Electrode calcination modes
| Electrode brand | Laying modes | |
| Temperature, °C | Duration, h | |
| TsL-39, TML-1U, TsU-2ХМ, TML-ZU, TsL-20, TsL-45. | 380 ± 20 | 2,0+ 0,5 |
| EA-400/10U, EA-400/10T, TsT-26, TsT-26M, TsT-15, TsT-15K. | 220 ± 20 | 1,0 + 0,5 |
Note: Electrodes can be calcined no more than three times. If the electrodes after three calcinations have shown unsatisfactory welding and technological properties, then their use for welding work performed in accordance with this RD is prohibited.
4.12. Coated electrodes after calcination should be stored in closed bags made of waterproof fabric (polyethylene film) or in closed containers with a lid with a rubber seal or in drying cabinets at a temperature of at least 50 ° C, or in storerooms at a temperature not lower than 18 ° C and a relative humidity of not more than 50% . Shelf life - according to table. 3.3 RD 558-97.
4.13. Electrodes are issued in the quantity necessary for one-shift work of each welder, unless more stringent requirements are specified. When issuing, the brand of electrodes must be checked by labels or tags and by the color of the end.
Electrodes at the welder’s workplace should be in a portable pencil box or thermos with a capacity for one or two packs of electrodes and protected from the ingress of water, dirt, oil products, and sources of fire.
4.14. The procedure for recording, storing, issuing and returning welding materials is established by the instructions of the production organization, taking into account these requirements.
4.15. For manual argon arc welding, as a non-consumable electrode, electrodes should be used from tungsten grades EVL, EVI-1, EVI-2, EVI-3, EVT-15 according to GOST 23949-80, lanthanum tungsten grade VL according to TU 48-19-27-77 or yttriated tungsten grade SVI-1 according to TU 48-19-221-83 with a diameter of 2-4 mm.
4.16. For argon arc welding, argon of the highest and first grades with physical and chemical indicators in accordance with GOST 10157-79 should be used as a shielding gas. It is allowed to use gaseous and liquid argon. Gas flow rate meters should be checked in accordance with GOST 8122-74.
4.17. Recommended welding equipment is given in Appendix 6.
5. Welding technology certification
5.1. Certification of welding technology is carried out in accordance with RD 558-97.
5.2. Certification of welding technology is carried out for each group of similar welded joints. The definition of the concept of uniformity is given in clause 2.2 of this RD.
5.3. The results of mechanical tests must meet the requirements given in table. 4
Table4
Quality criteria for mechanical testing of welded joints
| Type of test | Quality criteria | |
| Heat-resistant steels | High alloy steels | |
| 1. Tensile, sample type VII, VIII GOST 6996-66 | Equal strength to base metal | |
| 2. Static bending (with the root of the seam outward, inward, on the edge) type of samples XVII, XVIII GOST 6996-66 | Bend angle 50° at 20 mm, 40 at > 20 mm | Bend angle 100° |
| 3. Flattening (for Dy pipes |
Source: https://studfile.net/preview/2201279/page:4/
Putin promised veterans 75 thousand rubles for the 75th anniversary of the Victory
MOSCOW, January 18 – RIA Novosti. President Vladimir Putin told what payments veterans of the Great Patriotic War and home front workers will receive in honor of the 75th anniversary of the Victory.
Usually, on the anniversary of the Victory, one-time payments amount to ten thousand rubles to veterans and five thousand rubles to home front workers, the head of state recalled at a meeting with veterans and representatives of public patriotic organizations in St. Petersburg.
But this year the payments will be associated with the 75th anniversary of the Victory, the president explained.
“We will allocate seventy-five thousand rubles to veterans of the Great Patriotic War and all categories equivalent to them, and 50 thousand each to home front workers,” Putin said.
He added that he considered the decision justified and expressed hope that in preparation for the celebration, a series of events to support veterans would be held across the country. In addition, the head of state is counting on the help of volunteers.
The truth about the war is being hushed up
During the meeting with veterans, the head of state also touched upon the issue of rewriting the history of the war abroad.
According to him, when in other countries propaganda distorting the truth about the war reaches the state level, it is difficult to resist.
“We must counter this with our focused work. That’s what we will do,” the Russian leader emphasized.
Putin promised that a center for archival documents about the Second World War would open in Russia. This will make it possible to “silence” those who rewrite history, the president is sure.
Day of breaking the siege of Leningrad
Today in Russia they celebrate the Day of Breaking the Siege of Leningrad. Putin laid flowers at the “Mother Motherland” monument at the Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery and at the “Boundary Stone” monument on the Nevsky Patch, and also presented the first medals “75 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” to four veterans.
“This medal will be awarded to all participants and veterans of the Great Patriotic War,” the head of state promised.
Putin noted the importance of breaking the blockade both for the residents of Leningrad and for the entire country. The president pointed out that the city suffered from the blockade “like no one else suffered, even at the most difficult points of the confrontation.”
Earlier, Putin called for eliminating a formal approach when organizing festive events in honor of the 75th anniversary of the victory. And in his message to the Federal Assembly, the head of state emphasized the importance of the upcoming anniversary. He noted that for Russia, Victory Day is the greatest and holiest holiday, and called for defending the truth about the Victory and resisting attempts to change history.
Source: https://ria.ru/20200118/1563584016.html
Calcination of electrodes before welding (drying): log, is it necessary, calcination time, how many times can it be
On this page we will consider in detail and from all sides the calcination (or drying, as they are also called) of coated welding electrodes. What is it for?
Calcination of electrodes before welding: purpose
Calcination of welding electrodes is one of the stages of heat treatment. The purpose of this process is to reduce the liquid content of the coating materials. The presence of moisture can negatively affect the work: poor ignition of the electrode, its sticking, and shedding of the layer.
However, there are other reasons: long-term storage, unpacking a new pack (the technician most often does not know under what conditions the electrodes were kept), and during operation signs of the presence of liquid are detected. The calcination procedure helps to achieve better results and has a positive effect on the quality of the finished product.
Welding slag on a seam made with a raw electrode
How many times can you ignite
It is also worth noting that although calcination is an important and sometimes mandatory process, you should not carry out this procedure often - no more than three times after factory calcination. Otherwise, there is a possibility that the coating will lag behind the rod.
Recommendation! A small number of electrodes should be calcined. It is not recommended to process materials in reserve. Unused materials will have to be dried again.
Drying electrodes: calcination time
Different types must be calcined at different temperatures. Each package of welding materials is supplied with instructions indicating the temperature and duration of drying and calcination.
Calcination modes
The calcination mode is set depending on the coating and is indicated on the labels for the electrodes, in passports and catalogs. The welder must strictly comply with all calcination requirements. Otherwise, the materials will be under-dried or over-dried, which will negatively affect the quality of the weld. It should be noted that the modes of the first (factory) calcination and subsequent ones performed by the welder differ .
Calcination requirements
The main indicators during calcination are the following parameters: the need for a drying procedure, its modes and the number of calcinations.
Lack of heat treatment can lead to increased consumption of materials, poor-quality seams, loss of time, and sometimes to redoing the entire job. Therefore, if there is uncertainty about the conditions and duration of storage of the electrodes or there is moisture in the coating, then calcination must be carried out .
- The optimal drying mode for materials is indicated on the packaging or in the technical documentation.
- The electrodes are factory calcined, so they can be processed again no more than three times.
More details about the calcination process in a separate article.
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Electrode calcination log
The calcination log is an official regulatory document that records all processes of preparing welding materials.
The information is presented in the form of a table, which includes several sections: calcination date; calcination serial number; type of electrodes; mass of calcined material, kg; calcination temperature; time of processing; responsible for calcination; person performing control.
The journal is kept in one copy, laced, numbered, sealed and certified by the signature of the person responsible for office work at the facility.
The magazine can be purchased at a printing house for a fee or you can view a sample document on the Internet.
Equipment for calcining electrodes
There are several types of calcination equipment.
Furnaces
1. A stationary furnace is a metal cabinet with special trays for electrodes. To maintain the required temperature, the walls are lined with heat-insulating materials. It is equipped with a thermostat with a temperature limit from 60 to 500 degrees. This guarantees uniform heating and maintaining the set temperature throughout the processing of materials.
Examples of budget models of calcination furnaces: EPSE-10/400 “NOVEL”, PSPE-40/400 ZSO “Ten and K plus”.
A small video that clearly demonstrates the PSPE-40/400 oven.
More about stoves on this page.
Pencil cases
2. Welding work is often carried out outdoors. To warm up the electrodes outdoors, pencil cases have been created: they are sealed, have thermal insulation, and facilitate long-term storage of the electrodes in a dry state. There are two types of pencil cases, depending on the type of design: thermos pencil cases and thermal pencil cases .
They do not heat, but only maintain in a dry and, if necessary, heated state. [ads-pc-3][ads-mob-3]
Thermal cases
Thermos cases are compact in size, have a heat-insulating internal coating, and are equipped with heating elements and a thermostat. All these advantages allow calcination to be carried out directly on site.
Examples of the most popular models of pencil case thermoses: P-5 “BRIMA”, PT-5 “BARS”.
Thermal cases perform two functions :
- – creating a certain temperature level for storing electrodes;
- – heating of materials.
Thermal pencil case is a design in the form of a small box with a door, the average weight is approximately three kilograms. Inside there is a special thermal device, which is finished with a layer of insulation. The temperature that the thermal pen can produce varies in the range from 0 to 120 degrees.
Thermal containers
Thermal containers have two types of connection: to an outlet and to a welding transformer.
Examples of thermal cases models from trusted manufacturers: DS5 ESAB, TM 5/150 “BRIMA”.
Find out more about pencil cases in this article.
Cabinets
3. The cabinets are of durable construction and have similar functions to thermal cases: storage and calcination. The housing is reliably insulated, which prevents heat loss. Cabinets can also be equipped (depending on the model) with an electronic control unit, thermometer, thermostat, and signal light.
Examples of calcination cabinet models: PK 410 ESAB, ShP-0.4-60 NPP “Teplopribor”.
These devices are designed for industrial calcination of welding materials. There are also several “folk” methods, that is, without the use of special equipment. However, you should resort to drying electrodes at home only if there are several reasons:
- the subsequent welding process will be of a domestic nature;
- the work being carried out will not require a particularly serious approach;
- The master does not place high demands on the quality of the finished product.
“Home Equipment”
- At home, calcination can be done in a gas or electric oven. However, the second option allows you to get a better result, since the gas contains a certain amount of water and in no case should the treatment be carried out over an open fire.
- 2In winter, you can dry the electrodes on a hot radiator. It is necessary to leave the rods on the battery for 2-3 days.
This treatment will be quite sufficient for household welding (according to many craftsmen) . For critical structures, using this drying method is not recommended!
- Some resourceful craftsmen use a hair dryer for drying. In addition, the specialist will need a container to place the electrodes, for example, an asbestos or other material pipe. The duration of calcination depends on the power of the hair dryer.
Read more about calcination and home conditions here.
It should be noted that the result of calcination in “home” conditions cannot be compared with heat treatment in professional equipment.
Source: https://WeldElec.com/info/prokalka-elektrodov/
Calcination of electrodes
Calcination of filler materials is considered one of the stages of heat treatment, which is carried out to reduce the liquid content in their outer coating. Excessive moisture content can cause poor ignition of the electrode, sticking, or shedding of the layer. Because of this, the quality of the welding process deteriorates.
Therefore, before welding, it is necessary to check the available filler materials with their preliminary preparation. Basically, the processes of calcination and drying of welded electrodes are similar, but during drying, not such high temperatures are used, and the procedure is performed with increasing heating. In some cases, the electrode is dried before calcination (in accordance with technological requirements).
It should be noted the main cases when calcination is needed:
- when placing electrodes in high humidity conditions;
- after long storage;
- if liquid gets on them or is detected during the welding process;
- after opening a new package.
It should be noted that calcination of filler materials must be carried out before welding; it helps to achieve high results. However, you should not carry out this procedure often (more than 2 times), as there is a danger that the coating will lag behind the main rod.
It is necessary to calculate the required volume of electrodes for welding and send them for drying so that after completing the procedure there is a minimum number of them left. The next time you weld, use re-dried electrodes first.
Drying electrodes
The need to dry the filler material may arise to increase the temperature of the electrodes before welding. Not all brands can be used without preheating.
The reason for this is the large difference between temperatures, which can be harmful to the weld pool and the formation of a poor-quality seam. Drying is also necessary to create a tight connection under pressure.
Then the electrodes are gradually heated so that the moisture evaporates from them or it does not boil when limescale appears.
Electrode drying oven
Calcination and drying of welded electrodes can be carried out in several options, based on the desired mode and the equipment used. Specialized devices are used in production:
1. electric calcination ovens with additional drying options. Modern modifications have a microprocessor controller that facilitates programming of the entire welding process. The maximum temperature limit is 400°C.
Taking into account gradual regulation, the load level is up to 160 kg, and the maximum power level is 8.5 kW (for some models it is 3 kW when connected to a 3-phase 380 V network). These furnaces provide stationary operation and a high level of thermal insulation.
Thanks to the presence of thermal screens, uniform heating of the electrodes occurs;
2. electric oven with a thermometer with an average operating range of 100-400°C. Such electric furnaces are compact in size, so they can be transported independently. The operation of the devices is based on the use of heating elements with automatic control. The stoves can be connected to a 220 Volt network. Their power depends on the chosen model, varies between 1-3 kW, the maximum number of loaded electrodes can be 50 kg;
3. thermal cases for drying . The equipment is a sealed container with thermal insulation, which is used for storing additive raw materials. The compact parameters of thermal canisters allow the welder to easily install them at the workplace. The main difference between the equipment is the ability to heat filler materials from transformer energy or from a 220 Volt network. Their maximum load level is 10 kg;
4. thermos cases are similar to thermal cases , but they are able to maintain the internal temperature without heating. The equipment typically takes a long time to cool down.
Temperature and calcination mode of welding electrodes
To obtain high-quality results, you need to know about the process of calcining electrodes. According to experts, the duration of the procedure should not exceed 2 hours. When performing welding work, you need to use dry material, so the electrodes are first placed in a pencil case, where the specified temperature conditions are maintained.
Each brand of filler material has a specific mode, so the welder must have a universal device with smooth temperature control. Regardless of the available time for calcination, it is not advisable to exceed the specified limits. The same materials should not be heated several times.
Attention should be paid to the prohibition of the use of fiery furnaces, since the average temperature range for the procedure varies between 180-400°C.
Before drying welding electrodes, you need to weigh the filler materials, since the minimum furnace loading level is 10 kg, and the maximum is 40 kg. Then the following procedures are carried out:
- electrodes into the oven with the lid tightly closed;
- adjusting the temperature in accordance with the parameters specified for drying;
- hold for a certain time;
- turn off, wait for the oven to cool down to avoid sudden temperature changes. It will be enough to wait until the temperature reaches 100-150°C.
Choice
Calcination of filler material is an important detail of the technology that must be paid attention to during production. Different calcination temperatures can be set depending on the type of electrodes, indicated on the packaging of the material.
Source: https://svarkagid.com/prokalka-jelektrodov/
Electrodes for metal cutting: what types are there, how are they used, pros and cons
Metal is often cut using electrodes. This technology is called manual electrode arc cutting. It is used by both beginners and experienced welders.
The basis for the frequent use of this method is its simplicity of operation. In order to cut a part in this way, you need to have welding equipment (an inverter will do) and choose the right type of electrode.
This article focuses on the selection as well as the application of electrodes used for cutting metal surfaces.
Metal
When cutting metal with electrodes, conventional coated models are often used. Their coating can be rutile or basic. Thanks to it, an even cut is obtained. Arc burning is more stable and longer, metal oxidation is minimized.
However, it is not worth cutting metals with coated electrodes all the time, because they are intended for something else. It is advisable to use them when cutting cracks or removing defective seams.
Before processing the part, it is worth calcining the consumables in an oven to remove excess moisture that they may have absorbed during storage.
Coal
Cutting metals using carbon rods has almost no differences from metal processing. However, the carbon type is more suitable for cutting work.
The advantage of this type is its slow melting. They melt more slowly than metal ones, which increases the accuracy of the cut.
Also, the carbon type has a high heating rate even when exposed to a low current. But they melt at a temperature of three thousand degrees, which reduces consumption. They are suitable for manual arc and oxygen-arc cutting.
For stable operation, it is worth adjusting the negative polarity with a constant type of current. Working with alternating current is also possible, but requires more effort.
Tubular
The tubular type is designed for oxygen-arc cutting of metal. The main difference between this working element is that it is not based on wire. At the core of the tubular rod is a tube filled with oxygen.
The principle of operation is no different from the others, but the very essence of cutting is that during melting, the oxygen embedded there is released from the tube. The metal oxidizes and the oxygen literally blows it away, creating a cut.
The large amount of oxygen released during welding destabilizes the arc. Therefore, the technique of cutting metal with a tubular type of consumable element requires experience from the welder.
Tungsten
Tungsten type is used in plasma cutting (under protective gas). Cutting metal surfaces in this way requires higher amperages than would be required for welding.
This setting allows you to cut metal evenly throughout its entire thickness.
Tungsten electrodes are a fairly niche working part. They are suitable for cutting metal parts, but are unlikely to become the main material in the work.
Advantages and disadvantages of the technique
Any method of processing metal surfaces has pros and cons. Electrode cutting also has certain advantages and disadvantages.
What are the advantages? To carry out electrode cutting of metal, you do not need special equipment. As well as the high qualifications required for some types of processing.
Electrode cutting is quite safe, but, of course, it is necessary to observe fire safety and process technology.
The disadvantages include processing speed. It directly depends on the thickness of the metal. It doesn’t matter what the welder’s skills are, he will take longer to cut a thick part. The disadvantages also include the unevenness of the cut.
Electrode cutting of metal makes it sloppy, which prevents the use of this technique in some types of work. These include those parts for which appearance is important.
Features of work
At the beginning there is always a preparatory stage, during which the parts and equipment are prepared. Whether cutting or welding, this stage should not be ignored.
Source: https://prosvarku.info/elektrody/ehlektrody-dlya-rezki-metalla
