity of the part changes, which allows you to create different welding conditions.

Step-by-step instructions for welding with an inverter

First of all, for welding you need to have protective elements:

• gloves made of rough fabric;
• welding mask with a special filter protecting the eyes;
• a rough jacket and trousers made of material that will not catch fire from sparks that appear during welding;
• closed shoes with thick soles.

Electrode position during welding.

Before you start welding with a welding inverter, you must take the necessary measures aimed at creating safe working conditions.

Proper preparation of the workplace consists of:

• ensuring the necessary free space on the table, you should remove all unnecessary objects that could get splashed;
• creating high-quality lighting;
• Welding work must be performed while standing on a wooden floor that protects against electric shock.

Then the current is adjusted depending on the thickness of the parts and the electrodes are selected. The latter need to be prepared. If they were just purchased in a retail chain and their quality is beyond doubt, then this step can be skipped.

After preparing the electrodes, the ground terminal is connected to the product.

To obtain a high-quality and reliable connection, the metal must be prepared:

• rust is completely removed from the edges of the product;
• using solvents, various contaminants are cleaned;
• At the last stage, the edges are checked for cleanliness; the presence of grease, paint and other contaminants is unacceptable.

Next you need to connect the welding inverter. It is better to carry out training on a thick metal sheet, forming a seam in the form of a roller. Make the first connection on metal lying horizontally on the table. Draw a straight line on it with chalk along which the seam will go.

Electrical circuit of the inverter.

In the process of training on such an object, you can significantly improve your welding technique.

The welding process begins with ignition of the arc.

There are two ways to perform this action:

• scratching on metal;
• tapping on metal.

The choice of method depends on the person’s preferences; the main thing when igniting is not to leave traces of welding outside the joint area.

After igniting the arc from contact with the metal, the arc is ignited, the welder removes the electrode from the surface of the part a short distance corresponding to the length of the arc and begins welding.

As a result, a weld is formed at the junction of two metal parts. It will be covered with scale - scale on the surface. It needs to be removed. This is very easy to do by tapping the seam with a small hammer.

Forward and reverse polarity

Melting of the metal for welding occurs under the influence of an arc. It, as noted above, is formed between the surface of the product and the electrode, since they are connected to opposite terminals of the device.

There are two main options for welding, differing from each other in the order of connection and called direct and reverse polarity.

In the first case, the rod is connected to the minus, and the part to the plus. In this case, an increased flow of heat occurs into the metal. As a result, a deep and narrow melting zone is formed.

Direct and reverse polarity.

With reverse polarity, the electrode is connected to the positive, and the product to the negative. In this case, the melting zone is wide and shallow.

The choice of polarity is entirely determined by the product you are working with. Welding can be performed with two types of polarity. When choosing, you should take into account the fact that the element connected to the positive is subject to greater heating.

For example, it is difficult to weld thin metal products due to possible overheating and burning. In this case, the part is connected to the minus. Currents are also selected according to the diameter of the electrode and the thickness of the metal. This data is taken from a special table.

Effect of electrode feed speed

The feed rate of the welding electrodes must provide the required amount of molten material supplied. Not having enough of it can lead to undercutting. This factor is very important in both direct and reverse polarity when welding.

During electric arc welding, due to the rapid movement of the rod along the joint, the arc power may not be enough to heat the metal. The result is a shallow seam that lies on top of the metal. The edges remain unmelted.

Slow advance of the electrode leads to overheating. In this case, it is possible to burn the surface and deform the thin metal.

Modern welding machines have a wide range of different functions and capabilities. Nevertheless, at the moment, most of the quality work done is still determined by human skill.

Effect of current

Welding current selection table.

When mastering the basics of welding with an inverter, it is important to understand what current strength needs to be set in each individual situation. A properly configured inverter welding machine is the key to success.

Data on the current value are taken from the table, which also shows the size of the electrodes. However, these current values ​​are not exact; they are plus or minus several tens of amperes.

Features of welding thin metal

In everyday tasks, we are most often faced with the need to join thin metal. In this case, it is necessary to remember the basics of inverter welding for beginners, namely the importance of connecting the product to the correct pole. Thin parts are connected to the “minus” of the welding machine.

Here are some useful tips that can help improve your skills:

• start cooking using the minimum current;
• form the seam at an angle forward;
• use reverse polarity;
• secure the part to reduce distortion during welding.

Common mistakes made by newbies

Beginner welders tend to make mistakes due to ignorance of the basics regarding the use of welding equipment. For example, beginners may not know how to choose the correct polarity for welding with an inverter, which will lead to poor-quality joint formation or even burning of the part.

The following main errors can be identified:

• neglect of safety precautions;
• incorrect choice of welding machine;
• use of low-quality or unprepared electrodes;
• work without trial seams.

Let's sum it up

Having learned to work with welding equipment, it will be possible to solve many everyday problems that often arise when working in the country or in the garage. Beginners should pay special attention to the polarity of welding parts of different thicknesses with an inverter.

By understanding how to properly configure the equipment and choose an electrode, you will be able to obtain high-quality seams on any product. Be sure to pay attention to the forward and reverse polarity of connecting the welding inverter.

When welding thick parts, direct polarity is used when welding with an inverter, and for thin parts, reverse polarity is used.

Source: https://tutsvarka.ru/vidy/svarka-invertorom-dlya-nachinayushhih

How to make a welding seam correctly?

You can easily learn how to apply a correct and high-quality weld on your own. Electric or arc welding, designed for beginners, involves initial training in the formation of these permanent type connections. You should start with the simplest ones, gradually moving on to more complex connections when you have gained enough experience.

Preparation for welding work

To perform welded joints, it is necessary to prepare the appropriate equipment. To work with electric arc welding, you need to take the following tools and materials.

• Directly the welded equipment itself, which comes in different types.
• Electrodes of the required diameter - it usually depends on the thickness of the elements being connected.
• A special pointed hammer that will be used to knock down slag.
• A wire brush for cleaning the area of ​​metal where the weld is formed.

When forming a joint, you should remember the appropriate safety measures. It is not possible to carry out work without an appropriate mask equipped with special light filters.

It is advisable to wear fairly thick clothing with long sleeves and gloves made of suede materials. In addition, you should take a rectifier, or a transformer if the equipment is quite old.

However, recently, welds are increasingly being made using inverter equipment, which is equipped with everything necessary to convert alternating current into direct current.

Work technology

In order to correctly place the molten electrode on the weld being formed, it should be taken into account that welding is not a very simple and safe technology. First of all, this implies the use of high temperature, which must exceed the melting point of steel.

Under its direct influence, the base metal and electrode are melted. Accordingly, a so-called weld pool occurs, where the metals of the workpieces and the electrode are mixed, resulting in the formation of a welded joint or seam.

The size of the weld pool directly depends on the settings on the equipment, location in space, the speed at which the electrode moves, and the gap between the elements being welded. Forming the correct weld implies an average joint width of 4 to 30 mm, depending on the thickness of the workpieces.

Electric arc technology involves the use of electrodes with so-called coating. When voltage is applied to the electrode and welded elements, it creates a special gas zone above the bath. Due to it, absolute displacement of air occurs, which prevents direct contact of oxygen and the metals being welded.

When elements are welded, slag forms on the surface of the joint, which also prevents the molten iron from coming into contact with air.

The formation of a correct welding seam is carried out when the electric arc is removed: the metal begins to gradually cool and form a crystal lattice.

The protective layer of slag should be removed after the metal hardens.

Arc Welding Basics

To make a reliable welded joint and correctly place the molten electrode material, close attention must be paid when starting work. It is best to start mastering this work under the supervision of an experienced welder, who will help you avoid the most common mistakes and provide advice if necessary.

The parts connected to each other must be rigidly fixed. Due to the fact that the work is carried out at high temperatures, it is necessary to take all measures regarding fire safety. You need to place a bucket of water near you. Work should not be carried out on a wooden base.

The grounding clamp is fixed to the elements to be welded. Before doing this, you should carefully check the quality of its insulation. If it is damaged, this cable should not be used. In addition, it must be securely fastened in a special clamp.

Properly selected equipment settings allow you to apply the electrode smoothly and evenly, due to which the metal is deposited onto the elements being welded.

This gap will have to be maintained throughout the entire operation. If everything was done correctly, the electrode will begin to gradually melt and burn out, so it will have to be slowly brought to the workpiece, thereby maintaining the required distance. You should not bring it closer, as it may stick. If an arc does not occur, you will have to increase the current on the equipment.

Welding seam: how to move the electrode?

When performing welding work, the electrode should be moved along one of three trajectories.

• Translational - the electric arc is directed along the axis of the elements being connected. This allows not only to maintain its constant combustion, but also to form a fairly thin and durable weld.
• Longitudinal - allows you to obtain a thread seam of different heights, which will directly depend on the speed at which the electrode moves. In fact, the connection turns out to be very strong, but to strengthen it you will have to make some lateral movements.
• Transverse - ensures the formation of the required width of the welded joint. It involves performing oscillatory movements. The width of the seam is selected based on the thickness of the elements being connected, their sizes and a number of other parameters.

Usually, when carrying out work, all these movements are used, which, when combined with each other, form a specific trajectory. It is usually different for each welder. In principle, the trajectory itself is not very important, the main thing is that the edges of the workpieces are fused as best as possible and, accordingly, a seam is obtained with predetermined parameters.

Pipeline welding: technology features

It is worth noting that welding involves the formation of not only horizontal, but also vertical seams, which makes it possible to weld industrial pipelines that require the highest quality connections. In this regard, only experienced welders who have all the necessary documents indicating their high qualifications are allowed to perform such work.

Unlike flat parts, when welding pipes, the electrode is held at an angle of 45 degrees. The maximum height of this connection should be no more than 4 m. Depending on the thickness of the pipes, the width of the seam can be quite large - in some cases up to 4 cm.

When carrying out industrial work, in order to obtain a complete and durable connection, the areas where the seam will be formed are cleaned of fat, rust and other contaminants that can reduce the strength of the seam.

Welding implies constant improvement of skills; only in this case will it be possible to obtain the highest quality connection that will serve for a long time.

Source: https://electrod.biz/varim/seams/kak-pravilno-sdelat-svarochnyiy-shov.html