What types of metals and alloys are there?

Types of metals and alloys: what types are there?

The classification of metals involves dividing the entire category into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Metals, having special properties, make it possible to combine various chemical components. The result of this combination is the formation of solid compounds - alloys. The class of metals, in addition to iron in its pure form and in the form of alloys, includes a number of metallides and intermetallic compounds (mixtures of elements with a complex structure and ultra-high strength).

Types of metals and alloys

The class of ferrous metals includes two subtypes of compounds in the form of steel and cast iron. Steels can be carbon or alloyed, and cast iron can be a regular, alloyed or ferroalloy composition. In such alloys the main component is iron.

The category of non-ferrous metals consists of several groups:

• noble metals (platinum, gold, silver);
• rare metals (zirconium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium);
• light metals (magnesium and aluminum);
• heavy metals (zinc, lead, tin, mercury, copper);

Metal in the form of copper also has the following two subtypes:

Some of the subtypes of metals are widely used in industrial production, while other types, which have acquired a reputation for being rare, are less accessible to the industrial sector.

Various types of ferrous alloys have become widespread in the field of rolled metal production. They have excellent performance properties, so they are always in demand on the market.

The production of aluminum parts is no less popular. Aluminum products have found application in a number of industrial and other economic sectors, including mechanical engineering, food and chemical production, aerospace and medicine.

Metals and alloys: important characteristics

The difference between metals and alloys lies in various visual characteristics (grain structure, surface smoothness) and specific properties of the physical type. The latter include the high-temperature regime of melting and magnetization (typical of iron alloys).

Alloys also have thermal and electrical conductivity. Due to exposure to high temperatures, metals partially reduce their electrical conductivity.

Under low-temperature conditions, the electrical conductivity of certain types of metal increases, therefore such types are considered superconductors.

The surface coating of a particular metal may also be subject to oxidation to a certain extent. Different types of metal materials and compositions have varying degrees of susceptibility to corrosion and recovery.

Representatives of the subcategory of alloys, in turn, have such individual qualities as the degree of hardness, strength and ductility.

Based on their physical properties, alloys can be of different colors, differ in thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, have different densities and different levels of magnetic attraction.

The most widely used in industry are copper, titanium, bronze and aluminum alloys. These elements serve as raw materials for the production of various parts and casting of metal structures.

Metal samples can be classified in more detail, taking into account their intended use, areas of use and principles of operation. In this regard, powder, wrought and cast metals are distinguished.

There is also a classification of metals in accordance with GOST. Each of these standards defines the requirements for metal materials, their individual characteristics and areas of use. These criteria become the main ones when choosing a material for a specific purpose.

Source: https://frasentec.ru/raznovidnosti-metallov-i-splavov/

Features of non-ferrous metals and alloys

Non-ferrous metals and alloys have been known to people for a long time. Blacksmiths constantly tried to obtain new materials by combining already known ones. This is how new compounds appeared that had different characteristics. They are used in various industries.

History of discovery

Non-ferrous metals and their alloys appeared gradually. After the Stone Age, the time of copper came. This material was used for various purposes: they made dishes, made tips for tools and weapons. The Age of Copper gave way to the Age of Bronze. This was the first alloy - a combination of copper and lead. Bronze was gradually replaced by iron.

With the development of metallurgy, the development of new lands, and the development of trade, precious metals began to appear. Initially, silver was more popular than gold. Due to the fact that the Middle Ages were an era of wars, battles, and chivalry, blacksmiths were looking for new materials for making armor and weapons. This is how new mixtures appeared.

Characteristics and markings

Non-ferrous metals include all metals, except those made from iron. They are used in various industries. To distinguish materials from each other, special markings were created. It can be used to determine the mechanical properties of alloys, melting temperature, strength and other parameters.

Marking of different types of non-ferrous metals:

1. Copper and compounds based on it. The main material is designated by the letter “M”. After the letter, numbers are written that indicate the purity of the metal. Additional letters may be indicated at the end of the marking. K - denotes cathode, B - oxygen-free, P - deoxidized. When talking about a compound, alloying additives are indicated by capital letters of additional components.
2. Brass is a pure alloy, designated by the letter “L” followed by two numbers. This is a designation for copper content. Multi-component brass has additional letters in its markings, indicating the presence of alloying components. Next, numbers are written, between which dashes are placed. The first of them indicates the copper content, the rest indicate the amount of alloying additives by percentage.
3. Bronze is marked with the letters “Br”. If the letter “L” is present on the surface of products made from this material, this means that it is foundry.
4. Aluminum is a material designated by the letter “A”. After it, numbers are indicated that indicate the amount of impurities contained. The letter “L” after the indication of aluminum indicates its casting qualities. The letter “B” indicates the high strength of the material.

Other non-ferrous metals and compounds based on them have similar markings. Alloying additives are designated by initial letters.

Methods of obtaining

Homogeneous materials and mixtures based on them are obtained using special technologies. These include:

1. Pyrometallurgy is a series of technological processes in which the purification and production of metals and their combination under the influence of high temperature occurs. This technology produces about 60% zinc, 100% lead, 95% copper.
2. Hydrometallurgy is a technology for obtaining metals from ores using chemical solutions. Subsequent processing steps involve the separation of the main components from the liquid.
3. Electrometallurgy is a set of technological operations in which materials and compounds based on them are obtained under the influence of electric current. Aluminum is most often produced using this technology.

Areas of application

Non-ferrous metals and alloys based on them are used in various areas of industry. They are made from:

1. Parts for electrical equipment, power tools.
2. Heat exchangers, pipelines.
3. Jewelry.
4. Manufacturing of highly loaded titanium parts.
5. Wires connecting elements for the passage of electric current.
6. Wire, sheets, rods, fittings, fasteners.

Varieties

There are basic alloys of non-ferrous metals, which should be discussed in more detail. They are used most often.

Aluminum and its alloys

Aluminum is a silvery material that conducts electricity well, has a low specific gravity, and a low melting point. It is protected from corrosion by an oxide film that forms on its surface after interaction with oxygen. Compounds based on this material are of two types.

Wrought aluminum alloys

There are hardened and non-hardened:

1. The first group includes duralumin, mixtures with a high strength index.
2. The second group includes compounds based on aluminum, to which magnesium or manganese is added.

The chemical composition of wrought aluminum alloys depends on the group. Strengthened joints can be supplemented with alloying additives.

Aluminum-based casting alloys

Aluminum casting alloys are called silumins.
It is a compound of base metal and silicon. Such compounds have low specific gravity and high casting properties. Aluminum is the MOST COMMON Metal on EARTH!

Copper alloys

Copper is a red-colored material. It has a high parameter of electrical conductivity and plasticity. It is well processed, but has low casting characteristics. The main copper-based compounds are bronze and brass.

Bronze

It is a copper-based mixture, the alloying components of which can be any metals except zinc.

Brass

A compound of copper, zinc and other alloying additives.
Additional components in the composition - no more than 8%. Copper is the first metal produced by MAN!

Magnesium and its alloys

Magnesium is a silver-colored metal. Melts at low temperatures and is resistant to corrosion. It is not used for structural purposes, since the material has low mechanical parameters.

Wrought magnesium alloys

Magnesium-based deformable compounds include:

1. Mixtures with manganese - no more than 2.5%.
2. A mixture of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, manganese.
3. Compounds of magnesium, zinc, zirconium, cadmium.

Casting magnesium alloys

A mixture of zinc, magnesium, and aluminum is used in the manufacture of parts for cars, airplanes, ships, and missiles.
Such materials are distinguished by high mechanical parameters. Magnesium is the hottest metal on Earth!

Zinc and its alloys

Zinc is a metal of gray shades, with high parameters of ductility and toughness. Resistant to moisture. There are two groups of zinc-based compounds.

Wrought zinc alloys

Compounds of zinc with aluminum, magnesium, copper. They are manufactured through the process of rolling, pressing, and drawing. During technological operations, individual components heat up to 300 degrees. Ready-made mixtures have high ductility and strength.

Cast zinc alloys

Compounds of zinc, copper, magnesium, aluminum.
They have a high turnover rate. Housings for various instruments and measuring equipment are made from ready-made connections. Zinc is a metal that gives masculine strength!

Products

There are a huge variety of non-ferrous metals and mixtures based on them. Thanks to this, various products are made from them:

• fasteners, building materials;
• parts for electrical equipment;
• connecting elements, wires, wire, fittings, rods, sheets;
• Jewelry;
• decorative elements for the interior;
• coins, bars;
• figurines, clock elements.

Non-ferrous metals and alloys based on them are popular in various areas of industry. To work more effectively with these materials, you need to know their parameters. This will help avoid defects and make a quality product. Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals, making them more valuable to manufacture.

Features of non-ferrous metals and alloys Link to main publication

Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/tsvetnye-metally

All about metals - types of metals and alloys

Metals and their alloys are one of the main construction materials of modern civilization. This is determined primarily by their high strength, uniformity and impermeability to liquids and gases. In addition, by changing the alloy formulation, it is possible to change their properties within a very wide range.

Almost all metals of industrial importance are used in the form of alloys. All smelted iron is almost entirely used for the production of ordinary and alloy steels, as well as cast iron. The fact is that by alloying with certain components, the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of many metals can be significantly improved.

People learned about the existence of metals at the dawn of civilization. They discovered that some stones, which were later called ore, when heated turn into a shiny substance - a metal, which at high temperatures is a liquid, and at room temperature - a solid. For the practical use of metals and the manufacture of metal products (weapons, agricultural implements) people learned how to process metal. The first metal processing technologies emerged.

Metallurgy is a field of science and technology and a branch of industry that covers the processes of obtaining metals from ores or other materials, changing the chemical composition, structure and properties of metal alloys, and giving the metal a certain shape.

Metallurgy is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. The development of metallurgy production capacities is noticeably ahead of the growth dynamics of the global industry. Competition in the industry is high, and supplies of imported products are increasing. Thus, according to IISI, world steel production in 2006

amounted to 1.219 billion tons, which is 7.93% higher than the previous year.

The section contains background information about the main industrial metals: occurrence in nature, physical and chemical properties, production and industrial use of metals, as well as the biological effects of metals and their compounds on humans. You can select the metal you are interested in by clicking on the link in the left menu of the page.

Currently, there is a basic classification of types of metals, defining three main groups: ferrous, non-ferrous and noble metals. The latter are sometimes included in the group of non-ferrous metals. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are used in almost all areas of industrial production; noble metals also serve as a means of preserving and accumulating value.

Black metals

Ferrous metals are iron and its alloys. This includes all types of cast iron and steel. Ferrous metals also include manganese and vanadium. The process of producing ferrous metals is called ferrous metallurgy. Casting iron and steel has traditionally been considered one of the constituent parts of the industrial power of any large country. The production of refractory metals and ferroalloys also belongs to the field of ferrous metallurgy.

Non-ferrous metals

Another type of metal , non-ferrous metals, includes most of the metallic elements of the periodic table, with the exception of ferrous metals and heavy transuranium elements. This group includes the familiar copper and tin, aluminum and titanium, tantalum and zirconium, as well as rare earth elements. Non-ferrous metals are divided into two large groups: heavy and light non-ferrous metals.

Heavy ones are primarily copper, nickel, lead, zinc, and light ones are aluminum, magnesium, titanium. Smelting hot non-ferrous metals requires a huge amount of energy, which is why aluminum is sometimes called the metal equivalent of electrical energy. The Russian Federation has almost the entire range of non-ferrous metals and is the leading world power in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy.

Noble metals

Among all types of metals, noble metals have the property that they are practically not susceptible to oxidation. The group of noble metals includes gold, silver, platinum, palladium and other platinum group metals. All noble metals are characterized by increased chemical resistance and brilliance.

The main areas of application of this type of metal are the jewelry industry, electronics, medicine, the production of protective surfaces and catalysts.

Due to their high cost and resistance to the external environment, metals in this group (mainly gold) are used as a store of value; states accumulate gold as a conservative part of their gold and foreign exchange reserves.

Source: https://www.allmetals.ru/metals/

Classification of metals, principles of their division and differences

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Classification of metals, principles of their division and differences Classification of metals, principles of their division and differences ( 1 vote, average: 5 out of 5)

Oddly enough, there is no single classification of metals and there are a number of reasons for this. One of the usual types of classification is to divide materials as follows:

• Black metals;
• Become;
• Cast iron;
• Non-ferrous metals and alloys;
• Noble metals;
• Rare non-ferrous metals;
• Light non-ferrous metals;
• Heavy non-ferrous metals.

This site uses this technique of classifying metals and their alloys in order to make it easier for users to find the information they need in our resource.

There is also a classification of metals as follows:

• by main component (iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium, titanium and others);
• by the number of components contained (two, three and multi-component, by manufacturing technology);
• by density (light, heavy, high-density);
• by melting point (low-melting, refractory).

Another option for classifying metals is light metals, heavy non-ferrous metals, noble metals, refractory, trace, radioactive and rare earth.

Use of metals

The use of metals in the modern world is one of the conditions for a normal life. These materials are actively used in almost every field of human activity. Among the most popular are iron and copper, and, accordingly, their alloys.

They have long been the first in production and today about 98% of all metal structures are made of these metals. Aluminum, magnesium, and beryllium are of great importance. In the 20th century, they began to be used on a special scale in many areas of technology, electrical engineering, and structural metals. The main metals are also nickel, cobalt, and manganese.

They were discovered less than 200 years ago, but as alloying elements they are remarkable, as they impart special properties of strength, wear resistance, and heat resistance. Refractory metals include 11 metals: platinum, tungsten, chromium, etc. Light metals—16 metals, sodium, lithium, cesium, etc.

The noble metals, or “precious metals” as they are now called, are gold, silver, platinum and the platinum group, eight in total. Rare earths include 17 metals.

Metals, brief description

Metals, the brief description of which contains mainly the basic, so-called "metallic properties", in fact cannot always be determined by the presence of all of them. Each element has different indicators of electrical conductivity, ductility and magnetism.

The total number of elements that are classified as metals is 94 types. They are simple chemicals. Extracted mainly from ores or in pure form (with some impurities), certain types, such as the isotope osmium-187, can only be obtained in laboratories.

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Source: https://metallsmaster.ru/klassifikaciya-metallov/

Types of Dental Crowns and Costs

If you are so lucky with your teeth that you only go to the dentist for routine checkups, you are in the lucky minority. Most people, sooner or later, are faced with the need for dental treatment, and then prosthetics. There are many types of crowns available today. We will tell you how they differ from each other in this article.

What does a dental crown look like and what problems does it solve?

Modern dentistry can solve almost any problem and save a tooth that, it seemed, could no longer be helped. Even if there is almost nothing left of the tooth, it is not necessary to remove it - you can simply put a crown. A crown is a structure that fits over the remainder of the tooth (like a cap) and performs its functions.

Crowns perform not only a utilitarian function - now they are indistinguishable from natural teeth and also solve aesthetic problems, restoring the beauty of a smile.

What to consider when choosing an orthopedic design

The most obvious criterion is the price of a crown per tooth - an important, but far from the only factor that should be taken into account when choosing. Most likely, the dentist will help you resolve this issue by offering several suitable options. However, to make the right choice, you should know what to look for.

Which tooth do you need a crown for - an incisor, canine, premolar or molar? Chewing teeth require very strong crowns, since they bear a significant load, and for the front teeth, the aesthetics of the material and its resemblance to real teeth are more important.

The durability of the crown is also an important criterion - you are unlikely to want to change it every few years. Many modern designs are designed for a very long service life - 10–15 years or even more.

What kinds of crowns are there for teeth, or not just metal?

For older people, the word “crown” is often associated with a gold tooth, but in recent decades, dental prosthetics have come a long way. Modern crowns are practically indistinguishable from real teeth.

The main difference between crowns is the material from which they are made. The appearance and strength of the products depend on the material.

Metal

Despite their exceptional strength (due to the plasticity of metal, crowns made of this type of material do not crack or wear out), metal crowns are already history in dentistry. The thing is that crowns made of platinum or gold are extremely unaesthetic. In addition, they are difficult to fit accurately onto the tooth. Finding a dental clinic that still installs metal crowns is no longer easy today. However, they are still sometimes placed on chewing teeth.

Metal ceramics

One of the best options in terms of price and quality ratio. When making metal-ceramic crowns, a ceramic coating similar to real enamel is applied to a metal base. These are strong and durable crowns that are relatively inexpensive.

But they also have disadvantages: the coating of such crowns does not have the translucency inherent in natural teeth; when installed on the front teeth, the metal base peeks through the gap between the coating layer and the gum, creating an unsightly dark stripe at the base of the tooth.

In addition, the installation of such a crown requires depulpation and serious grinding of the tooth.

Metal-free ceramics

To make ceramic crowns, not only ceramics themselves are used - crowns made from both zirconium dioxide and aluminum oxide (this is a durable translucent white material) are widely used.

Ceramic crowns are most similar to real teeth - an experienced specialist can give them a slight translucency at the edge, and even imitate the natural structure of tooth enamel. Ceramic crowns are often used to replace front teeth.

Such crowns are strong and durable, but with some caveats - they are not intended for sudden force. In other words, if you have been given such crowns, you cannot chew nuts. The disadvantages of the products include the high price.

Metal-plastic

The base of such crowns is made of metal (usually an alloy of cobalt and chromium), and an overlay made of plastic imitating enamel is attached to it. These are cheap crowns that have many disadvantages: they are fragile, change color under the influence of coffee, wine and other dyes, and they look unnatural. However, the attractive cost and very high production speed make such crowns a suitable option for temporary prosthetics.

And what is better, or Crowns for everyone

There are a lot of types of crowns, and it is not easy for a non-specialist to make the right choice, so we decided to identify the leaders in different categories. So, meet:

• The most aesthetic prize undoubtedly goes to crowns made of zirconium dioxide and aluminum oxide. They are completely indistinguishable from real teeth - even a dentist with extensive experience will be able to determine that these are crowns, and not the patient’s own teeth, only during an examination.
• The most durable zirconium dioxide crowns receive another prize - their service life is approximately 20 years or more. In essence, metal crowns will last you about the same amount of time, but no one will argue that such crowns are already outdated.
• The most biocompatible This can be considered a metal-ceramic crown, the frame of which is made of a gold-platinum alloy. These noble metals are completely inert and biocompatible.
• The most expensiveZirconium dioxide crowns emerged as winners in this category as well - their cost starts from 15-17 thousand rubles, but this is a reasonable investment in your beauty and health - the strength and durability of these crowns are as exceptional as their price.

Having decided on the best, you need to identify the worst. Choosing outsider crowns:

• The most unaesthetic is, of course, metal crowns. Nowadays it is difficult to find a person who would like to sparkle a gold tooth with every smile. Of course, everything depends on the image - some American rappers proudly wear such “fixes”, and the actor Johnny Depp, emphasizing the image of a rebel and non-conformist, several years ago got metal crowns for himself. But unless you're a disreputable hip-hop star and have never played Captain Jack Sparrow, it's best to choose something else.
• The most short-lived are, undoubtedly, metal-plastic crowns, which are not originally intended for long-term use. Their service life is only 2 years.
• The most unsafe are metal-ceramic crowns based on nickel. Nickel often causes allergies, which is why such crowns are almost never used today.
• The cheapest The cheapest are cast metal crowns; their price starts from 3.5 thousand rubles.

The doctor must give you a guarantee for the crown - during the warranty period, all work errors and defects of the crown itself will be eliminated free of charge.

Choosing the best option for crowns

There are no universal crowns; a different type is suitable for solving each individual problem.

For the front teeth, it is better to choose ceramic crowns - this material will provide you with a natural, radiant smile.

For chewing teeth, you can choose metal-ceramic crowns; they can withstand heavy loads. Of course, you can save money and get metal crowns, but as soon as you laugh heartily, this crown will be noticeable to everyone.

For those who are not ready to save money and also do not agree to sacrifice the aesthetic side of the issue, we recommend crowns made of aluminum oxide and zirconium dioxide. Yes, this is an expensive pleasure, but such crowns are absolutely indistinguishable from real teeth and are very beautiful.

For those who are looking for a balance between price and quality , metal-ceramic crowns are suitable - they are durable and also look good. But choose a decent clinic and an experienced doctor for installation.

For young people, the best crowns are zirconium ones - due to their beauty and long (20 years or more) service life.

Relatively inexpensive but durable metal-ceramic crowns are suitable for older people

For children , in particular, for prosthetics of primary teeth, metal crowns made of stainless steel or an alloy of nickel and chromium, as well as temporary acrylic crowns, are used. The method of installing such crowns is non-traumatic and simple. And when the time comes to change teeth, the crown will fall out along with the baby tooth. If a permanent tooth has been damaged, it is better to do your child a good favor and invest in an expensive but aesthetic crown made of zirconium dioxide.

The choice of crowns is very extensive, but there is no need to delve into all the details - just find a good orthopedic dentist who will select an option for you that suits both price and characteristics.

How to choose a professional orthopedic dentist and a reliable clinic?

The number of dental clinics is huge; in any big city there are both small offices and large centers. It may take several days to call all the dentists in the area and find out everything about the prices and services they offer. An orthopedist and member of the Dental Association talks about how to shorten the search for a doctor:

Source: https://dobriydoc-krd.ru/raznoe/tipy-zubnyh-koronok-i-stoimost

Types of metal products: industrial, artistic, household

Issues discussed in the material:

• What types of metal products are there?
• What metal are art products made from?
• How to calculate the weight of metal products
• What types of household metal products are there?

Man has been using metal products for many centuries. In the modern world, a wide variety of household appliances, decorations and parts used in industry are made from metals and their alloys. From this article you will learn about what types of metal products are used in various fields of industry.

Types of rolled metal products

Rolled metal refers to products of various shapes made of steel and alloys or pure metals. They can be produced by cold or hot rolling on special machines.

There are many types of rolled metal used in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, and the construction industry. It plays a key role in the production of equipment and installation of building structures of any nature - from radio towers to monolithic residential buildings.

Often, rolled metal serves as a blank for more complex parts or types of rolled products.

Rolled metal is usually divided into types, starting from:

• manufacturing technologies: hot rolling, which requires a temperature above the recrystallization level, and cold rolling, which is carried out at a temperature below the recrystallization level;
• alloy used: black (cast iron and carbon steels), non-ferrous (aluminium, copper, titanium, nickel, cadmium, tin, etc.), stainless (made of stainless steels in combination with alloying metals such as chromium, nickel, manganese, etc. );
• surface treatment method, according to which rolled metal can be polished, matte, mirrored, calibrated.

In addition, among all rolled metal products there are different types of metal products:

• Sheet: sheet steel, rolled sheets (at least 2 mm thick), strip, etc.
• Varietals, which are produced using graded machines. Different types have different cross-sectional shapes, so this includes reinforcement, circle, hexagon, strip, square, wire, etc.
• Shaped, having a complex profile shape. This group includes a channel, an angle, a rail.
• Pipe rolling: welded, cold-drawn, hot-rolled pipes with rectangular, round, oval cross-sections.

Different types of rolled metal are intended for different industries, so each of them has its own characteristics and areas of use.

May have a rectangular, square or round cross-section. For its production, other types of rolled metal are often used: the pipe can be welded from steel sheets, made by cold and hot rolling from a steel circle.

This type of metal products and structures is widely used in most industrial sectors: drilling wells, developing oil and gas fields, building oil and gas pipelines, sewers, water pipelines, manufacturing production equipment, and advertising structures. In addition, pipes often play the role of blanks for various parts in mechanical engineering.

For this type of metal products, GOST 103-76 or GOST 103-2006 is provided. For its manufacture, different types of steel can be used, for example, such as structural, spring. The strip has the appearance of a steel plate with a rectangular cross-section. It is intended for the production of steel sheets, springs, various parts, and is also used in construction.

We are talking about a high-quality type of rolled metal, which is a rod with a ribbed surface. Most often it is used in the reinforcement of reinforced concrete products and monolithic buildings, and in the construction of various types of metal structures. For the production of fittings, low-alloy or carbon steel is used.

It looks like a metal plate bent lengthwise. The corner is necessary for installing reinforced concrete lintels and connecting wooden and metal elements during construction. It is also actively used in carriage, automobile and mechanical engineering in the production of large-sized equipment.

This type of metal products is produced in the form of rods with a square cross-section. For its manufacture, high-speed, stainless steel, and non-ferrous metals are used. Squares have found their application in artistic forging; they are used as a basis for cutting tools and various parts, for example, pushers, bushings, spindles. It can play the role of a blank for long and shaped steel.

The circle is one of the popular types of rolled metal, as it is used as a blank for metal seamless pipes, bushings, parts, shafts, and fasteners. The circle has the appearance of rods with a round cross-section. For its production, hot and cold rolling methods are used.

In accordance with the name, such a rod has a cross-section in the shape of a regular hexagon. Usually plays the role of a workpiece during the production of various types of parts, bolts, nuts, studs, etc.

This is a type of shaped steel that has a U-shape in cross section. In its production, the hot rolling method is used, and the role of the blank for the channels is played by steel ingots or bent steel strips (with a rounded corner). Enterprises produce channels with parallel flanges or with a small angle between them, not exceeding 10%.

This type of metal products can withstand large transverse and longitudinal loads. Therefore, it is used in the construction of metal structures, anchor posts, reinforced concrete reinforcement, as well as in mechanical engineering.

This type of shaped steel is better known as a beam and has a cross section in the shape of the letter “H”. This shape allows for increased structural rigidity and load-bearing capacity while reducing weight. I-beams are most common in the construction industry, where they are used as floors and support elements. It is made from carbon and low-alloy steel.

We are talking about a type of steel beam with a different profile shape. the task of the rail is to create reliable support for moving trains, therefore this type of structure is used for the construction of railways and tracks located on the territory of large industries.

Along with the circle, it is one of the most commonly used types of rolled metal. Such metal products are brought to enterprises in rolls or cut into pieces.

The sheets are used for the production of body parts for light and heavy vehicles, special equipment, radio-electronic equipment housings, and production equipment. In addition, the sheets are used as a blank for the production of other sheet metal products:

• metal tiles and corrugated sheets;
• corrugated sheet (its surface is covered with special notches);
• perforated expanded metal sheet.

The resulting sheet metal is necessary for the construction of enclosing and roofing structures, the manufacture of transitions, etc.

How to calculate the weight of metal products

Before purchasing any type of metal product for business or personal use, it is important to understand how much you will need. When making calculations, they rely on the information specified in the rolled metal tables. The latter presents all types of metal products, and also indicates the necessary characteristics: weight, shape, density, etc. Similar data can be found in reference books on rolled metal, textbooks on metal science and other specialized literature.

However, it is not necessary to take information specifically from printed literature; today, everything you need can be found in online tables or the computer program “Rolled Metal Calculator”. With their help, anyone can enter initial indicators and calculate the required quantity of goods.

Note that this method is the simplest, as it allows you to avoid searching for additional information and, importantly, is always at hand. The spreadsheets indicate both the weight of a particular type of metal product and its technical characteristics established by GOST. It is also important that tables are usually supplemented with photographs of products, which means it is impossible to make a mistake when choosing products.

Remember! Before purchasing rolled metal, it is important to calculate the required weight in advance, so that you can then compare it with the result of practical weighing. This way you can be sure of the seller’s integrity and that the company’s technology for the production of metal products has not been violated.

The weight of the reinforcement is an important quantity that is taken into account when making the calculations necessary for the concreting process. If you know the weight of one meter of reinforcement, you can understand how many metal products of the same type will be required for a certain volume of concrete.

In other words, this is how the concreting coefficient can be calculated. A simple operation will allow you to find out the weight of the reinforcement even at the purchase stage: you need to add up the total length of the rods and multiply by the weight of one linear meter.

The tables indicate the weight of a meter of reinforcement of different diameters.

For example, let’s calculate the weight of reinforcement with a diameter of 8 mm. Let's say you need to purchase 15 rods 6 m long. Their total length will be: 15 × 6 = 90 m. The table shows the weight of one linear meter of such reinforcement, equal to 0.395 kg/m. Then 0.395 × 90 = 35.55 kg. It is easy to calculate the number of meters in a ton of reinforcement; for this, 1000 kg is divided by the weight of a meter of reinforcement.

Since I-beams are used to support and ensure the strength of large building structures, very stringent requirements are placed on the correctness of the calculations. When starting to design a structure, you first need to imagine the weight of the beam.

To calculate the number of metal products of a given type required for the construction of an object, based on the weight of one linear meter, you should use the following tables:

• Weight of 1 m linear I-beam with inclined edges (GOST 8239-89).
• Weight of 1 m of normal beam with parallel edges (GOST 26020-83).
• Weight of 1 m linear wide-flange beam with parallel edges (GOST 26020-83).
• Weight of 1 m linear beam column with parallel edges (GOST 26020-83).
• The weight of the beam is normal (STO ASChM 20-93).
• Weight of wide flange beam (STO ASChM 20-93).
• Weight of beam by column (STO ASChM 20-93).

In some cases, an approximate calculation of the weight of metal products has to be done without the help of online tables, when you only have a calculator on your phone and a tape measure at hand. You can find out the weight of the product by multiplying the specific gravity by the volume. Determining specific gravity is not difficult, but volume is not so simple. To solve this problem, you need to use Gulden's principle: multiply the cross-sectional area by the height. You will receive the necessary data by measuring the parameters of the metal product.

Here are formulas for calculating the weight of the most common types of metal products.

Pipe weight:

M = (D – s) × s × 0.02466, where:

M – mass of one linear meter of pipe, kg;

D – outer diameter of the pipe, mm;

Source: https://vt-metall.ru/articles/320-vidy-metallicheskix-izdelij

What determines the price of scrap metal?

Scrap metal collection in Moscow is offered by small and large acceptors. If the company is large, like SukhovLOM, then it offers more favorable prices, accepting any volumes and quantities.

Every person has sold scrap metal at least once in their life. Today this is not a problem - there are many offers, and most receiving companies offer favorable conditions for dismantling, cutting, and removal. It’s easy to hand over metal, you don’t have to leave the house, and you get good money for it. It will be used to make new useful products or parts, and excess junk will not take up space. I would like to sell the metal at a higher price, but what does its price depend on?

The company's pricing policy, its scale

Scrap metal collection in Moscow is offered by small and large acceptors. If the company is large, like SukhovLOM, then it offers more favorable prices, accepting any volumes and quantities. Such companies have their own special equipment for cutting and dismantling.

The price will depend on the complexity of the additional work. Small intermediaries usually offer lower prices, and often engage in fraud (buying valuable metals at a reduced cost).

Therefore, you should trust large companies that are ready to immediately provide a price list.

Seasonality

The cost may vary depending on the season. Metal prices are highest in the period from October to December, but the economic situation in the country as a whole also affects.

Type of metal

Most of all, the price depends on the type and value of the scrap. Ferrous metal is accepted at lower prices than, for example, copper and bronze. The following main types of scrap can be distinguished, and the cost of each of them varies significantly:

• bronze;
• nickel;
• aluminum;
• lead;
• iron;
• tin;
• titanium;
• zinc and others.

Batch size

For large volumes of delivered raw materials, the company usually pays more, because transportation and other costs are reduced for it. More favorable conditions may be provided to regular customers and partners.

Additional services and their level of complexity

Metal will be accepted at a lower cost if the structure is at a height or there are other difficulties with its dismantling and cutting.

Quality and contamination

A representative of the inspector comes to the site and assesses the quality of the metal (impurities, thickness), its contamination, uniformity.

Object range

If the object is located far away, then transporting raw materials becomes unprofitable and sometimes impractical. Therefore, they choose large companies that have representative offices in different cities or look for small local firms.

In many ways, the cost may depend on the need for further processing, removal of insulation, and scale.

Source: https://metals-expert.com/stat/digest/544.html

Sheet metal bending technology. What is metal bending – My site

Currently, precision metal bending technology is actively used, as it allows a manufacturing organization to abandon the use of stamps in the manufacture of many parts.

The use of bending also makes it possible to obtain high accuracy of the linear dimensions and angles of the product and to obtain a seamless, one-piece structure.

This is a huge advantage for production, since the seams on welded products are often the most vulnerable point, where corrosion is most common, and, as a result, the integrity of the product is compromised.

The high strength of the metal subjected to this treatment is also noted. All steels and metal alloys of acceptable thickness are subjected to the technological process. Only the most fragile sheets of metal are not subject to bending. As a rule, bending equipment is used in conjunction with a laser machine, that is, the part itself is initially cut out and then subjected to bending.

Technologies

Sheet metal bending is carried out in various ways. The most widely used machines are the “Press Brake” type. The popularity of this technology is due to the following features.

• The same equipment can produce parts of different configurations from different materials and different thicknesses.
• High production flexibility - most parts are manufactured without equipment changeovers or tool changes. Moreover, often the tool does not change at all, while in production there may be a large number of parts that are different both in configuration and in material/thickness.
• High performance.
• Low equipment cost and production cost.
• Applicability of process automation.

At the same time, the possibilities of such a technological process cannot be limitless. The main limiting factors or their combination are:

• material properties;
• features of the instrument;
• knowledge and skills of technologists and operators;
• press capabilities.

Let's consider the main, most important issues of bending sheet metal on Press Brake machines.

Metal deformation

Bending on press brakes is based on the 3-point principle. The sheet rests on 2 matrix points. The punch presses on the sheet between 2 points of the matrix, forming a third, central point.

As the punch is lowered, the center point of the sheet lowers with it, and the lower side surfaces of the sheet slide along the radii of the V-opening of the matrix. The material is somewhat compressed at the point of pressure of the punch and significantly stretched from the underside of the sheet.

Also, the material is deformed at the point of sliding along the matrix - visible or invisible traces of deformation (indentation) remain there.

Schematic illustration of metal deformation during bending

The length of the development in the direction perpendicular to the bend line always increases. In this regard, the length of the sweep is made less than the sum of all the sides. The elongation of the workpiece at each bend depends on:

• thickness and type of material,
• bend angle,
• bending radius (width of the V-opening of the matrix and punch radius),
• rental directions.

The theoretical calculation will always be approximate. The most accurate result can be obtained experimentally. To do this, you need to take several blanks, for example, 100x100. Mark the rental direction.

Bend an equal number of blanks along the rolled section and across it. Take measurements of the resulting sides. For each workpiece, sum the lengths of the sides and subtract 100. The resulting difference will be the elongation for the given bending conditions.

Comparing the results obtained, the following can be assessed:

• stability of results,
• influence of rolling direction.

In most cases, the difference in elongation along the rolled section and across it can be neglected. However, if the requirements for the accuracy of the resulting dimensions are very high and/or the number of bends is large, then this difference should be taken into account when creating a development and positioning it on the sheet.

Peculiarities

Separately, it should be noted that the more the metal needs to be deformed (reducing the minimum side, angle and bending radius), the greater the impact required. Here the impact is directly related to pressure and moment of force. Pressure is the ratio of force to the area over which it is applied.

Thus, to increase impact, more force must be applied over a smaller area. The moment of force, in turn, is the product of the acting force and the length of the lever of application of the force. Reducing the minimum flange or bending radius requires the use of a die with a smaller V-opening and, as a result, less leverage.

Accordingly, other things being equal, bending on a die with a smaller opening requires the application of greater force.

Schematic representation of force and leverage when bending on dies with different V-openings

Source: http://ctroisys.ru/texnologiya-gibki-listovogo-metalla-gibka-metalla-chto-takoe.html

What types of metal alloys are there? List - Metalist's Handbook

Metals have been used by humans for many millennia. The defining eras of human development are named after the names of metals: the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Age of Cast Iron, etc. Not a single metal product around us consists of 100% iron, copper, gold or other metal. Each contains additives deliberately introduced by a person and harmful impurities introduced against the will of a person.

Absolutely pure metal can only be obtained in a space laboratory. All other metals in real life are alloys - solid compounds of two or more metals (and non-metals), purposefully obtained in the process of metallurgical production.

Classification of homogeneity of alloys

Classification

Metallurgists classify metal alloys according to several criteria:

1. manufacturing method:
2. production technology:
   • foundries;
   • deformable;
   • powder;
3. homogeneity of structure:

   Types of alloys based on them

4. type of metal - basics:
   • black (iron);
   • non-ferrous (non-ferrous metals);
   • rare metals (radioactive elements);
5. number of components:
   • double;
   • triple;
   • and so on;
6. physicochemical characteristics:
   • refractory;
   • fusible;
   • high strength;
   • heat resistant;
   • hard;
   • antifriction;
   • corrosion-resistant, etc.;
7. purpose:
   • structural;
   • instrumental;
   • special.

Metals and alloys based on them have different physical and chemical characteristics.

The metal having the largest mass fraction is called the base.

Properties of alloys

The properties possessed by metal alloys are divided into:

1. Structurally insensitive. They are determined by the properties of the components and their percentage. These include :
   • density;
   • melting temperature;
   • thermal and elastic characteristics;
   • coefficient of thermal expansion;
2. structurally sensitive. Determined by the properties of the element - the base.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/kakie-byvayut-splavy-metallov-spisok/

Variety of metals

The most common metal in everyday life is steel, which is usually called iron. Chemically pure iron can only be found in laboratories. Industrial iron contains various impurities - carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, etc. Iron used in technology contains up to 0.2% carbon. It is well processed with cutting tools, forged and bent even when cold. Iron is produced in the form of strips, rods, wires, sheets of various thicknesses and other profiles.

With an increase in carbon content from 0.2 to 2%, the hardness of iron increases and at the same time its processing becomes more difficult. Iron with various, often artificially introduced, impurities is called steel.

There are many signs by which you can distinguish steel from iron and determine its quality. A drop of nitric acid leaves a dark spot on the surface of the steel; The blacker the spot, the harder the steel.

No stains appear on iron under the influence of nitric acid; its surface remains clean.

Mild steel has a uniform, grainy, light gray surface when fractured; hard steel with a high carbon content has a dull silver tint.

When sharpening steel products on an emery sharpener, a beam of sparks is formed. Soft steel produces light sparks, harder steel produces yellow sparks.

Good steel, heated to a light red color, forges well, but at higher temperatures it cracks during forging. High carbon steel takes hardening well and becomes exceptionally hard and durable. For heat treatment of steel at home and the hardening temperature of hand tools, see the tables.

Carbon in steel

More than 2% carbon in steel makes it brittle and unsuitable for forging. This alloy of iron and carbon is called cast iron. When fractured, cast iron has a grayish tint. The more carbon in cast iron, the darker the shade. Kitchen utensils are made from cast iron - frying pans, cast iron, cauldrons, etc.

Copper

The first metal used by man was probably copper. It is valued mainly for three main qualities - high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and high corrosion resistance. Coins, jewelry, and tools made from copper and its alloys (bronze and brass) have been preserved for centuries.

When exposed to moisture, the copper surface becomes covered with a dark red or black oxide film, which forms a green coating in air. This green film resists further corrosion. It is enough to scrape off the green coating from a copper surface that has not been cleaned for a long time, and shiny metal will be revealed.

Alloys of copper with other metals, usually called bronzes, have greater strength than pure copper and better corrosion resistance. The most common are bronzes, alloyed from copper and tin.

Lead

Lead is a very soft, heavy, gray metal. It has a low melting point (327°C). In the molten state, lead remains quite thick, so castings from it are rough. Lead is practically not corroded by any acids.

Externally, tin looks like lead. In industry, it is used mainly for the production of bronze. An alloy of lead and tin is used for soldering as solder. A large amount of tin is used for tinning steel, copper and brass products to protect them from corrosion. Tin cans and steel kitchen utensils are usually tinned, since tin is resistant to food acids.

Aluminum

The most abundant element on earth after oxygen and silicon is aluminum, a silvery-white metal. It is well rolled, stamped and forged. Only the difficulty of liberating pure aluminum from its various compounds prevents it from becoming the cheapest and most abundant metal on earth. Due to its lightness (3 times lighter than iron), aluminum and its alloys are widely used in industry.

Aluminum is being used more and more in everyday life - it is used to make dishes, light furniture and other products. It must be borne in mind that aluminum is difficult to solder and weld at home.

Nickel and chromium

To protect against corrosion and give a beautiful appearance, metal products are coated with nickel and chromium. Nickel-plated and chrome-plated items cannot be soldered.

Source: http://www.make-1.ru/1s/1_metal_2.php

Non-ferrous, precious and ferrous types of metals and their characteristics

Metals are a large group of simple elements with characteristic features, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, positive temperature coefficient, and more. In order to correctly classify and understand what’s what, you need to understand all the nuances. Let's try to consider such basic types of metals as ferrous, non-ferrous, precious, as well as alloys. This is a fairly broad and complex topic, but we will try to break everything down.

What should everyone know?

Before classifying metals into groups, it is necessary to understand the basic characteristics. The primary ones include the negative conductivity coefficient of electricity. This suggests that as temperature decreases, conductivity increases and some conductors become superconductors.

At the same time, an increase in temperature leads to a partial or complete loss of throughput. Secondary features include a metallic luster, as well as a high melting point. In addition, some metals in the form of compounds play the role of a reducing agent in redox reactions.

Please note that pure metals are practically never found in nature, so there is no need to forget about ore and nuggets either.

This group includes iron, as well as its alloys (cast iron, ferroalloys). Essentially, ferrous metals are an alloy of iron and carbon, but in addition to this, they also contain other chemical elements, such as sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, etc.

If it is necessary to give the alloy specific properties necessary to fulfill certain purposes, alloying substances are added, which are most often copper, chromium or nickel. All types of ferrous metals are classified according to their carbon content.

So, the following alloys exist:

• Cast iron - the amount of carbon ranges from 2 to 4.3%, in some cases reaching a critical level of 5%. Various chemical elements directly affect the properties of the product. Thus, sulfur and phosphorus increase brittleness, and chromium and nickel additives make cast iron more heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant.
• Steel – carbon content up to 2%. It differs from cast iron in its high ductility, as well as high technological indicators (easier to process).

Features of cast iron and steel in detail

Currently, there are several types of cast iron that are used in everyday life, as well as in industry: foundry (gray) and conversion (white).

The latter differs from the first type in that carbon is in a bound state in the form of cement, while in the first case it is in a free state in the form of graphite. The decrease in the strength of this material is due to the fact that graphite plates disrupt the metal structure, thereby weakening it.

There is modified gray cast iron. Its features are that the graphite is in a spherical shape, which increases the mechanical properties of the product.

You have probably already realized that they have become more versatile, which is due to not so much carbon in the composition. Thus, structural steels contain from 0.02 to 0.85% carbon and are used for construction. Their main advantage is good ductility. The degree of fragility is low.

There are also instrumental ones, in which the carbon content is slightly higher - from 0.65 to 1.4%, therefore, it is a more durable alloy, but brittle. It is used, as the name suggests, as a blank for creating tools (cutting, sawing working parts of machines and units).

Now we have looked at the types of ferrous metals, so let's move on.

About silver and gold

Since the Stone Age, people have been familiar with such a metal as gold. It is safe to say that this is the most important precious metal in the whole world. In nature, it is most often found as nuggets with a small amount of impurities or in an alloy with silver.

Exceptional features include thermal conductivity and very low resistance. Of course, one cannot fail to note the malleability of gold, which is why it is an extremely popular material for making jewelry. Interesting fact: the largest gold nugget was found in Australia.

He weighed about 90 kilograms.

If we consider the main types of precious metals, we cannot help but mention silver. In nature, this material is found in its native form (silver ore). But it is worth noting that the main production is carried out from complex ores, where there is relatively little silver, but deposits of such minerals are more common. It is a very soft and ductile metal that has exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.

Rhodium and platinum

Rhodium is a metal that does not have its own minerals, therefore it is one of the most expensive. You will have to pay more than $220 per gram. This noble metal has a silvery color with a bluish tint. It is distinguished by its resistance to chemical and temperature influences, but is extremely vulnerable to mechanical damage due to its fragility. Since it is quite expensive, it is used only where an analogue cannot be found.

If we consider the types and types of metals, we cannot fail to mention platinum, discovered in 1952 by a Swedish chemist. This is a fairly rare material and is found in nature only in combination of alloys with other metals. The extraction process is extremely labor-intensive and requires large investments, but it is worth it, because platinum is not affected by any acid known today. When heated, it does not change color and does not oxidize.

Types of non-ferrous metals

This group is the most in demand, since most materials are raw materials for the production of rolled metal. If we talk about the scope of application, it is quite extensive, these are: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, radio electronics, high technology, etc. Based on their physical properties, there are the following types of non-ferrous metals:

• heavy (lead, zinc, tin, nickel, etc.);
• lightweight (aluminum, titanium, magnesium, etc.).

According to this classification, there is metallurgy of light and heavy metals. It is no secret that absolutely any equipment can be made from this group. Please note that non-ferrous metals include all types of metal alloys, except iron. Now let's move on.

Main types of heavy metals

To date, there are approximately 40 definitions of the concept of this group of materials. Among the distinctive features is an impressive atomic weight, usually more than 50. From this we can conclude that everything that comes after vanadium (regardless of density) should be included in the list. But if we use another definition, then the determining parameter may be density, which should be more than that of iron (8 g/cm3).

In this case, the list will include: lead, mercury, copper, but tin will be behind the list. Today the issue of environmental pollution by this group is extremely acute. This is because many metals are used in heavy industry and end up in the ocean through wastewater. The main problem is the high toxicity of mercury, lead, and cadmium. In addition, some types of heavy metals tend to accumulate in living organisms.

Thus, due to mercury poisoning in 1977, there were more than 2,300 victims.

These are the most dangerous non-ferrous metals classified as heavy. They are major environmental pollutants. Mercury is a highly toxic metal for humans; it enters the ocean through the atmosphere and through wastewater.

When power plants burn coal, mercury compounds enter the atmosphere and then fall into the ocean as precipitation.

In addition, many freshwater and marine inhabitants accumulate significant amounts of mercury in their bodies, which has more than once led to human poisoning and even death.

Cadmium is a dispersed and rather rare element that enters the ocean along with wastewater from metallurgical and ore processing industries. It should be noted that cadmium is present in the human body, but it is very small. With chronic poisoning, bones are destroyed and anemia begins.

As for lead, this metal is found in a dispersed state almost everywhere. These types of metals, photos of which we have given above, are excreted from the body, but rather slowly, so their excess amounts cause serious health problems.

Along with continental dust, approximately 25 thousand tons of lead enter the ocean along with atmospheric precipitation.

On a note

As you can see, there are a wide variety of types and properties of metals. Something is not dangerous at all, and every day we wear a silver cross and a gold ring on our hands. Radioactive substances can kill a person, so environmentalists around the world are trying to partially solve the issue of the release of hazardous metals into the ocean and atmosphere.

Of course, solving such problems is very difficult, especially considering that most entrepreneurs do not make contact at all. However, we should not forget that without conductors, which also consist of metal, electrical circuits are impossible, and without iron there will be no cars and other things familiar to us.

We have not touched upon the group of so-called radioactive metals of the periodic table. These include: technetium, polonium, promethium, etc. The main purpose is use in nuclear reactors and weapons, which makes them very dangerous.

Conclusion

You may have noticed that there are many different types of metals. In nature, most of them are present in the form of ores and form various sulfides, carbonates and other chemical compounds.

To obtain pure metals and their further use, modern technological refining and enrichment lines are used. Surely you will be interested to know that the human body also contains a small amount of metal compounds - about 3%.

So, we have calcium in our bones, iron in our blood, magnesium constantly accumulates in our muscles, and copper in our liver.

Well, that’s basically all that can be said about what types of metal alloys exist. Despite the fact that this is a rather complex topic, it may be of interest to those who are interested in metallurgy.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/162138/tsvetnyie-dragotsennyie-i-chernyie-vidyi-metallov-i-ih-harakteristika

Non-ferrous metals: list, names, classification and use:

The leading industry in the economy of our country is metallurgy. For its successful development, a lot of metal is needed. This article will discuss non-ferrous heavy and light metals and their use.

Classification of non-ferrous metals

Depending on their physical properties and purpose, they are divided into the following groups:

• Light non-ferrous metals. The list of this group is large: it includes calcium, strontium, cesium, potassium, and lithium. But the most commonly used metals in the metallurgical industry are aluminum, titanium and magnesium.
• Heavy metals are very popular. These are the well-known zinc and tin, copper and lead, as well as nickel.

• Noble metals such as platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, rhodium. Gold and silver are widely used to make jewelry.
• Rare earth metals - selenium and zirconium, germanium and lanthanum, neodymium, terbium, samarium and others.
• Refractory metals - vanadium and tungsten, tantalum and molybdenum, chromium and manganese.
• Minor metals such as bismuth, cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, mercury.
• Alloys – brass and bronze.

Light metals

They are widespread in nature. These metals have low density. They have high chemical activity. They are strong connections. The metallurgy of these metals began to develop in the nineteenth century. They are obtained by electrolysis of molten salts, electrothermy and metallothermy. Light non-ferrous metals, the list of which has many items, are used for the production of alloys.

Magnesium

It belongs to the group of light non-ferrous metals. It has a silver-white color and a film oxide coating. It has a low density and is easy to process. The metal is resistant to flammable substances: gasoline, kerosene, mineral oils, but is susceptible to dissolution in acids. Magnesium is not magnetic. It has low elastic and casting properties and is susceptible to corrosion.

Titanium

This is a light metal. It is not magnetic. It has a silver color with a bluish tint. It has high strength and corrosion resistance. But titanium has low electrical and thermal conductivity. Loses mechanical properties at a temperature of 400 degrees, becomes brittle at 540 degrees.

The mechanical properties of titanium are enhanced in alloys with molybdenum, manganese, aluminum, chromium and others. Depending on the alloying metal, alloys have different strengths, including high-strength ones. Such alloys are used in aircraft construction, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding. They are used to produce rocketry, household appliances and much more.

Heavy metals

Heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is very wide, are obtained from sulfide and oxidized polymetallic ores. Depending on their types, methods for obtaining metals differ in the method and complexity of production, during which the valuable components of the raw material must be completely extracted.

Metals in this group are hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Metals obtained by any method are called rough. They undergo a refining procedure. Only after this can they be used for industrial purposes.

Zinc

It also represents non-ferrous metals. The list of names is large. However, not all heavy non-ferrous metals, which include zinc, are used in industry. This metal is fragile. But if you heat it to one hundred and fifty degrees, it will be forged without problems and rolled with ease. Zinc has high anti-corrosion properties, but it is susceptible to destruction when exposed to alkali and acid.

Brass

These are alloys of copper and zinc with the addition of manganese, lead, aluminum and other metals. The cost of brass is less than copper, but its strength, toughness and corrosion resistance are higher. Brass has good casting properties. Parts are produced from it by stamping, rolling, drawing, and rolling. This metal is used to make shell casings and much more.

Use of non-ferrous metals

Not only the metals themselves, but also their alloys are called non-ferrous. The exception is the so-called “ferrous metal”: iron and, accordingly, its alloys. In European countries, non-ferrous metals are called non-ferrous metals.

Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is quite large, have found wide application in various industries all over the world, including in Russia, where they are the main specialization. They are produced and mined in all regions of the country.

Light and heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is represented by a wide variety of items, constitute a branch of industry called “Metallurgy”. This concept includes the extraction, enrichment of ores, and smelting of both metals and their alloys.

Currently, the non-ferrous metallurgy industry has become widespread. The quality of non-ferrous metals is very high, they are durable and practical, and are used in the construction industry: they are used to decorate buildings and structures. They are used to produce profile metal, wire, tapes, strips, foil, sheets, and rods of various shapes.

Source: https://BusinessMan.ru/tsvetnyie-metallyi-spisok-nazvaniya-klassifikatsiya-i-ispolzovanie.html