How to weld a ceiling corner seam correctly

How to weld fillet welds - Welding Pros

A weld seam is usually called a permanent connection, which is formed during the process of solidification of the weld pool from the melting of metal edges with an electrode.

A weld is also a plastic joint that is obtained after welding metal fragments together with pressure or a laser.
 

What types of welds are there? According to engineering design, all welding seams are divided into four main groups:

There are a number of types of welds depending on the type of connection:

• a butt joint seam, when two workpieces with straight ends are butted together and welded into a circular seam with an even seam;
• seam on a T-beam or I-beam. Often used in the production of iron piles or rails;
• overlapping joint seam, when one welded piece lies on top;
• a seam of connections that are located at an angle relative to each other.

Welding ceiling seams

The laying of the ceiling seam occurs in two technological stages, the first of which is welding of the root seam.

For this, as a rule, a “troika” electrode is used - 3 mm. and low current with increasing voltage.

Depending on the conditions in which the work will be carried out, welding work can be performed using two methods:

• If possible, it is advisable to lay the ceiling seam with short, abrupt seams. The thing is that the weld pool is held in the seam only due to the forces of surface tension; if the mass of the seam exceeds these forces, the molten metal will spill down. Separate welding is required at the beginning and end of the common seam (the roots of the seam). Afterwards, it is necessary to weld the metal plates on the reverse side - the ceiling roller - welding the horizontal seams;
• if possible, it is better to weld the metal in the ceiling position using the shortest possible arc. In this case, the metal will solidify into a red-hot, rigid formation immediately after the arc is withdrawn.

To ensure that the seam is not very convex and does not protrude above the level of the metal, it is necessary to maintain a constant welding speed. Vertical seams are welded in exactly the same way.

Welding fillet welds

When welding a corner joint, you can use different techniques depending on the angle:

• two workpieces are located perpendicularly. In this case, only the inner joint itself can be welded, since the area of ​​the main force for bending and tearing is located here. When welding tubes located at an angle, it is necessary to make a concentric seam around the circumference;
• angle 60 degrees or less. In this case, two workpieces are completely boiled on both sides. It is prohibited to weld such joints using tack welds.

Source: https://fgpip.ru/harakteristiki/kak-varit-uglovye-shvy.html

Welding ceiling seams

» Articles » Professionally about welding » Welding basics

We recommend purchasing:

Installations for automatic welding of longitudinal seams of shells - in stock!
High performance, convenience, ease of operation and reliability in operation.

Welding screens and protective curtains are in stock!
Radiation protection when welding and cutting.
Big choice. Delivery throughout Russia!

When welding ceiling seams, the welding current is higher than with vertical welding, and lower (or equal) than with horizontal welding. An electrode with a diameter of 3; 4 mm. The angle of inclination of the electrode in the welding direction (Fig. 59) is 80°-90°. The slag, flowing down under the weld seam, does not interfere with welding at a right angle or “forward angle”, which allows you to perform “normal” and “concave” beads in the groove in the ceiling position. Welding is carried out only with a short arc.

It is recommended to weld butt joints yourself, which allows you to clearly observe the length of the arc, the inclination of the electrode in relation to both edges of the product and the formation of the bead. By observing the fullness and shape of the bead, it is easier to select the welding speed, the method of electrode manipulation, and the dwell time at the edges of the weld pool.

When manipulating the electrode, it is recommended to use two methods: “ladder” and “arc forward”. The width of the bead and its fullness should be 1-3 times the diameter of the coated electrode, which makes it easy to control the liquid metal.

With excessive width, fullness of the bead and excessive welding current, the liquid metal of the seam becomes difficult to control, which leads to smudges, “humpback” of the bead, rough differences between the scales and undercuts along the edges of the seam.

Surfacing in ceiling position

When welding in this position, the selection of welding current is important. If the thickness of the product allows, it is more productive to use an electrode with a diameter of 4 mm. It is recommended to perform surfacing using narrow, 1.5-2 diameter coated electrodes, single beads, which allows the use of a medium range of welding current.

It is recommended to place the first bead 2-3 times the diameter of the coated electrode along the surfacing boundary using the “pull-welding” method (Fig. 60). Subsequent rollers, from 2 to 5, etc., are recommended to be laid from left to right or from right to left, in this case the welder needs to change his position in relation to the rollers.

In this case, the inclination of the electrode must be maintained at an angle of 70°-80° to the product. Otherwise, the surfacing technique is the same as in the lower position.

Root of seam

The root bead, depending on the size of the gap and the blunting of the edges, should be welded without manipulation or with transverse oscillatory movements using the “ladder” method with an electrode with a diameter of 3 mm at a welding current in the range of minimum or average values. Depending on the requirements of the drawing and technical conditions, welding of the first root bead can be performed according to two recommendations:

1) If sampling and welding of the back side of the weld root is provided, when melting into the gap, all attention must be paid to the formation of the bead on the welding side. The roller should be free of overhangs and undercuts. It is best to perform such a roller by manipulating the electrode from edge to edge and holding them (Fig. 61). Such a bead will not require additional sampling, and after cleaning from slag and splashes, you can immediately begin welding the second bead.

2) If it is necessary to form a reverse bead in a butt joint (without sampling and welding the reverse side of the root of the seam), it is necessary to constantly move the electrode upward into the gap (on an extremely short arc), while ensuring that the welding arc burns from the reverse side (Fig. 62). The electrode metal spreads in the form of a “fountain” (umbrella).

This is the best option for forming a reverse roller. All attention is paid to the formation of a reverse bead and, if possible, maintain the welding speed depending on the formation of the bead from below (to avoid excessive convexity).

If the root bead on the welding side turns out to be “humpbacked,” mechanical removal to bare metal according to the drawings in the previous chapters is mandatory.

Filling the cut

Welding of the second and third beads is carried out, depending on the width of the root bead, with an electrode with a diameter of 3 mm at an average-maximum welding current or with a diameter of 4 mm - in the average range, sufficient for the normal welding process (Fig. 63).

To avoid the “humpback” of rollers 2 and 3, the moment of delay at the edges of the roller is very important, then a slight descent along the edge of the product and after that the transition using the “ladder” method to the other edge. A “normal” or “concave” roller can be obtained by also using speed welding, tilting the electrode at a “forward angle”, the step size is slightly larger than for vertical welding. Large volume rollers are not recommended because...

The weld metal remains in a liquid state for a long time and tends downwards, which leads to excessive convexity of the seam. The 4th and 5th layers are made depending on the width of the previous roller in full width or in two rollers. It is recommended to perform subsequent layers without oscillatory movements in the form of surfacing and, when approaching the edge, to leave a distance between the penultimate roller of each layer and the edge of at least the diameter of the electrode (with coating).

The last roll of each layer is done in the same way as the second, etc.

Welding the face layer

The penultimate layer in the cut should be made so that the gap in the cut is no more than 0.5-2 mm. Depending on the thickness of the metal and the width of the face layer, welding can be performed in one or more passes.

When welding in one pass with an unfilled groove of 0.5-1 mm, it is recommended, in order to avoid excessive seam height, to weld using the “arc forward” method, selecting the pitch depending on the formation of the bead.

When the depth of unfilled cutting is from 1 mm to 2 mm, use the “ladder” method.

When welding the face layer in several passes, as shown in Fig. 63, 9th and 10th rollers are performed depending on each specific case with or without manipulation, “ladder” or “forward arc”. The roller 11 is carried out by manipulating the electrode so as to connect the tops of the side rollers by any of the methods suitable in the given situation.

Tudvasev V.A. "Recommendations for welders."

Source: https://www.autowelding.ru/publ/1/1/svarka_potolochnykh_shvov/3-1-0-488

How to weld a fillet weld using electric welding - Metalworker's Handbook

When installing various structures and manufacturing small parts, fillet welding is often necessary. Such a joint differs from the usual connection of two sides into a common plane, and requires prior knowledge and training. Such work is fraught with large defects and time costs. The welder is expected to have special ability to remove slag from the weld pool, otherwise there will be unwelded areas. What are the features of this type of seam and how to weld such joints in different ways?

Types and features

A fillet weld is a fairly common connection between two plates or profile pipes whose sides are less than 180 degrees apart. In metal structures, joints are often used where the sides are set at 90 degrees. This is necessary for uniform load and stability of the structure.

Fillet welds come in different types:

• with edges abutting at the junction;
• with one edge applied to a flat plane (T-shaped);
• overlapping;
• with and without edge cutting.

Fillet weld welding can be done in different spatial positions, which adds complexity to the job. For example, a tricky upside-down T joint is one of the most difficult to make, even for experienced welders. In addition, fillet welds can be welded using a continuous or intermittent method. They also differ in length. Up to 250 mm are considered short, and up to 1000 mm medium.

Difficulties with fillet welds

To be able to weld a fillet weld efficiently, you need to know the main defects when making it. Common problems are:

• Uneven application of weld metal to the sides of the joint. Since the molten iron tends downwards from the electrode and the edges under the influence of gravity, most of the weld ends up on the bottom plate. The upper edge may only melt slightly and such a joint will easily fall apart under load.
• Undercuts. An electric arc “gnaws out” small areas from the surface of the metal. When welding in the down position, this can be controlled and the electrode can be delayed to deposit filler material on the damaged area. But in the case of a corner connection, it is much more difficult to “drive” drops of hot metal onto the side wall. Therefore, the weld has notches on one side.
• Lack of root penetration. Due to inexperience, some welders begin to excessively manipulate the end of the electrode on the sides in order to fill the joint area, but this leads to metal settling on the sides, and complete or partial lack of penetration of the root of the weld.
• Incorrect fillet weld leg. To create high-quality connections, it is important to adapt to the correct electrode speed and select the correct voltage parameters. Too little current and slow passage will result in excessive catheter convexity. This will mean a poor degree of penetration of the base material. High current and rapid advance of the electrode will create a negative leg with a concave shape. Although this structure implies deep penetration of the sides, there is not enough metal on the seam to resist the loads.
• Wrong angle. Weld joints are rarely free-form with respect to the degree of angle. This requires exposure to the correct dimensions. When passing from one side, the attachment plate often “falls” towards the welding, which spoils the quality of the assembly of the structure.

In addition to these features that occur on fillet welds, the connection is also susceptible to other defects. Among them: holes and voids, solid inclusions, cracks at the boundary of the base and filler metals, mixing of the weld shape.

Preparation of the parties

To successfully weld fillet welds, you must not only be aware of defects, but also be able to properly prepare the sides of the joint. When welding plates up to 5 mm, no preliminary measures are required. If the iron is covered with rust, it is cleaned off with a metal brush. After which you can mark, install and weld. A similar method can be used for overlapping joints. Typically two sutures are placed, one on each side, which is sufficient to ensure strength under load.

If the thickness of the sides is more than 5 mm, then one-sided cutting of the edge will be required. A 45-degree bevel on the extension plate will create space for filler material to flow through and strengthen the seam. If it is necessary to weld an element thicker than 10 mm, then double-sided cutting of the edges is carried out. The cone of the plate can be left blunt, with a thickness of 2-3 mm. This will help align the side element more evenly and protect against burns and sagging on the reverse side.

After preparing the edges and installing the parts in place, tacks must be set on both sides. This will prevent distortions and deformations during the seam. Welding must be done alternately on each side. It is not allowed to make several passes from one part and then move on to another. The tacks will not hold such a load and will burst.

Methods for welding corner joints

Fillet welds during welding are fraught with many defects, so it is necessary to remember the reasons for their occurrence and prevent this. Several methods have been developed that make it possible to connect metal parts at a certain angle. Each welder can use them depending on the situation or to identify the best result in his case.

"Boat"

Welding using this method is applicable in the case of small structures that are not fixed to the floor and that can be turned over. This is the most suitable option for beginner welders. The product is placed in a V shape, which resembles a boat, and this is where the name of the method comes from.

The electrode is held vertically with a slight tilt towards itself. Welding is carried out without oscillatory movements, in order to fill the root. After breaking off the slag, the next pass is performed, depending on the thickness of the metal. Subsequent seams may have the end of the electrode manipulated transversely to achieve the desired width. This method allows you to apply the filler metal evenly on both sides and avoid undercuts with lack of fusion.

Down position

Large structures that cannot be tilted to a boat position are welded in the down position. To fill the root of the seam efficiently, the electrode is placed at 45 degrees relative to the shelves and tilted to the right or left. The arc is ignited and the seam is made.

During the first pass there is no need for lateral movements of the electrode. But it is important to regularly make longitudinal jerks with the end to drive away the liquid slag, otherwise it will flow forward and completely obscure the visibility of the weld pool. If the root seam was performed correctly, then subsequent layers can be applied in a crescent motion. It is important to create slight delays with the electrode on the side and move without delay on the bottom side.

Welding fillet welds will be possible if you follow the above tips. The optimal current strength for a metal thickness of 4-6 mm is 250 - 300 A. It is better to carry out work with an electrode with a diameter of 5 mm. Regular practice will help you master this difficult type of joint and become a better welder.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/kak-varit-uglovoy-shov-elektrosvarkoy/

How to weld a ceiling seam correctly

When using this method, the desired result can be achieved by creating an electric arc . When the arc interacts with the metal, a depression appears in the treated area. Molten metal begins to be poured into it, which is the result of combustion of the electrode. As the latter moves along the connected surface, its edges heat up and melt, which leads to the appearance of a single structure with the metal of the electrode.

When performing electric welding of metal products, special attention should be paid to the current used. If you make a mistake in choosing the optimal value, it will be impossible to ensure the stability of the arc, and it will be difficult to weld metal with an electrode that will always stick to the surface being processed.

To select the correct current strength . The type of welding machine used to connect metal products should be taken into account. When operating with an inverter apparatus, the optimal current value will be from 80 to 100 A. If the decision is made to weld metal using a transformer installation, then the current strength should be set in the range of 35-55 A.

Electrode type

It is also necessary to pay attention to the type of electrodes used, with which the metal will have to be welded. Here the chemical structure and structure of the treated surface should be taken into account. They can be divided into several types depending on the metal from which they are made:

Each electrode has its own marking, which, when choosing, allows you to make the right decision. If the connection of metal parts is carried out using an electric welding machine, it is important to remember that when choosing the diameter of the electrodes, you should focus on the thickness of the workpiece that needs to be welded.

Vertical seam welding

Even before you start welding metal, you should understand what kind of seam needs to be created to ensure a high-quality connection of the product.

There are several types of seams:

• connection of flat sheet products.
• vertical seam.
• corner seam.
• tubular connection.

So that when welding metal products, the vertical seam created has a strong and even structure, it is important not to deviate from the process diagram .

This can be achieved provided that the workpieces are securely welded. Welding should be performed by connecting products with tacks along the edges in 3-4 places. A prerequisite for welding a reliable connection is to secure the part with mass using a clamp. To weld metal products efficiently, the electrode must be held at an angle of 70-75 degrees relative to the surface.

You can create a high-quality and reliable vertical seam using electric welding if you perform rotational movements from time to time, due to which the molten metal will be concentrated in the area where the two parts are joined.

In this case, the metal must be welded in such a way that the end of the electrode must be fixed exactly in the center of the seam . The welding work itself should be performed in such a way that the electrode moves vertically, while the metal drops must be connected to each other one after the other.

By acting in this way, you can achieve gradual filling of the gap using liquid electric welding wire.

If you weld the metal at the required angle, this will create favorable conditions for the molten electrode wire to flow evenly. With an increase in the uniformity of its flow, a more even and high-quality seam can be ensured.

After waiting for the surface of the seam to cool after welding, it is necessary to use a hammer to remove the slag from the surface of the part, striking it lightly. The appearance of such a crust is the result of exposure to hot temperature on the product being processed. This completes the work of creating the seam. However, it should be remembered that gaining more experience in welding metal products will allow you to improve your skills in creating a more accurate and high-quality seam.

Having finished welding metal products and removing slag, frozen deposits and scale . It is necessary to carefully examine the resulting compounds. During the control inspection, it is important to pay attention to the presence of metal burns, cracks, craters or pores. If such zones are detected, we can conclude that the welding of metal products was performed poorly.

If, as a result of the examination, it was possible to identify poor-quality seams, you need to begin restoring the seam . until it broke. This is done as follows:

• First, you will need to thoroughly clean all surfaces using a file and a wire brush for this purpose.
• Then they begin directly to repair the surface. Moreover, manipulations should be performed only in those places where there are signs of defects. You should not waste time digesting the entire surface.

When restoring a seam, you should follow safety rules .

• Such work must be carried out with suede gloves, over which rough mittens should be worn.
• The set of protective clothing in which it is necessary to carry out repairs must consist of a welder's mask, tarpaulin boots and canvas overalls.
• It is also necessary to prepare in case of a fire hazard. To do this, there should be a fire extinguisher, sand or a container of water nearby.

If you strictly follow all the above rules for performing welding work, then even in the absence of experience you can create a sufficiently high-quality seam that will not lead to destruction of the connected structure.

Conclusion

Welding metal products requires certain knowledge and skills . Therefore, when creating a connection, you must first find out in what ways this problem can be solved. There are several seams through which metal products can be welded.

It must be remembered that in order to obtain high-quality results, it is necessary to correctly select not only welding equipment, but also electrodes. If you do not have sufficient skills in welding metal products, then you should prepare for the fact that you will have to restore the created seam.

This also requires familiarization with the nuances of performing such work.

Considering that welding equipment runs on mains power, you should take safety precautions . You should prepare all the necessary equipment that will allow you to quickly extinguish the fire if necessary.

Such recommendations are mandatory for every welder, regardless of experience and professionalism.

Only strict adherence to welding technology makes it possible to produce a high-quality connection with a minimum number of attempts.

Source: https://stroyka.ahuman.ru/kak-pravilno-varit-potolochnyj-shov/

Welding ceiling seams: technology features

Welding ceiling seams is quite a serious test even for experienced welders. It’s not for nothing that most specialists prefer to weld with either a horizontal (bottom) or vertical seam. However, during repair work or during the assembly of large metal structures, it is not necessary to choose the type of seam.

Therefore, no matter how much we want it, the need to form a ceiling seam occurs in the working practice of every welder. And in this article we will tell you how to do this difficult job. By following our instructions, you can facilitate and speed up the implementation of this technological task.

Ceiling seam welding technology

Welding a ceiling seam differs from welding a bottom joint in the position of the transverse axis of the electrode. In the ceiling seam the axis is directed downwards, and in the lower seam it is directed upwards. This is where all the problems come from: the slag flows from top to bottom, rushing from the seam to the floor, and the gas component of the flux tends there too.

In addition, the molten filler metal tends to “drip” down the welder’s collar, and gas bubbles “shoot through” the entire weld zone, traveling from the point of boiling of the slag to the root interface.

As a result, welding a ceiling seam turns from a technical operation into a complex trick at the intersection of technology and acrobatics. Moreover, the seam is welded using a “short” arc, risking its breakage or “sticking” of the electrode in the section.

In addition, a horizontal ceiling seam is welded only with manual machines, and a semi-ceiling seam, deviating from the vertical by an angle of up to 80 degrees, can be welded both manually and semi-automatically.

Welding seams in the ceiling position: characteristics and recommendations

The quality of an ordinary (floor) weld depends on many characteristics of the welding process. And in the case of the formation of a ceiling seam, this dependence increases by several orders of magnitude. Therefore, further in the text we will consider the characteristics of the welding process that have the maximum impact on the process of formation of the ceiling seam and its quality.

These characteristics include the following parameters:

• The strength of the welding current - it should be selected very carefully - it should be less than the parameter used when forming the bottom seam and more than the parameter used when forming the vertical seam.
• The diameter of the electrodes should not be more than four millimeters. Moreover, the optimal value of this parameter is 3-4 millimeters.
• Electrode location - relative to the axis of the surfacing bead, the rod should be positioned at an angle of 80-90 degrees. In this case, the projection of the electrode axis must coincide with the axis of the surfacing bead. And to obtain a concave surfacing surface, the electrode must be positioned at an angle forward.
• The direction of movement of the electrode should be along the seam, without transverse displacements, in the direction “towards you”. This movement pattern makes it easier to control the arc length.
• The width of the seam - it should not exceed 2-3 diameters of the electrode. Otherwise, the risk of drips will increase, and bulges will appear on the seam profile.

Butt welding - the process of forming a ceiling seam

Welding the ceiling seam of pipes or beams involves joining the workpieces not only along the center line, but also end-to-end (end to end).

Moreover, such a compound is brewed using a special technique, which involves the following sequence of actions:

• Firstly, the parts are grabbed to each other by a root bead formed by a three-millimeter electrode at a current strength greater than the minimum permissible, but less than the average value.
• Secondly, the second bead of seam is applied in a ladder (from edge to edge to the next edge), using a three-millimeter electrode, at a current above the average and below the maximum permissible force.
• Thirdly, subsequent seam beads are applied using the same ladder, using a four-millimeter electrode, using a medium-power current.

The number of subsequent rollers should reduce the gap in the groove to 1-1.5 millimeters, which are filled with face surfacing, a two-millimeter electrode, using the “arc forward” technique, in one pass. Given the width of the “face” section, it is filled with a “ladder” in several passes.

This technique guarantees maximum strength and external beauty of the ceiling seam.

Source: https://steelguide.ru/svarka/svarka-potolochnogo-shva.html

How to weld vertical and ceiling seams yourself

When performing repair work, craftsmen are often faced with the need to connect various metal structures or their fragments. Of all the known methods, electric welding is the most popular, because in a short time it is possible to achieve the desired result. But this happens with professionals, so beginners are advised to carefully prepare for work.

This means learning how the machine works, what amperage to use, and what type of electrodes is needed in a particular situation. The choice is made based on the chemical structure of the consumables and the type of surface being treated. The markings, which are unique for each element, will help you choose the appropriate consumables.

When electric welding, the electrode is also selected based on the thickness of the parts that need to be connected.

During welding, the master may encounter a situation where the structure being connected is in different planes. Welding vertical seams, as well as those located at an angle or ceiling, is complicated due to the simple laws of physics. To connect the parts, a special alloy is poured, which is subject to the law of gravity, so it immediately goes down.

Features of vertical welding

Welding is convenient because the technology can be used to join any materials other than metal. Specialists connect structures made of glass, plastic and ceramics.

How the scar will be located depends on the spatial arrangement of the edges of the connected structures. Some types of work are quite simple even for beginners. For example, the connection is in the down position.

Even a home master without much experience can handle it. But for other types, certain knowledge and experience will be required.

If welding of a vertical seam is required, then it is necessary to take into account the type of connection and the thickness of the elements. Based on these parameters, the metal is prepared. The finished structures are fixed in a position convenient for work and secured with small stitches so that they do not move.

Vertical seams are made using two methods: from bottom to top or in the opposite direction. But in any situation, welding technology differs in certain nuances. When metal is boiled, liquid drops are formed that constantly tend downward to the ground. This phenomenon complicates the formation of the seam.

Therefore, you should adhere to the following rules:

• the alloy should harden faster than usual. This is possible if its drops are of minimal size. It will be possible to achieve the desired effect when the master reduces the length of the electric arc and directs the electrode with short movements up and to the side;
• To get high-quality vertical seams you need to work from the bottom to the top. In this case, the surfaces to be connected are raised in an arc.

It is necessary to carry out welding without allowing slagging, which can occur due to improper preparation of structures. The cavity between the two structures becomes clogged when the seam lies unevenly.

Location of seams in space

The technique of welding vertical seams involves reducing the current strength by 10-15%, which will reduce the volume of molten metal. Experienced professionals strongly advise moving the electrode quickly to ensure a high-quality scar.

It is also recommended to perform welding with a short arc, that is, bring the electrode as close as possible to the surface being processed. Then the metal quickly transforms into a different state.

Top down

When a vertical seam is welded using electric welding from top to bottom, the electrode must be positioned perpendicular to the structure. After ignition, without changing position, the metal is heated. After which the electrode is lowered and welding is performed in this position. The liquid bath should be located in front of the connecting apparatus, so that drops will not fall down.

Vertical electrode welding is not popular because it is inconvenient and requires the master to constantly monitor the vertical alloy. But if you apply patience and work, you can achieve your goal.

Down up

When thinking about how to properly weld a vertical seam using electric welding, you should consider several points. The work begins with preparing the metal. First, the edges are cut and joined with “tacks.” Then, under the influence of the apparatus, the parts will not budge.

When preparing, be sure to take into account the type of connection and the thickness of both structures. By working vertically, it is possible to create a high-quality connection point. Indeed, in this case, the heat from the apparatus pushes the molten material upward, preventing it from descending.

To achieve this, the electrode must be located almost close to the surfaces being processed. If the quality of the consumable material allows it and it does not stick, then craftsmen prefer to even touch the parts with it.

Creating a ceiling seam

Welding ceiling seams can be confusing for inexperienced professionals, since the work is performed from an awkward position. Drops of hot material can fall from the ceiling directly onto the floor or the technician’s helmet. In this case, the electrode is located perpendicular to the surface being treated.

The specialist makes circular or vertical movements with it at low speed to improve welding. In such cases, the electric arc is short, otherwise undercuts may form.

The welding seam is formed according to the principle described above, that is, the material must harden as quickly as possible. Therefore, for this type of work, electrodes with a very refractory coating are used. The ceiling connection takes more effort and attention, so you shouldn’t start learning about welding with it. Even with an inverter, this vertical connection of structures should be resorted to in extreme cases, if it is not possible to arrange the parts differently.

Movement of electrodes during passes

In a vertical position, the working part of the device is perpendicular to the surface being treated. As soon as it melts slightly and the first drops form, it is tilted down and the edges continue to melt at the same time. The tool is gradually moved forward and a short arc is formed, which, thanks to the tip, prevents metal drops from flowing down.

During electric arc welding, the tool moves the molten masses to the side and down. Thanks to this, an even and strong connection is gradually formed. When the connection of structures occurs from bottom to top or top to bottom, craftsmen impart transverse oscillatory movements to the electrode. At the same time, they choose a path where movement would occur without overheating and long delays in one place.

When parts are connected from top to bottom, it is necessary to reduce the size of the liquid metal droplets. Therefore, preference is given to the electrode with the smallest diameter. During the welding process, turning the electrode contributes to the formation of a high-quality seam, as does correctly maintaining the distance from the tip of the device to the surface and gradually increasing/decreasing the arc.

A distance that is too long will result in oxidation and nitriding of the molten material and the formation of droplets splashing around. In addition, the structure of the junction will be porous. The correct distance from the surface to the device guarantees a beautiful, even, high-quality joint.

To do this, the electrode must be moved in 3 main directions - translational, longitudinal and transverse. If you choose the correct lateral movement, the connection will be the required width. All movements are performed alternately by connecting two parts into one large one, and together they form a complex trajectory.

Finishing

Almost all products that have been connected using electrodes require final processing. Since alloy splashes, scale and even slag may remain on the working surface. All this should be removed so that the connected parts can be used for their intended purpose.

In some cases, it becomes necessary to level the convex surface of the seam. To give an attractive look to the connected part, the craftsman should take a hammer and chisel. It is these tools that remove metal splashes, scale and slag. The hammer should be struck lightly.

Then an angle grinder is used to level the joint. What grit size to choose for an abrasive wheel depends on how smooth the surface being treated should be.

After removing protrusions and frozen drops and scales from the structures, it is necessary once again to thoroughly inspect the resulting structure. During the control inspection, pay attention to metal burns, cracks and other defects. If they are found, then the work was performed in bad faith. To correct deficiencies, it is necessary to eliminate them near the junction before the final break of the connected parts occurs.

To do this, the surface is cleaned using suitable tools. Only after this do they move on to updating the connected structures. In this case, all manipulations should be performed only in those places where defects are present. Therefore, you will be able to save time and not have to redo all the work again.

Safety during work

Welding work is quite dangerous, especially for beginners who do not understand the nuances and peculiarities of the matter. Therefore, when something needs to be welded, any structures made of different metals, you should think about your own safety and those around you. They say that the vertical process is carried out in special gloves, over which rough mittens are put on.

The master must be dressed in protective clothing, consisting of a helmet and special shoes with a robe. Considering the fire hazard of welding, you need to stock up on available means to extinguish a fire, such as a fire extinguisher or a box of sand. Keeping these simple rules in mind, a beginner will not harm himself, and will also qualitatively connect two parts into one.

Source: https://oxmetall.ru/svarka/vertikalnye-i-potolochnye-shvy

How to weld seams correctly: vertical, horizontal, ceiling

Electric welding technology is based on the principle of melting metal through an electric arc that occurs between the workpiece and the electrode. The temperature of the arc melts the metal in the welding zone, which allows the metals to be joined through a weld. For different metals and types of joints, certain welding modes are provided, differing from each other in the technique of working, the position and speed of the electrode, and the amplitude of its movement.

Below we will consider the main methods for creating correct welds that ensure reliability and quality of the connection.

Types of welded joints

The classification of welded joints is quite extensive; they differ in the type and type of welding of parts.

Depending on the type of connection, welds can be single-sided or double-sided. The choice in favor of one or another type of connection is made depending on the technical parameters of the product being welded. As a rule, the most critical structures are welded using a double-sided seam, which ensures greater reliability of the connection.

Based on the type of connection, welds are divided into the following:

• butt
• T-bar
• corner
• overlap

Butt joints

This type of connection is quite often used for welding sheet metal structures and pipelines. A gap of 1-2 mm is established between the workpieces to be welded, and they themselves are fixed as rigidly as possible to avoid displacement. During the welding process, the gap is filled with molten metal.

Metal sheets up to 4 mm thick are welded with a one-sided seam without pre-treatment, with the exception of mandatory cleaning from corrosion.

When joining products with a thickness of over 4 mm, both one-sided and two-sided seams can be used. In these cases, preliminary cutting of the edges in the welding zone is carried out.

Butt welding of workpieces with a thickness of over 12 mm requires a mandatory double-sided weld, since one-sided welding cannot melt such a layer of metal. In this case, it is necessary to pre-cut the edges on both sides. If the design features of the workpiece do not allow for double-sided cutting of the edges, the seam is welded in several passes, filled with a multilayer weld.

Overlap welding

The overlap joint is suitable for welding metal workpieces up to 8 mm thick. When using this type of connection, welding is carried out on both sides to prevent moisture from entering and causing corrosion between the sheets.

To obtain a high-quality seam when overlapping welding, the electrode must be at an angle of 15 to 45 degrees to the working surface. If you deviate from these values, a significant part of the melt spreads away from the joint, which significantly reduces the strength of the joint.

Corner and T-joints

The operating technology for these types of connections is largely similar. T-joints in cross-section are similar to the letter T, and corner joints are similar to the letter G.

Depending on the thickness of the metal, T-joints can be welded in one or two seams, with or without preliminary cutting.

The requirements for welding fillet welds are the same as in the case of T-welds, since, in fact, the fillet weld is considered as part of the T-weld.

For a high-quality connection of corner or T-elements, the planes to be welded should be positioned at the same angle. It is optimal to weld them “into a boat”. When connecting parts of different thicknesses, the angle of inclination towards the thicker workpiece should be about 60 degrees. In this position, most of the heating will occur on the thick part, which will avoid through burning of the thin metal.

Spatial position of welds

In addition to the above types of connections, welds also differ in their spatial location.

The simplest and most comfortable for the welder is to work with connections created in the lower position. In this case, it is enough to simply control the direction of the seam and avoid spreading of the molten mass. As a rule, even a welder who does not have much experience and qualifications can handle seams welded in the lower position without much difficulty.

Other spatial positions of welds, such as vertical, horizontal and overhead, require certain technical training and sufficient qualifications. For high-quality welding of vertical, horizontal and ceiling seams, it is necessary to comply with the technological standards prescribed for a particular type of welding.

How to weld a vertical seam correctly?

The difficulty of welding workpieces in a vertical position lies in the fact that the melt flows down under the influence of gravity without filling the seam. To avoid this, it is necessary to keep the end of the electrode closer to the weld pool, using a short arc. When working with some brands of electrodes, they can be supported on the part being welded.

Preliminary preparation of the edges of the elements to be welded should be carried out depending on the type of connection and the thickness of the parts. Next, the workpieces are fixed in the required position with tack welds that prevent the elements from moving.

A vertical seam can be welded correctly either from the bottom up or vice versa . A better quality seam is obtained by moving the electrode from bottom to top. Welding a seam from top to bottom requires careful monitoring of the weld pool, however, experienced welders using this work pattern can get good results.

For novice welders, when connecting vertical seams, welding with arc separation is acceptable. This method is simpler, since when the arc is torn off, the metal cools down without having time to flow down. The electrode movement pattern is standard - from side to side in loops or from bottom to top.

How to weld a horizontal seam correctly?

The technological regulations for this type of welded joint are in many ways similar to the previous one. To prevent the molten metal from flowing down, it is recommended to increase the speed of movement of the electrode, which reduces heating of the metal. In addition, you can briefly tear off the arc, allowing the metal to cool. Another method is to slightly reduce the welding current. To obtain a high-quality seam, one of the indicated methods should be used.

How to weld a ceiling seam correctly?

This type of welded joints is considered the most complex and requires high qualifications and skill of the performer. In order to properly weld a ceiling seam using electric welding, constant monitoring of the weld pool is necessary. When creating a joint, the welding electrode is held at right angles to the workpiece, creating a short but constant arc. The recommended pattern for guiding the electrode is circular movements, expanding the seam area.

Finishing of welds

As a rule, most welded joints require post-processing to remove splashed melt, scale, and slag. In addition, there is often a need to level the convex surface of the seam.

When cleaning a seam, first of all, using a hammer and chisel, splashes, scale and slag are removed from the surface of the seam. Next, if necessary, the seam is leveled using an angle grinder. The grain size of the abrasive wheel is selected depending on the required level of seam smoothness.

In some cases, the weld is coated with a thin layer of molten tin.

Traditional ceiling lighting is a chandelier in the middle of the room, but now there are various options for suspended ceilings.

Source: https://svarkagid.com/kak-pravilno-varit-shvy-vertikalnye-gorizontalnye/

How to weld a vertical seam using arc welding

Welds are classified according to many parameters. The main characterizing features are the type of connection and position in space. Based on the type of connection, they are divided into butt and corner.

They can be located in space strictly horizontally (lower), vertically or at an angle to the horizon. Welding the bottom seam is the simplest. In this mode, it is easiest to control the condition of the weld pool, and therefore the quality of the connection.

When making other seams, including vertical ones, a certain skill is required and it is necessary to know the methods of welding metals and their alloys in one position or another.

Electroslag method

Electroslag welding can be used to weld parts of almost any thickness. The connection occurs in one pass, regardless of the thickness of the metal. This is its functional feature.

Moreover, welding vertical seams with this method works best, again due to the principle of the method used. Thanks to single-pass welding, energy and consumables are saved, and productivity increases by an order of magnitude. Welding of vertical joints of tanks is of high quality.

During electroslag welding, in the area between the edges of the joints of the workpieces and the copper plates, a bath of liquid slag appears. The welding process can be described as follows:

• after immersing the electrode in the slag bath, the welding current passes through it and heats it to such a temperature that the edges of the parts and the electrode itself begin to melt;
• the melt forms a weld pool, after cooling which crystallizes and forms a welded joint;
• As the seam cools, the electrode with copper plates, forming a closed area of ​​the weld pool, rises.

Thus, vertical welding of seams of any thickness is carried out in one pass. Liquid slag, as a lighter component, is always on top, protecting the seam from exposure to atmospheric oxygen. After completing the welding process, the cooled slag is tapped with a hammer and removed.

Electric arc method

Before any welding begins, the areas to be joined must be prepared. Depending on the thickness of the metal and the type of connection, it is prepared and the edges of the parts are cut in accordance with the requirements of the standards.

Then they are secured using special clamps or other devices. To prevent temperature deformations, parts are welded to each other at a certain distance with transverse seams, so-called tack welds.

They provide reliable fixation of products relative to each other.

When welding vertical joints of products using electric arc welding, the molten metal moves downward under the influence of gravity. The transition of the liquid alloy electrode into the weld pool occurs by droplets.

To ensure that the drops do not come off but flow smoothly, a short electric arc is used. Sometimes, it is even possible to touch the end of the electrode to the workpiece being welded to prevent it from sticking to the workpiece.

A vertical seam is welded in two ways: top-down or bottom-up.

Down up

With bottom-up technology, the weld pool is initially located at the bottom. Molten metal enters it from above. To prevent liquid metal from spilling, the welding electrode is installed at an angle to the plane of the vertical weld.

Its melting end is located above the other end, fixed in the holder. Thus, it kind of supports the weld pool and prevents the metal from splashing.

The lower layers will crystallize and become a kind of stand for the new bath. This is how the manual arc method of creating a vertical seam is carried out.

With any method, it is necessary to maintain the welding current so that the crystallization of the pool occurs faster than the melting of the electrode and edges. This is achieved through a short arc and the formation of small drops of liquid metal.

Use of a semi-automatic device

Welding of vertical seams using a semi-automatic device or an inverter machine is carried out using several welding technologies. The choice of method depends on the thickness of the walls of the products, the gap between the joints, and the shape of the edges.

Triangular trajectory

Triangle welding technology is used if it is necessary to connect products up to 2 mm thick. This method requires the greatest dulling of edges.

The technology can be used when welding fillet welds in a vertical position or tanks. Welding is carried out from the bottom up, so the molten metal is located on top of the cooled alloy.

The flowing slag does not interfere with the penetration of the edges, since it flows down the hardened metal. First, a shelf is formed at the bottom of the joint. By moving the electrode to one of the edges, the edges are melted and the weld pool is filled.

The electrode is then moved to the other edge and the process is repeated. The shape of the bathtub looks like a triangle, hence the name of the technology. The recommended electrode thickness is 3 mm at a welding current of 80-100 amperes .

Trajectory in the form of a Christmas tree and a ladder

When welding products with a gap of 2-3 mm, the herringbone technology helps. In this method, it is necessary to use complex movements with the end of the electrode.

The process of welding a vertical seam begins from one of the edges, from the depth of the gap.

The electrode seems to be pulled out from the thickness of the metal, while fusing the metal onto the plane of the edge. Then it again returns deep into the future seam, and surfacing is carried out on the other side of the gap.

Gradually, the vertical gap is filled, forming a strong connection. The process is repeated until the entire gap is filled with molten metal. the task is to prevent the formation of excessive penetration of the edges and the appearance of metal leaks.

The movements are zigzag, with a brief stop at the edges for metal penetration. The technology allows welding products up to four millimeters thick.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/kak-varit-vertikalnyy-shov-dugovoy-svarkoy/

How to weld vertical and horizontal seams using electric welding: analysis of methods + instructions - Engineer's Advice

Electric welding involves the application of an electric arc to the metal being processed. It is formed between the product and the used electrode made of conductive material.

Too high a temperature causes the metal to melt, due to which the individual parts are connected. The connection point is usually called a weld.

To change its indicators, the technical parameters of welding are changed, for example, the amplitude and speed of movement. The features of vertical welding should be considered in more detail.

How to cook a vertical seam

How to weld a vertical seam?

There are quite a few rules that, if followed, can improve the quality of the resulting seam. It is quite difficult to exclude the possibility of dripping of hot metal drops.

The main recommendations include the following points:

1. The electric arc must be extremely short. A long one can cause the alloy to spread out as it flows under the influence of gravity.
2. At the time of arson, the working part is placed exclusively perpendicular to the surface being treated. It is important that it is positioned perpendicular to both surfaces being processed, which ensures high quality processing.
3. When working, it is recommended to tilt the electrode slightly downwards. By maintaining an acute angle, it is possible to retain the hot metal, preventing it from flowing down.
4. In some cases, it is impossible to eliminate the possibility of metal dripping. Then it is recommended to increase the current strength and speed up the movement of the working part. However, when increasing this indicator, you need to be careful, as this leads to an increase in the arc. In addition, it is recommended to increase the width of the seam by moving the tool from side to side.

Vertical welding methods

The above technology is much simpler to implement if we compare the option of conducting the electrode from the bottom up.

Semi-automatic vertical seam

The quality of the weld seam determines how strong the resulting structure will be and what load it will be designed for. In addition, in some cases it is important to maintain an attractive aesthetic appearance.

The most problems arise with the creation of a vertical weld, as the metal flows out of the pool. A fairly common question is how to weld a vertical seam.

Among the features we note the following points:

1. The material is prepared depending on what kind of work will be carried out. The thickness of the material and the degree of machinability are taken into account.
2. A short arc with an average operating current is selected.
3. The rod with a special coating is located at an angle of 80 degrees relative to the surface being treated.
4. When creating a vertical seam, it is recommended to manipulate the rod across the entire width of the bead being formed.

Semi-automatic welding

A high-quality vertical seam can be obtained by welding with the arc separated from the surface. For novice welders, this method is more suitable, as it is easier to perform.

This is due to the fact that at the moment the arc breaks off, the metal can cool down. However, there is a significant drawback - the performance indicator decreases.

Among the features of the application of this method associated with the separation of the rod from the surface, we mention the following points:

1. When welding, the tip can be rested on the shelf of the weld crater.
2. The pattern of movement of the working part from side to side, due to which the entire vertical seam is covered. In addition, you can use a loop pattern or a short roller when moving the working part from top to bottom.
3. The set current strength largely determines the shape of the seam and its main parameters. In general, it is recommended to reduce the value by 5 A from the usual value for a particular alloy thickness

It is worth considering that the main parameters of the work being carried out are chosen experimentally in almost all cases. That is why the welder’s skills largely determine the quality of the connection and its reliability.

The seams created by an electric inverter have a fairly broad classification. When determining the main parameters, the type of parts being connected is taken into account. When considering how to properly weld a vertical seam using electric welding, you need to take into account their features. The most common types of connections are:

1. Butt.
2. Tavrovoe.
3. Overlapping.
4. Angular.

Creating a seam with an electrode

It is worth considering that to ensure a stable arc, it is necessary to clean the surface from a wide variety of contaminants.

That is why welding of a vertical seam is carried out with careful preparation of the surface. The technologies used make it possible to obtain a high-quality seam only with the correct choice of electrode thickness. It should be slightly smaller than the width of the seam, since to eliminate the possibility of the alloy running off, it is recommended to move the rod from side to side.

Top down technique

Moving the electrode from top to bottom can only be used to weld when using an electrode that produces a thin layer of slag. Among the features of this process, we note the following points:

1. By using such a rod in the weld pool, the material hardens faster. In this case, the molten material does not flow down.
2. It is recommended to use plastic and cellulose coated electrodes. An example is the LNO-9 and VSC-2 brands.
3. This technology is characterized by high productivity. That is why, if there is a need to increase labor productivity, then the technology in question is chosen.

Vertical seam from top to bottom

This technique is not suitable for beginner welders, as it is difficult to prevent the alloy from dripping.

Bottom-up technique

This technology is extremely common. It is characterized by the following features:

1. At the beginning of work, the welding machine rod is placed perpendicular to the surface being processed.
2. As soon as the arc has been excited and the first drops have formed, it is recommended to tilt the electrode slightly.
3. A short arc is supported by the end of the rod and the drops are collected a little, and when it is withdrawn briefly, time is given for the molten material to cool and crystallize.
4. Transverse oscillatory movements can be reported. This eliminates the possibility of a long delay of the heat source at one point.

Vertical seam from bottom to top

This technique allows you to get a high-quality seam. However, it is characterized by low productivity, since it is necessary to allow the drops to cool from time to time.

Principles of vertical welding

There are several other common technologies that can be used to produce a seam. Among them we note:

1. Triangle technology is suitable for cases where the metal thickness is no more than 2 mm. It should be carried out only after the edges that will be joined have been blunted. The shape of the resulting bathtub resembles a triangle. For this technology, it is recommended to choose an electrode with a diameter of 3 mm. The current strength should be no more than 100 Amperes.
2. The herringbone is used extremely rarely, as it is suitable for a base with a thickness of 2-3 mm. It involves chaotic and complex movement of the arc.
3. The ladder is used when it is necessary to create the widest possible seam, the edges are minimally blunted. Among the features of this technology, it can be noted that the rod must quickly move from one edge to another with minimal vertical movement. There is no need to hold the tool on the edge for a long time, after which it is quickly transferred to the opposite side. A ladder is used when the thickness of the alloy is 4 mm.

Vertical welding is easier when using a modern welding inverter, which allows you to adjust the main parameters with high accuracy.

Conditions for a high-quality vertical seam

Almost all novice specialists are not familiar with the basic conditions for obtaining a high-quality vertical seam. In addition, it must be characterized by high strength, be made with high quality and have an aesthetic appearance.

There are several main mistakes that are made when carrying out such work:

1. At the time of arson, the rod must be in a perpendicular state. If there is an angle, the arc may be unstable.
2. The shorter the arc length, the faster the material crystallizes. This reduces the risk of leaks. However, many do not follow this recommendation, since a small arc reduces the performance indicator.
3. The rod is tilted to reduce the likelihood of smudges, but maintaining an acute angle is quite difficult.
4. If a leak appears, it is recommended to increase the current and the width of the seam. Due to this, the process of crystallization of the substance can be significantly accelerated.

To obtain a compound with a high quality index, you need to pay attention to the preparatory stage. An example is the removal of dust and dirt, paint and oil residues, and rust. In some cases, spot welding is carried out, due to which the risk of drips is reduced several times.

High-quality vertical seam

In conclusion, we note that the quality of the weld depends on a fairly large number of parameters. An example is the skill of the welder or the characteristics of the materials being joined. Depending on some of the above parameters, the most suitable technology is selected.

, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.

Source: https://sovingener.ru/kak-varit-vertikalnyj-i-gorizontalnyj-shvy-elektrosvarkoj-razbor-sposobov-instrukcii.html

How to weld fillet welds with an electrode?

When installing various structures and manufacturing small parts, fillet welding is often necessary. Such a joint differs from the usual connection of two sides into a common plane, and requires prior knowledge and training. Such work is fraught with large defects and time costs. The welder is expected to have special ability to remove slag from the weld pool, otherwise there will be unwelded areas. What are the features of this type of seam and how to weld such joints in different ways?