What properties does copper have?

Copper native formula properties

Synonyms: Thin mixtures of native copper and cuprite were called cuprocuprite (Vernadsky, 1910). Whitneyite—whitneyite (Ghent, 1859) and darwinite (Forbes, 1860)—arsenic copper that forms mixtures with algodonite.

Group

origin of name

The Latin name for copper, cuprum, comes from the name of the island of Cyprus, from where copper was imported in ancient times. The origin of the Russian name is unclear.

The English name for the mineral Copper is Copper.

Copper nugget

• Chemical composition
• Varieties
• Crystallographic characteristics
• Form of being in nature
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties. Other properties
• Diagnostic signs. Satellites.
• Origin of the mineral
• Place of Birth
• Practical use
• Physical research methods
• Crystal optical properties in thin preparations (sections)
• Buy

Chemical composition

Sometimes it contains impurities of Fe, Ag, Pb, Au, Hg, Bi, Sb, V, Ge3 (silver copper with 3-4% Ag, ferruginous copper - 2.5% Fe and golden copper - 2-3% Au). Impurities are observed more often in primary native copper; Recycled copper is usually purer. Composition of native copper from the Shamlug deposit (Armenia): Cu - 97.20 -97.46%, Fe - 0.25%; 98.3% Cu or more was determined in copper from Altai deposits.

Crystallographic characteristics

Syngony. Cubic.

Class. Hexoctahedral.

Crystal structure

The crystal structure is characterized by a face-centered lattice; Copper atoms are located at the corners and in the centers of the faces of the elementary cube.

This is a formal expression of the fact that in the structure of copper there is a close packing (the so-called cubic close packing) of metal atoms with a radius of 1.27 A and a distance between nearest atoms of 2.54 A with a space fulfillment of 74.05%.

Each Cu atom is surrounded by 12 similar ones (coordination number 12), located around it at the vertices of the so-called Archimedean cuboctahedron.

Main forms : a (100), d (110), o (111), l (530), e (210), h (410).

Form of being in nature

The appearance of crystals . The shape of the crystals is cubic, tetrahexahedral, dodecahedral, less often octahedral (possibly pseudomorphs of cuprite). The edges are often rough, with depressions or elevations. Simple crystals are rare.

Doubles. Intergrowth twins along (111) are common, sometimes polysynthetic, often lamellar in the direction of the twin axis or elongated parallel to the diagonal twins of the plane. Typically, crystals (simple and twins) are unevenly developed: elongated, shortened or deformed.

Characteristic are dendritic forms, which represent uniform accretion of many crystals (uniformly deformed or regular) in any one direction.

These are, for example, twin (111) crystals, elongated along the 2nd order symmetry axis and accreted parallel to the faces of the rhombic dodecahedron) or intergrowths of regular twin crystals, branching in the direction of the edges and diagonals of octahedral faces, as well as parallel intergrowths of crystals elongated in the direction 4th order axes. In continuous deposits of native copper during etching, signs of collective crystallization are revealed with the development of large grains at the expense of smaller zonal grains of irregular shape.

Aggregates. Distorted crystals, in single irregular grains, dendrite-like intergrowths, thread-like, wire-like, mossy formations, thin plates, concretions, powdery accumulations and solid masses weighing up to several hundred tons.

Dendrites

Optical

The color of a fresh fracture is light pink, quickly turning into copper-red, then brown; often with yellow or mottled tarnish.

The streak is copper-red, shiny.

Metallic shine.

Low tide

Transparency. Opaque. In the thinnest plates it shines through in green.

Refractive indices

 Ng = , Nm = and Np =

Mechanical

Hardness 2.5-3.

Density 8.4—8.9

No cleavage is observed.

The fracture is splintered and hooked.

Chemical properties

It dissolves easily in dilute HNO3 and aqua regia, in H2SO4 when heated, and with difficulty in HCl. Ammonia dissolves in an aqueous solution, turning it blue. In polished sections it is etched with all the main reagents. The internal structure is easily revealed using NH4OH + H2O2 or HCl + CrO3 (50% solution).

Other properties

Very malleable and viscous. Electrical conductivity is very high; is significantly reduced by impurities.

Heating behavior. Pure copper melts at 1083°. Thermal conductivity is slightly less than that of silver.

Artificial production of mineral

It can be easily obtained from melts or by electrolysis from solutions of copper salts.

Diagnostic signs

Similar minerals

Recognized by the red color of the fresh surface, shiny streak, medium hardness and malleability, usually covered with greenish, black, blue deposits of oxidized copper minerals. Under a microscope in reflected light, it is easily determined by color and reflectivity.

Associated minerals. Cuprous gold, chalcocite, calcite, diopside, apatite, sphene, magnetite, malachite, barite, quartz, chalcopyrite.

Origin and location

Hydrothermal. Accumulates in placers. Nuggets weighing up to 450 tons are described as unique phenomena.

Native copper is formed under reducing conditions during various geological processes; a significant part of it is released from hydrothermal solutions. Occurs as microscopic deposits in many, predominantly mafic, igneous rocks exposed to hydrothermal solutions, such as serpentinized peridotites, dunites and serpentinites.

In this case, the appearance of native copper may be associated with the decomposition of previously formed copper sulfides, for example, cubanite (Urals, Transcaucasia). A similar origin can be attributed to native copper in amphibolitized basic rocks of the Serov region of the Sverdlovsk region.

In the Karabash copper gold deposit of the Chelyabinsk region, native copper is observed in vein-like bodies of diopside-garnet rocks occurring among serpentinites; native copper here is characterized by an association with cuprous gold, chalcocite, calcite, diopside, apatite, sphene, magnetite, etc.
In some ancient volcanic rocks (melafyres, diabases, etc.

), metamorphosed under the influence of vapors, gases and hydrothermal solutions, copper performs amygdalae, forms cement between the minerals of altered lava, fills voids and cracks; accompanied by hydrothermal minerals: analcime, laumontite, prehnite, datolite, adularia, chlorite, epidote, pumpelyite, quartz, calcite.

The largest deposits of this type are located on the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Lake Superior region (Michigan, USA), where mineralization is confined to the Upper Proterozoic strata. A lot of copper is mined from melafires and conglomerates, but the largest copper deposits (up to 400 tons or more) are found in calcite veins containing native silver and domeicite.

Copper nugget

Mineral Change

The most common alteration products of native copper are cuprite, malachite and azurite.

Place of Birth

Segregations of native copper were observed in the diabases of Novaya Zemlya, in the traps of the Siberian Platform, among the main effusive rocks in Italy, on the Faroe Islands (Denmark), in Nova Scotia (Canada) and in other places. Representatives of rare types of hypogene deposits of native copper are the Franklin zinc-manganese deposit (New Jersey, USA) and the Longbahn and Jacobsberg manganese deposits (Sweden).

Apparently hypogenic are native copper deposits weighing up to several tons from the previously mined Kalmaktas deposit in Kazakhstan, represented in museums by excellent examples. In the oxidation zone, especially in its lower parts, native copper is mainly an early product of the alteration of sulfide copper minerals, mainly chalcocite.

It consists mainly of irregularly shaped deposits, less often - crystals and dendrite-like aggregates. Most often, native copper is accompanied by chalcocite, cuprite, calcite, and limonite. It is observed in a number of deposits in Kazakhstan (Dzhezkazgan, Berkara, Uspenskoye, etc.), Rudny Altai (Belousovskoye, Zyryanovskoye, Chudak, Talovskoye, etc.), the USA (Bisbee and Clifton-Morenci in Arizona, Tintik in Utah, etc.) .

Part of the native copper in the oxidation zone arises by deposition from solutions containing copper sulfate. This is, for example, native copper, which forms segregations in cavities among limonite aggregates, sometimes in association with cuprite (Mednorudyanekoe deposit in the Sverdlovsk region, etc.).

Pseudomorphoses of native copper are known, formed in the oxidation zone along chalcocite, cuprite, antlerite, chalcanthite, azurite, calcite, aragonite and other minerals. Particularly beautiful samples of native copper (crystals and dendritic intergrowths) come from the Turinsky mines of the Sverdlovsk region.

In some mine workings, so-called cement copper is released from copper-containing waters on iron objects in the form of films and crusts. There are also cases of copper formation on half-rotten remains of fastening wood.

In increased quantities, native copper is observed in some sedimentary rocks (sandstones, clays, marls) containing plant remains, in the form of irregularly shaped secretions, sometimes in pseudomorphs on wood or in the form of nodules. These are, for example, the Permian copper sandstones of certain regions of Russia (Ural region, Tatarstan, etc.), the Naukat sandstones in Kyrgyzstan, and the Cretaceous copper sandstones of Korokoro and Kobritsos in Bolivia, etc. The formation of native copper in some peatlands, for example, in the Sverdlovsk region, is also associated with reduction processes. region - along the Levikha River in the Tagila River basin and in the Sysert region.

In the form of pebbles and grains, native copper is found in Russia in some placers: in the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Bolshaya Sarkhoi River in Buryatia, along the Chorokh River in Georgia, on the Commander Islands and other places. In the state of Connecticut (USA), native copper was found in glacial sediments in the form of segregations weighing up to 75 kg. Small, irregularly shaped deposits of native copper were noted in the native iron of the Vengerovo meteorite in association with troilite.

Source: https://natural-museum.ru/mineral/%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C

The benefits and harms of copper for the body, which products contain it

The benefits and harms of copper were proven back in ancient times. Without this element it is impossible to maintain a normal level of vital activity; it is necessary for the body. On the other hand, copper can be harmful and cause serious illnesses.

Description of the substance

Copper (Cuprum) is a metal known since ancient times. The substance is very plastic, the color is rose gold. During the oxidation process, it acquires a reddish tint and becomes covered with a film. Pure copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

In the periodic table it occupies 29th place and is in the 4th period. It is located in a group with noble metals.

Useful properties of copper

Copper has great benefits for the human body. This was noticed back in ancient times. In Rome, Greece and other countries, methods of treatment with copper coins were used.

Today metal is used as a means:

• anti-inflammatory;
• antibacterial;
• hemostatic;
• antipyretic.

Treatment can help with:

• stopping bleeding;
• resorption of benign neoplasms;
• pain relief;
• damage to the tonsils - tonsillitis and sore throat;
• headache;
• sinusitis;
• diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• strengthening the immune system;
• varicose veins.

In addition, the element takes part in the production of red blood cells. It is important in the synthesis of hemoglobin. Strengthens the walls of blood vessels and capillaries, affects pigmentation, and is responsible for the strength of bone tissue.

Copper Source Products

What foods contain copper? After all, it is from food that the body receives this element. The list of products is really varied. Most experts suggest dividing products into two groups: plant origin and animal origin.

Important! The amount of copper in a particular product depends on its amount in the soil.

Vegetable origin

The record holders for the content of the element are cereals. You can use any kind: sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, flax seeds. High content is recorded in cereals - pearl barley, couscous, bulgur, rice, and porridges - oatmeal, buckwheat, semolina.

Copper is found in products containing flour. For example, in baking. However, baked goods are a source of large amounts of sugar and fat. It is better to choose bread from hard varieties and whole grain flour.

Products containing the element include fruits and berries. Of the fruits, the highest copper content is characterized by apricots, bananas, grapes, pineapples, etc. Raspberries, strawberries, cherries, black currants, and cranberries contain large amounts.

Dried fruits and nuts are also rich in copper:

• raisin;
• dried apricots;
• prunes;
• dates;
• hazelnut;
• cocoa beans.

Contained in herbs and spices. For example, in dill, spinach, ginger.

Animal origin

Many scientists claim that seafood contains the most metal. Since ancient times, seafood has been considered the richest source of the element. It is necessary to eat shrimp, squid, mussels, crustaceans and all types of fish. Moreover, seafood contains protein, potassium, nickel, vitamins A and D.

Unfortunately, seafood can cause considerable harm. You should choose only fresh products; expired ones can cause poisoning.

There is copper in meat. All types of meat and poultry should be consumed. 97 mcg of copper is found in pork, this is the highest value. By-products are also enriched with metal.

Daily requirement and norm of copper content in the body

Copper has both benefits and harms to human health. Unfortunately, the human body does not synthesize the metal on its own, so it is necessary to replenish reserves. The daily requirement and maintenance norm differ depending on several factors:

• gender;
• age;
• individual characteristics.

For adults

The adult human body contains about 140-160 mg of copper. This figure may vary depending on individual circumstances.

To maintain a normal level of vital activity, you should consume 2 to 3 mg of the element per day. Half of this amount is needed for the skeletal system and muscles, about 12% for liver function.

Research in this area suggests that most adults do not consume enough copper. Most often, a person eats a little more than 1 mg per day.

For children

For children, the standard of maintenance directly depends on age:

1. From 1 to 3 years – no more than 1 mg.
2. From 4 to 6 years – 1.5 mg.
3. From 7 to 13 years – 2 mg.
4. Up to 18 years – up to 2.5 mg.

You should not give your child too many foods containing this metal, as this can cause poisoning.

Attention! Before using drugs that increase copper levels, you should consult a specialist.

During pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman needs more microelements, vitamins and nutrients. The female body works for two. The beneficial properties of copper make it an extremely important element during pregnancy. The need for it is growing. The benefits of copper for a woman’s body are enormous.

A pregnant woman should consume up to 2.5 mg of copper per day.

The level of content in the body differs in each trimester. In the first trimester it is 110-200 mg, in the second 160-225 mg, in the third 131-245 mg.

Causes and symptoms of copper deficiency in the body

In order not to encounter a copper deficiency, it is enough for a person to eat 100-120 grams of meat per day, a small amount of cereals and fruits. However, many still suffer from copper deficiency in the body, the most common reasons include:

1. Hereditary predisposition. There are genetic diseases in which people suffer from enzyme deficiency, which leads to low levels of the element.
2. Poor food. Very often, especially in adolescence, people prefer unhealthy foods to healthy ones. The diet includes sweets, chips, soda, etc.
3. In babies, a deficiency of the beneficial element occurs when complementary foods are introduced too early or due to improper feeding. When breastfeeding, the baby gets everything he needs from milk. The mixture does not contain enough useful elements. In addition, it may be of poor quality. Attempts to feed a child “adult food” also provoke the development of metal deficiency.
4. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in which the normal absorption of the element is disrupted.
5. Liver and kidney diseases.
6. Poor nutrition due to diets. A healthy lifestyle is very popular, but many people adhere to the “pseudo rules” of healthy eating and do not get enough metal.

The main symptoms of deficiency include:

• weakness and increased fatigue;
• hair loss or graying;
• headaches or dizziness;
• frequent colds and infectious diseases.

Important! If a person notices these symptoms, do not delay visiting a doctor, as this can cause serious harm.

Symptoms and consequences of excess copper in the body

Excess metal in the body can occur for several reasons: metabolic disorders, metal vapor poisoning, drug overdose. The most common cause is eating too many foods containing the element.

The main symptoms of excess:

• nausea, vomiting;
• abdominal cramps or diarrhea;
• metallic taste in the mouth;
• neurological disorders;
• increased body temperature;
• bouts of thirst;
• chills.

If symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor. The consequences can be truly dangerous and harm the body. List of consequences:

• speech disorders;
• psychosis;
• atherosclerosis;
• diabetes;
• Alzheimer's disease.

Preparations containing copper

You should not self-medicate and try to compensate for copper deficiency on your own. The use of any medicine must be agreed with a doctor. The list of drugs that a specialist can suggest is huge:

• Bio-copper;
• Cupratin;
• Zincteral;
• Kupral;
• Zinkteral-Teva;
• Complivit;
• CiMed;
• Totema.

Interaction of copper with other substances

Copper absorption reduces: cadmium, iron, manganese, antacids, tannins. Zinc, iron, cobalt, on the contrary, increase absorption.

Copper may inhibit iron absorption. A large amount of fructose negatively affects the absorption of this element. Eating large amounts of vegetables and fruits containing vitamin C or taking medications can cause metal deficiency.

The benefits and harms of copper cookware

Copper cookware has high thermal conductivity, and food cooks faster in it. At the same time, the taste does not deteriorate, but, on the contrary, improves. Some jams or sauces are recommended to be cooked in dishes made of this metal.

By reducing cooking time, the product retains maximum beneficial properties. That is why copper dishes are beneficial to the body. Another useful property is its antibacterial effect.

On the other hand, such dishes are harmful to health:

• under the influence of copper, ascorbic acid is destroyed;
• When stored in this container, oxidation occurs;
• in improper conditions it becomes covered with a green coating and produces harmful substances.

Benefits of copper water

This is water that has been infused in a copper vessel. This medicine has been used since ancient times and is used in Ayurveda. Water in a copper pot can be beneficial if consumed correctly. It is better to infuse the medicine for no more than 12 hours. After preparation, drink 1 glass on an empty stomach. Used:

• for problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
• for liver and kidney diseases;
• to slow down the aging process;
• for diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• for problems with the nervous system and brain;
• with anemia;
• with inflammation of the joints.

Copper harm and contraindications

Although copper has many beneficial properties, it can cause serious harm. Excess causes various diseases, muscle pain, sleep disturbances, provokes the development of epilepsy, destroys cells, slows down growth processes, and increases cholesterol levels. Treatment with metal is contraindicated in case of individual intolerance.

Conclusion

The benefits and harms of copper have been proven. It is vital for the body and brings great health benefits. Its use should be standardized. It is especially important to eat enough foods fortified with this metal during pregnancy and copper deficiency.

Did you find this article useful?

Source: https://poleznii-site.ru/meditsina/chem-polezna-i-vredna-med-dlya-organizma.html

What properties does copper have?

Most industrial sectors use a metal such as copper.

Due to its high electrical conductivity, not a single area of ​​electrical engineering can do without this material.

It produces conductors with excellent performance characteristics.

In addition to these features, copper has ductility and refractoriness, resistance to corrosion and aggressive environments. And today we will look at the metal from all sides: we will indicate the price for 1 kg of scrap copper, we will tell you about its use and production.

Copper is a chemical element belonging to the first group of the Mendeleev periodic table.

This ductile metal has a golden-pink color and is one of three metals with a distinct color.

Since ancient times, it has been actively used by man in many areas of industry.

The main feature of the metal is its high electrical and thermal conductivity. When compared with other metals, the conductivity of electric current through copper is 1.7 times higher than that of aluminum, and almost 6 times higher than that of iron.

Copper has a number of distinctive features over other metals:

1. Plasticity . Copper is a soft and ductile metal. If you take copper wire into account, it bends easily, takes any position and does not deform. It is enough to press the metal itself a little to check this feature.
2. Corrosion resistance . This photosensitive material is highly resistant to corrosion. If copper is left in a humid environment for a long time, a green film will begin to appear on its surface, which protects the metal from the negative effects of moisture.
3. Reaction to rising temperature . You can distinguish copper from other metals by heating it. In the process, the copper will begin to lose its color and then become darker. As a result, when the metal is heated, it will turn black.

Thanks to these features, this material can be distinguished from brass, tin, bronze and other metals.

below will tell you about the beneficial properties of copper:

The advantages of this metal are:

• High thermal conductivity;
• Resistance to corrosion;
• Quite high strength;
• High plasticity, which is maintained up to a temperature of -269 degrees;
• Good electrical conductivity;
• Possibility of alloying with various additional components.

Read below about the characteristics, physical and chemical properties of the metal substance copper and its alloys.

Properties and characteristics

Copper, as a low-active metal, does not interact with water, salts, alkalis, or weak sulfuric acid, but is subject to dissolution in concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid.

Physical properties of metal:

• The melting point of copper is 1084°C;
• The boiling point of copper is 2560°C;
• Density 8890 kg/m³;
• Electrical conductivity 58 MOhm/m;
• Thermal conductivity 390 m*K.

Mechanical properties:

• The tensile strength in the deformed state is 350-450 MPa, in the annealed state - 220-250 MPa;
• Relative narrowing in the deformed state is 40-60%, in the annealed state – 70-80%;
• The relative elongation in the deformed state is 5-6 δ ψ%, in the annealed state – 45-50 δ ψ%;
• The hardness in the deformed state is 90-110 HB, in the annealed state - 35-55 HB.

At temperatures below 0°C this material has higher strength and ductility than at +20°C.

Structure and composition

Copper, which has a high electrical conductivity coefficient, has the lowest impurity content. Their share in the composition can be equal to 0.1%.

In order to increase the strength of copper, various impurities are added to it: antimony, zinc, tin, nickel, etc.

Depending on its composition and the degree of pure copper content, several grades are distinguished.

The structural type of copper may also include crystals of silver, nickel, calcium, aluminum, gold and other components.

All of them are characterized by comparative softness and plasticity. The copper particle itself has a cubic shape, the atoms of which are located at the vertices of the F-cell.

Each cell consists of 4 atoms.

To learn where to get copper, watch this video:

Under natural conditions, this metal is found in native copper and sulfide ores.

Ores called “copper luster” and “copper pyrite”, which contain up to 2% of the required component, are widely used in the production of copper.

Most (up to 90%) of the primary metal copper is obtained through the pyrometallurgical method, which includes a lot of stages: the enrichment process, roasting, smelting, processing in a converter and refining. The remaining part is obtained by the hydrometallurgical method, which consists of leaching it with diluted sulfuric acid.

Copper is actively used in the following areas:

• Electrical industry , which consists primarily of the production of electrical wires. For these purposes, copper must be as pure as possible, without foreign impurities.
• Manufacturing of filigree products . Copper wire in the annealed state is characterized by high ductility and strength. That is why it is actively used in the production of various cords, ornaments and other designs.
• Melting cathode copper into wire . A wide variety of copper products are melted down into ingots, which are ideal for further rolling.

Copper is actively used in a wide variety of industries. It can be part of not only wire, but also weapons and even jewelry. Its properties and wide scope of application have favorably influenced its popularity.

Below will talk about how copper can change its properties:

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/kakimi-svoystvami-obladaet-med/

Copper properties

Copper - properties.

Physical, electrical and magnetic, thermal and thermodynamic, optical, mechanical, chemical, technological properties of copper. Applications of copper.

Copper is a component of more than 200 minerals, but only a few of them (approximately 40) are of industrial importance. The most important minerals that make up copper ores are chalcocite, or copper luster; chalcopyrite, or copper pyrite; malachite. Copper ores are complex raw materials, in addition to copper, containing zinc, nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and, in addition, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, indium, germanium, lead, gadolinium, as well as silver and gold.

Currently, ores containing from 0.7 to 3% copper are processed. Copper production is based on the processing of sulfide and oxidized copper ores. More than 80% of copper is obtained by the pyrometallurgical method, the remaining 20% ​​by the hydrometallurgical method. With the pyrometallurgical method, ores are pre-enriched, and then the concentrate is subjected to the actual pyrometallurgical process, consisting of roasting, smelting and converting.

The resulting blister copper is subjected to fire or electrolytic refining. Hydrometallurgical processing consists of leaching ore to transfer copper into solution and then precipitating it from solution. The hydrometallurgical method is used to process mainly low-grade oxidized ores and native copper. Ore in a finely crushed state is subjected to leaching.

The process reagents are usually sulfuric acid solution or ammonia solutions. Precipitation of copper from its sulfuric acid solutions obtained as a result of leaching is carried out by electrolytic method (electrolysis with insoluble anodes) or cementation (precipitation with iron). When leaching with ammonia solutions after their decomposition with live steam, copper is released in the form of CuO.

Cementation copper and copper obtained by decomposition of ammonia solutions are supplied to special plants for refining or processing.

Copper is a pink-red metal, belongs to the group of heavy metals, and is an excellent conductor of heat and electric current. The electrical conductivity of copper is 1.7 times higher than that of aluminum and 6 times higher than that of iron. The Latin name for copper Cuprum comes from the name of the island of Cyprus, where already in the 3rd century. BC e.

There were copper mines and copper was smelted. Around the 2nd - 3rd century. Copper smelting was carried out on a large scale in Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, and other countries of the ancient world.

But, nevertheless, copper is far from the most common element in nature: the copper content in the earth’s crust is 0.01%, and this is only the 23rd place among all elements found.

In industrial production and in the repair of equipment components for various purposes, copper alloys - bronze and brass - are widely used. For bronze alloys - the properties of bronze, for alloys of copper with zinc (brass) - the properties of brass, the use of brass.

Of course, the most widely used in modern industry is iron and its alloys - steel; the properties of ferrous metals and the properties of steel allow, due to their relative cheapness, to largely replace more expensive non-ferrous metals.

Properties of non-ferrous metals: Aluminum, copper, brass, bronze in English.

 Copper production

In nature, copper is present in the form of sulfur compounds, oxides, hydrocarbonates, carbon dioxide compounds, as part of sulfide ores and native copper metal. The most common ores are copper pyrite and copper luster, containing 1-2% copper. 90% of primary copper is obtained by pyrometallurgical method, 10% by hydrometallurgical method.

The hydrometallurgical method is the production of copper by leaching it with a weak solution of sulfuric acid and subsequent separation of copper metal from the solution. The pyrometallurgical method consists of several stages: enrichment, roasting, smelting for matte, purging in a converter, refining.

To enrich copper ores, the flotation method is used (based on the use of different wettability of copper-containing particles and waste rock), which allows one to obtain copper concentrate containing from 10 to 35% copper. Copper ores and concentrates with high sulfur content are subjected to oxidative roasting. In the process of heating the concentrate or ore to 700-800°C in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, sulfides are oxidized and the sulfur content is reduced by almost half of the original.

Only poor concentrates (with a copper content of 8 to 25%) are fired, and rich concentrates (from 25 to 35% copper) are melted without firing. After roasting, the ore and copper concentrate are smelted into matte, which is an alloy containing copper and iron sulfides. Matte contains from 30 to 50% copper, 20-40% iron, 22-25% sulfur, in addition, matte contains impurities of nickel, zinc, lead, gold, and silver. Most often, smelting is carried out in fiery reverberatory furnaces.

The temperature in the melting zone is 1450°C. In order to oxidize sulfides and iron, the resulting copper matte is subjected to blowing with compressed air in horizontal converters with side blast. The resulting oxides are converted into slag. The temperature in the converter is 1200-1300°C. Interestingly, heat is released in the converter due to chemical reactions, without fuel supply.

Thus, the converter produces blister copper containing 98.4 - 99.4% copper, 0.01 - 0.04% iron, 0.02 - 0.1% sulfur and a small amount of nickel, tin, antimony, silver, gold. This copper is poured into a ladle and poured into steel molds or a casting machine. Next, to remove harmful impurities, blister copper is refined (fire refining and then electrolytic refining are carried out).

The essence of fire refining of blister copper is the oxidation of impurities, removing them with gases and converting them into slag. After fire refining, copper with a purity of 99.0 - 99.7% is obtained. It is poured into molds and ingots are obtained for further smelting of alloys (bronze and brass) or ingots for electrolytic refining. Electrolytic refining is carried out to obtain pure copper (99.95%).

Electrolysis is carried out in baths where the anode is made of fire-refined copper, and the cathode is made of thin sheets of pure copper. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution. When a direct current is passed, the anode dissolves, the copper goes into solution, and, cleaned of impurities, is deposited on the cathodes. Impurities settle to the bottom of the bath in the form of slag, which is processed to extract valuable metals. The cathodes are unloaded after 5-12 days, when their weight reaches 60 to 90 kg.

They are thoroughly washed and then melted in electric furnaces. In addition, there are technologies for obtaining copper from scrap. In particular, refined copper is obtained from scrap by fire refining. According to purity, copper is divided into grades: M0 (99.95% Cu), M1 (99.9%), M2 (99.7%), M3 (99.5% ), M4 (99%). Chemical properties of copper Copper is a low-active metal that does not interact with water, alkali solutions, hydrochloric and dilute sulfuric acid.

However, copper dissolves in strong oxidizing agents (for example, nitrogen and concentrated sulfur). Copper has a fairly high resistance to corrosion. However, in a humid atmosphere containing carbon dioxide, the surface of the metal becomes covered with a greenish coating (patina). Basic physical properties of copper Melting point °C1084 Boiling point °C2560 Density, γ at 20°C, kg/m³8890 Specific heat at constant pressure, Cp at 20°C, kJ/(kg•J) 385 Temperature coefficient of linear expansion, a•106 from 20 to 100 °C, K-116.8 Electrical resistivity, p at 20°C, μΩ•m0.01724 Thermal conductivity λ at 20°C, W/(m•K) 390 Electrical conductivity, ω at 20°C, MOhm/m58

Mechanical properties of copper

Properties Condition Deformed Annealed Tensile strength, σ MPa 340 - 450 220 - 245 Relative elongation after break, δ ψ% 4 - 645 - 55 Relative contraction after break, % 40 - 6065 - 80 Brinell hardness, HB90 - 11035 - 55 At negative temperatures, copper has more high strength properties and higher ductility than at a temperature of 20°C. Commercial copper has no signs of cold brittleness. As the temperature decreases, the yield strength of copper increases and the resistance to plastic deformation increases sharply. Copper Applications

The properties of copper, such as electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, have determined the main area of ​​application of copper - the electrical industry, in particular, for the manufacture of wires, electrodes, etc. For this purpose, pure metal (99.98-99.999%) that has undergone electrolytic refining is used.

Copper has numerous unique properties: corrosion resistance, good manufacturability, a fairly long service life, and goes well with wood, natural stone, brick and glass. Due to its unique properties, this metal has been used in construction since ancient times: for roofing and decorating building facades. The service life of copper building structures is hundreds of years.

In addition, parts of chemical equipment and tools for working with explosive or flammable substances are made from copper. A very important application of copper is the production of alloys. One of the most useful and most commonly used alloys is brass (or yellow copper). Its main components are copper and zinc. Additions of other elements make it possible to obtain brass with a wide variety of properties.

Brass is harder than copper, malleable and tough, so it can be easily rolled into thin sheets or stamped into a wide variety of shapes. One problem: it turns black over time. Bronze has been known since ancient times. It is interesting that bronze is more fusible than copper, but its hardness is superior to individual pure copper and tin.

If 30-40 years ago only alloys of copper and tin were called bronze, today aluminum, lead, silicon, manganese, beryllium, cadmium, chrome, and zirconium bronzes are already known. Copper alloys, as well as pure copper, have been used for a long time for the production of various tools, utensils, and are used in architecture and art. Copper coins and bronze statues have decorated people's homes since ancient times.

Bronze products from masters of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and China have survived to this day. The Japanese were great masters in the field of bronze casting. The giant Buddha figure at Todaiji Temple, created in the 8th century, weighs more than 400 tons. To cast such a statue required truly outstanding skill.

About copper

Among the goods that Alexandrian merchants traded in ancient times, “copper greens” were very popular. Fashionistas used this paint to add green circles under their eyes - in those days it was considered a sign of good taste. Since ancient times, people have believed in the miraculous properties of copper and used this metal to treat many ailments.

It was believed that a copper bracelet worn on a hand would bring good luck and health to its owner, normalize blood pressure, and prevent salt deposition. Many peoples still attribute healing properties to copper. Residents of Nepal, for example, consider copper a sacred metal that promotes concentration of thoughts, improves digestion and treats gastrointestinal diseases (patients are given water to drink from a glass containing several copper coins).

One of the largest and most beautiful temples in Nepal is called “Copper”. There was a case where copper ore was responsible for the accident that the Norwegian cargo ship Anatina suffered. The holds of the ship, heading to the shores of Japan, were filled with copper concentrate. Suddenly an alarm sounded: the ship had developed a leak.

It turned out that the copper contained in the concentrate formed a galvanic couple with the steel body of the Anatina, and the evaporation of sea water served as an electrolyte. The resulting galvanic current corroded the ship's hull to such an extent that holes appeared in it, into which ocean water poured.

Source: http://polias.ru/index/0-9

Copper - Physical Properties

01 March 2011

1. Copper

2. History and origin of the name
3. Finding in nature4. Physical properties

5. Application

6. Biological role
7. Production, mining and reserves of copper
8. Interesting facts

Copper is a golden-pink ductile metal; in air it quickly becomes covered with an oxide film, which gives it a characteristic intense yellowish-red hue. Thin films of copper have a greenish-blue color when exposed to light.

Copper forms a cubic face-centered lattice, space group F m3m, a = 0.36150 nm, Z = 4.

Copper has high thermal and electrical conductivity. It has two stable isotopes - Cu and Cu, and several radioactive isotopes. The longest-lived of these, Cu, has a half-life of 12.7 hours and two decay modes with different products.

There are a number of copper alloys: brass - with zinc, bronze - with tin and other elements, cupronickel - with nickel, babbit - with lead and others.

Connections

Copper sulfate

In compounds, copper comes in two oxidation states: the less stable Cu and the much more stable Cu, which produces blue and blue-green salts. Under unusual conditions, compounds with an oxidation state of +3 and even +5 can be obtained. The latter is found in salts of the cuprarane anion Cu2, obtained in 1994.

Copper carbonate has a green color, which is the reason for the greening of elements of buildings, monuments and copper products. Copper sulfate, when hydrated, gives blue crystals of copper sulfate CuSO4∙5H2O, and is used as a fungicide. There is also unstable copper sulfate. There are two stable copper oxides - copper oxide Cu2O and copper oxide CuO.

Copper oxides are used to produce yttrium barium copper oxide, which is the basis for the production of superconductors. Copper chloride is colorless crystals with a density of 4.11 g/cm³. Stable when dry. In the presence of moisture, it is easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, acquiring a blue-green color.

Can be synthesized by reducing copper chloride with sodium sulfite in aqueous solution.

Copper connections

Many copper compounds are white or colorless. This is explained by the fact that in the copper ion all five 3d orbitals are filled with pairs of electrons. However, Cu2O oxide has a reddish-brown color. Copper ions in an aqueous solution are unstable and are easily subject to disproportionation:

2Cu → Cu + Cu

At the same time, copper is found in the form of compounds that are insoluble in water, or as part of complexes. For example, dichlorocuprate ion is stable. It can be prepared by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to copper chloride:

CuCl + Cl →

Copper chloride is a white, insoluble solid. Like other copper halides, it is covalent in nature and is more stable than copper halide. Copper chloride can be prepared by heating copper chloride very strongly:

2CuCl2 → 2CuCl + Cl2

Copper ions color the flame green

Forms an unstable complex with CO

CuCl+CO → CuCl decomposes when heated

Another way to obtain it is to boil a mixture of copper chloride and copper in concentrated hydrochloric acid. In this case, an intermediate compound is first formed - a complex dichlorocuprate ion.

When a solution containing this ion is poured into water, copper chloride precipitates. Copper chloride reacts with concentrated ammonia solution to form diammine copper complex.

This complex is colorless in the absence of oxygen, but upon reaction with oxygen it turns into a blue compound.

Copper and Copper Compounds

Oxidation states III and IV are low-stable oxidation states and are represented only by compounds with oxygen, fluorine, or in the form of complexes.

Analytical chemistry of copper

• Traditionally, the quantitative isolation of copper from weakly acidic solutions was carried out using hydrogen sulfide.
• In solutions, in the absence of interfering ions, copper can be determined complexometrically or potentiometrically, ionometrically.
• Microquantities of copper in solutions are determined by kinetic methods.

Source: http://4108.ru/u/med_-_fizicheskie_svoystva

Physical and chemical properties of copper, its scope

Copper occurs naturally in large quantities and has been used since ancient times. Having studied the properties of the metal, they began to make useful things from it for household use and hunting, as well as jewelry and other necessary items.

The active use of this metal for many years is due not only to its special properties, but also to the ease of processing. Copper, which is present in the ore in the form of carbonates and oxides, is quite easily reduced, which is what our ancient ancestors learned to do.

Interesting things about copper

Initially, the process of recovering this metal looked very primitive: copper ore was simply heated over fires and then subjected to sudden cooling, which led to cracking of pieces of ore, from which copper could already be extracted.

Further development of this technology led to the fact that air began to be blown into the fires: this increased the heating temperature of the ore. Then the ore began to be heated in special structures, which became the first prototypes of shaft furnaces.

The fact that copper has been used by mankind since ancient times is evidenced by archaeological finds, as a result of which products made from this metal were found. Historians have established that the first copper products appeared already in the 10th millennium BC, and it began to be most actively mined, processed and used 8–10 thousand years later.

Naturally, the prerequisites for such active use of this metal were not only the relative ease of its extraction from ore, but also its unique properties: specific gravity, density, magnetic properties, electrical and specific conductivity, etc.

Nowadays, it is already difficult to find copper in nature in the form of nuggets; it is usually mined from ore, which is divided into the following types.

• Bornite - this ore can contain copper in amounts up to 65%.
• Chalcocite, also called copper luster. Such ore can contain up to 80% copper.
• Copper pyrite, also called chalcopyrite (content up to 30%).
• Covelline (content up to 64%).

Copper can also be extracted from many other minerals (malachite, cuprite, etc.). They contain it in different quantities.

Applications of copper

The use of copper, as well as aluminum, which is most similar in properties to it, is well known - in the production of cable products. Copper wires and cables are characterized by low electrical resistance and special magnetic properties.

For the production of cable products, types of copper characterized by high purity are used. If even a small amount of foreign metal impurities is added to its composition, for example, only 0.02% aluminum, then the electrical conductivity of the original metal will decrease by 8–10%.

The low weight of copper and its high strength, as well as the ability to be amenable to various types of mechanical processing, are the properties that make it possible to produce pipes from it that are successfully used for transporting gas, hot and cold water, and steam.

It is no coincidence that these pipes are used as part of the engineering communications of residential and administrative buildings in most European countries. Copper, in addition to exceptionally high electrical conductivity, is distinguished by its ability to conduct heat well.

Thanks to this property, it is successfully used as part of the following systems:

• heat pipes;
• coolers used to cool elements of personal computers;
• heating and air cooling systems;
• systems that provide heat redistribution in various devices (heat exchangers).

Source: https://vseprokamni.ru/metal/med-fizicheskie-svojstva.html

Copper subgroup

Physical properties of metals of the copper subgroup. Table 23

Melting point, °C

Chemical symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.54. Copper is a typical metal, so its atoms are connected to each other by a metallic bond. The electronic configuration of the pre-outer and outer electronic layers of copper is as follows: 3s23p63d104s1.

In appearance, copper is a red substance with a characteristic metallic luster.
Copper is a fairly soft metal, but much harder than alkaline metals. It should be noted the high ductility of copper, which it exhibits not only in a heated state, but also in a cold state.

Due to its softness and ductility, copper can be cold worked. Hence the widespread use of this metal for the manufacture of artistic products using embossing. Not only copper itself, but also all metals of this subgroup have high ductility.

Copper what is it

One of the best conductors of heat and electricity, however, to use it for these purposes, copper is usually well cleaned of impurities of other metals, since even minor contaminations greatly reduce its electrical conductivity.

The chemical properties of copper and its analogues are very different from the properties of the alkali metals located in the main subgroup of group I. So, they are located in the voltage series after hydrogen.

The oxidation state of copper in redox reactions is +1 or +2. Copper usually does not exhibit other oxidation states.

Copper fuses quite easily with other metals to form a number of alloys, the most common of which are bronze (an alloy consisting of copper and tin) and brass (an alloy of copper and zinc).

At normal temperatures, copper gradually reacts with oxygen, carbon dioxide and air moisture, turning into basic copper carbonate. This process occurs very slowly and explains the reason why copper products become covered with a green coating over time.

When calcined on a gas burner, copper becomes covered with a black coating of copper oxide CuO. Heated copper reacts quite easily with chlorine, forming copper (II) chloride, and with some other non-metals.

Copper usually does not react with dilute acids, since it cannot displace hydrogen, but it reacts with dilute nitric acid without displacing hydrogen, but with the release of nitric oxide.

With concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid, copper also enters into an oxidation-reduction reaction, which also occurs without displacing hydrogen. In all these reactions, copper mainly exhibits its highest valency II. Monivalent copper compounds are much more difficult to obtain.

■ 8. What is the electronic configuration of the outer and pre-outer layer of the copper atom?
(See Answer) 9. List the physical properties of copper and indicate where they are used.
10.

Write the following reaction equations characterizing the chemical properties of copper: a) interaction with oxygen;
b) interaction with chlorine; c) interaction with water, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air; d) with concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids; e) with dilute nitric acid. Consider all equations from the point of view of redox processes.

If the reaction is ionic, write the equation in full and abbreviated ionic form.
11. To obtain copper sulfate CuSO4-5H2O, copper scrap is calcined in air and the resulting product is treated with 70% sulfuric acid. How much copper and sulfuric acid solution will be used to produce 125 tons of copper sulfate? Write the equations for the reactions occurring in this case.

12 Give all the methods known to you for obtaining copper (II) chloride, copper (II) sulfate, copper (II) nitrate, starting from pure copper. Write reaction equations in ionic form, and in redox equations indicate the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. Any additional substances can be used for reactions. The processes can be carried out with any number of intermediate substances.

13. Why metallic copper can be obtained by electrolysis of a chloride solution, but metallic sodium cannot be obtained. (See answer)

Copper connections

Copper forms two series of compounds—divalent and monovalent copper compounds.
Divalent copper compounds are CuO (copper oxide), copper hydroxide and the most common salts.
Copper oxide is a black solid that is supplied to laboratories in the form of powder or granules (granular cupric oxide).

It is usually obtained from metallic copper by calcination in air, as well as by the decomposition of salts, for example:
Cu2(OH)2CO3 = 2CuO + H2O + CO2
Copper oxide is a basic oxide, very stable under normal conditions.

With slight heating, copper oxide is quite easily reduced by hydrogen or carbon to copper metal:
CuO + C = Cu + CO CuO + H2 = Cu + H2O
Copper oxide never reacts with water, therefore its corresponding base is copper hydroxide Cu(OH)4— never formed by the interaction of an oxide with water.

Copper hydroxide is a weak insoluble base that easily reacts with acids to form salts:
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2H2O
Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ + SO2- = Cu2+ + SO24— + 2H2O
Cu(OH) 2 + 2H+ = Cu2+ + 2H2O
Interaction with alkalis is possible under some conditions, but is completely atypical, although it indicates very weakly expressed amphoteric properties. Copper hydroxide dissolves easily in ammonia, forming a bright blue solution. This solution is often used in organic chemistry for various kinds of qualitative reactions, and also sometimes for the processing of cellulose.

Copper hydroxide easily decomposes even when simply stored in air:
Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H20
At the same time, it turns black, gradually turning into black copper oxide.

The most common copper salts are copper sulfate CuSO4 5H2O, copper chloride CuCl2 2H2O, copper nitrate Cu(NO3)2 3H2O, and copper sulfide CuS. When heated, crystalline hydrates of copper salts quite easily release water of crystallization, losing their color. Typically, crystalline copper salts and their solutions have a beautiful blue color.

Copper salts are used to control agricultural pests and in the textile industry for the production of dyes.
In nature, copper is found in the form of a mineral - native copper, but more often it is mined in the form of sulfides (the most important are chalcocite Cu2S, chalcopyrite CuFeS2, etc.).

The copper obtained from them is purified by electrolysis (refined), and then used for the manufacture of copper alloy wires and other products.

■ 14. How to carry out a series of transformations: (See Answer)
Cu → Cu(NO3)2 → CuO → Cu(OH)2 → CuSO4 → CuCl2.?
15. Copper oxide was calcined in a stream of hydrogen, then treated with concentrated nitric acid until the evolution of brown gas ceased, then, by adding alkali, a gelatinous blue precipitate was obtained.
What chemical processes took place? Write their equations in molecular and ionic forms. 16. Given are copper oxide, water, sulfuric acid, and silver nitrate.

How, without other substances, to obtain copper, copper nitrate, copper sulfate.
17. A mixture of copper carbonate and copper nitrate was calcined.
What will remain in the reaction vessel after calcination? What is the composition of the escaping gas mixture? 18. A mixture of copper and copper oxide was treated with 30% nitric acid. This released 2.8 liters of nitric oxide. It is known that copper makes up 40% of the mixture. What volume of nitric acid solution was consumed for the reaction? (Cm.

Answer)

Silver and gold

Silver Ag and gold Au are analogues of copper, but are among the so-called noble metals. This name arose due to the fact that these metals have significant chemical resistance to oxidation.

Electronic configurations of the outer and preliminary layers of silver and gold atoms:
Ag 3s23p63d104s24p64d105s1

Au 4s24p64d104f145s25p65d106s1.
Silver and gold are the most malleable metals, with gold in first place in terms of softness and malleability, and silver in second.
However, in terms of electrical and thermal conductivity, silver is in first place. These metals have different colors. Silver is white and gold is yellow. As already mentioned, silver and gold are resistant to oxidation and can be stored for a long time without changing their appearance.

Due to this, and also due to their softness, they are easily sanded, polished and therefore used for various kinds of crafts and decorations. Gold is used in dentistry to make dental crowns. Silver is also used in medicine to make some instruments.

Much more often than pure metals, their alloys with copper are used, which have anti-corrosion resistance, but thanks to copper - greater hardness and better mechanical properties.

Despite their comparative chemical resistance, silver and gold can be attacked by certain reagents.
Silver, for example, can react with nitric acid, both dilute and concentrated: Ag + HNO3 → (Ag+1; N+4) (conc.)

Ag + HNO3 → (Ag+1; N+2) (dil.)

and also with concentrated sulfuric acid:

Ag + H2SO4 → (Ag+1 S+4)

• Determine the reaction products yourself and find the coefficients based on the electronic balance.
Gold does not react with nitric acid. The absence of a reaction when testing a gold object with nitric acid is confirmation of its composition. However, a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids called aqua regia oxidizes gold (see § 72).

Silver ions Ag+1, entering the solution even in negligible quantities, have a bactericidal effect. This is why, for example, the so-called “holy water” that clergy keep in a silver bowl can be preserved for a very long time.

Of the oxides, silver oxide Ag2O should be noted - a black substance, soluble in ammonia and exhibiting oxidizing properties especially in relation to some organic substances.
Silver halides, except fluoride, are insoluble in water and differ slightly in color: chloride is white, bromide is yellowish, iodide is yellow. The chloride is easily soluble in ammonia.

Silver bromide is especially sensitive to light, as already mentioned in § 42. Silver nitrate AgNO3 is widely used in chemical laboratories, as well as in medicine in the form of the so-called lapis.

Gold compounds do not have much practical significance, so we will not dwell on them.
In nature, gold is found mainly in the native state in the form of sand and nuggets. Silver is most often found in the form of Ag2S sulfide, called “silver luster.” Silver compounds often accompany other metals - copper, lead, antimony, etc.

■ 19. Why are silver and gold mainly used in dental treatment?
(See Answer) 20. Why are silver and gold considered noble metals?
List the physical properties of these metals as fully as possible. 21. Explain the process of dissolving gold in aqua regia and write the reaction equations.
22. List the uses of silver and gold. (See answer)

Article on the topic Copper subgroup

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