What are the types of metals?

Classification of metals. Characteristics of metals and areas of application:

Several scientific disciplines (materials and metallurgy, physics, chemistry) study the properties and characteristics of metals. There is a generally accepted classification of them. However, each of the disciplines, when studying them, is based on specific specialized parameters that are in its area of ​​interest. On the other hand, all sciences that study metals and alloys adhere to the same point of view that there are two main groups: ferrous and non-ferrous.

Signs of metals

The following basic mechanical properties are distinguished:

• Hardness - determines the ability of one material to resist the penetration of another, harder one.
• Fatigue is the amount and time of cyclic impacts that a material can withstand without changing its integrity.
• Strength. It is as follows: if you apply a dynamic, static or alternating load, this will not lead to a change in shape, structure and dimensions, or damage to the internal and external integrity of the metal.
• Plasticity is the ability to maintain integrity and the resulting shape during deformation.
• Elasticity is deformation without violating integrity under the influence of certain forces, and also, after getting rid of the load, the ability to return to its original shape.
• Resistance to cracks - under the influence of external forces they do not form in the material, and external integrity is also maintained.
• Wear resistance – the ability to maintain external and internal integrity during prolonged friction.
• Viscosity – maintaining integrity under increasing physical stress.
• Heat resistance - resistance to change in size, shape and destruction when exposed to high temperatures.

Metal classification

Metals include materials that have a combination of mechanical, technological, operational, physical and chemical properties:

• mechanical confirm the ability to resist deformation and destruction;
• technological indicate the ability to perform different types of processing;
• operational ones reflect the nature of changes during operation;
• chemical ones show interaction with various substances;
• physical ones indicate how the material behaves in different fields - thermal, electromagnetic, gravitational.

According to the metal classification system, all existing materials are divided into two volumetric groups: ferrous and non-ferrous. Technological and mechanical properties are also closely related. For example, the strength of a metal can be the result of proper processing. For these purposes, so-called hardening and “aging” are used.

Chemical, physical and mechanical properties are closely interrelated, since the composition of the material determines all its other parameters. For example, refractory metals are the strongest. Properties that appear at rest are called physical, and under external influence - mechanical. There are also tables for classifying metals by density - main component, manufacturing technology, melting point, and others.

Black metals

Materials belonging to this group have the same properties: impressive density, high melting point and dark gray color. The first large group of ferrous metals includes the following:

1. Iron - cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron. They are used as a base or additives to alloys.
2. Refractory - chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium. All of them have a melting point higher than the level at which iron melts. Used as a base or additive for the production of alloy steels.
3. Uranium – actinides and metals obtained as a result of synthesis. They are widely used in nuclear energy.
4. Rare earths – neodymium, cerium, lanthanum. All metals have related chemical properties, but completely different physical parameters. They find their application as additives to alloys.
5. Alkaline earth - calcium, sodium, lithium. In their free form they have no practical use.

Non-ferrous metals

The second largest group has low density, good ductility, low melting point, predominant colors (white, yellow, red) and consists of the following metals:

• Lungs – magnesium, strontium, cesium, calcium. In nature they are found only in strong compounds. They are used to produce light alloys for various purposes.
• Noble ones. Examples of metals: platinum, gold, silver. They have increased resistance to corrosion.
• Low-melting materials - cadmium, mercury, tin, zinc. They have a low melting point and are used in the production of various alloys.

The low strength of non-ferrous metals does not allow them to be used in their pure form, so in industry they are used in the form of alloys.

Copper and copper alloys

In its pure form it has a pinkish-red color, low resistivity, low density, good thermal conductivity, excellent ductility, and is resistant to corrosion. It is widely used as a conductor of electric current.

For technical needs, two types of copper alloys are used: brass (copper with zinc) and bronze (copper with aluminum, tin, nickel and other metals). Brass is used for the manufacture of sheets, strips, pipes, wires, fittings, bushings, and bearings.

Flat and round springs, membranes, various fittings, and worm pairs are made from bronze.

Aluminum and alloys

This very light metal has a silvery-white color and is highly resistant to corrosion. It has good electrical conductivity and ductility. Due to its characteristics, it has found application in the food, light and electrical industries, as well as in aircraft construction. Aluminum alloys are very often used in mechanical engineering for the manufacture of critical parts.

Magnesium, titanium and their alloys

Magnesium is not resistant to corrosion, but there is no lighter metal used for technical needs. Basically, it is added to alloys with other materials: zinc, manganese, aluminum, which are perfectly cut and are quite strong.

Alloys with light metal magnesium are used to make housings for cameras, various devices and engines. Titanium has found its application in the rocket industry, as well as mechanical engineering for the chemical industry.

Titanium-containing alloys have low density, excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. They lend themselves well to pressure treatment.

Anti-friction alloys

Such alloys are specified to increase the service life of surfaces subject to friction. They combine the following characteristics of the metal - good thermal conductivity, low melting point, microporosity, low coefficient of friction. Antifriction alloys include those based on lead, aluminum, copper or tin. The most used include:

• babbitt. It is made from lead and tin. Used in the production of liners for bearings that operate at high speeds and under shock loads;
• aluminum alloys;
• bronze;
• metal-ceramic materials;
• cast iron.

Soft metals

According to the metal classification system, these are gold, copper, silver, aluminum, but among the softest are cesium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and others. Gold is highly dispersed in nature. It is found in sea water, the human body, and can also be found in almost any fragment of granite. In its pure form, gold has a yellow color with a hint of red, since the metal is soft - it can even be scratched with a fingernail.

Under the influence of the environment, gold is destroyed quite quickly. This metal is indispensable for electrical contacts. Although silver is twenty times more abundant than gold, it is also rare. Used for the production of tableware and jewelry.

The light metal sodium has also become widespread and is in demand in almost every industry, including the chemical industry for the production of fertilizers and antiseptics.

The metal is mercury, although it is in a liquid state, therefore it is considered one of the softest in the world. This material is used in the defense and chemical industries, agriculture, and electrical engineering.

Hard metals

The hardest metals practically do not exist in nature, so it is very difficult to obtain them. In most cases they are found in fallen meteorites. Chrome belongs to the refractory metals and is the hardest of the purest on our planet, and it is also easy to machine. Tungsten is a chemical element.

It is considered the hardest when compared with other metals. Has an extremely high melting point. Despite its hardness, any necessary parts can be forged from it. Due to its heat resistance and flexibility, it is the most suitable material for smelting small elements used in lighting fixtures.

The refractory metal tungsten is the main substance of heavy alloys.

Metals in energy

Metals, which contain free electrons and positive ions, are considered good conductors. This is a rather popular material, characterized by plasticity, high electrical conductivity and the ability to easily donate electrons. They are used to make power, radio frequency and special wires, parts for electrical installations, machines, and household electrical appliances. The leaders in the use of metals for the manufacture of cable products are:

• lead - for greater resistance to corrosion;
• copper - for high electrical conductivity, ease of processing, corrosion resistance and sufficient mechanical strength;
• aluminum - for low weight, vibration resistance, strength and melting point.

Categories of Ferrous Secondary Metals

There are certain requirements for ferrous metal waste. To send alloys to steel furnaces, certain processing operations will be required. Before submitting an application for waste transportation, you must familiarize yourself with the GOST ferrous metals to determine its cost. Black secondary scrap is classified into steel and cast iron. If the composition contains alloying additives, then it is classified as category “B”. Category “A” includes carbon materials: steel, cast iron, additives.

Metallurgists and foundry workers, due to the limited primary raw material base, are showing an active interest in secondary raw materials. Using scrap ferrous metals instead of metal ore is a resource-saving as well as energy-saving solution. Recycled ferrous metal is used as a coolant for converter smelting.

The range of applications of metals is incredibly wide. Black and colored are used indefinitely in the construction and machinery industries. The energy industry cannot do without non-ferrous metals. Rare and precious ones are used to make jewelry. Both non-ferrous and ferrous metals are used in art and medicine. It is impossible to imagine a person’s life without them, from household supplies to unique instruments and apparatus.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/356127/klassifikatsiya-metallov-harakteristika-metallov-i-oblasti-primeneniya

Types of metal products: industrial, artistic, household

Issues discussed in the material:

• What types of metal products are there?
• What metal are art products made from?
• How to calculate the weight of metal products
• What types of household metal products are there?

Man has been using metal products for many centuries. In the modern world, a wide variety of household appliances, decorations and parts used in industry are made from metals and their alloys. From this article you will learn about what types of metal products are used in various fields of industry.

Types of rolled metal products

Rolled metal refers to products of various shapes made of steel and alloys or pure metals. They can be produced by cold or hot rolling on special machines.

There are many types of rolled metal used in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, and the construction industry. It plays a key role in the production of equipment and installation of building structures of any nature - from radio towers to monolithic residential buildings.

Often, rolled metal serves as a blank for more complex parts or types of rolled products.

Rolled metal is usually divided into types, starting from:

• manufacturing technologies: hot rolling, which requires a temperature above the recrystallization level, and cold rolling, which is carried out at a temperature below the recrystallization level;
• alloy used: black (cast iron and carbon steels), non-ferrous (aluminium, copper, titanium, nickel, cadmium, tin, etc.), stainless (made of stainless steels in combination with alloying metals such as chromium, nickel, manganese, etc. );
• surface treatment method, according to which rolled metal can be polished, matte, mirrored, calibrated.

In addition, among all rolled metal products there are different types of metal products:

• Sheet: sheet steel, rolled sheets (at least 2 mm thick), strip, etc.
• Varietals, which are produced using graded machines. Different types have different cross-sectional shapes, so this includes reinforcement, circle, hexagon, strip, square, wire, etc.
• Shaped, having a complex profile shape. This group includes a channel, an angle, a rail.
• Pipe rolling: welded, cold-drawn, hot-rolled pipes with rectangular, round, oval cross-sections.

Different types of rolled metal are intended for different industries, so each of them has its own characteristics and areas of use.

May have a rectangular, square or round cross-section. For its production, other types of rolled metal are often used: the pipe can be welded from steel sheets, made by cold and hot rolling from a steel circle.

This type of metal products and structures is widely used in most industrial sectors: drilling wells, developing oil and gas fields, building oil and gas pipelines, sewers, water pipelines, manufacturing production equipment, and advertising structures. In addition, pipes often play the role of blanks for various parts in mechanical engineering.

For this type of metal products, GOST 103-76 or GOST 103-2006 is provided. For its manufacture, different types of steel can be used, for example, such as structural, spring. The strip has the appearance of a steel plate with a rectangular cross-section. It is intended for the production of steel sheets, springs, various parts, and is also used in construction.

We are talking about a high-quality type of rolled metal, which is a rod with a ribbed surface. Most often it is used in the reinforcement of reinforced concrete products and monolithic buildings, and in the construction of various types of metal structures. For the production of fittings, low-alloy or carbon steel is used.

It looks like a metal plate bent lengthwise. The corner is necessary for installing reinforced concrete lintels and connecting wooden and metal elements during construction. It is also actively used in carriage, automobile and mechanical engineering in the production of large-sized equipment.

This type of metal products is produced in the form of rods with a square cross-section. For its manufacture, high-speed, stainless steel, and non-ferrous metals are used. Squares have found their application in artistic forging; they are used as a basis for cutting tools and various parts, for example, pushers, bushings, spindles. It can play the role of a blank for long and shaped steel.

The circle is one of the popular types of rolled metal, as it is used as a blank for metal seamless pipes, bushings, parts, shafts, and fasteners. The circle has the appearance of rods with a round cross-section. For its production, hot and cold rolling methods are used.

In accordance with the name, such a rod has a cross-section in the shape of a regular hexagon. Usually plays the role of a workpiece during the production of various types of parts, bolts, nuts, studs, etc.

This is a type of shaped steel that has a U-shape in cross section. In its production, the hot rolling method is used, and the role of the blank for the channels is played by steel ingots or bent steel strips (with a rounded corner). Enterprises produce channels with parallel flanges or with a small angle between them, not exceeding 10%.

This type of metal products can withstand large transverse and longitudinal loads. Therefore, it is used in the construction of metal structures, anchor posts, reinforced concrete reinforcement, as well as in mechanical engineering.

This type of shaped steel is better known as a beam and has a cross section in the shape of the letter “H”. This shape allows for increased structural rigidity and load-bearing capacity while reducing weight. I-beams are most common in the construction industry, where they are used as floors and support elements. It is made from carbon and low-alloy steel.

We are talking about a type of steel beam with a different profile shape. the task of the rail is to create reliable support for moving trains, therefore this type of structure is used for the construction of railways and tracks located on the territory of large industries.

Along with the circle, it is one of the most commonly used types of rolled metal. Such metal products are brought to enterprises in rolls or cut into pieces.

The sheets are used for the production of body parts for light and heavy vehicles, special equipment, radio-electronic equipment housings, and production equipment. In addition, the sheets are used as a blank for the production of other sheet metal products:

• metal tiles and corrugated sheets;
• corrugated sheet (its surface is covered with special notches);
• perforated expanded metal sheet.

The resulting sheet metal is necessary for the construction of enclosing and roofing structures, the manufacture of transitions, etc.

How to calculate the weight of metal products

Before purchasing any type of metal product for business or personal use, it is important to understand how much you will need. When making calculations, they rely on the information specified in the rolled metal tables. The latter presents all types of metal products, and also indicates the necessary characteristics: weight, shape, density, etc. Similar data can be found in reference books on rolled metal, textbooks on metal science and other specialized literature.

However, it is not necessary to take information specifically from printed literature; today, everything you need can be found in online tables or the computer program “Rolled Metal Calculator”. With their help, anyone can enter initial indicators and calculate the required quantity of goods.

Note that this method is the simplest, as it allows you to avoid searching for additional information and, importantly, is always at hand. The spreadsheets indicate both the weight of a particular type of metal product and its technical characteristics established by GOST. It is also important that tables are usually supplemented with photographs of products, which means it is impossible to make a mistake when choosing products.

Remember! Before purchasing rolled metal, it is important to calculate the required weight in advance, so that you can then compare it with the result of practical weighing. This way you can be sure of the seller’s integrity and that the company’s technology for the production of metal products has not been violated.

The weight of the reinforcement is an important quantity that is taken into account when making the calculations necessary for the concreting process. If you know the weight of one meter of reinforcement, you can understand how many metal products of the same type will be required for a certain volume of concrete.

In other words, this is how the concreting coefficient can be calculated. A simple operation will allow you to find out the weight of the reinforcement even at the purchase stage: you need to add up the total length of the rods and multiply by the weight of one linear meter.

The tables indicate the weight of a meter of reinforcement of different diameters.

For example, let’s calculate the weight of reinforcement with a diameter of 8 mm. Let's say you need to purchase 15 rods 6 m long. Their total length will be: 15 × 6 = 90 m. The table shows the weight of one linear meter of such reinforcement, equal to 0.395 kg/m. Then 0.395 × 90 = 35.55 kg. It is easy to calculate the number of meters in a ton of reinforcement; for this, 1000 kg is divided by the weight of a meter of reinforcement.

Since I-beams are used to support and ensure the strength of large building structures, very stringent requirements are placed on the correctness of the calculations. When starting to design a structure, you first need to imagine the weight of the beam.

To calculate the number of metal products of a given type required for the construction of an object, based on the weight of one linear meter, you should use the following tables:

• Weight of 1 m linear I-beam with inclined edges (GOST 8239-89).
• Weight of 1 m of normal beam with parallel edges (GOST 26020-83).
• Weight of 1 m linear wide-flange beam with parallel edges (GOST 26020-83).
• Weight of 1 m linear beam column with parallel edges (GOST 26020-83).
• The weight of the beam is normal (STO ASChM 20-93).
• Weight of wide flange beam (STO ASChM 20-93).
• Weight of beam by column (STO ASChM 20-93).

In some cases, an approximate calculation of the weight of metal products has to be done without the help of online tables, when you only have a calculator on your phone and a tape measure at hand. You can find out the weight of the product by multiplying the specific gravity by the volume. Determining specific gravity is not difficult, but volume is not so simple. To solve this problem, you need to use Gulden's principle: multiply the cross-sectional area by the height. You will receive the necessary data by measuring the parameters of the metal product.

Here are formulas for calculating the weight of the most common types of metal products.

Pipe weight:

M = (D – s) × s × 0.02466, where:

M – mass of one linear meter of pipe, kg;

D – outer diameter of the pipe, mm;

Source: https://vt-metall.ru/articles/320-vidy-metallicheskix-izdelij

Features of metal alloys

Man began working with metals in the 4th millennium. In history, centuries of acquaintance with new types of metals are named after them - Bronze, Iron, Cast Iron.

However, in nature it is impossible to find a single metal product that will consist 100% of one type of metal. In manufactured objects, parts or structures there are additives that were introduced by the person himself or they got there naturally.

Because of this, it can be argued that all presented materials of metallic origin are metal alloys.

Basic definitions

People working in the field of metalworking need to know the structure of metals and alloys in order to understand how certain processes occur during processing. Metallic materials form a group of simple substances that have their own characteristic properties.

The structure is a collection of atoms that are arranged in separate cells. The cells, in turn, are combined with each other, forming a crystal lattice. The inner part of the lattice is formed by atomic nuclei. Electrons are located around them. The crystal lattice is a collection of simple geometric shapes.

Properties of metals

This group of substances is determined by their characteristic features. The mechanical properties of aluminum, steel, iron, lead, tin and other types of metals have long been known to science:

1. Hardness - this parameter determines the resistance of the material to the penetration of foreign impurities.
2. Plasticity is an indicator that determines the preservation of the shape of an object under the influence of external forces.
3. Viscosity - determines the integrity of the product under physical pressure.
4. Strength is an indicator of the retention of the shape of a material after external influence.
5. Wear resistance is a change in the surface of a material after friction.
6. Elasticity is a change in the shape of a part or workpiece with the possibility of self-recovery to its original state.

Chemistry 9th grade. Physical properties of metals Additional properties include resistance to high temperatures and cold, as well as melting point. Chemical properties include the ability to contact with other substances. Metals. Chemical properties

Signs of metals

Initially, it was believed that metals and alloys have three characteristic properties - malleability, ductility and brilliance. However, it turns out that some non-metallic substances also have shine. Nowadays, the main characteristic of a metal is considered to be a decrease in electrical conductivity with temperature changes.

Metal classification

In nature, there are several types of metals that differ in their properties, characteristics and appearance. Each variety behaves differently when interacting with other materials or under the influence of environmental factors.

Black

This group includes iron and alloys based on it. Characteristic features of ferrous metals:

• high density;
• the melting point is much higher than that of representatives of other groups;
• color - dark gray.

Representatives of the group of ferrous metals include: tungsten, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, iron, nickel, titanium, manganese, uranium, neptunium, plutonium and others. They are used in various industries and have different properties. Steel and cast iron are considered popular.

The composition of ferrous metals includes not only iron, but also various impurities, which include sulfur, phosphorus or silicon. They contain different amounts of carbon in their composition.

Colored

Representatives of this group are more in demand. This is due to the fact that non-ferrous metals are used in more industries. They can be used in mechanical engineering, advanced technologies, radio electronics, and metallurgy. Key features of non-ferrous metals:

• low melting point;
• large color spectrum;
• good ductility.

Due to the low strength of representatives of the color group, they are used in conjunction with different types of denser materials. Representatives of this group: magnesium, aluminum, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, silver, platinum, rhodium, gold and others.

Soft

It is possible to distinguish certain types of metals, which will belong to the group of hard and soft. The soft ones are:

1. Aluminum - has corrosion resistance, light weight, good ductility. It is used in the electrical industry, in the construction of aircraft and in the manufacture of dishes.
2. Magnesium is a lightweight material that is susceptible to corrosive processes. To get rid of this drawback, it is used in alloys with other materials.

These are key representatives of the group of soft metals.

Solid

Popular materials in this group are:

1. Tungsten is considered the most refractory metal. In addition to this, it is one of the most durable. Resistant to chemical influences.
2. Titanium - the fewer inclusions of other materials in this metal, the stronger it becomes. It is used in the construction of cars, rockets, airplanes, ships, as well as in the chemical industry. It is well processed under pressure and is not susceptible to corrosive processes.
3. Uranium is another metal considered one of the strongest in the world. It is radioactive and is used in various industries.

Representatives of the “hard group” are less amenable to processing and are used in fewer areas of human activity than soft ones.
Classification of substances. Metals | Chemistry 11th grade #20 | Info lesson

Main types of alloys

There are different types of metal alloys, but it is worth talking only about the main ones.

The most popular are iron-based formulations. These include steel, cast iron and ferrites. If everything is clear with the first two alloys, then it’s worth briefly talking about what ferrites are. These are metal compounds that contain large amounts of carbon. They are used to make inductors. Other major metal alloys are also worth mentioning.

Products made from metal alloys

Magnesium alloys

They have high strength with a small size and weight of the workpiece. They are poorly protected from corrosion and do not have sufficient ductility for easy processing. Used in mechanical engineering. A special feature of magnesium-based alloys is their ability to absorb vibrations of moving elements.

Beryllium alloys

Resistant to corrosive processes. Beryllium is most often mixed with copper. This mixture is called Beryllium Bronze. It is used for the manufacture of gears, contacts, clock mechanisms, and bearings.

Zinc alloys

The features of these compounds are their low melting point, high ductility, and corrosion resistance. Used for the manufacture of bearings, household appliances, and mechanical engineering.

Titanium alloys

Difficult to process material. Alloys based on it are lightweight, high strength, and resistant to environmental factors. To make metal processing easier, it must be heated. Used in various industries.

Aluminum alloys

Alloys based on this material are considered the most popular. You can meet them in most areas of human life. They have the following advantages:

• corrosion resistance;
• light weight;
• plastic;
• electrical conductivity.

The main disadvantage of this material is its low melting point. Already at 200 degrees, the properties of the alloy deteriorate. Aluminum alloys are used in various industries. Due to its low specific gravity, aluminum has become very popular in aircraft construction.

Copper alloys

Most copper-based compounds are brass.
Depending on the copper content in the alloy, red and yellow brass are distinguished. Small parts for high-precision and miniature mechanisms are made from this material. It has a high ductility rate, making it easy to work with copper-based compounds. Science 2 0 Metals and Alloys

Distribution of alloys in modern industry

The following areas of industry in which alloys are used are distinguished:

1. Manufacturing of measuring instruments.
2. Jewelry making. Making jewelry.
3. Construction of rockets, ships, airplanes. Mechanical engineering.
4. Creation of contacts, microcircuits, precise connections.
5. Weapons production.
6. Aerospace industry.
7. Cryogenic area.
8. Manufacturing of medical equipment.
9. Nuclear physics (parts for reactors).
10. Chemical and food industry.

These are the areas of application of metals and their alloys in industry. Metals and alloys can be found in all areas of life. Each compound has its own properties and characteristics, which change as foreign impurities are added to the composition.

Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/metallicheskie

Properties of metals

To successfully create decorative products, you need to know the basic properties of the source material, as well as the technology for working with it.

Nowadays, both pure metals and their alloys can be used to make dishes, jewelry and various interior design items.

Artwork - silver vase

All metals and alloys created on their basis are divided into two large groups with different properties:

• Ferrous metals - steel
• Non-ferrous metals - copper, bronze, brass, zinc, tin, aluminum, lead and silver.

It is these types of metals that are most often used to make decorative items, dishes and much more. Therefore, let's look at their properties and features of metal processing.

Steel 

Steel belongs to ferrous metals. Carbon steel, which is an alloy of iron with carbon and other elements, is best suited for artistic processing. Steel has high quality characteristics, including the following:

• Elasticity
• Strength
• Hardening ability - a piece of steel is heated at a high temperature until red-hot and then dipped in water. Thanks to this, the metal acquires varying degrees of hardness and elasticity.
• Possibility of “releasing” by heating to red heat and then slowly cooling.
• Ability to be processed with a forging hammer in a heated state, since the steel is perfectly forged.
• Possibility of cutting metal into thin strips.

The softness of steel is directly proportional to the amount of carbon in its composition. The less carbon there is in a metal, the softer and easier it is to process. The softness of steel increases during annealing, that is, “releasing” the metal. To do this, the steel is heated red-hot and then subjected to a slow cooling procedure.

Steel for the manufacture of various products and artistic processing is produced in the form of graded material. For engraving and minting, U8 and U10 steels are most often used, where the letter “U” indicates the amount of carbon in the alloy.

The blade of the knives is made of stainless carbon steel

All about metals - types of metals and alloys

Metals and their alloys are one of the main construction materials of modern civilization. This is determined primarily by their high strength, uniformity and impermeability to liquids and gases. In addition, by changing the alloy formulation, it is possible to change their properties within a very wide range.

Almost all metals of industrial importance are used in the form of alloys. All smelted iron is almost entirely used for the production of ordinary and alloy steels, as well as cast iron. The fact is that by alloying with certain components, the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of many metals can be significantly improved.

People learned about the existence of metals at the dawn of civilization. They discovered that some stones, which were later called ore, when heated turn into a shiny substance - a metal, which at high temperatures is a liquid, and at room temperature - a solid. For the practical use of metals and the manufacture of metal products (weapons, agricultural implements) people learned how to process metal. The first metal processing technologies emerged.

Metallurgy is a field of science and technology and a branch of industry that covers the processes of obtaining metals from ores or other materials, changing the chemical composition, structure and properties of metal alloys, and giving the metal a certain shape.

Metallurgy is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. The development of metallurgy production capacities is noticeably ahead of the growth dynamics of the global industry. Competition in the industry is high, and supplies of imported products are increasing. Thus, according to IISI, world steel production in 2006

amounted to 1.219 billion tons, which is 7.93% higher than the previous year.

The section contains background information about the main industrial metals: occurrence in nature, physical and chemical properties, production and industrial use of metals, as well as the biological effects of metals and their compounds on humans. You can select the metal you are interested in by clicking on the link in the left menu of the page.

Currently, there is a basic classification of types of metals, defining three main groups: ferrous, non-ferrous and noble metals. The latter are sometimes included in the group of non-ferrous metals. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are used in almost all areas of industrial production; noble metals also serve as a means of preserving and accumulating value.

Noble metals

Among all types of metals, noble metals have the property that they are practically not susceptible to oxidation. The group of noble metals includes gold, silver, platinum, palladium and other platinum group metals. All noble metals are characterized by increased chemical resistance and brilliance.

The main areas of application of this type of metal are the jewelry industry, electronics, medicine, the production of protective surfaces and catalysts.

Due to their high cost and resistance to the external environment, metals in this group (mainly gold) are used as a store of value; states accumulate gold as a conservative part of their gold and foreign exchange reserves.

Source: https://www.allmetals.ru/metals/

Metal alloys

Metals have been used by humans for many millennia. The defining eras of human development are named after the names of metals: the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Age of Cast Iron, etc. Not a single metal product around us consists of 100% iron, copper, gold or other metal. Each contains additives deliberately introduced by a person and harmful impurities introduced against the will of a person.

Absolutely pure metal can only be obtained in a space laboratory. All other metals in real life are alloys - solid compounds of two or more metals (and non-metals), purposefully obtained in the process of metallurgical production.

Classification of homogeneity of alloys

Classification

Metallurgists classify metal alloys according to several criteria:

1. manufacturing method:
2. production technology:
   • foundries;
   • deformable;
   • powder;
3. homogeneity of structure:

   Types of alloys based on them

4. type of metal - basics:
   • black (iron);
   • non-ferrous (non-ferrous metals);
   • rare metals (radioactive elements);
5. number of components:
   • double;
   • triple;
   • and so on;
6. physicochemical characteristics:
   • refractory;
   • fusible;
   • high strength;
   • heat resistant;
   • hard;
   • antifriction;
   • corrosion-resistant, etc.;
7. purpose:
   • structural;
   • instrumental;
   • special.

Metals and alloys based on them have different physical and chemical characteristics.

The metal having the largest mass fraction is called the base.

Properties of alloys

The properties possessed by metal alloys are divided into:

1. Structurally insensitive. They are determined by the properties of the components and their percentage. These include :
   • density;
   • melting temperature;
   • thermal and elastic characteristics;
   • coefficient of thermal expansion;
2. structurally sensitive. Determined by the properties of the element - the base.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/splavy-metallov.html

Types of metals - classification of alloys in metallurgy

To understand the classification of metals, it is necessary to define them. Metals are usually classified as simple elements that have characteristic properties. The fundamental feature for them is the negative temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity.

This means that as the temperature rises, the electrical conductivity of metal conductors decreases, and at low temperatures, some conductors, on the contrary, transform into a superconductor state.

At the same time, for non-metals, this coefficient is either neutral or positive.

Secondary characteristics include metallic luster, ductility, high density, high melting point, high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.

In addition, most metals act as a reducing agent in redox reactions, that is, they donate their electrons and are themselves oxidized.

But this series of characteristics is not decisive, since for many chemical elements of a given type they can be diametrically opposed. Moreover, it is likely that any non-metals can exhibit the properties of metals at high pressure.

Pure metals are very rare in nature, and throughout history people have classified not only simple substances as metals, but also ores and nuggets, which may include other chemical elements. Therefore, in a broader sense, metals include:

• Metals purified from other inclusions;
• Alloys;
• Metallides (complex compounds, including non-metals);
• Intermetallic compounds (metal compounds that often form very strong, refractory and hard structures).

Classification in chemistry

We can only try to give a classification of these objects, but it is impossible to offer a single picture on this matter, since it will largely depend on the professional point of view, convenient for use in a particular scientific or industrial field. At the most elementary level, classification is given in the periodic table of elements, but even in chemistry there is disagreement about this.

In chemistry, it is customary to classify metals according to the number of levels of the electron shell of atoms and the final level of filling the shell with electrons. Based on this criterion, substances are divided into –s –p -f -d metals. In addition, alkali, alkaline earth, transition and post-transition metals are distinguished. But this classification is not applicable in most cases, since it does not address many important utilitarian issues that are primarily of interest to the science of metallurgy.

Classification by crystal lattice structure

The differences in the structure of the crystal lattice for various metals in the solid state are obvious. They are characterized by the presence of one of three types of device:

• A body-centered cubic lattice with 8 equidistant atoms from the atom taken as the reference point and 6 more neighbors at a greater distance;
• Close-packed cubic lattice with 12 equidistant neighbors;
• A close-packed hexagonal lattice with 12 equally spaced neighbors.

For metals in the molten and gaseous state, these properties do not play a big role, since the crystal structure of atoms in these states becomes disordered.

Technical classification

The most widespread and easy to learn on a practical level is the abstract technical classification of metals, which borrows many concepts from the same chemistry and geology. This classification can be represented in this way:

• Ferrous metals - metals and alloys based on Fe, or the most common in production;
• Iron metals,
• Refractory,
• Uranium,
• Rare earths,
• Alkaline earth and others.
• Non-ferrous metals – other alloys and metals;
• Heavy (Cu, Sn Pb, Ni, Zn, as well as Co, Bi, Sb, Cd, Hg),
• Lungs (Mg, Al, Ca),
• Precious (silver, gold, platinum and their alloys),
• Ferroalloy alloy metals (Mn, W, Cr, Nb, Mo, V and others),
• Rare – radioactive and others (U, Pu, Th).

Below is a more visual representation of this list in the form of a diagram.

Ferrous metals include: steel and cast iron, as well as other Fe-based alloys.

Non-ferrous metals and alloys, information about which you can find out on our website, include:

• Aluminum;
• Copper;
• Brass;
• Bronze;
• Titanium.

These are the most commonly used metals and alloys, which are used in various fields of industry and economic activity. Precious alloys are not presented on our website.

This classification gives a more complete picture of metals, but is disordered and non-functional. The most utilitarian character is the classification adopted in metallurgy, reflected in the regulatory documents of GOST and TU.

Classification in GOST

Finally, we must distinguish:

• Casting alloys and metals;
• Deformable by pressure;
• Powder.

From this classification it already becomes clear for what purpose this or that material serves. The following is an even more detailed classification:

• Metals with good anti-corrosion properties;
• With good anti-friction properties;
• Cryogenic;
• Magnetic and non-magnetic;
• Spring;
• Plastic metals;
• Automatic alloys for processing on machine tools;
• Forging alloys;
• Heat resistant;
• Weldable without restrictions or limited weldable;
• Lightweight (for use in the aviation industry);
• With good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, and many others.

In addition, metals differ according to their area of ​​application:

• Structural alloys and metals - used for cladding and load-bearing structural elements;
• Electrical – for the manufacture of electrical parts;
• Instrumental - for making tools.

However, these definitions are given relatively within the framework of alloys based on a single metal, or within the entire variety of choices, which often leads to confusion. Therefore, a complete picture can only be obtained through a detailed comparison of different alloys.

In this case, the most important parameters will be: strength, elasticity, viscosity, plasticity, hardness, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. In addition, it is necessary to distinguish between the nominal characteristics and structural properties of metals. For example, tensile strength does not indicate high structural strength, and at certain temperature values ​​the properties of metals change.

Only relying on an accurate analysis can one come to a conclusion about the advisability of using a particular material for one purpose or another.

How to find the right alloy in the GOST classifier

Comprehensive information regarding these qualities and application possibilities is given in state standards, which should be relied upon in further work. To find the information you need, just:

• Determine the main element of the metal;
• Alloy or metal will be considered;
• Casting, pressure-formed or powder;
• And if you have not yet found the desired metal in the GOST classifier, you need to find out about the scope of the metal and whether this alloy is special.

In short, the classification of metals is extremely complex, and depending on the area of ​​application of different materials, a certain structure of knowledge will be formed. Therefore, in each specific case, it is necessary to choose a narrow conceptual scope for defining the types of metals, so as not to delve into all the details as a whole.

Source: https://nfmetall.ru/articles/41.html

Types of metals and alloys: what types are there?

The classification of metals involves dividing the entire category into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Metals, having special properties, make it possible to combine various chemical components. The result of this combination is the formation of solid compounds - alloys. The class of metals, in addition to iron in its pure form and in the form of alloys, includes a number of metallides and intermetallic compounds (mixtures of elements with a complex structure and ultra-high strength).

Types of metals and alloys

The class of ferrous metals includes two subtypes of compounds in the form of steel and cast iron. Steels can be carbon or alloyed, and cast iron can be a regular, alloyed or ferroalloy composition. In such alloys the main component is iron.

The category of non-ferrous metals consists of several groups:

• noble metals (platinum, gold, silver);
• rare metals (zirconium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium);
• light metals (magnesium and aluminum);
• heavy metals (zinc, lead, tin, mercury, copper);

Metal in the form of copper also has the following two subtypes:

Some of the subtypes of metals are widely used in industrial production, while other types, which have acquired a reputation for being rare, are less accessible to the industrial sector.

Various types of ferrous alloys have become widespread in the field of rolled metal production. They have excellent performance properties, so they are always in demand on the market.

The production of aluminum parts is no less popular. Aluminum products have found application in a number of industrial and other economic sectors, including mechanical engineering, food and chemical production, aerospace and medicine.

Metals and alloys: important characteristics

The difference between metals and alloys lies in various visual characteristics (grain structure, surface smoothness) and specific properties of the physical type. The latter include the high-temperature regime of melting and magnetization (typical of iron alloys).

Alloys also have thermal and electrical conductivity. Due to exposure to high temperatures, metals partially reduce their electrical conductivity.

Under low-temperature conditions, the electrical conductivity of certain types of metal increases, therefore such types are considered superconductors.

The surface coating of a particular metal may also be subject to oxidation to a certain extent. Different types of metal materials and compositions have varying degrees of susceptibility to corrosion and recovery.

Representatives of the subcategory of alloys, in turn, have such individual qualities as the degree of hardness, strength and ductility.

Based on their physical properties, alloys can be of different colors, differ in thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, have different densities and different levels of magnetic attraction.

The most widely used in industry are copper, titanium, bronze and aluminum alloys. These elements serve as raw materials for the production of various parts and casting of metal structures.

Metal samples can be classified in more detail, taking into account their intended use, areas of use and principles of operation. In this regard, powder, wrought and cast metals are distinguished.

There is also a classification of metals in accordance with GOST. Each of these standards defines the requirements for metal materials, their individual characteristics and areas of use. These criteria become the main ones when choosing a material for a specific purpose.

Source: https://frasentec.ru/raznovidnosti-metallov-i-splavov/

Classification of metals, principles of their division and differences

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Classification of metals, principles of their division and differences Classification of metals, principles of their division and differences ( 1 vote, average: 5 out of 5)

Oddly enough, there is no single classification of metals and there are a number of reasons for this. One of the usual types of classification is to divide materials as follows:

• Black metals;
• Become;
• Cast iron;
• Non-ferrous metals and alloys;
• Noble metals;
• Rare non-ferrous metals;
• Light non-ferrous metals;
• Heavy non-ferrous metals.

This site uses this technique of classifying metals and their alloys in order to make it easier for users to find the information they need in our resource.

There is also a classification of metals as follows:

• by main component (iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium, titanium and others);
• by the number of components contained (two, three and multi-component, by manufacturing technology);
• by density (light, heavy, high-density);
• by melting point (low-melting, refractory).

Another option for classifying metals is light metals, heavy non-ferrous metals, noble metals, refractory, trace, radioactive and rare earth.

Use of metals

The use of metals in the modern world is one of the conditions for a normal life. These materials are actively used in almost every field of human activity. Among the most popular are iron and copper, and, accordingly, their alloys.

They have long been the first in production and today about 98% of all metal structures are made of these metals. Aluminum, magnesium, and beryllium are of great importance. In the 20th century, they began to be used on a special scale in many areas of technology, electrical engineering, and structural metals. The main metals are also nickel, cobalt, and manganese.

They were discovered less than 200 years ago, but as alloying elements they are remarkable, as they impart special properties of strength, wear resistance, and heat resistance. Refractory metals include 11 metals: platinum, tungsten, chromium, etc. Light metals—16 metals, sodium, lithium, cesium, etc.

The noble metals, or “precious metals” as they are now called, are gold, silver, platinum and the platinum group, eight in total. Rare earths include 17 metals.

Metals, brief description

Metals, the brief description of which contains mainly the basic, so-called "metallic properties", in fact cannot always be determined by the presence of all of them. Each element has different indicators of electrical conductivity, ductility and magnetism.

The total number of elements that are classified as metals is 94 types. They are simple chemicals. Extracted mainly from ores or in pure form (with some impurities), certain types, such as the isotope osmium-187, can only be obtained in laboratories.

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Source: https://metallsmaster.ru/klassifikaciya-metallov/

Non-ferrous, precious and ferrous types of metals and their characteristics

Metals are a large group of simple elements with characteristic features, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, positive temperature coefficient, and more. In order to correctly classify and understand what’s what, you need to understand all the nuances. Let's try to consider such basic types of metals as ferrous, non-ferrous, precious, as well as alloys. This is a fairly broad and complex topic, but we will try to break everything down.

What should everyone know?

Before classifying metals into groups, it is necessary to understand the basic characteristics. The primary ones include the negative conductivity coefficient of electricity. This suggests that as temperature decreases, conductivity increases and some conductors become superconductors.

At the same time, an increase in temperature leads to a partial or complete loss of throughput. Secondary features include a metallic luster, as well as a high melting point. In addition, some metals in the form of compounds play the role of a reducing agent in redox reactions.

Please note that pure metals are practically never found in nature, so there is no need to forget about ore and nuggets either.

This group includes iron, as well as its alloys (cast iron, ferroalloys). Essentially, ferrous metals are an alloy of iron and carbon, but in addition to this, they also contain other chemical elements, such as sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, etc.

If it is necessary to give the alloy specific properties necessary to fulfill certain purposes, alloying substances are added, which are most often copper, chromium or nickel. All types of ferrous metals are classified according to their carbon content.

So, the following alloys exist:

• Cast iron - the amount of carbon ranges from 2 to 4.3%, in some cases reaching a critical level of 5%. Various chemical elements directly affect the properties of the product. Thus, sulfur and phosphorus increase brittleness, and chromium and nickel additives make cast iron more heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant.
• Steel – carbon content up to 2%. It differs from cast iron in its high ductility, as well as high technological indicators (easier to process).

Features of cast iron and steel in detail

Currently, there are several types of cast iron that are used in everyday life, as well as in industry: foundry (gray) and conversion (white).

The latter differs from the first type in that carbon is in a bound state in the form of cement, while in the first case it is in a free state in the form of graphite. The decrease in the strength of this material is due to the fact that graphite plates disrupt the metal structure, thereby weakening it.

There is modified gray cast iron. Its features are that the graphite is in a spherical shape, which increases the mechanical properties of the product.

You have probably already realized that they have become more versatile, which is due to not so much carbon in the composition. Thus, structural steels contain from 0.02 to 0.85% carbon and are used for construction. Their main advantage is good ductility. The degree of fragility is low.

There are also instrumental ones, in which the carbon content is slightly higher - from 0.65 to 1.4%, therefore, it is a more durable alloy, but brittle. It is used, as the name suggests, as a blank for creating tools (cutting, sawing working parts of machines and units).

Now we have looked at the types of ferrous metals, so let's move on.

About silver and gold

Since the Stone Age, people have been familiar with such a metal as gold. It is safe to say that this is the most important precious metal in the whole world. In nature, it is most often found as nuggets with a small amount of impurities or in an alloy with silver.

Exceptional features include thermal conductivity and very low resistance. Of course, one cannot fail to note the malleability of gold, which is why it is an extremely popular material for making jewelry. Interesting fact: the largest gold nugget was found in Australia.

He weighed about 90 kilograms.

If we consider the main types of precious metals, we cannot help but mention silver. In nature, this material is found in its native form (silver ore). But it is worth noting that the main production is carried out from complex ores, where there is relatively little silver, but deposits of such minerals are more common. It is a very soft and ductile metal that has exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.

Rhodium and platinum

Rhodium is a metal that does not have its own minerals, therefore it is one of the most expensive. You will have to pay more than $220 per gram. This noble metal has a silvery color with a bluish tint. It is distinguished by its resistance to chemical and temperature influences, but is extremely vulnerable to mechanical damage due to its fragility. Since it is quite expensive, it is used only where an analogue cannot be found.

If we consider the types and types of metals, we cannot fail to mention platinum, discovered in 1952 by a Swedish chemist. This is a fairly rare material and is found in nature only in combination of alloys with other metals. The extraction process is extremely labor-intensive and requires large investments, but it is worth it, because platinum is not affected by any acid known today. When heated, it does not change color and does not oxidize.

Types of non-ferrous metals

This group is the most in demand, since most materials are raw materials for the production of rolled metal. If we talk about the scope of application, it is quite extensive, these are: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, radio electronics, high technology, etc. Based on their physical properties, there are the following types of non-ferrous metals:

• heavy (lead, zinc, tin, nickel, etc.);
• lightweight (aluminum, titanium, magnesium, etc.).

According to this classification, there is metallurgy of light and heavy metals. It is no secret that absolutely any equipment can be made from this group. Please note that non-ferrous metals include all types of metal alloys, except iron. Now let's move on.

Main types of heavy metals

To date, there are approximately 40 definitions of the concept of this group of materials. Among the distinctive features is an impressive atomic weight, usually more than 50. From this we can conclude that everything that comes after vanadium (regardless of density) should be included in the list. But if we use another definition, then the determining parameter may be density, which should be more than that of iron (8 g/cm3).

In this case, the list will include: lead, mercury, copper, but tin will be behind the list. Today the issue of environmental pollution by this group is extremely acute. This is because many metals are used in heavy industry and end up in the ocean through wastewater. The main problem is the high toxicity of mercury, lead, and cadmium. In addition, some types of heavy metals tend to accumulate in living organisms.

Thus, due to mercury poisoning in 1977, there were more than 2,300 victims.

These are the most dangerous non-ferrous metals classified as heavy. They are major environmental pollutants. Mercury is a highly toxic metal for humans; it enters the ocean through the atmosphere and through wastewater.

When power plants burn coal, mercury compounds enter the atmosphere and then fall into the ocean as precipitation.

In addition, many freshwater and marine inhabitants accumulate significant amounts of mercury in their bodies, which has more than once led to human poisoning and even death.

Cadmium is a dispersed and rather rare element that enters the ocean along with wastewater from metallurgical and ore processing industries. It should be noted that cadmium is present in the human body, but it is very small. With chronic poisoning, bones are destroyed and anemia begins.

As for lead, this metal is found in a dispersed state almost everywhere. These types of metals, photos of which we have given above, are excreted from the body, but rather slowly, so their excess amounts cause serious health problems.

Along with continental dust, approximately 25 thousand tons of lead enter the ocean along with atmospheric precipitation.

On a note

As you can see, there are a wide variety of types and properties of metals. Something is not dangerous at all, and every day we wear a silver cross and a gold ring on our hands. Radioactive substances can kill a person, so environmentalists around the world are trying to partially solve the issue of the release of hazardous metals into the ocean and atmosphere.

Of course, solving such problems is very difficult, especially considering that most entrepreneurs do not make contact at all. However, we should not forget that without conductors, which also consist of metal, electrical circuits are impossible, and without iron there will be no cars and other things familiar to us.

We have not touched upon the group of so-called radioactive metals of the periodic table. These include: technetium, polonium, promethium, etc. The main purpose is use in nuclear reactors and weapons, which makes them very dangerous.

Conclusion

You may have noticed that there are many different types of metals. In nature, most of them are present in the form of ores and form various sulfides, carbonates and other chemical compounds.

To obtain pure metals and their further use, modern technological refining and enrichment lines are used. Surely you will be interested to know that the human body also contains a small amount of metal compounds - about 3%.

So, we have calcium in our bones, iron in our blood, magnesium constantly accumulates in our muscles, and copper in our liver.

Well, that’s basically all that can be said about what types of metal alloys exist. Despite the fact that this is a rather complex topic, it may be of interest to those who are interested in metallurgy.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/162138/tsvetnyie-dragotsennyie-i-chernyie-vidyi-metallov-i-ih-harakteristika