How to make solder for soldering

What is solder solder made of?

Today, copper pipes have a wide range of applications. In order for the connections to be made reliably and the pipeline to operate smoothly for many years, it is best to solder such products. Unlike other metals, copper can be soldered very well.

Soldering copper pipes

The surface of the pipes is thoroughly cleaned of dirt and oxides. When soldering copper, a capillary effect occurs, which results in wetting of the surface. In this case, the alloy disperses over the entire surface and reliably connects the parts.

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Modern soldering methods

The main operational characteristics of copper products are regulated in accordance with GOST. Copper is an excellent option for plumbing, heating, gas, and air conditioning systems. The positive characteristics of copper pipes include:

• High anti-corrosion properties;
• Non-toxic;
• Bactericidal properties;
• High resistance to ultraviolet radiation;
• Reliability;
• Strength;
• Durability.

Today, copper pipes are manufactured in varying degrees of hardness. They are:

• Soft;
• Solid;
• Semi-solid.

Solder for copper pipes

Soft products are used for plumbing and heating systems, while hard and semi-solid products are used for those pipelines where high mechanical strength is needed.

The only disadvantage of copper is its high price compared to other materials. In order to carry out high-quality installation of plumbing or heating, copper products must be soldered.

Soldering is a permanent connection of pipes using molten material - solder, whose melting point is lower than the material of the parts being connected.

If the correct soldering technology is followed, the connections are very strong and reliable. According to GOST, there are the following types of soldering:

• High temperature;
• Low temperature.

High-temperature soldering is carried out at temperatures above 450˚C and is used for pipes with heavy loads. This type of soldering provides high strength seams due to the strength of solid materials. During low-temperature soldering, the temperature reaches 450˚C.

Low-temperature soldering is carried out with an electric soldering iron, and high-temperature soldering is carried out using a gas torch.

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Depending on the soldering method, the solder can be soft or hard. The following metals are used as soft alloys:

Soldering copper pipes with tin

Hard metals include:

• Copper;
• Zinc;
• Silver;
• Phosphorus.

Copper can be soldered with both soft and hard alloys. Soft alloy is used to connect water supply systems. The material for soldering parts is produced in coils in the form of wire with a diameter of 2-3 mm. The carbide is manufactured in the form of profile rods. Hard solder is used to connect those parts where a particularly strong connection is required at high temperatures. Hard solders are used:

• In the manufacture of various instruments;
• For connecting pipelines;
• When carrying out vehicle repairs;
• For carrying out repair work on household products.

Copper plays a very important role in the formation of strong seams during high-temperature soldering. Copper solder is a component of almost any solid metal, and in most cases it is their basis. Phosphorus alloy for soldering consists of copper with phosphorus. Phosphorus alloy is widely used in the refrigeration industry.

The three-component alloy containing silver differs:

• High corrosion resistance;
• Durability;
• Resistant to vibration loads;
• Plasticity.

Soldering copper pipes with lead

Zinc solder is mostly used for aluminum materials. Zinc alloy has the following advantages:

• Fusibility;
• Corrosion resistance.

Depending on the percentage of the metal composition, the melting point changes. The more zinc contained, the lower the melting point.

The silver alloy provides very strong and tight seams. It has a low melting point and is characterized by the following properties:

• High strength;
• Plasticity;
• Impact resistance;
• Anti-corrosion;
• Resistant to vibration loads.

Silver solder can be used to solder any metal. But due to the fact that silver is an expensive material, it is used in cases where a particularly high-quality connection is required.

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Correct technology for performing work

According to the requirements regulated by SNiP, soldering with solid materials is necessary when repairing refrigeration equipment or air conditioning systems.

Soft solder is used to connect communications.

How to solder copper pipes

In order to connect copper pipes, it is necessary to prepare the following materials:

• Solder;
• Flux;
• Pipe expander;
• Gas burner;
• Soldering iron;
• A brush.

The use of flux is very important. It is intended for:

• Cleaning the surfaces of parts from oxides;
• Better spreading of the alloy;
• Protecting compounds from oxygen.

When soldering copper, fluxes are used, which are regulated by GOST. These fluxes contain pure borax components. Fluxes are available in liquid or powder form.

When low-temperature soldering, it is convenient to use special construction hair dryers, which help heat the pipes from all sides.

Today, manufacturers offer various options for gas burners for copper products:

• Professional;
• Semi-professional;
• For heating pipes.

Copper pipe soldering process

The connection of pipes is carried out in a consistent manner and in compliance with the following rules:

• The surface of the pipes is cleaned of dirt and oxides with a brush;
• The parts are adjusted to each other and coated with flux;
• Apply solder and secure with soft wire;
• The parts are heated to melt the solder;
• The parts are cooled slowly.

With high-temperature solder, it is correct when it melts from the heat of the heated connection, and not from the flame of the burner.

When performing work, it is necessary to strictly adhere to all safety standards, since when exposed to high temperatures, dangerous vapors are formed with alloys, which can lead to burns. To comply with safety measures you must:

• Wear special acid-resistant clothing;
• Use protective gloves to avoid burns;
• Carry out work in a well-ventilated area.

By observing all the above rules, soldering copper using an alloy will be performed efficiently and reliably, and the work will be carried out without harm to human health.

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Soldering copper pipes

Interesting on the topic:

Source: https://rem-serv.com/iz-chego-sostoit-pripoy-dlya-payki/

How to solder with silver solder?

Soldering technology is used to connect metal elements with a small contact area. It involves the use of solder, which is a special metal alloy. Its melting point should be lower than that of the elements being connected. In some cases, soldering is carried out with silver solder. It has its own advantages and disadvantages.

What is silver solder?

Modern metal working involves stepwise soldering technology. It requires special attention as some silver alloys have a high melting point. This property ensures the high quality of the resulting compound.

Silver solder for soldering in its pure form is extremely rare, which is due to the high cost of the non-ferrous alloy. Compositions with other impurities are more effective in use. The following are often used as additional components:

1. Nickel.
2. Copper.
3. Lead.
4. Zinc

Pure silver alloy is used only in jewelry. The properties of solder primarily depend on the proportion of precious metal in the composition:

1. At a concentration of more than 50%, the metal becomes ductile and resistant to increased loads.
2. Other components can change the basic properties of the alloy, expanding its range of applications.

All possible options are indicated in GOST 19738-74. In the technical documentation there is a table of brands indicating the percentage of all elements. You can save significantly on soldering by making your own alloy. The advantages of most alloys include the following:

1. High degree of fluidity. This simplifies the distribution of the composition over the surface.
2. Strength. The resulting connections can withstand high loads.
3. Corrosion resistance. When exposed to high humidity, metal becomes corroded. When silver is included in the composition, corrosion resistance is ensured.
4. The basic properties allow the composition to be used for joining a wide variety of metals.
5. Low resistance to electric current allows the use of solder in the creation of electrical equipment.

Physicochemical properties and features

Not in all cases, silver acts as the main element when creating an alloy for soldering. As the concentration increases, the strength and practicality of the connection increases. Melting temperature is the main characteristic that is taken into account when choosing solder. For some options the indicator is +600°C.

The combination of metals makes it possible to obtain an alloy with special performance characteristics. The most common composition is represented by a combination:

1. Silver - 30%.
2. Copper - 20%.
3. Zinc - 16%.
4. Cadmium - 33%.

The presence of cadmium determines that the alloy is highly brittle. Therefore, such an alloy should not be used in the manufacture of products that are subject to variable loads. If you increase the concentration of silver to 50%, the fluidity of the composition in the liquid state will also increase.

Varieties

The classification of silver-containing alloy is carried out according to the concentration of the main element. It looks like this:

1. Low content. A similar composition is used in industry for soldering various metal products. The composition is also applicable in electrical engineering due to its high conductivity and fluidity. Other elements are included in the connection, so soldering is quite simple.
2. Average content percentage (40-60%). This solder is used to produce seams that are operated at relatively low temperatures. The PSr40 material makes it possible to obtain strong connections with proper ductility, due to which they can withstand high dynamic loads. Solder PRs45 is applicable when working with joints whose thickness is up to 3 mm.
3. High concentration percentage. Some alloys are designed for soldering band saw blades. The composition provides increased bending and tensile strength. The PSr70 grade has increased conductivity, which allows it to be used in the creation of electrical components. The minimum resistance value reduces the likelihood of equipment heating during operation. However, the high price determines the narrow application of the material.

The above classification is taken into account when choosing the most suitable solder. Marking is carried out taking into account established standards.

How to choose the right one?

It is important to choose the most suitable solder for each application. The main recommendations include the following points:

1. The operating conditions of the created connection are determined: temperature, impact, humidity and others. Some are designed to transmit electrical current, others are subject to heat or variable loads.
2. Melting temperature. To distribute the solder over the surface, it must be heated to the appropriate temperature. Not all soldering irons can heat the material to a temperature of +600°C.
3. Application area. Pure compounds are used in jewelry making, with impurities in industry.

Some manufacturers indicate which brand of solder is suitable for which tasks. Therefore, there are no problems with choosing the most suitable composition.

Soldering process

If you have the appropriate tools, you can carry out soldering yourself. The most difficulties arise when working with stainless steel. The recommendations are as follows:

1. To begin with, the surface is cleaned from various contaminants; any mechanical method can be used. Most often, paint and dirt are removed with a brush, after which the surface is degreased using a special composition.
2. Selected flux is laid out on the future soldering area. Application technology largely depends on what material is used. The flux must be distributed evenly, otherwise the quality of the connection may be poor.
3. To process a large area, a special torch is used to heat the metal to the required temperature. The first sign that the material is ready for soldering is a change in its temperature.
4. After reaching the required state of the workpiece, the selected solder is supplied. It should be spread over the surface in an even layer.
5. The entire seam is passed from start to finish. A little time is given for the material to cool, after which the workpiece is heated a little more to gradually reduce the temperature.

If the connection area is small, then you can use a small soldering iron. In this case, there is no need to preheat the base.

What fluxes are suitable?

Silver soldering flux is used to obtain a reliable and durable connection. This auxiliary material is intended for preliminary cleaning of the surface from dirt and various oxidations, which can cause a decrease in the strength of the seam. A high-quality flux can increase the fluidity of metal in a heated state. The most popular option is the drill.

If necessary, solder paste can be made by yourself. The manufacturing instructions are as follows:

1. Borax is poured into a heat-resistant container.
2. Water is added in a thin stream and the borax is slowly mixed. The main task is to obtain a homogeneous mixture without lumps.
3. The substance is heated until transparent. To do this you have to use burners. When heated, various harmful substances can be released, so you should be careful.
4. The liquid phase is drained, after which the sediment is ground to an oily consistency. It is applied to the surface to be treated using a brush or other similar product.

If you do not have the skills to work with strong chemicals, you should purchase the required composition from a specialized store. Work must be carried out in protective clothing, since contact of chemicals with the surface of the skin is strictly prohibited.

Source: https://electrod.biz/payka/serebryanyim-pripoem.html

How to solder silver?

Hi all! Today I’ll tell you a little about how to solder silver with tin with your own hands. This question often arises when the female half asks to solder a silver ring, chain or earrings. For any radio amateur, this is a challenge and a reason to get out jars of flux.

When can you solder silver?

Silver is a fairly soft metal, so products made from it often break. For example, a broken chain, earrings or a cracked silver ring are simply taken to a jewelry workshop. But with certain soldering skills, it is quite possible to repair the product at home.

Jewelry made of silver with tin must be soldered very carefully so as not to spoil it. Silver has its own characteristics and working with it occurs somewhat differently than, for example, with tin, which is familiar to repairmen.

Types of solder for silver

It is extremely important to select the correct silver solder. Scrap silver cannot be used as solder, since the solder must have a lower melting point than the material that is supposed to be soldered.

The melting point of silver is +960 degrees Celsius.

Such a refractory metal requires special solder. As a rule, these are alloys of silver with other metals. Such alloys are close to silver in terms of reliability, strength and resistance of the solder joint to corrosion.

The higher the percentage of silver, the stronger the solder is considered. Depending on the change in the proportion of silver, the melting point, density, and resistivity also change.

In this regard, PSR-3, PSR-10, PSR-15, PSR-25 are most often used (the number means the silver content as a percentage). If special connection strength and high corrosion protection are required, then you can take PSR-72.

There are powdered solders on sale, as well as those consisting of individual pieces 2-3 mm in size. Sometimes solders are found in the form of wire or sheets. In this case, you will need to prepare pieces of the required size yourself using nippers.

Flux

For high-quality soldering, it is necessary to ensure that oxides are removed at the joint using flux. The easiest way is to make your own flux from powdered borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) and potash (sodium carbonate). The components should be mixed in equal parts, after grinding the borax crystals into a fine powder.

You can also use the more effective store-bought flux PV-209, which has increased activity. It consists of boric anhydride (up to 35%), potassium fluoride (up to 42%) and potassium tetraborate (up to 23%). To obtain the required consistency, this flux should be diluted with water or glycerin.

One of the most common ready-made fluxes is rosin. This substance is a special resin that forms a film at the soldering site, which prevents contact with surrounding oxygen.

Soldering iron

When soldering, it is necessary to create a reliable connection between the parts. If the power of the soldering iron is insufficient, a cold solder will form and the connection will be no stronger than glue. Typically, a soldering iron can only join small parts using a small amount of silver solder. An example in the next video.

An ordinary soldering iron, powered by an electrical network, is designed for soldering tin or lead solders, the melting point of which is from 200 to 300 degrees Celsius. When working with refractory metals, you need a much more powerful soldering iron, capable of heating up to 700-800 degrees. And here gas burners come to the rescue.

Gas-burner

To fully melt silver solder, it is better to use a compact gas burner with a flame temperature of up to 1300 degrees Celsius.

Most often, such burners are fueled with propane, but a butane-propane mixture is also allowed. To obtain higher temperatures, acetylene-based gas mixtures are used, which produce a flame with a temperature of about 2000 degrees Celsius. To solder silver items, ordinary propane is sufficient.

Propane is often sold in a can. The burner has a special adjustment system and a burner tip to ensure that the flame is supplied directionally and evenly. You can also adjust the flame using nozzles. For soldering, you can install a nozzle with a flat nose.

Methods for soldering silver

The process of soldering silver is not much different from soldering other metals, however, there are some nuances when working with a soldering iron as opposed to a gas torch.

Soldering silver with a soldering iron

You must first install a thin tip on the soldering iron. If the soldering iron power is 40 - 60 W, then it is recommended to use PSR-3 solder, the melting point of which is 315 degrees Celsius. This solder is also convenient because it contains a resin that acts as a flux and protects the alloy from oxidation.

When repairing a silver item at home, you should not use tin-lead solder (for example POS-60). Such a connection may not be strong, so this solder should only be used as a last resort. Moreover, lead quickly oxidizes and gives a dark matte color.

When starting to solder silver at home, you need to do the following:

1. Thoroughly clean the surfaces of the silver parts to be joined from various contaminants and oxides, degrease;
2. Heat the joint so that the temperature at the point where the silver is soldered becomes higher than the melting point of the solder;
3. Apply solder along with flux to the joint; it is more convenient to have tubular silver solder;
4. Heat the resulting joint with a soldering iron, ensuring that the solder melts and distributes it between the silver parts;
5. Wait for the product to cool and polish the joint so that no traces of soldering are visible.

Soldering with a gas torch

Soldering with a gas torch and tin provides a more reliable connection, but requires more attention and skill:

1. It is necessary to clean the surfaces of the parts to be joined from blackness, dirt and oxides;
2. Apply flux to the joint, which can be either purchased or prepared independently;
3. Place a piece of solder of the required size at the soldering site;
4. Carefully heat the product around the soldering area, monitoring the position of the solder to prevent it from being blown away by the flame;
5. When the solder begins to melt, increase the flame until the solder forms a uniform seam with a shiny surface;
6. After soldering is completed, allow it to cool and clean the joint to remove any traces of flux. Next, you can polish off the excess tin.

Solder joint strength

It is worth noting that solders made from alloys of silver with copper and zinc are quite universal and can solder any metals. Silver solder has the advantages of high strength, flow rate, wettability and corrosion resistance. A soldered joint with tin containing silver is stronger than lead. The disadvantage of silver solder is its high melting point and significant cost, since silver is a precious metal.

The strength characteristics of PSR-1.4 solder in comparison with other solders are shown in the table below. Even a 1.4% silver content in the solder significantly increases tensile strength while maintaining a low melting point.

The number in the name of the solder indicates the percentage of silver in it. Thus, alloys PSR-2.5, PSR-15 and PSR-25 can be used for soldering products that do not experience significant loads on the seam.

To obtain a high-strength connection, PSR-45 solder is used, consisting of 45% silver, 30% copper and 25% zinc. It has high viscosity, malleability and fluidity. The solder joint will be resistant to corrosion, stretching, vibration and shock.

Solders PSR-65 or PSR-80 have even higher strength properties, but have a high cost.

It must be said that silver solder is very difficult to find on sale, but you can make it yourself. How to make silver solder yourself and how to solder with a gas torch can be seen in the video.

Source: https://masterpaiki.ru/kak-payat-serebro.html

Silver solders with flux for soldering silver at home with a soldering iron

First, the simplest thing: solder is an alloy of metals for soldering. The melting point of this mixture must necessarily be lower than that of the metals being joined, everything is clear here.

Now let’s get down to the word “silver”; it won’t work out so briefly here.

Physicochemical characteristics

In such alloys, silver is not always the main element. It is, for example, extremely popular when soldering stainless steel or other complex metals. Everyone knows the rule - the higher the silver percentage in the solder, the more ductile and stronger the connection is when soldering.

In addition, the melting point of silver solder with a high proportion of base metal allows greater freedom in choosing the temperature range in the use of the finished product.

One of the most common silver solder compositions is as follows:

• silver – 30%;
• copper – 20%;
• zinc – 16%;
• cadmium – 33%

If you increase the proportion of soldering silver above 50%, you will get a mixture of metals with high fluidity and excellent resistance to later stress.

How to choose the right solder?

It’s not so easy to choose the most suitable option from a huge number of different alloys. Clearly, if vibration resistance and high shock resistance are your top priorities, you should opt for high-silver options.

The same choice applies to working with refrigeration and climate control equipment.

Partner metals behave differently. If, for example, lead should never be added to the alloy when working with products that are resistant to high temperatures, then copper behaves perfectly under such conditions and is an excellent partner for the main components.

If the alloy contains cadmium, then there is increased brittleness - which is why it is a rare element in silver-based solders.

But phosphorus is a popular additive due to its ability to reduce the melting point, which is useful when working with stainless steel, aluminum and other complex metals.

DIY silver solder

The word "prepare" is quite an appropriate expression in this section because silver solder can be prepared in many ways, including the old technique. Let us immediately note that here you need practice to achieve perfection.

GOST for silver solders.

The old recipe requires two coins: a copper nickel from 1962 and a fifty-kopeck coin from 1924, and additional metals, a gas burner for soldering silver and a spoon.

It starts like a fairy tale: we melt silver in a spoon. Then lower the copper coin and mix, rolling the spoon. The more patiently you roll the spoon, the better the mixing will be. After this, the solution is poured into a metal mold called “ingus” and rolled out again.

The alloy prepared in such a primitive way actually has very high qualities: it is pure sample No. 900.

An important factor in the quality of preparation is fresh flux. The flame in the burner must be monitored very carefully: it should be soft, and a not very hot fire should resemble a broom in outline. In this case, the seam will turn out to be of truly high quality.

To repair products, solder is made light in the following composition:

• silver – 7 parts;
• brass – 2.8 parts;
• zinc – 0.35 parts.

We stock up on the following materials for work:

• spoon;
• soldering torch;
• sandpaper or sandpaper;
• scissors, folds, scales;
• mixing spatula;
• borax for adding to the finished melt.

You can add zinc in its pure form, or in an alloy with brass or copper. Zinc is often added by wrapping it in foil. We begin to roll the composition. We cut the finished rolled sheet with scissors.

Melting solder

If you decide to do without old recipes, stock up on these materials:

• container with water;
• wood mixture with coal;
• borax;
• crucible and iron hook.

Solder composition and melting point.

We melt metals in a crucible, which must be placed in a forge or heated with a blowtorch. During melting, be sure to add borax. It is important to know and follow a clear sequence of the process. The main thing is to melt refractory metals first, and only then fusible ones.

Liquid metals are constantly stirred in the crucible with a hook or wooden stick. It is better to divide the process into two stages. The crucible with molten metals is removed from the furnace, and the metal is combined with water. The resulting small drops of metal are dried and melted again, adding borax.

After final melting, pour the solder into the mold. When it hardens, roll it into strips.

The most important part of the silver soldering process at home is the transition of the alloy from liquid to solid state. First, the mixture is melted and then cast into ingus.

The preparation of the spoon is as follows: a rectangular-shaped cardboard is placed on its bottom, and a plate is placed on top of it so that its edges wrap around the edges of the spoon. Cardboard sheets are carefully crimped to form a concave-shaped bed.

Sorting of the charge is carried out on special jewelry scales, scrap silver of different samples is checked and weighed: 916 and 875, pure silver, metal, borax. The charge is divided into equal piles of approximately twenty grams, it is cleaned using a magnet to remove impurities of iron and steel.

Scrap with purity 875 is mixed with the remaining parts. Borax acts as a flux.

The proportion of silver sample No. 875 and copper is exactly 4:1 (three copper nickels and one fifty kopecks), borax is added at the rate of one part per ten parts of the charge.

Ingus or another form is greased with wax and placed next to the burner. The fact is that the melt should under no circumstances cool down. Therefore, it is poured into well-heated ingus. The mold is then placed under cold water to cool. The cooled block is removed.

A few words about fluxes

The purpose of fluxes is to protect the soldering metal from the effects of oxides by isolating the soldering area from air. The most common composition of fluxes for repairs is a mixture of potash and borax in equal proportions; sometimes soda is used instead of potash.

To obtain powdered borax, you must first dry the aqueous solution of borax. It is better to do this on a regular gas stove in a porcelain evaporation container.

Once the solution turns into crystals, they need to be ground to a powder. Flux must be removed after soldering with a weak heated acid solution.

Medium melting alloys

Silver solder has unique qualities:

• highest strength;
• resistance to corrosion and in aggressive environments;
• low melting point;
• high thermal conductivity.

Making silver solder is easy, creative and very fun. And if you take into account the significant cost savings, then silver soldering is a method that is worth learning.

Source: https://tutsvarka.ru/vidy/serebryanye-pripoi

How to replace solder at home? — Machine tools, welding, metalworking

When high-quality and fast soldering is required, [it is advisable to use rosin].

Anyone who loved to solder at home as a child or attended amateur radio clubs definitely had these amber pieces in their arsenal, but rarely thought about why rosin was needed.

Let's look at its useful properties when soldering and what can replace it.

Technology and terminology

The starting material for the production of rosin is ordinary pine resin, which, in addition to rosin, contains volatile turpentine compounds.

The manufacturing process involves purifying the rosin by evaporating these compounds.

For those who have never used a soldering iron, but are planning to learn how to solder, it will be useful to know some technical terms.

Soldering is the process of connecting two radio components together through heating.

The soldering tool is a soldering iron, usually powered by 220 mains power with a rated power of 40W.

The soldering process is carried out using a soldering iron tip due to the fact that solder heated to a high temperature grabs two parts together, filling the space between them.

GOST defines solder as a metal or an alloy of several metals. According to GOST, 26 categories of solder are defined depending on the element used.

The most popular alloy is lead and tin in various proportions. Price also plays an important role in popularity.

Solders always have a lower melting point than the parts to be joined.

According to GOST, according to their temperature properties, solders are divided into soft ones, which melt at temperatures up to 450 degrees Celsius (with subcategories of particularly low-melting ones - up to 145 ° C and hard ones with a melting point of 450 degrees Celsius and above (categories of medium-melting - up to 1100 ° C, high-melting - from 1100 to 1850ºС and refractory – over 1850).

GOST divides solders into fluxing and self-fluxing; they have different melting points.

Most often, solders look like a silver-colored metal tube or like a hollow cylinder filled with rosin, which acts as a flux.

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Flux is a composition (liquid or solid) that promotes better contact of parts being soldered and prevents metal oxidation on working surfaces.

Requirements for fluxes are also determined by GOST; they have different prices.

READ Methods for quality control of welds and joints

For a beginner, solder with rosin will be more convenient, while experienced craftsmen like to solder with ordinary solder, choosing a flux depending on the soldering conditions and the material of the parts.

If simple soldering of copper parts will be carried out, then you can use rosin; its low price makes it a convenient consumable.

Technical requirements for the use of rosin for soldering, its composition, melting temperature and characteristics are determined by GOST 19113-84.

The main material for rosin is pine resin - the raw material for many types of industry and an auxiliary element for soldering.

It is a composition in the form of a mixture of abietic resin acid with several other isomers of resin acids.

Lacking a crystalline structure, it is an amorphous, glass-like, brittle substance with a wide range of colors from pale yellow to dark brown.

In composition, it is a glassy, ​​transparent mass with inclusions of air bubbles, with minor inclusions of mechanical impurities, a mass fraction of water not exceeding 0.2%.

It is absolutely insoluble in water, but easily dissolves under the influence of alcohol and acetone. Rosin softening occurs at a temperature not lower than 66-69ºС, depending on the variety.

Mastering soldering with rosin

The composition of rosin for improving soldering is manufactured and sold both in pure solid form and in the form of liquid or viscous fluxes, its price varies.

The most common is alcohol-rosin flux (brand “SKF”), which according to GOST consists of a 40% rosin solution and pure ethyl alcohol.

It is this flux with rosin that is a dielectric, unlike ammonium chloride flux. In addition to the technical properties of this flux, the low price is important.

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Instead of liquid flux, you can use solid rosin; it is also available in stores for radio amateurs.

The price of one kilogram of solid rosin ranges from 400 to 500 rubles. When rosin is purchased, a soldering iron and regular solder (tin) are available, we get to work.

If you have not had to solder before, then first read the video instructions. The technology of soldering using rosin is presented in the video.

READ Features of welding cast iron at home

To solder firmly and correctly, follow the following sequence.

Soldering iron preparation - tinning. It involves stripping the soldering iron tip with files and then coating it with a thin layer of solder.

Warm up the tip and put a small amount of rosin on it, then immediately connect it to the solder. As you can see in the video, the solder does not stick to the tip, and we need to ensure that it is evenly covered with solder.

Therefore, we apply the sting to a natural board (pine is best, but you can use any) for a short time. We repeat the sequence.

After several cycles we will achieve the desired result. Preparation of surfaces to be soldered.

Let's tin the wire, to do this we will clear it of the insulating layer, but only as much space as we need for soldering.

If a larger surface of the wire is exposed than is required for soldering, then this, of course, is convenient for a beginner; this is precisely the reason why short circuits and fires occur in the circuit.

Typically, pure copper wire can be tinned after one rosin-solder cycle.

Let's dip the wire in rosin, apply a hot tip to the top of the bare surface and lift the wire.

The rosin mass will smoke and flow around the wire, after which all we have to do is cover the soldering area with tin. To do this, pick up tin from the solder with a hot tip and transfer it to the wire.

If the wire turns from copper-yellow to silver, then it is considered correctly tinned. When you need to connect two wires by soldering, both need to be tinned in the same way.

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Let's look at how to prepare a copper part for soldering to which you need to solder a wire. Dip the heated tip into the rosin and immediately into the solder.

Now we have a rosin-tin mixture at the tip of the sting. It needs to be thoroughly rubbed over the surface of the part at the soldering site.

Tinning is done correctly if the place where soldering will be done turns silver.

Instead of solid rosin, you can use any flux.

In order to properly solder the tinned parts, we connect them together, pick up tin with a heated soldering iron (it can be replaced with any other clean solder), and cover the joint of the parts with a hot compound.

If it was not possible to enrich the joint of the parts immediately, then you can touch the soldering iron with tin again.

READ Instructions for welding aluminum with argon for beginners

If you notice that the enveloping is not going well, then add as much rosin as required, but in small portions.

Let's look at how to properly unsolder parts. We heat up the tip and apply it to the soldering area. This will melt the solder and the parts will easily separate from each other.

Now dip the brush into the solvent and remove the remaining flux and rosin from the surface of the parts.

Secrets of soldering with rosin

There is no difficulty in soldering work, but, as in any type of work, it is necessary to master the basics and carry out a series of training solderings.

If you have never worked with a soldering iron before, try soldering copper wires using ordinary solder and rosin.

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Free access to parts from all sides, the ability to combine them quite tightly are good conditions for developing soldering skills, and using rosin separately will teach you how to dose the required amount.

Please note the following points:

• The cleanliness of contacts for tinning before soldering must be ensured properly, this is the price of strong soldering. After cleaning the surfaces to be joined with a knife, go over them with sandpaper. The goal is to make the metal surfaces of parts brighter, and therefore free of copper oxidizing agents;
• Prepare as much surface as you need for soldering with rosin. If the first time you managed to tin a larger surface than required, redo it by taking new wires;
• If there is not enough solder or flux, leave the soldering to harden. When you try to rub hot compound over a surface, you break the solder joint, which will cause cracks. It is better to wait until it cools completely and solder the remaining surfaces using a new composition.

We looked at how to work with a soldering iron correctly, for what you can and should use fluxes and rosin, highlighted several points that will help you learn to solder better, and showed video instructions for working with a soldering iron.

Now you can easily master soldering with rosin at home.

Source: https://stanki-info.com/chem-zamenit-pripoy-v-domashnih-usloviyah/

How to do soldering and what you need for it: tools and materials

Soldering is the process of joining metal parts using another material (solder) that connects at the molecular level. The melting point of the solder should be lower than that of the material of the parts being connected.

Advantages of soldering

1. Most soldered parts can be soldered back, i.e.

   we can say that the connection is conditionally dismountable;

2. great strength;
3. high productivity during capillary soldering;
4. You can combine metals in any combination, even with non-metals.

When connecting by soldering, the shape and dimensions of the product are maintained more accurately, since the base of the metals being connected does not melt. The soldering of materials is carried out by interatomic adhesion and diffusion of materials.

Solder

Solder is a metal or alloy that is coated onto metals to create a strong connection without reducing the conductivity of electrical current. Tin is mainly used with various additives, in the form of lead, zinc, bronze and other metals, to impart special properties. For example, anti-corrosion. The most expensive among solders is silver.

Depending on the melting temperature, the following types of solders are distinguished:

• soft (temp no more than 450 degrees)
• solid (melt 450-600 °C)
• high temperature (over 600 °C)

Low-temperature ones do not provide increased strength, but they allow soldering at a temperature that has virtually no effect on the base metal. High-temperature ones have great seam strength.

Let's not go too far into theory. In general, soft solders containing 61% tin and 39% lead are used for most household tasks. You can purchase solder that already contains flux.

Soft alloys include tin and lead alloys, in which the tin content is 18 - 90% (For example, POS-61, the figure indicates its content as a percentage).

Fluxes: soldering acid and rosin

Their main function is to remove oxide film or other contaminants from the surface of the metal and solder, as well as to prevent oxidation during soldering itself.

Fluxes are divided into 2 types:

• Passive: rosin, wax, resin, fat.
• Active: hydrochloric, orthophosphoric and boric acids, zinc chloride and so on.

When working with active fluxes, use a hood. After completing the soldering process, it is necessary to thoroughly wash the parts with gasoline or alcohol. When soldering refractory solders, active solders are mainly used in powder form.

For aluminum, special fluxes that do not contain oxygen are mainly used. More details in our article - “Features of tinning aluminum wires“.

Soldering and tinning process

As mentioned earlier, for soldering wires and tinning, standard rods with an angular sharpening of the tip are used, which increases the contact area and ease of use. Before starting work, it is best to clean the soldering iron tip with a file to remove oxides that impair heat transfer.

Clean and degrease parts to be soldered. If you use soldering acid, it will be enough. This, in fact, is its main advantage over rosin - speed of operation.

The soldering iron should be heated above the melting temperature of the solder by at least 60 degrees. But do not overheat above 120 degrees. Severe overheating of the soldering iron will evaporate the flux, and the solder will roll off the tip and form a dark film (burnout).

It is very convenient to regulate the temperature at the soldering station. And to determine the readiness of a soldering iron without control equipment, dip the tip in rosin. If it boils with a lot of smoke, then the soldering iron is ready for use.

A hard sponge pre-moistened with water will help remove solder from the tip during operation.

Before starting the part, the wires need to be coated with a layer of flux and soldering acid applied with a brush. In the case of rosin, dip the wire into it. Another option: take a small piece with tweezers and melt it with a soldering iron right on the place you will solder.

Next, take a little solder onto the tip of the soldering iron rod (a small layer, avoiding the formation of a drop of solder) and lower it to the soldering site. The flux will immediately begin to boil and smoke profusely. About 2-3 seconds is enough for the soldering area to warm up and the solder to spread. By moving the tip over the entire surface of the solder joint, the solder will be evenly distributed and fill all the voids.

This method is used to tin the twisted wires and individual conductors. Having tinned the two wires separately, we connect them together and once again warm up the junction.

To achieve a high-quality connection, you need to follow only a few rules: thoroughly warm up the soldering iron and parts, a sufficient amount of flux and the minimum required amount of solder. It is better to remove excess solder with the same soldering iron, warming it up a little and taking some of the solder onto the tip.

A bright shine will indicate quality. If the heating temperature was insufficient, the solder will be distributed with unevenness, lumpiness and protrusions. But if, on the contrary, it is overheated, a dark oxide film will appear.

Also, when using soldering acid, red, rusty spots may form. The best way is to wipe the entire connection with a soapy cloth (or other alkali) so that the connection does not break down over time.

A little advice: if you use rosin, it is better to have a separate metal lid or something similar, break off pieces of rosin from the total mass and use it on it. This way you will always have clean flux.

When working, be sure to use transparent glasses (mask) for your eyes. They are quite cheap and will protect your eyes from unexpected splashes of solder and flux. Also, the legs of the parts can spring back and launch molten solder at you. Remember, TB rules are written in blood and should not be ignored.

Source: https://electricity220.ru/kak-payat-pravilno/

How to make solder at home

The art of soldering must be learned gradually. Starting from soldering wires and moving on to printed circuit boards, each method has its own subtleties both in the selection of consumables for soldering and in technology. Today we will share with readers the basics of soldering and basic work skills.

What is the essence of soldering

Soldering uses the ability of some metals in a molten state to effectively flow over the surface of others under the influence of gravity and moderate surface tension. The connection by soldering is permanent: the two parts being connected are, as it were, enveloped in a layer of solder and remain motionless after it hardens.

Since we will be looking at soldering specifically in the context of metal soldering, the most important parameters will be the strength of the mechanical connection and the conductivity of the electrical connection. In most cases, these are directly proportional values ​​and if two parts are tightly grasped, then the conductivity between them will also be high. However, solder has a resistivity higher than even that of aluminum, so its layer should be as thin as possible and its hiding power as high as possible.

In order for soldering to be possible in principle, there are two conditions. The first and most important thing is the cleanliness of the parts at the soldering site. Solder attaches to the metal surface at the atomic level and the presence of even the slightest oxide film or contaminants will make reliable adhesion impossible.

The second condition is that the melting temperature of the solder must be significantly lower than the temperature of the parts being soldered. This seems obvious, but there are solders with a melting point higher than aluminum, for example. In addition, if the actual difference in melting temperatures is not high enough, when the solder solidifies, thermal shrinkage of the parts may prevent the normal formation of the solder crystal lattice.

Fluxes and solders - how to choose the right ones

For the reasons described above, the correct choice of flux and solder is almost half the success in the soldering business. Fortunately, there are quite universal brands suitable for most tasks. The area of ​​application of almost all fluxes and solders is clearly indicated on the labels, but some aspects of their use still need to be known.

Let's start with fluxes. They are used for etching parts, removing and dissolving the oxide film with further protection of the metal from corrosion. As long as the surface is covered with flux, you can be sure of its cleanliness, as well as that the molten tin will wet it well and spread.

Fluxes are distinguished by the type of metals and alloys of the parts being joined. Basically, these are mixtures of metal salts, acids and alkalis that actively react when heated with a soldering iron. Well, since there are quite a lot of oxide forms and contaminants, the cocktail must be specially selected for a specific type of metals and alloys.

Active flux for soldering

Conventionally, soldering fluxes are divided into two types. Active fluxes are created on the basis of inorganic acids, mainly chloric and hydrochloric. Their disadvantage is that they need to be washed off immediately after soldering is completed, otherwise acid residues cause quite severe corrosion of the connection and themselves have a fairly high conductivity that can cause a short circuit. But you can solder almost anything with active fluxes.

The second type of flux is created primarily on the basis of rosin, which can also be used in its pure form. Liquid flux is much more convenient to apply; it also contains alcohol and/or glycerin, which completely evaporate when heated.

Rosin fluxes are the least effective when soldering steel, but for non-ferrous metals and alloys they are mainly used or other compounds of organic chemistry.

Rosin also requires rinsing because in the long term it promotes corrosion and can become conductive by picking up moisture from the air.

Liquid and solid rosin

With solders everything is somewhat simpler. Lead-tin solders of the POS brand are mainly used for soldering. The number after the marking indicates the tin content in the solder. The more it is, the higher the mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of the connection and the lower the melting temperature of the solder. Lead is used to normalize the solidification process; without it, the tin may crack or become covered with needles.

Solder POS-61 with rosin inside

There are special types of solders, primarily lead-free (BP) and other non-toxic ones, in which lead is replaced by indium or zinc. The melting point of BP is higher than that of conventional ones, but the connection is stronger and more resistant to corrosion. There are also low-melting solders that spread already at 90–110 ºС. These include Wood and Rose alloys; they are used for soldering components that are sensitive to overheating. Special solders are mainly used in soldering radio equipment.

Source: https://vi-pole.ru/kak-sdelat-pripoj-v-domashnih-uslovijah.html

Soldering: what is solder, how to solder correctly, components for soldering

Neatly assembled green and brown circuit boards with colorful components look quite intriguing to electronics students and many new to the electronics world. They are usually eager to create an electronic project without knowing the basics.

 They often forget that to create an electronic circuit, you first need to learn how to solder, because the circuit will only work flawlessly if the solder connections are made perfectly.

 Learning how to solder properly should be the first step for all electronics newbies, and we'll learn how to do it here, but before that, let's understand a little about solder wire.

What is solder

The most obvious question that often comes to people's minds is what elements make up solder or solder wire. Solder is basically a 60:40 alloy of tin and lead with a dry flux sealed in its core. This ratio is considered the best in terms of quality. Low quality types may have varying ratios of tin content on the underside.

The correct melting temperature of the solder wire (about 250 degrees Celsius) is the hallmark of good quality solder. Standard quality is also determined by its gloss, low flux content and high conductivity.

It is used in printed circuit boards to secure inserted component leads with copper traces so that they are electrically connected.

When the solder wire and hot soldering iron tip touch together at the junction of the component wire and PCB trace, the solder wire instantly melts to “cement” the connection firmly and permanently.

The smoke produced during soldering is due to the burning of flux inside the solder wire core. Flux acts as a catalyst to remove impurities and improve the solder joint. This connection is ideally a very good conductor of electricity and is non-corrosive.

Education

With the help of the below guidelines, you can clearly understand how to solder:

• Buy a good quality (the more expensive the better) 25-watt soldering iron and soldering wire. Also purchase a general purpose PCB and a few passive components such as resistors and capacitors.
• When connecting a soldering iron to the soldering iron tip, it may take approximately 100 seconds for the soldering iron tip to reach the optimal temperature (250 degrees Celsius, which is the melting point of solder). Meanwhile, bend the leads of the resistors about 2 mm from the ends of its body.

• Since this is a learning procedure, first insert only one resistor into the holes of the common PCB, which exactly matches the length of the bent resistor.

• Hold the board with the inserted wires facing up or toward you. Lift the soldering iron with your right hand, and hold the soldering wire with the fingertips of your left hand so that about 7 cm of it protrudes from the finger handle.

• Now bring the hot tip of the soldering iron and the soldering wire to the base of the wire and the copper guide and make them touch the connection at the same time.

• The soldering wire will begin to melt immediately; keep pressing the wire until you find enough liquid to make a perfect connection. Smoothly lift the tip and wire away from the joint and allow the joint to harden.
• Insert and solder the remaining components in the same way.

The initial results may seem a little unprofessional, but through a gradual process, learning how to solder and practice, you will be able to master the technique and complete the procedure without errors.

Source: https://meanders.ru/osnovy-obuchenija-pajke.shtml

Do-it-yourself solder for soldering silver - Metalworker's Guide

Silver solder is constantly used for industrial production and at home, because it is of the highest quality. However, its cost is quite high, because it contains precious material.

This is why people often try to make this solder themselves.

However, this can only be done by those who have specialized knowledge in this area, because it is necessary to make a material that will have all the necessary characteristics and properties.

Silver in its pure form is a rather expensive metal, so it is used for solder in rare cases; it is mainly needed for jewelry production. The material has a soft structure, so to ensure a high-quality connection, it is necessary to add other materials to the alloy, for example, aluminum, cadmium, zinc, nickel or copper.

When pure silver is combined with copper and zinc, the melting of the metal will become significantly higher, which has a good effect on soldering parts. The seams are of high quality and durable. If there is about 10% or more silver in the material, then the seams become very plastic and are perfectly processed.

This option is excellent for soldering steel materials.

With a pure silver content of about 25%, the material efficiently solders brass workpieces. The resulting surface is neat and looks attractive.

Very often, solders are produced in the form of continuous sheets. Before work, it must be carefully divided into strips of about 2 mm in size, but the width can be made at your own discretion, it depends on how the material will be used.

Gap soldering in this way produces the highest quality. After use, the seams tolerate various vibrations well and do not deteriorate.

Parts may even be deformed or subjected to physical stress, but the connection remains intact and sealed for maximum time.

Characteristics and properties of silver solder

Making your own silver solder is often done for use at home.

In most cases, silver solder is needed in order to solder together several layers of various metals at once, because the result should be a large layer of thickness that needs to be created several times.

That is why the material must have a high melting point for stepwise soldering, so that when soldering the next metal the previous layer does not deteriorate. Solder must melt at a temperature of at least 600 degrees Celsius.

When creating this type of material, it is necessary to ensure that the composition includes 30% silver. Copper should be about 20%, zinc 16%, and cadmium 33%.

This material is quite fragile, so you should avoid mechanical and physical impact on it so that it does not collapse over time. To increase the fluidity of the alloy during single-layer soldering, you can add about 50% of silver from the total amount of the composition.

At the same time, resistance to external influences significantly increases. Multi-stage soldering is also possible in this case, it just requires great care in the work.

Materials and tools for creating solder

There are several options for creating silver solder yourself. However, even the simplest of them require careful work, and it is not a guarantee that the material will be of high quality. First you need to find all the tools and necessary materials. For this you will need:

1. silver crowbar;
2. other metals included in the composition, for example, soldering borax, brass, copper;
3. scales;
4. spoon;
5. wire cutters;
6. scissors;
7. sandpaper;
8. gas stove;
9. spatula;
10. folds;
11. Ingus.

Technology for creating silver solder

First you need to decide on the composition of the material, and then prepare the necessary elements in the required proportions. Pour the silver into a spoon and melt it using a burner. After this, you can start adding other elements, the main thing is not to rush and do everything carefully so that the resulting mixture is homogeneous.

Therefore, you will have to spend some time on this, but the result is definitely worth it. However, it is worth remembering that the components gradually burn out and evaporation occurs if the process is too long. Then you can pour the resulting mixture into the ingus, and then roll it out without annealing.

To make hard solder, you need to use the material in certain proportions:

• 80% silver;
• 16% copper;
• 4% zinc.

Medium hardness:

• 75% silver;
• 22% copper;
• 3% zinc.

To create soft solder:

• 65% silver;
• 20% copper;
• 15% zinc.

Making your own solder

Soldering with silver solder is a very responsible and important task, therefore it is necessary to prepare it with the utmost care and precision. It is necessary to properly ensure its transformation from liquid to solid state. It is necessary to add all the necessary ingredients and make the composition homogeneous, and after all these actions it becomes possible to pour the material into the ingus. In this case, there are three main stages:

• First you need to prepare for melting in a spoon.
• Add remaining ingredients.
• After this, you should mix the finished composition and pour it into the Ingus.

It is necessary to put a little cardboard on the bottom of the spoon, and then a plate of a larger diameter so that it covers the spoon completely. Then you need to press the plate into a spoon to obtain a concave shape. This is very important, because with greater depth the process will take longer.

Accurate all ingredients and their sorting

One recipe requires the exact content of the following ingredients:

• 20 g 916 silver;
• 875 silver scrap;
• 12 g pure silver;
• metals;
• borax;
• gas-burner.

It is recommended to distribute the metal to create solder in small separate piles. Then everything is done according to the recipe used and mixed thoroughly. Then you should add borax 1/10 of the total amount. And only after that you can start heating it in a spoon.

It is necessary to place the ingus close to the process. To begin with, it should be lubricated with wax and then heated, because the material cannot be placed from a hot to a cold container.

When heated, the composition must be at the same temperature, so as soon as the required consistency is achieved. It immediately pours into ingus. Once the solder is in the desired shape. You need to put it in cold water. When completely cooled, the block is pulled out.

It should be remembered that the cardboard in the spoon can withstand no more than five processes of this kind, then it needs to be changed.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/pripoy-dlya-payki-serebra-svoimi-rukami/

Physico-chemical properties and melting point of silver solder

Silver solder allows you to solder silver workpieces. In addition, it is suitable for soldering other metals and alloys, from copper to stainless steel. The suture material is durable and has high electrical and thermal conductivity. This makes the material popular in electronics, electrical engineering, jewelry and the production of medical equipment.

Physico-chemical properties and composition

The chemical composition of the soldering material is determined by GOST and affects its physical and chemical parameters. To change the properties, elements such as copper, zinc, tin, antimony and others are included in the composition.

Standard for dobvako content in various brands of solders.

To reduce the cost of the composition when soldering less critical compounds, silver is diluted with tin, lead, and zinc, which are cheap relative to silver.

Specifications

Physical and mechanical parameters are determined by the formula of the substance.

The table shows that electrical conductivity improves with increasing silver content.

Physical properties of various brands.

Features of choice

The correct selection of soldering material is the key to high strength and durability of the soldered seam. When choosing a brand, you should also take into account the technical and operational requirements:

• static and dynamic loads on the connection;
• temperature regime;
• the chemical activity of the environment in which the seam will work;
• planned cost of the seam.

Thus, to create high-temperature joints, copper is added to the composition, since tin and zinc have a low melting point and will weaken the joint.

The high price of the joined jewelry blanks makes it possible to maintain the economic efficiency of production when using solders with a high silver content, down to pure metal.

Advantages

Silver melts at 962°C . Pure silver solder allows you to create connections with high ductility. Their main advantages are:

• excellent fluidity in the molten state;
• strength;
• corrosion resistance;
• the ability to combine different metals and alloys;
• high electrical and thermal conductivity.

The melting point decreases as the proportion of silver decreases. At the same time, time and energy costs per unit of melted volume are reduced.

Silver percentage

The proportion of base metal in silver solder determines the thermal and electrical conductivity of the material.

Low

Such tin-silver solders, containing from 1.5% Ag, are popular in the electrical industry, the production of pipelines and vessels, they allow you to quickly and efficiently connect workpieces, contacts and other parts. Low resistance, high fluidity and affordable price allow the composition to be widely used.

Average

A silver share of 40-60% makes it possible to solder highly loaded connections . However, materials containing tin and silver are not recommended for use in high temperature environments. They are suitable for operation in conditions of vibration loads and chemically active environments.

High

These compounds are used for the most complex and critical compounds . Thus, the composition PSr65, containing 2% Cu and 14% Zn, is used for soldering saw blades. It is able to withstand breaking and bending forces.

PSr70 is used in the production of powerful generators, where resistance plays a decisive role.

Technology for creating at home

Preparing solder for soldering silver with your own hands allows you to save significant amounts, but requires melting and foundry equipment and certain skills.

You can do it in the following sequence:

• chop scrap with metal scissors;
• grind the filler material;
• remove iron dust from them with a powerful magnet;
• use precise scales to weigh out 20 gram portions of the charge;
• add 10% borax and mix thoroughly;
• put the weighed portion into a melting spoon and heat with a burner until completely melted;
• warm up the casting mold, called “ingus”;
• pour a spoonful of melt into the ingus in one go;
• cool the mold under running water;
• knock the finished solder out of the mold.

During work, you should be careful, use personal protective equipment, a hood, and do not leave the burner unattended.

Materials and tools for manufacturing

To work, a home craftsman will need:

• scrap silver;
• additives: zinc, copper and others according to prescription;
• borax;
• precision scales;
• burner installed on a stable base;
• melting spoon;
• metal scissors;
• bowl and stirrer for mixing components;
• sandpaper;
• Ingus.

An ancient cooking recipe

The recipe includes a Soviet silver fifty-kopeck piece minted in 1924 and a copper nickel minted in 1961.

The sequence of actions is as follows:

• shred coins with scissors;
• melt silver in a spoon;
• add copper to the melting spoon;
• Using smooth circular movements of your hand, roll the melt over the spoon until completely mixed;
• pour the melt into the ingus and cool.

The solder used for soldering silver will be approximately 900 grade. The exact fineness depends on the degree of wear of the coins.

Source: https://svarka.guru/payka/oborudovaniya/serebryaniy-pripoy.html