What is the name of the d16 alloy - Metals and their processing

Duralumin alloy d16 (d16t): composition, characteristics, prices - Atis Steel

Everything about the D16 aluminum grade: explanation, properties, prices, analogues, supplier contacts. Delivery of steel d16 is always on time.

On the modern market of structural materials today you can find a fairly large selection of different grades of metals. For most buyers their names are unknown. But from the markings you can easily find out the characteristics of the metal and its basic properties.

One of these alloys is grade D16. Few people know that this is the most common and well-known duralumin. It is very widely used in a wide variety of industries.

Features of the alloy and its composition

D16 is an aluminum alloy with the addition of various alloying elements. The main feature of duralumin is the fact that it is the very first metal for the hardening of which aging began to be used.

Copper (Cu 4.4%), magnesium (Mg 1.5%), manganese (Mn 0.5%) and a very small amount of silicon (Si up to 0.5%), iron ( Fe up to 0.5%), chromium (Cr up to 0.1%), titanium (Ti up to 0.15%) and zinc (Zn up to 0.25%).

Pure D16 alloy is used very rarely, since it has insufficient strength and hardness. For this reason, duralumin is hardened and subjected to aging. These processes involve heating the parts to 500 degrees Celsius and further cooling them in water. Aging, in turn, can be used artificially or naturally. In this case, the name of the alloy changes to D16T.

D16T is the most popular aluminum alloy. It is lightweight, durable and has excellent fatigue resistance.

Main characteristics and applications

Due to its very low thermal conductivity, the D16 alloy performs well at high temperatures (from 120 to 250 degrees Celsius). Within these limits he has no equal. But products made from this alloy are strictly prohibited from being used in conditions where temperatures are above 500 degrees Celsius.

Alloy D16 is used in the form of plates, sheets, angles and rods of different sizes. But it shows itself best in pipes made for the chemical, oil, gas and food industries. D16 is also a material for making rivets.

Advantages and disadvantages

Among the positive characteristics that the D16 alloy has are:

high hardness and strength;
low weight;
ability to use at high temperatures;
low chemical activity.

There are also disadvantages here, and they are presented in the form:

formation of intercrystalline corrosion;
the importance of cladding or anodizing products;
poor weldability to create a permanent connection.

Source: https://www.atissteel.ru/stal-d16

D16 aluminum alloy - properties, decoding of aluminum alloy D16 | STYLE SERVICE

Aluminum alloy D16 belongs to duralumin, which in terms of strength and increased durability is not inferior to some grades of steel. At the same time, its density and specific gravity are several times less. The material is produced in accordance with the requirements of GOST 4784–97, which determine its chemical composition. , alloy D16 composition consists of:

aluminum (Al) – in the range of 90.9-94.7%;
copper (Cu) – within 3.8-4.9%;
magnesium (Mg) – about 1.2-1.8%;
manganese (Mn) – in the range of 0.3-0.9%;
iron (Fe) – no more than 0.5%;
silicon (Si) – not higher than 0.5%;
zinc (Zn) – up to 0.25%;
titanium (Ti) – no more than 0.15%;
chromium (Cr) – up to 0.1%;
a small amount of impurities - up to 0.15%.

The main alloying element of the alloy is manganese, which does not affect the strength, but is responsible for the corrosion resistance of the material and improving the mechanical properties. The presence of a large amount of silicon and iron has a negative effect on the ductility and strength of the alloy, so their quantity is strictly regulated by GOST 4784–97.

Physical and mechanical parameters

The alloy is produced in pure form and after special processing. There are decodings in the D16 : T (naturally aged and/or hardened), T1 (artificially aged), M (annealed). The material can be processed satisfactorily and welded (mainly using the spot method), but structures made from D16 are more often assembled using special fasteners.

The main disadvantage of D16 is its relatively low anti-corrosion resistance. To increase it, planking or anodizing is used, as well as hardening to increase the strength characteristics. Hardening and aging are also carried out for finished parts, as well as semi-finished products.

The material has low thermal and electrical conductivity and is intended for use in conditions up to 250°C. It is not prone to cracking, but at elevated temperatures (more than 80°C), intercrystalline corrosion occurs, ductility and strength decrease.

Foreign alternative to D16

The material is extremely in demand in industry, therefore it has many imported analogues with similar parameters:

USA - AA2024 or 2024;
Germany - AlCuMg2 or 3.1355 alloys (DIN or WNr standards);
EU – ENAW-2024 or ENAW-AlCu4Mg1 (EN standard);
Inter – AlCu4Mg1 or 2024 (ISO);
Poland – AICu4Mg2 (PN standard);
Czech Republic – 424203 (CSN standard);
Austria – AICuMg2 (ONORM standard).

Areas of use

In its pure form, alloy D16 is rarely used. In most cases, products made from it undergo additional processing. The alloy is most widely used in the creation of structural elements for the aircraft industry and the production of several types of rolled metal:

corner D16;
plates and rods;
circle D16;
sheets, etc.

Source: https://steelservice.com.ua/alyuminij-d16/

Aluminum rod D16

Description You can buy aluminum rod D16 from warehouse or with delivery throughout Russia.

Alloy: D16
Condition: hardened (T), pressed
Size: from 8 to 200 mm
Length: 3000 mm

Technical description of aluminum rods D16:

View:	A solid semi-finished product of uniform cross-section along its entire length, in the form of a straight piece or rolled into a coil, produced by casting, rolling, forging, pressing or drawing
Section shape:	KR - round KV - square SHG - hexagonal More complex section shapes, incl. hollow inside, refer to other types of semi-finished products, in particular pipes, profiles, tires (a rectangular bar used in electrical engineering).
Material Condition:	Depending on the type of heat treatment: Without heat treatment M - annealed (soft) T - hardened and naturally aged T1 - hardened and artificially aged By strength: Normal strength PP - increased strength RS - increased plasticity (with recrystallization structure)
Manufacturing accuracy:	Normal accuracy P - increased accuracy B - high accuracy
Section size:	Diameter for round bars from 6 mm to 500 mm Sizes for hexagonal and square bars from 8 mm to 200 mm. The diameter, size or shape of cast rods is limited only by the Customer's request. It is possible to produce other sizes upon agreement.
Length:	Supplied in straight lengths or coils. The segments in a batch can be of measured (identical) or unmeasured length. Rods of small diameters, produced in coils, are similar in appearance to wire, but have a number of differences: properties, tolerances, packaging, control, etc.
Alloys:
Standards:
Technological characteristics:	Good cutting performance, high strength, high heat resistance, medium corrosion resistance.
Application:	Due to its relatively high strength, it is used as a structural material in critical mechanical engineering and aircraft construction.

Accompanying services:

Assortment – Circle

{goods}al-rod-d16{/goods}

We have a wide range of round aluminum bars D16 in stock at our warehouse:

Alloy: D16
Condition: Hardened (T)
Diameter: from 6 to 400 mm
Length: 3000 mm

It is possible to order overall dimensions according to your requirements from 300 kg.

In addition to the warehouse assortment, you can order any aluminum rods from domestic and foreign alloys within the framework of regulatory documents and according to special requirements.

Minimum quantity, prices, delivery time are determined additionally.

It is possible to obtain an Aviation Technical Acceptance Certificate.

View	Additionally	Standard	Alloy grades	Size, mm	Length, mm*	State
Bar	GOST 21488-97	AD, AD0, AD1, AD31, AMts, AMg2, AMg3, AMg5, AMg6, 1561, D16, D1, 1915, 1935, V95, AK4, AK6, AK8, AK4-1, AB	6 — 500	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)
Bar	GOST 51834-2001	AB, D1, D16, AK4, AK4-1, AK6, AK8, V95	8 — 400	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)
Bar	OST 1.90395-91	AD, AD0, AD1, AD31, AMts, AMg2, AMg3, AMg5, AMg6, 1561, D16, D1, 1915, 1935, V95, AK4, AK6, AK8, AK4-1, AB	8 — 400	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)

* length of rods, incl. multiple, can be agreed with the Consumer.

Assortment - Hexagon

{goods}al-shgr-d16{/goods}

In our warehouse we have a wide range of aluminum rods with hexagonal section D16:

Alloy: D16
Condition: hardened (T), pressed
Thickness: from 6 to 400 mm
Length: 3000 mm

It is possible to order overall dimensions according to your requirements from 300 kg.

In addition to the warehouse assortment, you can order any aluminum rods from domestic and foreign alloys within the framework of regulatory documents and according to special requirements.

Minimum quantity, prices, delivery time are determined additionally.

It is possible to obtain an Aviation Technical Acceptance Certificate.

View	Additionally	Standard	Alloy grades	Size, mm	Length, mm*	State
Bar	GOST 21488-97	AD, AD0, AD1, AD31, AMts, AMg2, AMg3, AMg5, AMg6, 1561, D16, D1, 1915, 1935, V95, AK4, AK6, AK8, AK4-1, AB	6 — 500	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)
Bar	GOST 51834-2001	AB, D1, D16, AK4, AK4-1, AK6, AK8, V95	8 — 400	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)
Bar	OST 1.90395-91	AD, AD0, AD1, AD31, AMts, AMg2, AMg3, AMg5, AMg6, 1561, D16, D1, 1915, 1935, V95, AK4, AK6, AK8, AK4-1, AB	8 — 400	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)

* length of rods, incl. multiple, can be agreed with the Consumer.

Assortment – Square

{goods}al-kvadr-d16{/goods}

In our warehouse we have a wide range of aluminum bars of square section D16:

Alloy: D16
Condition: hardened (T), pressed
Size: from 8 to 200 mm
Length: 3000 mm

It is possible to order overall dimensions according to your requirements from 300 kg.

To order

In addition to the warehouse assortment, you can order any aluminum rods from domestic and foreign alloys within the framework of regulatory documents and according to special requirements.

Minimum quantity, prices, delivery time are determined additionally.

It is possible to obtain an Aviation Technical Acceptance Certificate.

View	Additionally	Standard	Alloy grades	Size, mm	Length, mm*	State
Bar	GOST 21488-97	AD, AD0, AD1, AD31, AMts, AMg2, AMg3, AMg5, AMg6, 1561, D16, D1, 1915, 1935, V95, AK4, AK6, AK8, AK4-1, AB	6 — 500	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)
Bar	GOST 51834-2001	AB, D1, D16, AK4, AK4-1, AK6, AK8, V95	8 — 400	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)
Bar	OST 1.90395-91	AD, AD0, AD1, AD31, AMts, AMg2, AMg3, AMg5, AMg6, 1561, D16, D1, 1915, 1935, V95, AK4, AK6, AK8, AK4-1, AB	8 — 400	1000 — 6000	pressed, hardened (T, T1)

* length of rods, incl. multiple, can be agreed with the Consumer.

Documentation

THE BASIS	PRODUCT TYPE	TU NUMBER	NAME
Aluminum	Pipes	TU 1-2-639-2010	Pipes pressed from alloy grade 1561

THE BASIS	PRODUCT TYPE	NUMBER	NAME
General	Stampings

Source: https://almet.ru/alyuminii/alyuminievii-prutok/alyuminievii-prutok-d16.html

Aluminum d16t characteristics - Metalist's Handbook

The reference literature provides information that about 240 alloys are manufactured based on aluminum. Each of them has its own characteristics, scope, components, characteristics. The list of such materials includes aluminum alloy D16T, which contains magnesium and copper. It is universal, which allows it to be used in many areas of activity.

The second name of the alloy is duralumin. Durable and lightweight metal is used as a structural material in the manufacture of elements and parts of spaceships, rockets, airplanes and other aircraft.

In its pure form, the product is used extremely rarely, which is due to lower characteristics compared to AMg6, lower resistance to corrosion and the complexity of creating a welded joint. An increase in these indicators is ensured by heat treatment of the D16T alloy. For example, with a cross section of up to 120 mm, hardening or aging is provided after casting or rolling the part. The marking of semi-finished products means that the product has been strengthened and aged naturally.

The material is characterized by high strength, the possibility of heat strengthening, and has poor weldability. The only welding method used for this alloy is spot welding. Connections using bolts, rivets, etc. are more common. Rivets are made from an alloy with a corrosion-resistant coating. Mechanical processing of parts is extremely simple.

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Labeling and composition

Decoding D16T allows you to obtain basic data on the properties of the metal:

D – duralumin;
16 – serial number;
T – subject to heat treatment (hardening and artificial aging).

The composition is standardized by Gosstandart 4784-97. It includes:

Al – 94%;
Cu – 4.9%;
Mg – 1.8%;
Mn – 0.9%.

Other components include nickel, titanium, silicon, and beryllium. Each component has its own qualities and characteristics that affect the properties of the D16T alloy.

Silicon is intended to improve the quality of the weld and the condition of the heat-affected zone. Typically, when exposed to temperature during welding, small cracks form in the welding zone, which negatively affects the characteristics of the material.

Nickel reduces the coefficient of linear expansion, which is important when operating in high temperature zones. At the same time, it reduces the plastic and strength characteristics of the metal.

Plates

The improvement in mechanical parameters is due to the presence of nickel and iron in the chemical composition of the D16T alloy. The binding of aluminum molecules to these elements provides strength, while copper does not take part in the chemical reaction and is in a free state within the metal.

The amount of ferrum in the material is strictly limited by standards. This is due to the risk of iron plates, which negatively affect the technical characteristics of the alloy.

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Release form

In its pure form, D16 is practically not used, but the parts are cladding, which reduces the risk of corrosion. The following parts can be made from D16:

in its pure form;
T – with heat treatment (hardening and natural aging);
T1 – with heat treatment (artificial aging);
M – subject to annealing;
with cladding (D15TA).

The main elements are sheets, corners, slabs, rods. Rods with a diameter of less than 100 mm are required to be marked T, in some cases - M. Sheets are made with a layer of pure aluminum applied to the surface, which reduces the degree of corrosion activity. Sheets marked M and T are also produced.

Aluminum alloy D16T is susceptible to corrosion to a greater extent than other similar ones, so it is clad with a 2-4% layer of technical aluminum. The second coating option is varnish. The choice of type depends on the operating conditions, because at elevated temperatures, anodized or clad sheets will be most resistant to external factors. Spot welding is used as the main welding method; rivet and other joints are most widely used.

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Alloy features

Maximum efficiency from the use of the material is ensured when operating at elevated temperatures. In this case, the normal environment would be a range of 120-250 degrees. Short-term heating is allowed up to a temperature of 500 degrees; with further growth, the material loses strength, which leads to failure.

At temperatures below 80 degrees, resistance to the formation of cracks is ensured; when crossing this boundary, there is a risk of developing pockets of corrosion between the crystals of the D16T alloy. To eliminate the harmful factor, it is necessary to carry out heat treatment. As a result, not only anti-corrosion qualities will increase, but also strength and ductility.

In terms of hardness and strength when operating under normal conditions, the metal is inferior to the VD95T1 alloy, even after heat treatment. In the temperature range of 120-250 degrees, the characteristics change in the opposite direction. WD95 may corrode if exposed to current.

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Specifications

The main characteristics of the D16T alloy include:

specific heat	0.92 J/kgK;
coefficient of thermal conductivity	130 W/mK;
hardness	HB 10-1 = 42 MPa;
elongation at break	10%;
specific gravity	2800 kg/m3.

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Price

The price per kg of D16T alloy is 390 rubles.

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Heat treatment

The strength characteristics of the metal depend on the method of its processing. The correct order of work is the key to obtaining quality material.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/alyuminiy-d16t-harakteristiki/

Aluminum alloy D16T. Properties and chemical composition

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D16 Aluminum alloy. Alloy D16T - characteristics, main properties, manufacturing method and scope of application

D16t characteristics and brand decoding, aluminum alloy D16t density, GOST and other information.

One of the most popular duralumin alloys in the shipbuilding, aviation and space industries. Its main advantage is that the rolled metal produced from it has:

stable structure;
high strength characteristics;
3 times lighter weight than steel products;
increased resistance to microscopic deformation during operation;
good machinability on turning and milling machines, second only to some other aluminum alloys.

In this regard, the product does not require additional heat treatment and avoids such a common problem as reducing the size of workpieces after natural or artificial hardening, which is typical for products made of D16 alloy.

Alloy d16t: brand decoding

The chemical composition of D16T is strictly regulated by GOST 4784-97 and is deciphered as follows:

D - duralumin;
16 — alloy number in the series;
T - hardened and naturally aged.

Duralumin D16T refers to aluminum alloys of the Al-Cu-Mg system, alloyed with manganese. Most of it is aluminum - up to 94.7%, the rest is copper, magnesium and other impurities. Manganese increases the corrosion resistance of the alloy and improves its mechanical properties, although it does not form common strengthening phases with aluminum, but only dispersed particles of the Al12Mn2Cu composition.

The characteristics of d16t are negatively affected by inclusions of iron, which does not dissolve in aluminum. Ferrum crystallizes in the duralumin alloy in the form of rough plates, significantly reducing its strength and ductility parameters.

In addition, iron impurities bind copper, as a result of which the strength of the alloy decreases, reaching maximum values after natural aging.

In this regard, its content in duralumin is very strictly limited by GOST and should not exceed a mass fraction of 0.5-0.7%.

In the West, there is an analogue of the D16T , the density of which is also 2.78 g/sq. see, but marked differently - 2024 t3511.

Heat treatment of alloy d16t

Duralumin D16T undergoes additional processing to improve its performance qualities:

Source: https://moesms.ru/d16-aluminum-alloy-alloy-d16t-characteristics-basic-properties-manufacturing-method-and-field-of-application.html

D16T strength is an alloy of aluminum with magnesium and copper

alexxlab | 08/20/2016 | 0 | Questions and answers

it is an alloy of aluminum with magnesium and copper

D16 is an alloy of aluminum with magnesium and copper. Such alloys are called duralumin, and duralumin is used as structural alloys in the aviation and space industries due to their strength and relative lightness. Sale of rolled aluminum.

In its pure form, D16 is rarely used, since in an unhardened state it has less strength and hardness than AMg6 and at the same time is inferior to it in terms of corrosion resistance and weldability. But parts made of D16 with a cross section of no more than 100-120 mm can be hardened and aged after their manufacture. In most cases, the sale includes semi-finished products already strengthened and naturally aged, marked D16T.

The alloy is classified as a strong heat-strengthening alloy, but is not intended for welding. However, it can be spot welded, although in most cases its parts are secured using fasteners. Also, fasteners themselves can be made from D16 in the form of rivets with an anti-corrosion coating. The alloy is easy to machine.

Properties of material D16

D16 is a heat-strengthened deformable aluminum alloy, which has a chemical composition in accordance with GOST 4784-97.

Due to its low thermal and electrical conductivity, this material performs well at temperatures above 120 °C and up to 250 °C, but it is not allowed to be used even for a short time at temperatures above 500 °C.

It is not prone to cracking, but when the temperature rises above 80 °C it is prone to the formation of intergranular corrosion, which imposes certain restrictions on its use.

However, artificial aging allows you to avoid the formation of corrosion, with a simultaneous decrease in strength and ductility.

D16T has high hardness and strength, but is inferior in these parameters to workpieces made from VD95T1 alloy in a particularly hard state after artificial aging and hardening. But when the temperature rises above 120 °C, D16T exhibits better mechanical properties and has no equal up to 250 °C. In addition, it should be noted that VD95 is prone to stress corrosion, so it is not always possible to fully utilize the full potential of this material.

Most duralumin is prone to corrosion more than other aluminum alloys. For this reason, products made of duralumin are clad with a 2-4% layer of technical aluminum, or varnished.

However, given the sometimes high temperature conditions of operation of parts made of duralumin, in most cases plating and anodizing are preferable, which affects the choice of sheet products produced under plating.

In addition, D16T is difficult to weld and can only be welded by spot welding, therefore in most cases it is secured with rivets and other detachable and permanent connections.

Application area

D16T is a structural heat-strengthened and naturally aged alloy in a billet, which is used in various fields of the national economy.

It is also used for the manufacture of power structural elements in aircraft engineering: skin parts, frames, frames, ribs, control rods, spar.

It is also used to produce parts operating at temperatures in the range of 120-230 ° C - according to GOST.

It is also used in the automotive industry for the manufacture of bodies, pipes and other fairly durable parts.

D16T is used for the manufacture of rivets with high shear strength. The same rivets are used to fasten other softer aluminum parts, for example from AMg6 magnesium.

D16T – alloy characteristics, analogues, GOST

Directories on products of metallurgical industry enterprises say that about 250 alloys are produced based on aluminum. Each has its own composition, purpose and technical characteristics. Meanwhile, among this variety you can find the D16T alloy, which, due to its characteristics, is used in almost all industries.

Chemical composition and some properties

Aluminum D16T is classified as an alloy of the Al/Cu/Mg metal system. Includes:

aluminum up to 94%;
copper up to 4.9%;
magnesium up to 1.8%;
manganese up to 0.9% and many other elements.

The chemical composition of D16T duralumin is regulated in GOST 4784-97. The name is deciphered as follows:

D – duralumin,
16 serial number of the alloy,
T – hardened and aged.

The composition of D16T may include elements: beryllium, titanium, silicon, nickel, etc.

Silicon interferes with the weldability of the alloy. The fact is that when exposed to high temperatures that occur in the welding zone, cracks form at the welding seam, reducing the quality of welding.

Nickel reduces the ductility and strength of heat-treated steels. At the same time, at high temperatures it reduces the coefficient of linear expansion.

The simultaneous presence of nickel and iron in the alloy leads to increased mechanical characteristics. It should be noted that the combined content of these two metals, which have a positive effect on D16T, is directly related to the formation of the FeNiAl9 compound, as can be seen from the formula, there is no trace of copper in it.

Specialists in non-ferrous metals know that the presence of iron alone in the chemical composition of an aluminum alloy significantly worsens its characteristics. It promotes the formation of ferrum plates. This phenomenon significantly reduces the strength characteristics of the D16T alloy. That is why GOST strictly normalizes the iron content in D16T.

Analogs

The technical parameters of D16T aluminum have led to the fact that it is produced in more than ten countries around the world. Below are analogues of the alloy, which is produced in industrialized countries of the world; in the USA the alloy is called 2024. In Germany it is 3.155, in the countries of the European Union the alloy is called ENAW-2024.

GOST

The range of products is extremely wide, this can be explained by the high popularity of the metal, which arose as a result of its widespread use. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises located in our country produce the following range of products:

rolled pipes of different diameters - GOST 18482-79;
rods of different calibers and designs - GOST 21488-97, GOST 51834-2001;
tape in various states - GOST 13726-97;
profiles of different sections and sizes - GOST 8617-81
plates – GOST 17232-99

Heat treatment of alloy D16T

To improve the working properties, D16T is subjected to heat treatment, which takes place in several stages.

Source: https://stankotec.ru/raznoe/d16t-prochnost-eto-splav-alyuminiya-s-magniem-i-medyu.html

Melting point of duralumin d16t

Duralumin was developed over a hundred years ago, in 1903. Then Alfred Wilm, a metallurgical engineer, being an employee of a German metallurgical plant, established a certain pattern.

It turned out that an alloy of aluminum with four percent copper after quenching at +500° C and sharp cooling, kept at room temperature for several days (up to 4–5), becomes more durable and hard, but does not lose its ductility.

Further experiments led to an expansion of the number of elements included in the composition, which increased the strength of pure aluminum (approximately 70–80 MPa) to 350–370 MPa.

History of the name

A group of alloys of this type is named after the German city of Düren. It was here that their production on an industrial scale began in 1909 , six years after the discovery and study of their properties. In addition to the name “duralumin” there is also:

anglicized version - “duralumin”;
the old form is “duralumin”;
“Duralumin” is the general name for the “family” of aluminum of this type.

They also contain an allusion to the Latin word Durus, which means hard, hard. This is how the basic properties of these metals are characterized.

Composition of aluminum alloys: different types

Al-Mn, Al-Mg systems. characteristic - high corrosion resistance (slightly less than pure aluminum). In addition, they lend themselves well to welding and soldering, but not cutting. These alloys are not strengthened by heat treatment.
They are used for the manufacture of tanks, oil lines, gasoline lines, car and tractor radiators, tableware elements, and in construction (depending on the specific type and its characteristics).
Al-Mg-Si family — alloys that are called corrosion-resistant. They are strengthened by heat treatment.
It consists of hardening at a temperature of 515–525 degrees Celsius, followed by cooling in cold water with natural aging at 20 degrees for about ten days. The main property of finished materials of this group is high corrosion resistance under normal conditions and in cases of operation under voltage.
Al-Cu-Mg alloys are called structural, or duralumin. Their base is aluminum, which is alloyed in varying proportions with copper, magnesium and manganese. Based on them, different types with their own characteristics are obtained, which can be divided into a number of groups, which will be discussed further.

Materials of the duralumin group have powerful mechanical properties, but are more susceptible to corrosion than the second type of alloy family considered. This is partially combated by manganese, which is additionally added to the composition.

But when using duralumin, it is necessary to protect it with paint and varnish coatings or anodize it. If the alloy is applicable for clad sheets, then they themselves are distinguished by a sufficient degree of corrosion resistance. That is, it also largely depends on the type of processing.

In addition to the above alloy systems, there are also:

heat resistant;
forging;
heat-resistant forging;
high-strength structural alloys.

As you can see, many years of studying the properties of materials with an aluminum base have made it possible to create many different types and types that have the properties necessary in a particular industry.

Alloys such as duralumin

There are 4 alloys of duralumin type. All of them contain both the main components (cuprum, magnesium, manganese) and others (Fe, Si, Ti, Zn, Ni) in varying proportions.

D1: cuprum - 4.4 ± 0.4%, magnesium - 0.6 ± 0.2%, manganese - from 0.6 ± 0.2%;
D16: cuprum - from 3.8 to 4.9%, magnesium - 1.5 ±0.3%, manganese - 0.6 ±0.3%;
D19: cuprum - from 3.8 to 4.3%, magnesium - 2.0 ±0.3%, manganese - from 0.5 to 1.0%;
VD17: cuprum - 2.9 ±0.3%, magnesium - 2.2 ±0.2%, manganese - from 0.45 to 0.7%.

The remaining elements are present in the materials in a total amount of no more than two percent.

Each type of duralumin also requires its own heat treatment regime.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/temperatura-plavleniya-dyuralyuminiya-d16t/

D16

Application: for power elements of aircraft structures, car bodies, pipes, etc.; for parts operating at temperatures up to -230 degrees.

Chemical composition in % of material D16:

GOST 4784 - 97

Fe	Si	Mn	Cr	Ti	Al	Cu	Mg	Zn	Impurities	—
up to 0.5	up to 0.5	0.3-0.9	up to 0.1	up to 0.15	90.9-94.7	3.8-4.9	1.2-1.8	up to 0.25	others, each 0.05; only 0.15	Ti+Zr < 0.2

Note: Al - base; Al percentages are approximate.

Mechanical properties at T=20oC of material D16:

Assortment	Size	Eg.	σв	σT	δ5	Ψ	KCU	Thermal change
—	mm	—	MPa	MPa	%	%	kJ/m2	—
Pipes, GOST 18482-79	390-420	255-275	10-12
Rod, GOST 21488-97	245	120	12
Rod, GOST 21488-97	Ø 8-300	390-410	275-295	8-10	Hardening and aging
Rod, high strength, GOST 51834-2001	450-470	325-345	8-10	Hardening and aging
Rod, increased ductility, GOST 51834-2001	410	265	12	Hardening and aging
Annealed tape, GOST 13726-97	235	10
Profiles, GOST 8617-81	10-150	412	284	10	Hardening and artificial aging
Annealed profiles, GOST 8617-81	245	12
Plate, GOST 17232-99	345-420	245-275	3-7	Hardening and aging

Hardness D16 after hardening and aging	HB 10-1 = 105 MPa
Hardness D16, Annealed alloy	HB 10-1 = 42 MPa

Physical properties of material D16:

T	E 10-5	α 106	λ	ρ	C	R 109
hail	MPa	1/Grad	W/(m deg)	kg/m3	J/(kg deg)	Ohm m
20	0.72	2770
100	22.9	130	0.922

Mechanical properties:

σв – Short-term strength limit, [MPa]

σT – Proportional limit (yield strength for permanent deformation), [MPa]

δ5 – Elongation at break, [%]

Ψ – Relative narrowing, [%]

KCU – Impact strength, [kJ/m2]

HB – Brinell hardness, [MPa]

Physical properties:

T – Temperature at which these properties were obtained, [degrees]

E – Modulus of elasticity of the first kind, [MPa]

α – Coefficient of thermal (linear) expansion (range 20o - T), [1/degree]

λ – thermal conductivity coefficient (heat capacity of the material), [W/(m deg)]

ρ – Material density, [kg/m3]

C – Specific heat capacity of the material (range 20o - T), [J/(kg deg)]

R – Electrical resistivity, [Ohm m]

Source: http://www.aviastal.ru/splavy-metallov/aluminij/aluminievyj-deformiruemyj-splav/d16

Duralumin plate - useful information

The difference is in the thickness of the rolled product. Sheets are supplied in thicknesses from 0.3 to 10.5 mm, plates - from 11 to 200 mm. The range and technical conditions of duralumin sheets are regulated by GOST 21631-76, plates - GOST 17232-99. What is the application.

Plates are a semi-finished product for the production of a large range of products using stamping, pressing forging, etc.

The slabs are supplied without heat treatment, but in terms of chemical composition and the presence of a cladding layer, they fully meet the requirements of the final product.

Help us decipher the markings and main parameters of duralumin slabs

Duralumin plates are made from alloys of the Al-Cu-Mg system with additional alloying with manganese. The list of brands is regulated by GOST 4784-97. The thickness of the slabs is from 11 to 200 mm, the width is from 1200 to 2000 mm, the length is standardized from 2000 to 8000 mm, or not standardized.

Plates can be clad (coated with technically pure aluminum) to increase corrosion properties or for technological purposes (basic version - without cladding).

Delivery condition: without heat treatment. In this case, the properties of the material are controlled using samples, which, in accordance with GOST 17232-99, must go through the entire hardening and aging cycle.

Manufacturing accuracy can be normal (basic) or increased. Marking of duralumin plates is quite simple, for example, for a plate 40 mm thick, 1000 mm wide and 2000 mm long, made of D16 alloy with technological cladding, normal manufacturing accuracy: Plate D16.B. 40x1000x2000 GOST 17232-99.

What is the difference between alloys D16, D16T and D16B in plate markings

All of the listed grades are one alloy of duralumin D16, containing, according to GOST 4784-97, in addition to aluminum, 3.8-4.9% Cu; 1.2-1.8% Mg; 0.3-0.9% Mn. The difference is in the processing of the alloy. In particular, the marking “D16 plate” indicates only the composition of the alloy. D16T slab – incorrect marking, because index “T” corresponds to the heat-treated state (hardening + natural aging), and the slabs are supplied without heat treatment.

The indices “A” and “B” indicate the presence of cladding, normal and technological, respectively. Those. The marking “D16B plate” corresponds to duralumin with technological cladding.

What is cladding of aluminum plates

Depending on the customer’s requirements, a duralumin plate can be purchased with different manufacturing methods. In accordance with the requirements of GOST 17232-99, slabs can be clad or unclad. Cladding (cladding) – welding of a coating onto the surface of a slab during hot plastic deformation.

Technically pure AD1pl grade aluminum with an impurity content of no more than 0.7% is used as a cladding layer. Normal and technological cladding is used for slabs. Normal (thickness 2-4% of the sheet thickness) serves to increase the corrosion resistance of D16 type duralumin.

Pure aluminum forms a thin protective film of oxide, which reliably protects the sheet from corrosion.

The purpose of technological cladding (1.5% of thickness) is to improve manufacturability during hot rolling with large reductions. Technological cladding practically does not increase corrosion resistance.

When cladding, the indices “A” – normal and “B” – technological cladding are added to the marking.

What are the features of calculating the theoretical mass of duralumin plates

Due to the variety of grades of aluminum alloys, GOST 17232-99 gives the calculated mass of a linear meter of slabs of different widths, based on the density of the B95 alloy - 2.85 g/m3. To calculate the mass of a linear meter of a specific alloy, a density conversion table is attached. For example, for duralumin D16 the conversion factor is 0.976.

Source: http://metalburo.ru/dyural/plita_dyuralevaya/_plita_dyural_info/

Aluminum alloy D16T: characteristics and brand description

Aluminum D16

Aluminum alloy D16 is better known as duralumin or duralumin. This name is given to all alloys in which copper and magnesium are added to aluminum. The result of such mixing is the production of a material unique in its physical properties, which is used in the most critical structures.

For example, D16 aluminum is used in the production of automobile bodies; it is used to make structural elements of aircraft, as well as pipes that can operate at temperatures of minus 230°C.

The aircraft and space industries actively use D16 alloy because it combines strength and lightness.

At the same time, to achieve greater hardness and strength, the D16 alloy is subjected to hardening or aging, after which the letter T is added to its marking - D16T.

Aluminum D16: chemical composition and mechanical properties

Dural aluminum has the following chemical composition (according to GOST 4784-97):

Al – 90.8-94.7%
Cu – 3.8-4.9%
Mg – 1.2-1.8%
Mn – 0.3-0.9%
Fe – no more than 0.5%
Si – no more than 0.5%
Zn – no more than 0.3%
Ni – no more than 0.1%
Ti – no more than 0.1%

With an alloy hardness of HB 10-1 = 42 MPa, aluminum d16t has an extremely low specific gravity - 2800 kg/m3. The mechanical properties of this alloy are presented below:

Despite the presence of such a characteristic as a heat-strengthening alloy, it is not welded.

A much more optimal solution is to use rivets and other fasteners. At the same time, D16 aluminum itself is excellent for the manufacture of rivets with an anti-corrosion coating.

To reduce corrosion, duralumin is clad with varnish or a layer of 2-4 percent technical aluminum (grade D15TA).

Application of aluminum alloy

Dural aluminum is produced in the form of plates, rods, sheets and angles, and the alloy is rarely supplied to enterprises in its pure form. Most often it comes with plating, hardened, artificially or naturally aged.

A variety of structural parts in aircraft are made from structural heat-strengthened alloy D16T: frames, skin elements, spars, rods, frames, etc. The connection of different elements is carried out using rivets, also made of D16T aluminum alloy.

Such fasteners are characterized by very high shear strength.

According to GOST, the processed alloy must withstand temperature conditions of 120-230°C. This circumstance allows the use of duralumin in the automotive industry not only in the production of bodies, but also in all kinds of pipes.

Source: https://fx-commodities.ru/articles/alyuminij-d16/

D16t brinell hardness

Brand:

Classification:

Aluminum wrought alloy

Application:

for power elements of aircraft structures, car bodies, pipes, etc.; for parts operating at temperatures up to -230 degrees.

Mechanical properties at T=20 °C of material D16

Assortment

Size

Eg.

KCU

Thermal change

MPa

kJ/m2

Hardening and aging

Material hardness D16, annealed alloy

HB 10 -1 = 42 MPa

Hardness of material D16 after hardening and aging

D16t characteristics and brand decoding, aluminum alloy D16t density, GOST and other information.

D16t is one of the most popular duralumin alloys in the shipbuilding, aviation and space industries. Its main advantage is that the rolled metal obtained from it has:

stable structure;
high strength characteristics;
3 times lighter weight than steel products;
increased resistance to microscopic deformation during operation;
good machinability on turning and milling machines, second only to some other aluminum alloys.

Aluminum D16T - duralumin alloy properties, characteristics review article, report, abstract

Alloy D16T

The spread of modern technologies has led to the emergence of materials with exceptional performance properties. An example is duralumin, which is very common today. The characteristics of D16T allow the use of materials from this group in the manufacture of a wide variety of structures and mechanisms. Today, the alloy in question is used in the aviation and space industries, which can be associated with a combination of high strength and lightness.

Alloy D16T

Decoding of the D16T brand

Decoding the brand allows you to determine its main performance qualities and chemical composition. Brand D16T belongs to the class of duralumin, which is characterized by a high concentration of alloying elements.

Today, D16T is deciphered using GOST. Unlike other alloys, these alloys are marked according to their own system. Duralumin D16T is deciphered as follows:

D – designation of materials of the duralumin group. It differs significantly from ordinary aluminum, which is due to the inclusion of various alloying elements in the composition. The concentration of other chemical elements allows you to change many performance qualities.
16 – alloy number. In essence, this figure does not indicate any qualities, but it is used to designate an alloy with certain qualities.
T is a symbol that denotes hardening and natural aging. Heat treatment associated with hardening involves exposure to high temperatures, due to which the surface layer is reconstructed.

D16T aluminum is very common in areas where critical mechanisms and devices are produced that will be subject to serious environmental impact.

Download GOST 4784-97

Chemical composition

The chemical composition of each material has its own specific characteristics, which determine the physical and mechanical qualities.

The considered aluminum alloy D16T belongs to the Al-Cu-Mg group with manganese alloying. The chemical composition of the D16T alloy is characterized as follows:

Most of the alloy is aluminum, the concentration of which reaches 94.7%.
The rest of the mass comes from magnesium, copper and other various impurities.
The inclusion of manganese in the composition significantly increases the corrosion resistance of the D16T alloy and increases some mechanical properties.
The composition includes a small proportion of titanium and iron. The concentration of iron has a negative effect on the D16T alloy. This is due to the fact that such a chemical element does not dissolve in aluminum and creates inhomogeneous plates. The concentration of iron is maintained within strict limits, since a non-uniform structure can lead to serious problems.

Chemical composition of alloy D16T

Duralumin is produced with careful control of the concentration of all elements. An increase in the amount of iron in the composition leads to the fact that the metal becomes less homogeneous, due to which the quality decreases and other performance qualities deteriorate. Titanium and manganese must also be maintained within a certain concentration range, since too high and low levels can lead to changes in basic physical and mechanical properties.

Material properties

Alloy D16T, the characteristics of which can be called very attractive, has a huge number of advantages in comparison with other alloys.

The features of duralumin determine that this alloy is in many ways superior to conventional aluminum and other materials. The physical and mechanical properties are as follows:

High structural stability. Due to this, manufactured products can last a long time and withstand significant environmental impacts.
The density of the material determines its low specific gravity, the level of which is 2800 kg/m3. Due to this, the resulting products become light. That is why D16T has become widespread in the aircraft industry and in the manufacture of elements that are used in the manufacture of equipment for the space industry. In order for the device to be able to overcome the earth's gravity with less energy consumption, the created structure must have low weight. Studies indicate that D16T is 3 times lighter than steel.
Increased resistance to microscopic deformation during operation. This is due to the fact that the elastic modulus has a fairly high value.
The high tensile strength of D16T is achieved due to the inclusion of a huge amount of alloying elements, for example, titanium. At the same time, the hardness of the D16T alloy is 42 MPa.

Mechanical properties of alloy D16T at a certain temperatureMechanical and physical properties of alloy D16T

In addition, the melting point of D16T duralumin is quite high. Due to this, it is possible to use the alloy to create various devices that can be operated under high air resistance.

Too high a resistance causes the metal to heat up and become softer and more ductile.

The high melting point made it possible to use duralumin in the manufacture of aircraft, since ordinary aluminum heats up and becomes soft and less durable.

Analogs D16T

There are quite a large number of foreign analogues on sale. Duralumin d16 is produced taking into account established standards and has the appropriate characteristics. D16T analogues are marked according to their own standards, for example, T3511.

Analogue D16T - alloy 2024Rasplavka 2024

When considering analogues, one should take into account the features of the heat treatment of D16ChT:

First, temperature hardening is performed, for which the workpiece is heated to a temperature of 500 degrees Celsius. It is worth considering that too high a temperature leads to burning of aluminum and deterioration of its basic qualities. At the same time, changes occur abruptly. Therefore, you should pay a lot of attention to the temperature regime.
The next step is cold water quenching. In this case, the temperature of the water is of great importance. The optimal value is considered to be the range from 250 to 350 degrees Celsius.
Next, natural aging is carried out to improve the basic qualities. The process is quite simple: the surface is in contact with air, the temperature of which is similar to room temperature. The process lasts for 4-5 days.

As a result of the process, the surface acquires a hardness of about 125-130 HB. A similar indicator can be called the maximum value for the alloys of the group under consideration.

In conclusion, we note that the use of modern technologies makes it possible to maintain the concentration percentage of all elements strictly within the recommended range. Due to this, the quality of the alloy and its main characteristics are improved.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/splav-d16t.html

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