What is the melting point of stainless steel

stainless steel welding wire

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This section discusses stainless steel welding wire.

For blacksmiths, forges, industries and individuals (homemade workers, self-taught people and enthusiasts).

See below for useful information to help you choose.

Choose brands from the list below the article.

Stainless steel wire DEKA ER308LSi 1.6 mm, 15 kg. Photo by DEKA

Stainless steel welding wire is placed in a separate category due to the presence of an important property - maintaining the anti-corrosion properties of the weld.

Scope, purpose

Stainless steel has become widespread both in everyday life and in production. The use of this steel in the chemical, oil and food industries ensures the operability of the enterprises of these industries. The creation of new and repair of old parts is carried out using welding.

Stainless steel as a consumable material is used in automatic or semi-automatic welding technology. It can be continuous when protected in a gas atmosphere of carbon dioxide, argon and their mixture. Without gas protection, flux-cored wire is used, which is a tube filled with a compound, one of the properties of which is to provide protection to the weld.

Stainless steel welding wire Wester STW08100. Photo 220Volt

Used as a surfacing consumable material. The deposited surface is able to protect the main part from corrosion. Used as a blank for electrodes.

Symbols and markings

Marking of solid wire for welding (surfacing) on ​​the domestic market is carried out in accordance with GOST 2246-70. Stainless steel welding wire is designated as any other alloy wire . The only difference in the chemical composition is the increased content of chromium and nickel.

Example: 3 Sv. – 01Х19Н9 – Ш – E – О GOST 2246-70.

• 3 St. - denotes the technology of application (welding) and its standard size 3.0 mm.
• 01Х19Н9 – chemical composition of the material:
• 01 – carbon (no more than 0.03%);
• X19 – chromium content about 19%;
• H9 – nickel content about 9%.

The chemical composition designation may end with the letter A or double AA. The content of harmful impurities of phosphorus and sulfur is specified here: A - standard, AA - reduced.

• Ш – wire is made using electroslag remelting technology.
• E-wire is used to prepare electrodes.
• O – the surface of stainless wire can be coated with copper. This wire is used for particularly critical connections where arc stability is required.

Stainless steel wire MIG ER-308LSi (1 kg; 0.8 mm) Cedar. Photo VseInstruments.ru

Marking of flux-cored wire used for welding stainless steels is carried out in accordance with GOST 26271-84.

In the international format, they use markings according to AWS (American Welding Society) standards.

Kinds

The main technological process where stainless steel wire is used is semi-automatic in an atmosphere of protective gases. To improve process parameters, it can be coated with copper, i.e. be copper-plated (! not to be confused with copper wire). It is used as an additional material in argon arc welding with a non-consumable electrode. Using a gas burner, it is applied to the surface in the form of surfacing.

Source: https://kovka-svarka.net/provoloki/nerzhaveiushchaia/

At what temperature does steel melt?

Steel is an alloy of iron mixed with carbon. Its main benefit in construction is strength, because this substance retains its volume and shape for a long time. The whole point is that the particles of the body are in a position of equilibrium. In this case, the attractive and repulsive forces between the particles are equal. The particles are in a clearly defined order.

• Melting temperatures of steel
• Stainless steel
• Cast iron and steel

There are four types of this material: regular, alloy, low-alloy, high-alloy steel. They differ in the number of additives in their composition. The usual one contains a small amount, and then increases. The following additives are used:

• Manganese.
• Nickel.
• Chromium.
• Vanadium.
• Molybdenum.

Melting temperatures of steel

Under certain conditions, solids melt, that is, they turn into a liquid state. Each substance does this at a certain temperature.

• Melting is the process of transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid state.
• Melting point is the temperature at which a crystalline solid melts into a liquid state. Denoted by t.

Physicists use a specific table of melting and crystallization, which is given below:

Substance	t,°C	Substance	t,°C	Substance	t,°C
Aluminum	660	Copper	1087	Alcohol	— 115
Voden	— 256	Naphthalene	80	Cast iron	1200
Tungsten	3387	Tin	232	Steel	1400
Iron	1535	Paraffin	55	Titanium	1660
Gold	1065	Mercury	— 39	Zinc	420

Based on the table, we can safely say that the melting point of steel is 1400 °C.

Stainless steel

Stainless steel is one of the many iron alloys found in steel. It contains Chromium from 15 to 30%, which makes it rust-resistant, creating a protective layer of oxide on the surface, and carbon. The most popular brands of this type are foreign. These are the 300th and 400th series.

They are distinguished by their strength, resistance to adverse conditions and ductility. The 200 series is of lower quality, but cheaper. This is a beneficial factor for the manufacturer.

Its composition was first noticed in 1913 by Harry Brearley, who conducted many different experiments on steel.

At the moment, stainless steel is divided into three groups:

• Heat-resistant - at high temperatures it has high mechanical strength and stability. The parts that are made from it are used in the pharmaceutical, rocketry, and textile industries.
• Rust-resistant - has great resistance to rusting processes. It is used in household and medical devices, as well as in mechanical engineering for the manufacture of parts.
• Heat-resistant - resistant to corrosion at high temperatures, suitable for use in chemical plants.

The melting point of stainless steel varies depending on its grade and the number of alloys from approximately 1300 °C to 1400 °C.

Cast iron and steel

Cast iron is an alloy of carbon and iron, it contains impurities of manganese, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus. Withstands low voltages and loads. One of its many advantages is its low cost for consumers. There are four types of cast iron:

• White - has high strength and poor ability to be processed with a knife. Types of alloy according to the increase in the amount of carbon in the composition: hypoeutectic, eutectic, hypereutectic. It was called white due to the fact that it has a white color in the fault. White cast iron also has a special structure of the metal mass and great wear resistance. Useful in making mechanical parts that will operate in a non-lubricated environment. It is used to make the following types of cast iron.
• Gray cast iron - contains carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus and some sulfur. It can be easily obtained and has poor mechanical properties. Used for the manufacture of parts that are not exposed to shock loads. There is a gray color in the fracture; the darker it is, the softer the material. The properties of gray cast iron depend on the temperature of the environment in which it is located and the amount of various impurities.
• Malleable cast iron is obtained from white cast iron as a result of simmering (prolonged heating and holding). The substance contains: carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and a small amount of sulfur. It is more durable and ductile, easier to process.
• Ductile iron is the strongest of all types of cast iron. Contains carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon. Has high impact strength. This important metal is used to make pistons, crankshafts and pipes.

The melting points of steel and cast iron are different, as stated in the table above. Steel has higher strength and resistance to high temperatures than cast iron, temperatures differ by as much as 200 degrees. For cast iron, this number ranges from approximately 1100 to 1200 degrees, depending on the impurities it contains.

Source: https://respect-kovka.com/pri-kakoy-temperature-plavitsya-stal/

Melting point of stainless steel and cast iron – Turner Master

Cast iron is an alloy based on iron and carbon. It differs from steel in the latter content – ​​2% or more. Some brands contain up to 4% carbon. Most often, an alloy with a carbon content of 3-3.5% is used.

This is a casting material. For such a metal, such properties as its melting point, as well as its thermal properties - heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity - come to the fore. How different chemical elements affect the quality of this metal and whether it is possible to melt it yourself - this will be discussed in the article.

Thermal properties of cast iron

An important category of physical properties of a material is its thermal properties. These include:

• Heat capacity.
• Thermal conductivity.
• Thermal diffusivity.
• Thermal expansion coefficient.

They all depend on the composition, structure, and therefore on the grade of the alloy. In addition, these properties of the metal change with changes in its temperature (the so-called displacement rule). The nature of this dependence and the main physical properties are given in the table.

Heat capacity (s)

This is the amount of heat that must be supplied to the body in order for its temperature to increase by one Kelvin (hereinafter all values ​​are converted to degrees Celsius).

The heat capacity depends on the composition of the alloy, as well as on temperature (T). The higher T, the greater the heat capacity. If the temperature is above T for phase transformations, but below T for melting, then

c = 0.18 cal/(G˚С)

at T exceeding the melting point:

c = 0.23±0.03 cal/(G˚С)

Volumetric heat capacity (the ratio of heat capacity to the volume of a substance) for approximate calculations is accepted:

• cast iron in solid state c' = 1 cal/(cm3G˚C)
• molten c' = 1.5 cal/(cm3G˚C)

Thermal conductivity (λ)

This is a quantitative characteristic of a body's ability to conduct heat. The displacement rule does not apply to thermal conductivity. The temperature of the material increases – λ decreases. It depends on the composition of the alloy, and to a greater extent on its structure. Substances that increase the degree of graphitization increase thermal conductivity, and substances that prevent the formation of graphite decrease it.

By the way, the thermal conductivity of molten cast iron is much less than that of solid cast iron. But due to convection it is greater than λ of the solid metal.

Thermal conductivity for different brands lies within:

λ =0.080.13 cal/ (cm·sec oC)

Thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties depending on the temperature of the alloy are given at the end of the section.

Thermal diffusivity (α)

This is a physical quantity that shows how quickly body temperature changes. Equal to the ratio of thermal conductivity to volumetric heat capacity.

For approximate calculations you can take:

α=λ for solid metal (equal to its thermal conductivity);

α=0.03 cm2/sec for liquid.

Melting temperature

This alloy has good casting properties. Better than steel. The fluidity is high and the shrinkage is low (about 1%). It can be melted at a temperature 300-400 degrees lower than steel. Cast iron melting point:

What is it like?

The structure of cast iron is an iron base with graphite (carbon) inclusions. This material is distinguished not by its composition, but by the form of carbon in it:

• White cast iron (BC). Contains carbide (cementite) - this is a form of carbon, the same as in steel. It has a whitish color when scrapped. Very hard and brittle. In its pure form it is almost never used.
• Gray cast iron (GC). Contains carbon in the form of flake graphite. Such inclusions have a bad effect on the quality of the material. To change the shape of graphite grains, there are special methods of melting and further processing. Graphite in midrange can also be in the form of fibers (“worm-shaped” form) - the so-called vermicular graphite (from the Latin word vermiculus - a worm, like vermicelli).
• Highly durable. Spherical shape of graphite grains. It is obtained by introducing magnesium into the alloy.
• Malleable cast iron. To obtain it, warheads are annealed. Graphite grains in the form of flakes.

As a result, the main difference between it (apart from white) and steel is the presence of a graphite structure. And different forms of graphite determine the properties of different grades.

Conventionally, graphite grains are voids and cracks, and cast iron is steel riddled with microscopic cracks.

Accordingly, the more voids, the worse the quality of the metal. The shape and relative position of the inclusions also matters.

However, graphite grains should not be accepted as exclusively harmful. Due to the presence of graphite, this material is easier to machine and the chips become more brittle. In addition, it resists friction well also due to the graphite.

Impurities

Of course, this metal contains more than just iron and carbon. It contains the same elements as steel alloys - phosphorus, manganese, sulfur, silicon and others. These additives indirectly affect the characteristics of the alloy - they change the course of graphitization. The quality of the material depends on this parameter.

• Phosphorus. Has little effect on the formation of graphite. But it is still needed, because it improves fluidity. Solid inclusions of phosphorus provide high hardness and wear resistance of the metal.
• Manganese. It interferes with graphitization and, as it were, “bleaches” cast iron.
• Sulfur. Like silicon, it promotes bleaching of the metal, and also impairs fluidity. The amount of sulfur in the alloy is limited. For small castings no more than 0.08%, for parts more - up to 0.1-0.12%.
• Silicon. Strongly affects the properties of the material, increasing graphitization. The metal can contain from 0.3-0.5 to 3-5% silicon. By varying the amount of silicon, an alloy with different properties is obtained - from white to high-strength.
• Magnesium. Helps to obtain material with spherical grain shape. The boiling point of magnesium is low (1107˚C). For this and other reasons, introducing magnesium into the alloy is difficult. To avoid its boiling, the material is smelted using various methods of introducing magnesium.

In addition to the usual impurities, cast iron may contain other substances. This is the so-called alloyed material. Chromium, molybdenum, vanadium interfere with the process of graphite formation. Copper, nickel and most other substances contribute to graphitization.

Self-smelting technology

Non-industrial smelting of cast iron is a very labor-intensive process. It is impossible to smelt factory-quality castings with your own hands in artisanal conditions.

You cannot smelt this metal at home. You need a separate ventilated room - a garage, for example. Melting is carried out in furnaces. In industry, blast furnaces, cupola furnaces and induction furnaces are used.

A blast furnace is an industrial unit capable of melting metal on a huge scale. Iron ore raw materials can be smelted in it. After launch, it works without interruption for up to 5-6, or even up to 10 years.

Then it is stopped, serviced and started again. Melting of the metal takes place in the presence of gases to improve the quality of the material. Such ovens are not suitable for small and medium-sized production.

Fuel - coke.

A cupola furnace is a shaft-type furnace, like a blast furnace. It differs from the latter in that it does not maintain a special composition of gases. It is not ore that is smelted in it, but scrap iron. It is more suitable for small production.

An induction furnace is a modern type of equipment. The smelting process in such a furnace can be controlled, temperature, heating time and charge composition can be adjusted.

Melting is carried out in crucibles made of refractory clay or brick. Steel ones are not suitable, although steel begins to melt at a temperature higher than cast iron. Flux is required - a substance that promotes the formation of low-melting slag.

For example, limestone (CaCO3), fluorspar (CaF2). To obtain gray rather than white cast iron, ferrosilicon (an alloy of iron and silicon) is added to the charge. It improves the formation of graphite grains.

Once melted, the metal is poured into a sand or metal mold.

Metal casting is an explosive and fire hazardous job. In addition, it is necessary to have certain knowledge in the field of metallurgy. To organize production, you will need to complete documentation, pass inspections, obtain permission and a license to work.

We also recommend reading:

Classification of cast iron and its types

Source: https://tokarmaster.ru/oborudovanie/temperatura-plavleniya-nerzhaveyushhej-stali-i-chuguna.html

AISI 304

International standard American ASTM A240 European EN 10088-2 Russian GOST 5632-72

Brand designation	AISI 304	1.4301	08Х18Н10
12Х18Н9

AMS 5513 ASTM A 240

ASTM A 666

Classification

corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant steel

Application

• Household items
• Sinks
• Frames for metal structures in the construction industry
• Kitchen utensils and catering equipment
• Dairy equipment, brewing
• Welded structures
• Tanks on ships and land tankers for food, beverages and some chemicals

Typically, steel manufacturers divide the grade into three main classes (grades) according to their drawing ability:

• AISI 304 - Main grade
• AISI 304 DDQ (Normal and deep drawing) - Deep drawing grade
• AISI 304 DDS (Extra deep drawing) - Extra deep drawing grade

Main characteristics

• good overall corrosion resistance
• good ductility
• excellent weldability

Chemical composition (% by weight)

standard grade C Si Mn PS Cr Ni

ASTM A240	AISI 304	≤0.080	≤0.75	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤0.030	18.00 — 20.00	8.00 — 10.50

Mechanical properties

AISI 304 Tensile strength (σв), N/mm² Yield strength (σ0.2), N/mm² Yield strength (σ1.0), N/mm² Elongation (σ), % Brinell hardness (HB) Rockwell hardness (HRB)

According to EN 10088-2	≥520	≥210	≥250	≥45	—	—
According to ASTM A 240	≥515	≥205	—	≥40	202	85

Mechanical properties at high temperatures

All these values ​​refer to AISI 304 .

Physical properties

Physical properties Symbols Unit of measurement Temperature Value

Density	d	—	4°C	7.93
Melting temperature	°C	1450
Specific heat	c	J/kg.K	20°C	500
Thermal expansion	k	W/mK	20°C	15
Average coefficient of thermal expansion	α	10-6.K-1	0-100°C 0-200°C	17.5 18
Electrical resistivity	ρ	Ωmm2/m	20°C	0.80
Magnetic permeability	μ	at 0.80 kA/m DC or h/h AC	20°C μ μ discharge air	1.02
Elastic modulus	E	MPa x 103	20°C	200

Corrosion resistance

304 steels have good resistance to general corrosive environments, but are not recommended where there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. They are well suited for use in fresh water and urban and rural environments. In all cases, regular cleaning of external surfaces is necessary to maintain their original condition.

304 steels have good resistance to various acids:

• phosphoric acid in all concentrations at ambient temperature,
• nitric acid up to 65% at temperatures 20°C - 50°C,
• formic and lactic acid at room temperature,
• acetic acid at a temperature of 20°C - 50°C.

They are recommended for the production of equipment in contact with cold or hot food products: wine, beer, milk (fermented milk products), alcohol, natural fruit juices, syrups, molasses, etc.

Acidic environments

Temperature, °C 20 80

Concentration, % by weight	10	20	40	60	80	100	10	20	40	60	80	100
Sulfuric acid	2	2	2	2	1	0	2	2	2	2	2	2
Nitric acid	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	2
Phosphoric acid	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	1	2
Formic acid	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	2	1	0

Code: 0 = high degree of protection - Corrosion rate less than 100 µm/year 1 = partial protection - Corrosion rate from 100 to 1000 µm/year

2 = no protection - Corrosion rate more than 1000 µm/year

Atmospheric influences

Comparison of 304 grade with other metals in various environments (Corrosion rate calculated over 10 years of exposure).

Environment Corrosion rate (µm/year) AISI 304 Aluminum-3S Carbon steel

Rural	0.0025	0.025	5.8
Marine	0.0076	0.432	34.0
Industrial Marine	0.0076	0.686	46.2

Resistant to corrosion in boiling chemicals

Boiling environment Metal condition Corrosion rate (mm/year)

20% acetic acid	Regular metal Welded

Source: http://www.goodner.ru/services/info/marks/304/

Melting point of steel: physical table, types and properties of cast iron

Steel is an alloy of iron mixed with carbon. Its main benefit in construction is strength, because this substance retains its volume and shape for a long time. The whole point is that the particles of the body are in a position of equilibrium. In this case, the attractive and repulsive forces between the particles are equal. The particles are in a clearly defined order.

• Melting temperatures of steel
• Stainless steel
• Cast iron and steel

There are four types of this material: regular, alloy, low-alloy, high-alloy steel. They differ in the number of additives in their composition. The usual one contains a small amount, and then increases. The following additives are used:

• Manganese.
• Nickel.
• Chromium.
• Vanadium.
• Molybdenum.

Solder for Stainless Steel

The process of soldering stainless steel is quite a labor-intensive task, but if you choose the right solder for stainless steel and follow the instructions, then nothing difficult is foreseen. In alloys that contain up to 25% nickel and up to 25% chromium, there are no problems with setting, so a very reliable and strong connection is obtained.

Metal and solder heats up to 500-700 degrees Celsius. Brazing of stainless steel with hard solders is actively used, since their properties are excellent for this process. The material can be soldered well using fluxed liquid solder, which has a low melting point.

Fluidity only adds capillary properties of the material, which improves the quality of the connection and improves the contact between metal products. All this gives special plastic properties to the compound, as well as additional deoxidizing properties, which will be very useful.

Such consumables, as a rule, do not contain cadmium, and some models contain a high silver content, which reaches up to 30%. All this gives a better result than soldering stainless steel with tin, but for each specific case the choice may be different.

Soldering stainless steel

Solder for stainless steel is created not only taking into account the properties of this material, but also taking into account the place of their application.

Materials with a low melting point are often used, but if the parts are used under the influence of temperature, then solders should be selected that have a melting point higher than the conditions under which the weld will be exposed.

Sometimes stainless steel is soldered to copper, which involves choosing average values ​​between the properties of copper and stainless steel. If you choose food-grade solder for stainless steel, it should not contain harmful substances that could be released when exposed to temperature and poison the body.

Varieties

Solders for soldering stainless steel can have many subtypes that have different properties. Eg:

• HTS528 is a universal material that is useful for procedures not only with stainless steel, but also with metals such as nickel, bronze, copper, brass and many others. It belongs to the solid type. It is immediately coated with red flux. The length of such a product is 45 cm, and its weight is about 20 grams. The melting point is 760 degrees Celsius.

Solder HTS-528

• Citrine is a multi-component solder containing silver, manganese, zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel and magnesium. The appearance of this material has a metallic sheen. The hardness after use is 60 kg/cm, and the strength reaches 60 kg/mm. After use, the soldered metal is well polished. The melting point is quite high and amounts to 820 degrees Celsius. Due to the presence of silver and nickel, the solder retains anti-corrosion properties, like stainless steel.
• P-81 is widely known in the industry and is used for various types of repairs. Due to its properties, it can also be used for repairing heat exchangers. It consists of cast iron, various types of steel, nickel alloys, silver and hard metal alloys. The tensile strength of a connection made with this material is 170 MPa. The melting point reaches 640-650 degrees Celsius, and soldering is carried out at a temperature of 690. The rods have a diameter of 0.5 to 3 mm, depending on the scope of application.

Solder P-81

Composition and its physicochemical properties

Solders for soldering stainless steel have a certain number of metals that are included in their composition. Each of them affects the properties of the overall material, depending on the percentage in which it is contained there. Among them, the following composition elements can be distinguished:

• Tin is a soft metal whose melting point reaches 231 degrees Celsius. It dissolves in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, but in most cases organic acids do not affect it. When at room temperature, the material does not oxidize, but if the temperature drops below 18 degrees, the crystal lattice of the material will begin to collapse and the seam will turn gray.

Tin

• Lead – the main property of this material is its fusibility. In its pure form it is practically not used, since it turns out to be too soft, but this also makes it easier to process. Only the part that comes into contact with air, that is, the outer surface, undergoes oxidation. Acids and alkalis with organics and nitrogen easily dissolve lead.

Lead

• Cadmium is often included in light alloy solders, where it is added in small doses, usually with tin, lead or bismuth, since in its pure form it is toxic. The melting point reaches 321 degrees Celsius. Has excellent anti-corrosion properties.

Cadmium

• Bismuth is also a light alloy metal. Its melting point reaches 271 degrees Celsius. The material dissolves well in nitric acid and in a heated solution of sulfuric acid.

Bismuth

• Antimony is a refractory metal. Its melting point is 630 degrees Celsius. The material has excellent anti-corrosion properties. It is not affected by air and does not undergo oxidation, but the metal is toxic. When it is used in solder, it gives a peculiar glossy effect.

Antimony

• Zinc is a brittle metal that has a gray-blue tint and a melting point of 419 degrees. It oxidizes quickly in air, therefore, it is used for soldering places that are in humid conditions, since the oxidizing film immediately covers the seam, which protects it. It can easily dissolve in acids and is used primarily in hard solders.

Zinc

• Copper is the most refractory metal of all. The melting point reaches 1083 degrees Celsius. It is not susceptible to exposure to air, but after some time it can oxidize from moisture. Used in refractory compounds.

Copper wire

Features of choice

Thanks to the wide selection of varieties, you can always choose the right option. Hard solders for soldering stainless steel are used in cases where the parts will be subject to mechanical stress or high temperatures. If no particular difficulties in application are foreseen, then cheaper light-alloy materials are also suitable. Alkali-resistant stainless steel solder is used in the chemical industry.

Preparation for soldering stainless steel

“Important! You should not choose solder with a melting point below the operating temperature.”

Source: https://svarkaipayka.ru/material/pripoj-dlya-payki/nerzhaveyushhey-stali.html

What does the melting temperature of steel depend on: how is stainless steel, structural steel, etc. produced?

Every year, in all parts of our planet together, about one and a half million tons of steel are produced. It is used in a variety of industries, from the production of dentures to parts of space shuttles. For every industry there is a steel grade that will be suitable in terms of physical and mechanical properties, structure and chemical composition.

Different characteristics are obtained depending on what impurities and in what quantity are contained in the metal, how it is made and how it is processed. Therefore, the resulting properties change, such as density, melting point, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, linear thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, and so on.

Definition of steel: what is it?

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon , complete with various other elements. At the same time, it must contain at least 45% iron. Since we are talking about composition, let’s consider the classification according to the chemical component.

The main division is into carbon steel and alloy steel (for example, stainless steel). The first type has several subspecies according to the percentage of carbon content:

• low-carbon steels containing up to 0.25% C;
• medium carbon (up to 0.55% C);
• high carbon (from 0.6% to 2% C).

Similarly, the second type is divided into three subtypes according to the content of alloying elements:

• low alloy (up to 4%);
• average (up to 11%);
• highly alloyed (more than 11%).

In addition, steel may contain non-metallic inclusions. Depending on them, they are classified according to another parameter - quality. The lower the percentage of non-metallic inclusions, the higher the quality of the steel. In general, there are four types:

• ordinary;
• quality;
• high quality;
• especially high quality steel.

Its composition also determines the division into types according to purpose. There are many of them, for example, cryogenic steels, structural steels, heat-resistant steels , stainless steels, tool steels, etc. The division into types is also based on structure:

• ferritic;
• austenitic;
• bainitic;
• martensitic;
• pearlite

Two or even more phases may predominate in the structure. In this case, steel is divided into two-phase and multi-phase, respectively.

Highlights of production technology

The essence of steel production is that during the processing of the source material, the concentration of carbon, sulfur, phosphorus and other undesirable components in it decreases. These elements make steel brittle and brittle , and getting rid of them brings increased strength and heat resistance. The starting material is most often cast iron and steel scrap.

The production process can be carried out in one of two main ways, which generalize the same type of methods - this is either a converter or a hearth process. The first does not require additional heat sources, since it is used for molten pig iron, which already has a sufficient temperature.

In this case, pure oxygen (or air enriched with it, which is already outdated) is injected into the molten metal, which oxidizes elements such as phosphorus, manganese, silicon or carbon present in the cast iron.

This, in turn, allows for sufficient heat to be maintained to keep the steel in a liquid state.

With this production, three types of steel can be obtained - boiling, semi-calm and calm. Calm steel has a better composition and a more uniform structure, while boiling steel contains a significant amount of dissolved gases. Semi-quiet is characterized by intermediate values ​​between the first two types. Naturally, mild steel, due to its better characteristics, is more expensive. Its price is higher than that of boiling water, by about 10-15%.

Bottom processes occur at high temperatures, which are achieved by using an external heat source to process the solid charge. There are two types of them - open-hearth process and electrothermal . Open-hearth furnace occurs as a result of heating the source material from the combustion of gas or fuel oil, and electrothermal is performed in induction or arc furnaces, where heating occurs using electricity.

If necessary, two sequential methods can be used to produce special types of steel, and for certain special types there are other specific processes. In addition, new production methods are emerging that have not yet become widely used, but are being successfully developed. Such methods are electroslag remelting, electrolysis, direct reduction of steel from ore, etc.

Processing steel to obtain special properties

To give a material certain properties or change them, alloying elements and various types of processing are used.

Some metals act as alloying elements. They can be chromium, aluminum, nickel, molybdenum and others. In this way, certain electrical, magnetic or mechanical properties, as well as corrosion resistance, are achieved. Thus, stainless steel is obtained if it has been alloyed with chromium.

The properties of steel change by processing:

• thermomechanical (forging, rolling);
• thermal (annealing, hardening);
• chemical-thermal (nitriding, cementation).

Heat treatment is based on the property of polymorphism - when heated and cooled, the crystal lattice is capable of changing its structure. This property is characteristic of the basis of steel - iron, and therefore is inherent in it.

Different types of elements that may be present in steel

Carbon . As the percentage of this element in steel increases, its strength and hardness increases. But there are losses in plasticity.

Sulfur . This impurity is harmful because, together with iron, it forms iron sulfide. Because of it, cracks appear in the material as a result of the loss of bonds between grains during processing at high temperatures and under pressure. The presence of sulfur also negatively affects the strength of steel, its ductility, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.

Ferrite . This is iron, which has a body-centered crystal lattice. It is characteristic that alloys containing it are soft and have a plastic microstructure.

Phosphorus . If sulfur reduces strength at high temperatures, phosphorus makes steel brittle at low temperatures. Nevertheless, there is a group of steels in which the content of this seemingly harmful element is increased. Products made from this metal are very easy to cut.

Cementite , also known as iron carbide. Its effect is opposite to that of ferrite. The steel becomes hard and brittle.

Specific example of alloy steel

Stainless steel is a steel that can resist corrosion in aggressive environments or in the atmosphere. Its composition was discovered in 1913 by Harry Brearley. He noticed during experiments that steel that contained large amounts of chromium could actively resist acid corrosion.

Now stainless steel is divided into three groups:

• heat-resistant – has high mechanical strength even at high temperatures;
• heat-resistant – resistant to corrosion in high temperatures and aggressive environments. Suitable for use in chemical plants;
• corrosion-resistant stainless steel – has such resistance to corrosion, which is sufficient for domestic conditions and for simple industrial tasks. It can be used to make surgical instruments, household utensils, parts for the engineering industry, light industry, or, for example, the oil and gas industry.

To obtain steel that is more resistant to corrosive influences, you need to increase the amount of chromium in it. So, for a normal environment it is enough from 13 to 17%. If the chromium content is more than 17%, then such an alloy can be used in more aggressive environments. To prevent the metal from being destroyed by the influence of strong acids, the steel alloy must contain not only chromium, but also nickel with additives of molybdenum, silicon, and cuprum.

​​of various steel characteristics - melting point, thermal conductivity, etc.

Based on the fact that the composition of the alloy can be different, the meaning of the various properties for each type of steel is different. We present generalized indicators that indicate the limits of property values.

• thermal conductivity coefficient – ​​39 kcal/m*hour*deg;
• the density of steel lies in the range (from 7.7 to 7.9) * 103 kg/m3;
• melting temperature of steel - depending on its grade from 1300 °C to 1400 °C;
• specific gravity – from 0.7 to 7.9 g/cm3;
• specific heat capacity (at a temperature of 20 °C) - 0.11 cal/deg;
• specific heat capacity of melting – 49 cal/deg;
• coefficient of linear expansion of steel for different types (at a temperature of approximately 20 °C):
  • steel 3 (grade 20) – 11.9 (deg-1);
  • stainless steel – 11.0 (deg-1);
• tensile strength:
  • for the steel grade used for structures – 38-42 (kg/mm2);
  • for machine finishing (aka carbon) – 32-80 (kg/mm2);
  • for rail – 70-80 (kg/mm2);
  • silicon-chromium-manganese steel (highest indicator) – 155 (kg/mm2).

Source: https://stanok.guru/metalloprokat/nerzhaveyuschiy-prokat/vidy-stali-nerzhaveyuschaya-inye-marki-temperatura-plavleniya.html

Heat-resistant steels and alloys

Heat-resistant steel is used in the manufacture of various parts that come into contact with aggressive environments and are subject to significant loads, vibrations and high thermal effects. For example, this includes the following products: turbines, furnaces, boilers, compressors, etc. The following presents the characteristics of heat-resistant, heat-resistant alloys, classification, grades, and features of their application.

Heat-resistant steel (or scale-resistant) is a metal alloy used in an unloaded or lightly loaded state and capable of resisting gas corrosion for a long time at high temperatures (more than 550 ºС).

Heat-resistant metals are products that, under high thermal influences, retain their structure, do not collapse, and are not susceptible to plastic deformation. An important characteristic of such metals is the conditional creep limit and long-term strength.

Heat-resistant alloys can be heat-resistant, but they are not always so, so in aggressive environments they can quickly become damaged due to oxidation.

Properties of heat-resistant and heat-resistant alloys

To increase heat resistance, alloying additives are used, which also improve the strength of metals. Thanks to alloying, a protective film is formed on the surface of the alloys, which reduces the rate of oxidation of products.

Main alloying elements: nickel, chromium, aluminum, silicon. During the heating process, protective oxide films (Cr,Fe)2O3, (Al,Fe)2O are formed.

With a content of 5–8% chromium, the heat resistance of steel increases to 700–750 degrees Celsius, with 17% chromium – up to 1000 degrees, with 25% chromium – up to 1100 degrees.

Heat-resistant grades of metals are alloys based on iron, nickel, titanium, cobalt, strengthened by precipitation of excess phases (carbides, carbonitrides, etc.). Chromium-nickel and chromium-nickel-manganese steels have heat resistance. When exposed to high temperatures, they are not prone to creep (slow deformation under constant loads). The melting point of heat-resistant steel is 1400-1500 °C.

Classification of heat-resistant and heat-resistant alloys

At temperatures up to 300 ºС, ordinary structural (carbon) steel is used - a durable and heat-resistant metal. To work in conditions above 350 ºС, the use of heat-resistant metals is required. The main types of alloys with increased heat resistance and thermal strength:

• Pearlitic, martensitic and austenitic;
• cobalt and nickel alloys;
• refractory metals.

Pearlitic heat-resistant steels include boiler steels and silchromes containing a small percentage of carbon. The recrystallization temperature of the material increases due to alloying with molybdenum, chromium, and vanadium. The alloys are characterized by good weldability.

The production of martensitic steels is carried out using pearlitic and chromium additives, hardening at 950–1100 ºС. They contain more than 0.15% carbon, 11-17% chromium, small amounts of nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium.

Martensitic steels are resistant to corrosion in alkaline and acidic solutions, high humidity, and when heat treated at 1050 degrees they have high heat resistance.

Heat-resistant austenitic steels can have a homogeneous or heterogeneous structure. An alloy with a homogeneous structure that is not hardened by heat treatment contains a minimum of carbon and many alloying elements, which provides creep resistance.

Such materials are suitable for use at temperatures up to 500 °C.

In heterogeneous solid solutions, strengthened by heat treatment, carbide, intermetallic, and carbonitride phases are formed, which ensures the use of heat-resistant alloys under stress at temperatures up to 700 °C.

Nickel and cobalt alloys are used at temperatures up to 900 °C: they are used in the production of jet engine turbines and are the best heat-resistant materials. Cobalt alloys are slightly inferior in heat resistance to nickel alloys and are more rare. They are characterized by high thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance at high temperatures, and structural stability during long-term operation.

nickel in the nickel alloy is over 55%, carbon 0.06-0.12%. Depending on the structure, there are homogeneous (nichromes) and heterogeneous (nimonics) nickel alloys. Nickel-based nichromes contain chromium as an alloying additive. They are characterized not only by heat resistance, but also by high heat resistance. Nimonics consist of 20% chromium, 2% titanium, 1% aluminum. Alloy grades: KhN77TYU, KhN55VMTFKYu, KhN70MVTYUB.

At temperatures up to 1500 degrees and above, heat-resistant alloys made of refractory metals: tungsten, niobium, vanadium, etc. can work.

Melting point of refractory metals.
Metal	Melting point, ºC
Tungsten	3410
Tantalum	About 3000
Vanadium	1900
Niobium	2415
Zirconium	1855
Rhenium	3180
Molybdenum	About 2600

The most popular is molybdenum alloy. Elements such as titanium, zirconium, and niobium are used for alloying. To prevent corrosion, the product is siliconized, resulting in a protective coating being formed on the surface.

The protective layer allows the heat resistant device to be used at a temperature of 1700 degrees for 30 hours.

Other common refractory alloys are tungsten and 30% rhenium, 60% vanadium and 40% niobium, an alloy of iron, niobium, molybdenum and zirconium, tantalum and 10% tungsten.

Grades of heat-resistant and heat-resistant steels

Depending on the state of the structure, austenitic, martensitic, pearlitic and martensitic-ferritic heat-resistant metals are distinguished. Heat-resistant alloys are divided into ferritic, martensitic or austenitic-ferritic types.

Application of martensitic steels.
Steel grades	Products made of heat-resistant steels
4Х9С2	Automotive engine valves, operating temperature 850–950 ºC.
1Х12H2ВМФ, Х6СМ, Х5М, 1Х8ВФ, Х5ВФ	Units and parts operating at temperatures up to 600 ºC for 1000–10000 hours.
X5	Pipes operated at operating temperatures up to 650 ºC.
1Х8ВФ	Steam turbine components that operate at temperatures up to 500 ºC for 10,000 hours or more.

Pearlitic grades having a chromium-silicon and chromium-molybdenum composition of heat-resistant steel: Kh13N7S2, Kh10S2M, Kh6SM, Kh7SM, Kh9S2, Kh6S. Chrome-molybdenum compounds 12МХ, 12ХМ, 15ХМ, 20ХМЛ are suitable for use at 450-550 °С, chrome-molybdenum vanadium 12Х1МФ, 15Х1М1Ф, 15Х1М1ФЛ - at temperatures 550-600 °С. They are used in the production of turbines, shut-off valves, apparatus casings, steam lines, pipelines, and boilers.

Ferritic steel is made by firing and heat treatment, due to which it acquires a fine-grained structure. These include brands X28, X18SYU, 0X17T, X17, X25T, 1X12SYU. chromium in such alloys is 25-33%.

They are used in the production of heat exchangers, equipment for chemical production (pyrolysis equipment), furnace equipment and other structures that operate for a long time at high temperatures and are not subject to heavy loads.

The more chromium in the composition, the higher the temperature at which the steel retains its performance properties. Heat-resistant ferritic steel does not have high strength or heat resistance, but is characterized by good ductility and good technological parameters.

Martensitic-ferritic steel contains 10-14% chromium, alloying additives vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten. The material is used in the manufacture of machine elements, steam turbines, nuclear power plant equipment, heat exchangers for nuclear and thermal power plants, parts intended for long-term operation at 600 ºC. Steel grades: 1Х13, Х17, Х25Т, 1Х12В2МФ, Х6СУ, 2Х12ВМБФР.

Austenitic steels are widely used in industry. The heat-resistant and heat-resistant characteristics of the material are ensured by nickel and chromium and alloying additives (titanium, niobium).

Such steels retain technical properties that are resistant to corrosion when exposed to temperatures up to 1000 ºC. Compared to ferritic steels, austenitic alloys have increased heat resistance and the ability to be stamped, drawn, and welded.

Heat treatment of metals is carried out by hardening at 1000–1050 °C.

Application of austenitic grades.
Steel grades	Application of heat-resistant steels
08X18Н9Т, 12Х18Н9Т, 20Х25Н20С2, 12Х18Н9	Exhaust systems, sheet and section parts, pipes operating at low loads and temperatures up to 600–800 °C.
36Х18Н25С2	Furnace containers, fittings, operated at temperatures up to 1100 °C.
Х12Н20Т3Р, 4Х12Н8Г8МФБ	Engine valves, turbine parts.

Austenitic-ferritic steels have increased heat resistance compared to conventional high-chromium alloys. Such metals are used in the manufacture of unloaded products, operating temperature is 1150 ºC. Pyrometric tubes are made from grade X23N13, and furnace conveyors, tanks for cementation, pipes are made from grade X20N14S2, 0X20N14S2

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Source: https://alfa-stl.ru/zharoprochnye-stali-i-splavy/

Features of solders for soldering stainless steel

Stainless steels include a large group of alloys based on iron and carbon, into which special alloying metals are introduced to impart resistance to oxidation and subsequent rust formation.

Chromium, nickel, and molybdenum are usually used as additives. Depending on the nature of the additional components and operating conditions of the alloys, they are divided into several subgroups. In most cases, stainless steel is welded. Thin-walled parts and steel alloys prone to warping need to be soldered.

Low melting point

All are heat resistant, many stainless steels are designed for high temperature loads. Soft solders are rarely used for soldering.

In some cases, soldering is done using tin and lead stainless steel solder. The parts are heated with the flame of a torch or soldering iron. The working parts are dipped into the melt.

In the marking of solders, next to the abbreviation POS there are numbers indicating the tin content. Thus, POS-18 contains 18% tin, up to 2.5% antimony, tenths of a percent of copper, bismuth, arsenic, and the rest is lead.

POS-30 solder includes 30% tin, up to 1.5% antimony, and tiny amounts of copper, bismuth, and arsenic. The rest of the mass is also occupied by lead. The POS-40 composition contains up to 40% tin, about 2% antimony, minor impurities of copper, bismuth, arsenic, and almost 58% lead.

For successful soldering of stainless steels, flux is required. The formation of a good seam is promoted by a mixture of zinc chloride and hydrochloric acid. You can use a 40% solution of orthophosphoric acid in water as a flux.

Sometimes preliminary copper plating by electrolysis makes it easier to solder stainless steel. If an electrolytic installation is available in the access area, the process is not difficult and leads to good soldering.

Silver

Silver-based solders are widely used for soldering stainless steels. In addition to the noble metal, the mixture includes zinc and copper. Sometimes solder masses are used, which additionally contain nickel, phosphorus, cadmium, and palladium.

Solder for soldering stainless steel with a silver content of 25% to 45% when adding fluxes to the soldering zone guarantees the formation of a strong connection.

The addition of cadmium leads to a decrease in the melting point of the mass, increases its fluidity, and promotes the formation of a strong and plastic seam. It is important to pay attention to the percentage of silver.

If the alloy contains cadmium, then the minimum concentration of the noble metal should be 40%. Otherwise, the quality of the weld on stainless steel will be poor.

The addition of nickel and cadmium increases the fluidity of the melt. The introduction of phosphorus allows you to solder copper-plated surfaces of stainless steel and heat-resistant materials without fluxes, using any heating methods.

This is a convenient method of joining parts with limited access in cases where flux is difficult to use. Remains of the flux mixture cannot be removed from hard-to-reach places.

For special types of soldering of stainless steel, silver solder compositions are used, including up to 15% manganese or up to 28% copper and 0.5% lithium. Soldering of stainless steel with hard solder containing a little lithium is carried out in an environment of inert gases.

Heat-resistant alloys are soldered with this composition using gaseous fluxes. The addition of lithium to the mass increases its wettability and fluidity. Sometimes, to improve the quality of the connection when carrying out the process in an atmosphere of neutral gases, solder mixtures with the addition of palladium are used.

Copper

Copper and its alloys are rarely used for soldering stainless steel. This can only be done at a temperature of 1120 ℃ in specially cleaned, dried, reducing environments.

If stainless steels have a high content of chromium, aluminum, silicon and titanium, due to the low fluidity of copper, the process can only be carried out with fluxes in an atmosphere of acetylene and oxygen flame.

In some situations, hard solder is used for stainless steel from copper and zinc with a content of the latter up to 40%. At the same time, solid fluxes are added to the working area.

Such products have disadvantages associated with the possibility of zinc burning. The seam may not be very strong and brittle at high temperatures. The work requires special qualifications of the performer.

Good results are achieved by VPr-1, VPr-, VPr-4, in which copper is the main component. These compositions contain about 30% nickel, up to 2% silicon, up to 1.5% iron, and trace amounts of boron. Using such means, you can solder any stainless steel in furnaces or burner flames.

VPr-41 solder has specific features. It belongs to self-fluxing composites. The functions of fluxes are performed by the addition of potassium, sodium, lithium and phosphorus.

They remove existing oxides, prevent the formation of new oxidation products, and improve the surface tension of the solder. Soldering can be carried out without the use of protective gases under the influence of high-frequency currents, which provide rapid heating.

Nickel

Among stainless steels, heat-resistant alloys form a separate group. They have special requirements.

Solders based on silver, copper, and manganese cannot ensure proper resistance of seams at high temperatures.

For these stainless steels, alloys made of nickel, chromium and small amounts of boron, beryllium or silicon are suitable. They are available in the form of powders or pastes.

In a vacuum, an environment of inert gases, these mixtures successfully spread over stainless steel. The resulting seams do not oxidize, are thermally resistant, but have low ductility. The plastic properties of the joint can be somewhat improved by annealing in parallel with soldering.

For soldering all stainless steels, including heat-resistant ones, solders consisting of 70% manganese and 30% nickel are also used. There are varieties of these mixtures with additions of chromium or chromium with iron.

The resulting seams are resistant at any temperature. Abroad, a similar solder with an admixture of palladium is used. The cost of this metal is high. However, the price is justified by the high quality of the seam and the ability to solder parts with large gaps.

How to choose

There are a large number of grades of stainless steel. When choosing solder, you need to pay attention to the composition of the alloy from which the parts are made, the planned soldering method, and the design of the product as a whole. It is necessary to determine the timing of soldering and the requirements for the quality of the connection.

It is advisable to carry out test soldering with a specific material and check the reliability of all declared properties when performing work under specific conditions.

Source: https://svaring.com/soldering/pripoj/dlja-nerzhavejushhej-stali

Stainless steel 12x18n10t

The rapid development of innovative technologies has led to the emergence of a fairly large number of new metals that are characterized by exceptional performance properties. An example is the emergence of materials with corrosion resistance, due to which the service life of manufactured products is significantly extended.

The most common version is steel 12x18n10t. The characteristics of 12x18n10t steel largely determine the demand and application in various industries. Special properties are associated with the inclusion of various alloying elements in the composition and maintaining their concentration at the required level.

Deciphering the marking determines the presence of a large amount of chromium and other impurities.

Steel 12x18n10t

General characteristics of steel 12x18n10t

When considering 12x18n10t (GOST defines all standards), it should be taken into account that the high concentration of the main alloying elements determines the special properties of the metal. Most of the brand contains chromium and nickel.

Download GOST 5632-72

Technical features of stainless steel 12x18n10t can be characterized as follows:

1. The density indicator is 7920 kg/m3.
2. Hardening is carried out at temperatures of about 1100 degrees Celsius. Special equipment is required to heat the medium to this temperature.
3. An analogue of steel 12x18n10t should have a hardness index of 179 MPa.
4. An important parameter is the degree of weldability. Stainless steel grade 12x18n10t has no restrictions on weldability; various methods can be used. After welding, it is recommended to carry out heat treatment, which increases the strength and reliability of the connection.
5. The application temperature is 650 degrees Celsius. High temperatures can lead to increased ductility and reduced protection from chemical attack.
6. It is possible to process the material by cutting in a hardened state. That is why the workpiece is used for cutting when using turning or milling equipment.

Cold-worked blanks are also available for sale, which can be used to produce a wide variety of products.

An analogue of aisi is produced by many foreign manufacturers. In this case, labeling is carried out in accordance with the rules established in the country.

Chemical composition and structure of the alloy

The material in question, 12x18n10t, belongs to the class of structural cryogenics. The structure can be characterized by high resistance to aggressive environments. The chemical composition of steel 12x18n10t is represented by a combination of the following elements:

1. Almost any metal in its composition has a high concentration of iron. The second most important chemical element is carbon, which has a concentration of 0.12%.
2. The second most concentrated element is chromium. Its concentration ranges from 17% to 19%.
3. The composition included a high concentration of nickel: from 9% to 11%.
4. Recently, titanium has been included in the composition of modern alloys, the concentration of which is about 0.8%.

Chemical composition of steel 12x18n10t

The remaining chemical substances have concentrations within the normal range in accordance with GOST. It is practically impossible to avoid the presence of harmful impurities in the composition, but it is possible to maintain a low concentration: phosphorus about 0.035% and sulfur no more than 0.02%.

Alloying elements of steel 12x18n10t

The main alloying elements are chromium and nickel. They have the following effects:

1. Almost all common stainless steels are obtained by including chromium in the composition, which determines corrosion resistance. In addition, the structure's ability to passivate increases.
2. Nickel is added to the composition in order to improve the performance of the structure. An example is that the brand in question rolls well in cold and hot conditions.

Other alloying elements only slightly change the performance characteristics of the metal in question. An example is ferritic properties, as well as intercrystalline corrosion resistance associated with high titanium concentrations.

When choosing a metal, you should pay attention to its physical properties. They largely determine the scope of application and its main performance qualities. In the case under consideration, the density of stainless steel is 7920 kg/m3. The fairly high density of 12x18n10t determines that the manufactured parts are durable.

Other physical properties include the following:

1. The melting point of stainless steel is more than 1000 degrees Celsius. It is almost impossible to carry out such processing in a home workshop.
2. Corrosion resistance is the main reason for the demand for common stainless steels. It can be used if operating conditions include exposure to high humidity and chemical environments.
3. Low magnetic properties make it possible to use it in the manufacture of various products. They are achieved by adding titanium.

The coefficient of linear expansion and the coefficient of thermal conductivity determine the possibility of using the material in the manufacture of products that can be used when exposed to high temperatures.

The specific gravity of stainless steel largely depends on the chemical composition and the processing method used.

Mechanical properties

When considering the metal, the mechanical properties of steel 12x18n10t are also taken into account. they are characterized as follows:

1. Brinell hardness corresponds to 179 MPa. This point determines that the surface of the material can withstand impacts of various types.
2. The tensile strength varies in a different range, usually 279 MPa.

Mechanical characteristics of steel 12x18n10t

When choosing 12x18n10t, the yield strength is also taken into account, which determines the possibility of its use when casting various products.

Other features of the metal in question include the following points:

1. When doped, silicon is included in the composition. It increases density and flow rate. The concentration of this chemical element in the composition adversely affects plasticity.
2. Sufficiently high ductility and impact strength are attractive performance qualities of the metal.
3. As the ambient temperature decreases, the mechanical properties of the metal begin to decrease significantly.

The disadvantage is that the metal does not withstand the effects of substances that contain chlorine ions. In addition, corrosion resistance is low in relation to hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. Therefore, the scope of application is somewhat limited.

Scope of application

The use of steel 12x18n10t is very extensive:

1. Food industry. It is worth considering that there are quite a lot of requirements for products used in the food industry. The metal should not interact with food and drinks.
2. Chemical and oil industries. These industries also often create various containers and elements that come into contact with petroleum products and various chemicals.
3. Mechanical engineering. In the mechanical engineering industry, various products are manufactured by cutting. If they will be used in high humidity and exposure to chemicals, then the material in question is often selected.
4. In the fuel industry and energy sector. The metal can withstand high temperatures.

Use of steel 12x18n10t in the production of building materialsSheet steel 12x18n10tTank made of steel 12x18n10tUse of steel 12x18n10t in automotive production

Metal can be processed using automatic and manual welding. A high thermal conductivity coefficient determines the use of steel in the manufacture of heat exchange equipment. Sheet metal is also used in the manufacture of collector elements for the transmission and distribution of exhaust gases.

Seamless stainless steel pipes, which are operated under high pressure, have become widespread. In addition, the chemical composition contains titanium, which determines low magnetic qualities. A sufficiently high concentration of carbon determines a high level of strength.

Heat treatment of steel 12x18n10t

The performance qualities of the material can be significantly increased by heat treatment. It can significantly improve the performance of critical products.

Steel hardening

Features of heat treatment include the following points:

1. Hardening is carried out. It allows you to significantly increase the surface hardness. Hardening involves restructuring the structure, for which the workpiece is heated to a temperature of 1060 degrees Celsius. When the structure is rebuilt, for which heat treatment is carried out, ductility may decrease, and this will cause brittleness. It is recommended to cool in oil, which significantly improves the quality of the surface.
2. Normalization of 12x18n10t to reduce internal stresses is carried out by tempering.
3. If desired, forging can be carried out at a temperature of about 1200 degrees Celsius.

The medium can be heated to the required temperature using an induction furnace. They allow you to automate the process and improve quality. Induction furnaces can be installed in home workshops.

In conclusion, we note that stainless steel today has the highest performance characteristics. This is due to the precise concentration of certain chemicals. However, the use of such materials is not always advisable, which is associated with the high cost of production.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/stal-12kh18n10t.html