How to make a square hole in metal

How else can you make a square hole?

Making a square hole in durable metals without special equipment is not easy. However, this can also be done on universal machines. But for this you will have to make the so-called in advance. Watts drill and template for it.

Will need

• lathe and milling machine;
• Bulgarian;
• metal file;
• passing and cutting cutters;
• twist drills;
• disk cutter;
• spanners;
• hardening equipment;
• calipers;
• cutting fluid.

Also, to make a Watts drill, you need a high-speed steel rod, and for a template, a steel circle.

Making a Watts drill

Using an NGF-110 milling machine, we make three longitudinal grooves on the workpiece. The process will proceed with effort, since the material characteristics of a carbide cutter are not much higher than those of a high-speed cutter.

Next, we clamp the workpiece with the grooves in a vice and make the profile of the three cutting teeth using a grinder, starting from the slots. We sharpen the end of the drill, but do not sharpen the side edges.

On special equipment for making square holes, the Watts drill not only rotates around its longitudinal axis, but the axis itself makes a trajectory described by four ellipsoidal arcs. But we will choose a different path.

Making a template

The second part is a template in which the Watts drill will rotate. In our case, the drill diameter is 15 mm. This means that the square made by him will be 15x15 mm.

To make sure that the Watts drill does not jam in the real template, we place it in a strip of plastic with a 15x15 mm square and begin to rotate the drill. It should not bite or cut off shavings from the sides of the square.

We clamp the copier blank into the lathe chuck and grind the end. Then, using a 15 mm drill, we drill a through hole in the center and drill it out with a large-diameter drill to the required depth.

Using a pass-through cutter, we adjust the internal diameter of the large hole and grind the workpiece from the outside. Closer to the front end of the template, drill 4 holes evenly in a circle, cut threads for bolts to secure the copier to the workpiece in which a square hole will be made.

Using a scriber and a dividing head, we draw four lines on the back side of the template blank, which, intersecting, form a described square of 15×15 mm around a hole with a diameter of 15 mm.

In the inner corners of the marked square, drill 4 holes with a thin drill. We clamp the copier cup in a vice and use a file to form a square hole from a round hole. The template and Watts drill are designed to work together.

To harden, heat the template in a muffle furnace and lower it into a container with machine oil.

To reduce the distortion of the Watts drill during operation, we make an extension for it. This will allow the square hole to be made coaxial in length. We secure the drill in the extension with two bolts.

Process of making a square hole

We fix the drill with an extension in the headstock of the lathe. To test the tool, let's make a square hole in the aluminum material.

We grind the end and side surface of the workpiece.

We install the template on the workpiece and use a drill to make a small round hole in the place of the future square.

To soften the collision of the Watts drill with the template square, lubricate this place with CV joint grease.

We insert the drill into the square of the copier and rotate the workpiece by the chuck by hand. If you don’t feel any jamming or biting, turn on the machine.

We move the tool forward and see the complex movements made by the drill in the area of ​​the template. After some time, chips begin to emerge, which indicates that the process has begun.

Having reached the desired depth, turn off the machine, remove the headstock with the tool, remove the template and separate a cylinder about 30 mm long from the workpiece with a cutting tool.

We make sure that the square hole is made along the length without disturbing the alignment and transverse size. Our devices passed the first test successfully.

Let's move on to a more complex process - making a square hole in a steel blank. We also grind it along the end and side surface. We wrap and secure the template. We bring the tool and start drilling.

The vibration of the drill and the appearance of chips indicate that the process is in progress. We feed the tool at the same 30 mm. Then remove the template and cut off the blank with the resulting square hole.

results

After grinding the ends of the workpieces with square holes, we make sure that they are of high quality in the longitudinal and transverse directions, regardless of the material - aluminum or steel.

The drill and template square also remained intact and did not even become dull, i.e. they are ready for work again.

It is clear that for each size of a square hole you need a separate Watts drill, and the template, if you get creative, can be made universal within certain limits.

Drilling square holes - Watts drill and the Reuleaux triangle principle

Almost everyone knows how to drill a round hole, but not everyone knows about a drill for square holes. Meanwhile, you can drill a square-shaped hole both in soft wood products and in harder metal parts. To solve this problem, special tools and devices are used, the operating principle of which is based on the properties of the simplest geometric shapes.

Operating principles and design

In order to drill a square hole, a Watts drill is usually used, the design of which is based on a geometric figure such as the Reuleaux triangle.

One of the most important features of such a figure, which represents the area of ​​intersection of three equal circles, is the following: if a pair of parallel reference lines are drawn to such a triangle, then the distance between them will always be constant.

Thus, if you move the center of the Reuleaux triangle along a trajectory described by four ellipsoidal arcs, its vertices will draw an almost perfect square, with only slightly rounded vertices.

Property of the Reuleaux triangle

The unique properties of the Reuleaux triangle made it possible to create drills for square holes. The peculiarity of using such a tool is that the axis of its rotation should not remain in place, but move along the trajectory described above.

Naturally, this movement should not be hindered by the equipment cartridge. When using such a drill and the appropriate equipment, a square hole is obtained with perfectly straight and parallel sides, but with slightly rounded corners.

The area of ​​such corners not processed with tools is only 2% of the area of ​​the entire square.

Making a device for drilling square holes

Using Watts drills, which work on the principle of the Reuleaux triangle, you can drill square holes in metal workpieces even on a regular machine that is not equipped with special attachments. To create a square hole in a wooden part, you can use a regular drill, but for this it must be equipped with additional devices.

You can make a simple device that allows you to drill square holes in wooden blanks using the following recommendations.

• To begin with, using a sheet of plywood or a wooden board of small thickness, you need to make the Reuleaux triangle itself, the geometric parameters of which must correspond to the diameter of the Watts drill used.
• The drill must be firmly fixed on the surface of the manufactured triangle.
• In order for the Reuleaux triangle and the drill attached to it to move along the required trajectory, it is necessary to make a wooden guide frame. In the inside of the frame, you should cut out a square with geometric parameters that fully correspond to the dimensions of the hole that you are going to drill.
• The frame is fixed to the drill using a special strip, and the center of the Reuleaux triangle placed in the guide frame must coincide with the axis of rotation of the power tool chuck.
• In order to impart torque to the drill for making a square hole, but at the same time not create restrictions on the movement of the tool in the transverse direction, the shank is connected to the drill chuck through a transmission mechanism that operates on the principle of a truck drive shaft.
• The wooden workpiece in which it is necessary to drill a square hole should be securely fixed, and it should be positioned so that the center of the future hole strictly coincides with the axis of rotation of the drill used for processing.

Drawing of parts of a device for drilling a square hole

Table 1. Dimensions of guide bushings

Table 2. Drill sizes (click to enlarge)

Having assembled such a simple device and securely fixed all the elements of its design and the workpiece being processed, you can turn on the electric drill and begin the drilling process.

As mentioned above, a square hole drilled using such a device will have absolutely straight and parallel sides, but its corner sections will be slightly rounded. Solving the problem with rounded corners is not difficult: you can refine them using a regular needle file.

It should be borne in mind that the device described above, which is not very rigid, is used for drilling square-shaped holes in wooden pieces of small thickness.

Watts drill and a square hole made with it in a metal workpiece

Source: http://met-all.org/oborudovanie/prochee/sverlo-dlya-kvadratnyh-otverstij-uattsa-relo.html

Drill for square holes. Discoveries of Reuleaux and Watts

In some cases it is necessary to obtain square-shaped holes. Conventional methods are inefficient and cumbersome.

The most primitive of them comes down to preliminary drilling a hole with a diameter equal to the circle inscribed in a square, and gradually punching it out.

You will need a tool that can work without rotating the tool head, as well as a special adapter. It’s easier to use a so-called “square” drill (Watts drill), or, more precisely, a cutter.

A little history with geometry

Back in the 15th century, the legendary Leonardo da Vinci, while studying the properties of geometric figures, drew attention to the so-called geometric objects with equal thickness.

There are an infinite number of such figures, but the simplest - besides a circle - is a rounded triangle, which can be formed as follows. An equilateral triangle is drawn, each of the corners of which is connected by an arc of a circle drawn from the center of the opposite side.

The peculiarity of such a triangle will be that all its sides will have a constant width, which is equal to the length of the side of the original equilateral triangle.

L. Euler drew practical benefit from this fact, who three centuries later demonstrated the rotation of such a rounded triangle: first around its own axis, and then with some eccentricity, since the cardan mechanism was already known to science and technology of that time.

The German engineer F. Relo went even further in the practical use of this figure, who drew attention to the fact that the trajectory of the corners of a moving triangle with certain methods of its rotation is very close to a square. Only directly at the corners of the square does the outer surface describe an arc, however, of a small radius. In modern technical literature, such a triangle is called the Reuleaux triangle, although this figure actually no longer has any angles.

A few more decades will pass, and the Englishman G. Watts will come up with a device that can provide a guaranteed square trajectory for a metal-cutting tool. The technical solution for the Watts drill was patented in 1916, and a year later mass production of such tools began.

Drill or cutter?

The majority of the technical community believes that it is still a milling cutter. However, manufacturers stubbornly continue to call this tool a drill for square holes, a Watts drill, or a drill whose profile corresponds to the Reuleaux triangle.

Which is more correct? If we turn to the kinematics of movement of such a cutting tool (for clarity, you can use the diagram shown in Fig. 1), you will find that metal removal will be carried out only by the side surface, and there will be not one cutting plane, like a conventional drill, but four, which more typical for cutters.

However, a single rotating motion will not be enough to obtain a square hole. Simple mathematical calculations (not given in this article) show: in order for a “drill” for a square hole to perform its function, during operation it must describe not only the basic rotational movement of the cutting edge, but also the rocking movement of the drill/cutter around a certain axis. Both movements must be made in mutually opposite directions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3YdSSFJcSY

Figure 1 – Reuleaux Triangle: a) – construction; b) rotation sequence to obtain a square-shaped hole.

The angular velocity of both rotations is determined quite simply. If we take the rotation frequency of the drill shaft (or hammer drill) as the parameter f, then a speed of 0.625f is sufficient for oscillatory rotations of the spindle around its own axis. In this case, the spindle axis is, as it were, clamped between the working shaft and the drive wheel, causing the drill/cutter to oscillate in the clamping device with a residual speed

(1 – 0.625)f = 0.375f.

The resulting rotation speed of the cutter can be more accurately determined using the technical characteristics of the drill/hammer, but it is clear that it will be much lower than that for which the tool was originally designed. Therefore, obtaining a square hole will occur with less productivity.

Design and principle of operation

It is impossible to directly use a cutter/drill for square holes with a Reuleaux triangle profile - grooves are needed to remove the resulting chips.

Therefore (see Fig. 2) the profile of the working part of the tool is the figure described above, from which three half-ellipses are cut out. In this case, three goals are realized: the moment of inertia of the drill and the load on the spindle are reduced, and the cutting ability of the cutter is increased.

Figure 2 – Actual profile of the working part of the tool

The design of the tool is as follows. Actually, the working part includes a working surface used to remove metal and grooves that remove chips.

A cutter-drill for square holes is made from U8 steel and hardened to a hardness of HRC 5256. For particularly difficult operating conditions, products made of X12 alloy steel with a hardness of HRC 5660 are used.

With normal coolant supply and due to relatively low temperatures in the processing zone, tool life is high.

The adapter spindle has a more complex design. It includes:

1. Frame.
2. Ring gear.
3. A seat for the main spindle (if the tool is installed in the tool head of a metal-cutting machine, then the adapter has the form of a Morse cone).
4. Drive gear.
5. Main spindle.
6. Meshing gears with a ring gear.
7. Oscillating bushing.

For household devices, manufacturers of cutters/drills for square holes offer overhead frames that are connected by a cardan drive to the chuck and impart eccentric movements to the cutting tool. The thickness of this frame determines the depth of the resulting hole.

To connect the device to the machine chuck, a special adapter is also required. It consists of:

1. Cases.
2. Floating shank.
3. Swinging ring.
4. Replaceable bushings for cartridges of various metalworking machines.
5. Mounting screws.
6. Support balls.

For the practical use of the tool in question, it is enough to give the spindle of the main equipment a feed in the required direction. Broaching milling machines and lathes are suitable for making square holes using such equipment.

Source: https://proinstrumentinfo.ru/sverlo-dlya-kvadratnyx-otverstij-treugolnik-relo-sverlo-uattsa/

How to make square holes with round drills, a method accessible to everyone

When manufacturing various mechanisms, it may be necessary to drill a square hole. There is a Watts drill for this, but not everyone has it. If purchasing it is not practical, then using simple technology you can make a square hole using ordinary metal drills.

Tools:

center punch;

hammer;

drill or drilling machine;

center drill;

main drill 4 mm or larger, depending on the size of the square hole required;

a large drill with a diameter 1 mm smaller than the side of the future square;

metal file.

Drilling a square hole

For ease of work, you need to cut out a square template from paper, but smaller than the required hole by the diameter of the main drill. For example, if you need a square of 10x10 mm, and a 4 mm drill will be used as the main one, then the template is cut with sides of 6x6 mm.

Important!
When choosing the main drill, you need to ensure that its 2 diameters are slightly smaller than the side of the template. In this case, when drilling, the holes will not overlap each other and the drill will not jump off the desired point. The paper square is glued to the workpiece with tape. Using a punch, clear deep notches are applied in its corners and center. Afterwards the template is removed.

The notches are lightly drilled out with a centering drill.

Next, you need to make through holes along the corner marks. Ideally, use a drilling machine, since working with a drill may reduce accuracy. If you need to drill through thick metal, you will definitely need oil to cool the edge of the drill.

After the corners are ready, using a large drill, a central notch is drilled between them. This allows you to choose the metal in the middle. The result is a blurry square hole.

Using a needle file, flat or triangular file, the hole is brought to the correct square. Particular attention should be paid to rounding the corners to grind them down to 90 degrees. It is advisable that the width of the file corresponds to the side of the square hole, then it will be possible to carry out the boring almost perfectly.

This drilling method is labor-intensive and takes at least half an hour, including finishing with a file, but allows you to get a fairly high-quality hole. Its main advantage is the ability to get by with a meager set of tools without the need to purchase a Watts drill.

How to drill through tempered glass at home?

Glass is one of the most difficult materials to drill; it is hard, but at the same time quite fragile. These characteristics make it extremely difficult to make clean holes in it, but it is quite possible. Moreover, this can be done even with the help of ordinary tools that are at hand for anyone who independently engages in construction and repair.

How to drill a hole in glass

The complexity of the work directly depends on what you use for drilling. The simplest option is to use a screwdriver or a drill with a diamond-coated tubular drill installed on it. The main requirement for the tool is the presence of a speed regulator. The entire procedure will be performed at relatively low speeds, since the higher the speed, the greater the likelihood of surface damage and cracks.

Since diamond coating, like glass, tends to overheat due to friction, we will constantly have to cool both contacting surfaces. For this we need plasticine or a plastic bottle cap.

After you have decided where the hole should be, you should place a lid filled with water directly on its center (or make a “pool” of plasticine around this place). Then you can move on to creating the hole. In this case, you should periodically pull out the tool so that water can fill the resulting void.

Having gone deeper, approximately half the thickness of the sheet, we turn it over, mark it and repeat all the same procedures, only now on the other side. To learn how to drill glass correctly, watch the video:

How to drill glass

Before modern construction tools and consumables appeared, a lot of ways were invented to make a hole in glass. The most popular is to use a regular drill, which is first heated red-hot on a burner or gas stove flame, and then hardened in wax. Then everything is done exactly as described above.

Also, to solve the problem, you can use a copper tube mounted directly in the drill chuck. In this case, it is necessary to secure pieces of cardboard with an existing hole on both sides of the glass, and it is better to place the sheet itself on a rubber base to reduce vibrations. In this case, the composition of the “coolant” also changes - corundum powder should be added to the water.

How to drill through tempered glass

There is no clear answer to the question of whether it is possible to make a hole in tempered glass. Theoretically, this is possible, however, it is very difficult to implement it with your own hands.

The problem is not only that it is usually quite thick, but also that there are a large number of defects in the sheet itself, which are visible to the naked eye. Heating makes the material harder and more brittle.

In addition, the internal stress of the sheet increases, which, as a result of external influences, simply bursts or crumbles into small pieces.

Source: https://krovli-zabori.ru/osteklenie/kak-prosverlit-zakalennoe-steklo-v-domashnih-usloviyah.html

How to make a square hole in wood

A wood drill is a tool that is constantly in use at home. Each type has its own characteristics.

The selection is made depending on the hardness of the material being processed and the parameters of the future hole. Attention is drawn to the absence of flaws that may be present in the drilling element.

There should be no scratches, dents or nicks on the surface. The presence of such defects will affect the quality of the final work.

Types of wood drills

Depending on the design features, types of wood drills are divided into several categories. The classification is as follows:

• spiral;
• screw;
• feathers;
• Forstner drills;
• crowns;
• milling;
• cork;
• combined;
• countersink.

They are selected depending on the thickness of the material being processed, the diameter and depth of the hole, and the type of shank in the tool.

Attention is drawn to the color of the drill, which changes with different heat treatment technologies:

• Black. In order to increase strength, steam treatment was used.
• Yellow-gold. Treatment was carried out in order to remove surface stresses from the metal.
• Bright gold. Using heat treatment, the surface layer was saturated with titanium nitride.
• Grey. The surface was not sprayed.

Spiral devices

Twist drills are more often than other types used at home. The tool is characterized by a low price and a wide range of diameters - from 3 to 16 mm.

There is a point at the end.

During operation, it gives it stability, eliminates the possibility of slipping and marks the point at the start of drilling.

Tips can be installed on top: conical or special trimmers. They have the same degree of efficiency, but the magnitude of the perceived load is different.

The scorers transfer significant stress to the tool, but the holes are produced with a high degree of accuracy, while the conical head ensures that the drill enters the wood well, without the drill wandering to the side.

Screw (screw)

Another name for this type is auger drill. Due to the fact that the working area resembles an auger, waste is removed . Advantages:

• Long wood drill. The maximum size is 600 mm, although the most commonly used is 450 mm. Ensures drilling of holes in thick materials with high quality workmanship. Long drills are installed on electric drills and the low speed mode is turned on. It is important to remember that the smaller the diameter of the drill, the shorter it should be. Knowing which drill will be installed, the appropriate operating mode is selected.
• The range of diameter sizes ranges from 3 mm to 52 mm.

The drill must not be bent during operation.

Feather devices

The feather one has a central part made in the shape of a feather. 2 incisors diverge in both directions. On the other side there is a hexagonal tip . The operating rules are as follows:

• Before starting work, use a core to mark the drilling location.
• The equipment used is an electric drill. The number of revolutions is set depending on the diameter of the drill. The larger it is, the lower the revolutions.
• When drilling a deep hole, an extension is used, which is attached to the drill with a lock.
• At the first stage, the contour of the hole is outlined. To do this, the feather part is positioned perpendicular to the surface and pressure is applied with little force.
• Chips are not removed from the groove on their own, so work must be stopped from time to time to remove them.

The tool is the easiest to maintain. Its sharpening is carried out according to the sample. The main thing is to sharpen the central part exactly in the axis. A slight displacement will cause the drill to the side.

Forstner drills

The advantage of this type of drilling is the cleanliness of the cut. This is achieved by cutting the fibers around the circumference before starting work. , chips and scuffs form on the treated surface

The tool clearly holds the given direction.

In general, as a rule, all drills fix the drilling point with a central tip.

Forstner drill - through a cylindrical plane. Thanks to the large surface, the drill cannot move to the side.

A variation of the Fostner drill is the ballerina drill. It consists of a centering element and lateral incisors. Thanks to the adjustable device, the required diameter is set. There is no need to purchase a new tool.

Crowns

Crowns (ring hole method) is the most silent method.

It is used when you need to make a large hole in a workpiece of small thickness.

The diameter can vary from 19 to 127 mm. Nozzles are sold in sets.

The specificity of the work allows you to drill holes in drywall, fiberboard, chipboard and plastic. The disadvantage is the unreliability of the design.

The crown is made of metal 2 mm thick. This allows you to drill no more than 2-3 holes.

After this, it is no longer suitable for work.

Milling drills

Using milling drills, you can not only drill holes, but also make grooves.

Therefore, they are used in complex machining of parts.

The design of the drill consists of a shank and a working part, which is immediately sharpened for the required operation.

The tail section comes in different configurations:

• Triangular. Suitable for three jaw chuck. The shank does not rotate even with high torques.
• Hexagonal. Installation is carried out both in a three-jaw chuck and in a standard one. There is a risk of twisting.
• Conical. For use in production only.
• Tetrahedral. They are rarely used, although there is no turning effect in the cartridge.

  Do-it-yourself wood brushing

Stopper devices

The tool is adapted for making holes for wooden plugs.

The holes in which defects have formed due to fallen knots are being processed. In furniture production such defects are unacceptable.

Sometimes work is carried out to make sockets in wood for washers or bolt heads.

The plug drill has a cylindrical or conical shape. Installed on a drilling or manual milling machine. The drill cannot be used because the perpendicularity condition will not be met.

Combined type

Using combination drills, stepped holes are made. The number of steps ranges from 2 to 3.

A regular twist drill is taken and the areas are ground to a new diameter.

Resharpening is allowed for a small difference.

If the range of diameters is impressive, then drills are used that have an alternating cutting edge. A large number of resharpenings are possible here.

Countersink drills

If you need to hide the bolt head in a wooden structure, you can use drills of different diameters. However, it is advisable to combine 2 actions in one.

The design consists of a housing in which the countersink is located. The main drill is attached inside. During the work process, the main hole is first made. In the final stage, they are formed in the upper part of the trench.

Getting a Big Hole

Home craftsmen are often interested in how to make a hole in a tree of large diameter. There are several ways you can do this:

1. A circle of the required diameter is drawn. A small drill is used to drill inside the circle of holes. Then, using a chisel, the jumpers are cut out.
2. Take a water pipe. One side is sharpened for teeth in the direction of the cut. In the second, a hole is made for the knob. The pipe is placed against the surface and slow rotation begins.
3. At the first stage, a through hole of smaller diameter is drilled. At the second stage, a crown is taken and inserted to the maximum depth. At the final stage, the under-drilled wood is knocked out with a chisel. Chips will not occur because the crown has already set the direction.

Wood drills have a broad classification. This is an important item at home. However, each type of work requires the use of a specific tool.

With the help of one, holes are made, the other - countersinks, the third - grooves.

Knowing all these subtleties, it is necessary to have sets of such drills that will never lie around the household.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/kak-sdelat-kvadratnoe-otverstie-v-dereve/

How to make an oval hole in metal - Metalist's Guide

Drilling large holes is not a problem if you choose the right tool. For example, such work may be necessary to secure a channel or metal corner. The easiest way is to use an electric drill, but getting a hole with a diameter of, for example, 15 mm requires a lot of effort. To drill a large diameter hole in metal, special devices and core drilling technology are used.

Features of creation

When drilling, it must be taken into account that the crown or stepped cone nozzle must be selected in such a way that it has a smaller diameter than the hole being created.

When using different tools, it is also necessary to take into account their features. For example, when drilling with conical products, smooth edges are obtained.

Drill accessories

There are several accessories for drills that can make the process easier and make a large hole smooth:

• Drilling jig. This device is a housing in which there are several guide bushings for drills of different diameters. The material used to create the bushings is harder than drill bits, so you don't have to worry about the tool moving to the side while drilling and widening the hole.
• Drill guide. This product allows you to fix the tool in such a way that it does not deviate to the side during drilling. If such a product is not available, the tool may move to the side, resulting in an uneven edge. It can also be mounted at an angle. But when drilling metal products, this is usually not required.
• Drill stand. A DIY product like this can be an inexpensive replacement for a drilling machine, as it allows you to carry out work more comfortably. When using a stand, a fixed tool moves along the bar using a lever. In this case, displacement is completely eliminated, since the workpiece being drilled is securely held due to the presence of a clamp.

Using these products, you can greatly facilitate the process of drilling metal products.

Feature of deep holes

To drill a deep hole in metal, it is best to use a lathe. Cooling must be done during this process. In this case, the chips must be forcibly removed. Periodically, the tool is removed from the workpiece to remove chips.

When working without specialized devices, you should not recess the nozzle more than 2/3 of its length. Water must be used for cooling during operation. If the work is done in several approaches, changing the angle is not allowed.

Features of large diameter holes

This procedure is more complex than deep drilling. Cutting work is carried out either using a crown or using a cone drill. Crowns for metal are similar to products for concrete and drywall. The only difference is the material used to create the cutting edge.

Drilling can also be carried out with standard products in several stages. To do this, first use a nozzle of small diameter. Then a larger tool is selected.

The most convenient way is to use cone drills. Such devices allow you to drill a large hole in one go. To do this, the tool is simply recessed into the material.

Hassle-free drilling

During work, you can use a small section nozzle, as well as a used grinding wheel for an angle grinder. It is important to remember that it should have a smaller diameter than the hole being created.

Before carrying out work, a circle for the hole is marked on the workpiece, and the second circle will be smaller than the first by a distance equal to the diameter of the drill used. After this, 2 holes are marked in opposite places of the circle. It is necessary to retreat 3 mm from them and mark the places for drilling.

  Metal corners for fastening wooden structures

Thus, drilling occurs along the entire drawn circle. If additional work is necessary, some areas will have to be processed with a chisel. This will create jagged edges that will then need to be filed down. It is important to ensure that during work the circumference does not increase, i.e.

do not expand the planned diameter.

Cone drill

The described types of drills are made from tool steel. The shanks of such products can be hexagonal or cylindrical. The cutting edge removes all burrs, so the edge is smooth. The end of the drill head has a sharpened point that allows pre-drilling of the material.

Using these products you can:

• create cuts with a diameter of up to 30 mm;
• forget about jagged edges;
• carry out boring of various diameters without changing the nozzle.

Thanks to step drills, you can create cuts of various diameters in sheet steel up to 4 mm thick. Unlike a simple cone drill, when using such products, the drilled diameter is fixed.

The disadvantages include:

• the need to use tools with low speeds and high torque;
• sensitivity even to small distortions.

Despite these disadvantages, this attachment allows you to conveniently work with metal plates, quickly drilling circles of the required diameter.

Metal crown

Metal processing is a complex process, so such work is usually carried out using specialized equipment. To carry out work at home, you can use core drills.

Such products allow you to make the edges round and centered. In this case, a standard drill is used for drilling. The products consist of several parts:

• crown;
• centering attachment;
• product shank;
• screws that are necessary for fastening.

When using a core drill, the speed of work increases up to 10 times. Another advantage is the ability to accurately drill in the range from 1.2 to 15 cm.

In this case, there is no need to perform alignment during drilling. It is also worth noting that such drills have higher wear resistance compared to twist drills.

Before starting work, a centering drill is installed in the center of the circle, after which drilling is carried out. After this, the drill is retracted and the work is carried out with a crown.

Hole press

One of the common methods is punching using a special press. It happens like this:

1. First, the workpiece is placed on the press table and grabbed by several clamps.
2. The metal is then moved under the punching tool. At this stage, additional fastening of the material occurs using a clamping ring.
3. At the last stage, penetration occurs using a punch.

The revolver can have several nozzles of different diameters, which allows you to quickly create holes of different diameters. Such equipment is usually not used for working with metal in domestic conditions.

If you plan to do the work at home, you should choose a universal tool. This will allow you to easily process metal without worrying about purchasing additional parts. The video presented will introduce you in detail to the technology of the process.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/kak-sdelat-ovalnoe-otverstie-v-metalle/

Watts drill for drilling square holes: description, dimensions

Anyone can drill a round hole in a material of any density. But what if you need a square hole? Many people will find it implausible to be able to drill a square into soft, pliable wood or into a piece of durable metal. The Watts drill copes with this difficult task.

History with geometry

Even today, to obtain a square hole, craftsmen drill a round hole of the appropriate diameter and punch out the corners with special tools. This operation can be performed much faster and easier with a “square” Watts drill. The basis of its design is the Reuleaux triangle - a figure formed by the intersection of three identical circles. The radii of these circles are equal to the side of a regular triangle, and its vertices are the centers of the circles.

The figure bears the name of the German scientist Franz Reuleaux, since he was the first to study in detail the properties of the resulting triangle and apply them in his inventions. However, the geometry of the Reuleaux triangle was used in the shape of windows in the construction of the Church of Our Lady in Bruges back in the 13th century.

At the beginning of the 16th century, Leonardo Da Vinci depicted a “map of the world” on four Reuleaux triangles. This figure appears in his manuscripts and the Madrid Codex. In the 18th century, a triangle made of equal arcs of three circles was demonstrated by the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler.

In 1916, an English engineer working in the USA, Harry Watts, developed and patented a cutter for square holes in a “floating” chuck.

A unique invention makes it possible to obtain holes of almost regular shape: the corners of the square are rounded with a small radius. The raw area of ​​a square hole does not exceed 2%.

A distinctive feature of the Watts triangular drill is that when rotated, its center describes an arcuate ellipsoidal curve, rather than standing still like a traditional twist drill.

With this movement, the vertices of the triangle draw a square with parallel, perfectly straight sides. The chuck for such a cutter has an original design that does not impede movement.

Drill structure for square holes

When drilling holes, chips are generated, and the cutter must have grooves to remove them. The profile of the working part of the Watts drill is a Reuleaux triangle with three halves of ellipses cut out of it.

This design with grooves for chip removal solves 3 problems simultaneously:

1. The inertia of the drill is reduced.
2. The load on the spindle is reduced.
3. The cutting ability of the drill is increased.

Typically, square holes are made on lathes or broaching milling machines. The drill for square holes is fixed to the machine chuck with a special adapter. For household use of a square cutter, manufacturers offer overhead frames that connect to the cardan drive chuck and impart eccentric movements to the cutting tool. The depth of the hole corresponds to the thickness of the frame.

Today, high-quality drills that work quickly and for a long time are made from high-alloy steel grades. In their composition, such alloys contain more than 10% alloying additives, such as tungsten, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum. Different percentages of elements and various methods of hardening steel form alloys that differ in levels of hardness, toughness, impact load resistance, cost and other characteristics.

Metal drill bits are the most widely used electrical consumable for several reasons:

• Metal products most often require holes for fastening: threaded connections, rivets and other types of connections.
• Metal drills can also be used when working with softer materials, such as wood.
• The production technology for this type of product is similar to the principles for the production of drills for various applications.

In Russia and many other countries, the greatest demand is for drills made from R6M5 high-speed steel, which contains tungsten and molybdenum. The strength and price of products significantly increases when cobalt is added to the alloy or drills are coated with cooling titanium-nitride spraying.

Types of drills for metal products

Metal drills are used to make holes in products made of bronze, cast iron, copper, steel of various grades, cermets and other materials. For drilling tough, difficult-to-cut steel, high-strength products with the addition of cobalt are used. When working with twist drills, chips are discharged along two longitudinal grooves. Based on the shape of the tail, such instruments are divided into three types:

• hexagonal,
• conical,
• cylindrical.

A metal drill with a conical shank is inserted directly into the machine when used. A special chuck is required for hex and cylindrical shanks.

Definitions of quality by color

The quality of a drill for any material is determined primarily by its color:

• Tools of increased wear resistance are black in color, since they are treated with steam at the final stage of production.
• Heat-treated products have no internal stress, are highly resistant to high temperatures and do not deform when working with carbide steels. These drills have a slightly golden tint.
• The highest quality and durable ones have a bright golden color. They are coated with friction-reducing titanium nitride.
• Regular untreated gray drills have the shortest service life and the lowest price.

Size range

The working sizes of metal drills are presented by modern manufacturers in a wide range. GOST provides for the division of such products into types in accordance with certain sizes.

Metal drills are divided into several categories:

Series	Short	Extended	Long
diameter, mm	0,3-20	0,3-20	1-20
length, mm	20-131	19-205	56-254

GOSTs 4010-77, 886-77 and 10902-77 regulate the classification of drills by length and diameter.

How to choose a drill for glass or ceramics

Professional craftsmen in their collection have drills for every material: brick and concrete, metal and plastic, diamond drill for glass and ceramics. Glass is an extremely capricious material and requires the use of a high-quality and durable drill. Glass and ceramic surfaces can be machined with diamond-coated drill bits at the working end.

The quality of such products is determined by the method of their manufacture. The thinnest and most inexpensive drills are made using the galvanic method. Stronger instruments are produced using the powder process. They are distinguished by durability and stability. Relatively inexpensive, high-strength drills with increased abrasiveness are produced using the modern vacuum method.

To drill a hole in a glass surface, you need to have good skills. This long and painstaking process is carried out smoothly and slowly at maximum speed without pressure, only with a diamond drill mounted strictly vertically. The hole must be constantly moistened with water to cool it. This action is more like scratching a hole with diamond grains.

If you have the necessary tools and drills of the right size on hand, any repair work will be completed quickly and efficiently.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/341450/sverlo-uattsa-dlya-sverleniya-kvadratnyih-otverstiy-opisanie-razmeryi

Square hole drill

Almost everyone knows how to drill a round hole, but not everyone knows about a drill for square holes.

Meanwhile, you can drill a square-shaped hole both in soft wood products and in harder metal parts.

To solve this problem, special tools and devices are used, the operating principle of which is based on the properties of the simplest geometric shapes.

Alternative Methods for Making Square Holes

The disadvantage of Watts drills is the presence of radius arcs in the corners of the square, which is not always acceptable.

In addition, square hole drills made using the Reuleaux triangle cannot handle thick workpieces.

In such cases, you can use electroerosive/laser technologies, and also, which is easier, use welding or stamping.

Punch sets for square holes are available in a range of transverse sizes up to 70x70 mm in metal up to 1216 mm thick. The kit includes:

• Punch holder for punch.
• Guide bushing.
• Ring travel stop.
• Matrix.

A hydraulic jack can be used to exert force on the punch.

The punched hole is distinguished by the cleanliness of the resulting edges, as well as the absence of burrs.

A similar tool is produced, in particular, by the Veritas trademark (Canada).

If you have a welding inverter in your household, you can burn a square hole in a steel part.

For this purpose, a round hole is pre-drilled (with a reserve) in the workpiece, then a square of graphite grades EEG or MPG of the required size is inserted into it, after which it is scalded along the contour.

The graphite is removed, and a square hole remains in the product. If necessary, it can be cleaned and sanded.

Source: https://the-master.ru/oborudovanie/sverlo-dlya-kvadratnyh-otverstij

How and with what to drill a hole in a tile - for a socket or pipe

When it comes to cutting and drilling tiles, many home craftsmen give up and prefer to build a “mosaic” around complex contours. In fact, there is nothing particularly complicated in the drilling process; it is only important to follow simple rules and have the right tool.

What to work with

You can drill a hole in ceramic tiles using a low-speed drill or a screwdriver of sufficient power. It is permissible to use even a hand drill - the so-called rotator - although it is convenient for them to work only with small holes in the amount of one or two pieces.

The diameter of the hole determines the nature of the tool. For sizes up to 10 mm, conventional twist drills with a Pobedit tip or feather drills, also with a Pobedit or diamond spear tip, are more suitable.

For larger diameter holes, it is better to use core drills (crowns) with a pobedit or diamond working edge. If it is necessary to make a large number of holes of different sizes, use the so-called ballerina - a device resembling a compass. It has a centering drill and a cutter that rotates at a given (adjustable) distance from the axis of the ballerina, cutting the edge in a circle.

Characteristic sharpening of carbide drills

Craftsmen suggest, as a last resort, in the absence of other options, to use high-quality self-tapping screws. Unfortunately, the risk of damaging the tiles in this case is much higher than when using a professional tool.

When creating cutouts with complex geometries, in addition to drilling, tiles are cut with other tools - tile cutters (manual or electric), grinders, glass cutters.

If we are talking about creating complex, but consisting of rectilinear and circular sections of the contour, it is recommended to first drill in the required places, and then cut out fragments between the individual holes.

You may also need metal files or a grinding wheel to smoothly connect the contour (as in the photo above).

It is very useful when working with tiles to use a so-called jig. This is a pad, usually plastic, that helps center the drill and prevents it from deviating from a strict vertical in relation to the surface of the tile.

Preparing for work

It is almost impossible to cut a hole in a tile without dust and other debris, and this dust, and often small crumbs, flies chaotically in different directions. Also, fragments of products often break off during the process. Therefore, the selection of personal protective equipment for the employee and the protection of the interior from contamination are necessary.

If you plan to make one or two holes in tiles already laid on the wall, the easiest way is to use a proven method - fastening to the wall under the place where the package will be drilled. It is glued to the wall with tape or masking tape, and unfolded so that dust falls into it.

If we are talking about large scales, this method is not suitable. Professionals use dust collectors with dust extraction. In domestic conditions, it is better to prepare a vacuum cleaner or a brush with a dustpan, as well as cover/cover already finished surfaces, furniture and appliances with film.

Personal protective equipment includes:

• dense clothing, little permeable to dust;
• quality shoes;
• gloves;
• safety glasses/mask;
• a headdress or bandage (so as not to shake dust out of your hair);
• dust respirator or wet bandage over the mouth and nose.

Earplugs or noise-cancelling headphones are also very useful since the work is noisy.

Marking a hole in the tile for a socket, switch or pipe

It is also necessary to pre-mark the drilling locations - on the wall/floor/ceiling, if the tiles are already laid, or on individual tiles. The second option is preferable. Even if the integrity of the tile is damaged, it can be replaced with another one, and it is much more difficult to disguise defects on an already tiled surface.

There are many marking options - from the simplest “doing it on your fingers” to using special form stencils.

Such a device - a template for copying forms 250 mm EDMA DUPLIC FORM 088255 - will allow you to easily transfer an arbitrarily complex contour onto a tile and accurately make a hole in the tile for a pipe (pipes, wall protrusions and other elements).

Most home craftsmen do it the old fashioned way, with manual markings.

Please note: the marking of the hole for the socket is done so that the dimensions of the hole are smaller than the outer contour of the electrical product, that is, the overlay should hide the edges of the tile edges.

The photo above shows the installation of a socket at the junction of four tiles. In reality, it is not always possible to fit this way and you have to cut a hole in the middle of the panel or closer to one of its edges.

It is important to consider here that usually the internal elements of sockets and switches are round - therefore, the hole should also be round, 510% larger than the base diameter of the electrical product.

For more complex shaped internal elements, for example, those shown in the photo below, it is worth making not a round hole, but matching four round cutouts with straight sections.

How to cut a hole in a tile for a rosette without a crown of the required diameter?

This question often worries people who, due to the rare use of tools, prefer to keep only a minimal set of equipment at home. Why buy an expensive core drill bit when you only need to make one cut? Usually in such cases, a series of holes are drilled along the contour using an ordinary relatively thin drill and then, taking advantage of the fragility of the tile, a fragment is knocked out inside the contour “outlined” in this way.

This option is also suitable for complex curved figures in the absence of a small grinder disk.

The photo above shows how to make a hole in a tile for a three- to four-socket outlet.

Each round cutout is drilled separately with a diamond or pobedite bit, and then the areas between the round holes are cut along the size line using a grinder with a small-diameter disk.

Subtleties of work

To carefully drill a hole in a tile, craftsmen recommend:

• attach masking tape or construction tape to the drilling site indicating the center of the future cutout and/or its outline;
• During work, periodically moisten the drill/bit with cold water to reduce the heating of the tool (this rule also works for drilling concrete and other hard materials). If the tiles have not yet been mounted on the wall/floor, it is better to put them in water for an hour in advance and wipe them dry before work;
• drill only at low speeds, starting from the lowest possible and gradually increasing the rotation speed, but not more than 1000 rpm;
• Large diameter cuts must be made BEFORE gluing the tiles to the surface to be tiled.

And the main rule: even if you are completely confident in your abilities and equipment, first try to make a cut of the required shape on unnecessary remnants of tiles!

Source: https://stroy-okey.ru/remont/santehnika/kak-i-chem-prosverlit-otverstie-v-plitke-pod-rozetku-ili-trubu/

How and with what to make a hole in a pipe made of different materials - Prof Pipes

During the construction of pipelines, laying sewers and other work, it periodically becomes necessary to make a hole in a pipe of a certain diameter and shape. On the one hand, this is a simple job that can be done by novice craftsmen on their own, on the other hand, any process has its own nuances and difficulties, which it is advisable to know about in advance.

How to drill a hole in a pipe

Necessary equipment

Cutting holes in pipes is done using:

• a regular drill or a special professional tool. A special machine is used by people whose profession is related to the installation of pipelines. For home purposes, a drill with a speed control function and a set of various drills is sufficient;

Professional equipment for cutting holes

• vise for fixing the pipe;
• a file that can be used to widen the hole if necessary;
• hammer. Using this tool, holes of small diameter are punched;
• a wooden block or homemade template that fixes the drill in a given position.

Nuances

Before carrying out work it is recommended:

1. Determine the type of material used to make the pipe. Each material has its own characteristics that must be taken into account.
2. Find out the thickness of the pipe wall. The larger this parameter, the more powerful the equipment required. When drilling a through hole, the outer diameter of the pipe must also be taken into account.

Basic pipe dimensions required to determine drill dimensions

1. To give the drill additional stability, use a wooden block or a special template:
   • if a block is used, then it is necessary to drill a hole of the required diameter in it and secure the finished structure at the location of the hole in the pipe. The width of the block (approximately 50 mm) will fix the drill and will not allow it to deviate from the given direction;
   • a homemade template is also made from a wooden block. The main difference between the designs is that the template contains several prepared holes of different diameters and is equipped with a fastening vice, and the block must be prepared for each hole separately.

Device for drilling holes in pipes

1. when drilling metal and cast iron, the drill may overheat, so it is recommended to periodically moisten it with cold water;
2. You can use only sharp drills that are most suitable for a particular material.

Drill selection table

General drilling diagram

Drilling holes in a metal pipe, including a profile metal pipe, is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. the pipe is securely clamped in a vice;

Making the pipe immovable using a vice

1. if it is necessary to cut several holes, then preliminary marking of the pipe is carried out. To do this, use a tape measure and a marker;
2. a prepared block or template is installed in place of the hole;
3. the drill is wetted in water to prevent it from overheating;
4. drilling is done.

Cutting holes using a template

When working with metal pipes, it is recommended to use the following as additional lubrication and protection against overheating of the drill:

• machine oil for steel pipes;
• soap solution for copper products.

Features of working on cast iron pipes

Drilling holes in a cast iron pipe requires:

• compliance with all safety standards. Since small chips may form during the operation, in addition to protecting your eyes and hands, it is recommended to use a respirator or gauze bandage. In addition, the room where work is carried out must have high-quality ventilation;
• It is recommended to drill a hole in a cast iron sewer pipe at low speeds of the drill. The power of the equipment can be gradually increased;
• For drilling cast iron pipes, drills with Pobedit tips are the best choice.

Pobedit tool for drilling cast iron

Features of working on plastic pipes

Cutting holes in plastic pipes, such as drainage pipes, is the easiest task. This does not require special equipment. All work can be done with a simple drill.

When drilling PVC pipes, there are some peculiarities:

• It is necessary to cut holes at minimum drill speeds, since under the influence of high temperatures the pipe can be deformed;
• If smooth and neat holes are required, then after drilling it is necessary to refine them with a small file or a sharp knife.

Drilling large holes

Now let's look at how to cut a hole in a pipe for a pipe or how to make holes of large diameters. To do this you need:

1. fix the pipe and apply markings to it;
2. according to the scheme described above, drill a hole of small diameter;
3. put a special attachment on the drill for drilling large holes;

Large diameter hole drilling device

1. insert the central drill into the prepared hole;
2. Carefully, first at low speeds of the tool, make a hole of the required diameter.

If a hole ranging in size from 5 mm to 10-15 mm is required, then the use of special nozzles is not required. It is enough to first drill a small hole, and then use a larger diameter drill to bring the hole to the desired size.

Cutting square holes

Square holes are most often cut into a square pipe to connect sections into a finished structure. There are several ways in which such holes can be made. The first is this:

1. the area and dimensions of the future hole are marked on the pipe section;
2. the first stage is cutting out a round hole of small diameter according to the diagram presented above;
3. Next, a drill or nozzle of a larger diameter is selected that best fits the size of the circle inscribed in the square;
4. a round hole of large diameter is cut out;
5. Using files of different sizes, a square (rectangular) section is made from a round hole.

The second method is to use a special attachment instead of files. The preliminary stages completely coincide with points 1 – 4 of the instructions above. The prepared hole requires minimal modification.

The easiest way to drill square holes

The article discusses a method for drilling pipes without special equipment. How the drilling machine works is shown in the video.

So, drilling holes in metal, cast iron or plastic pipes is not a difficult task. If you have an ordinary drill with various drills and attachments, you can make holes of different diameters and geometric shapes in a short time.

Source: https://profpipe.ru/ustanovka/kak-i-chem-sdelat-otverstie-v-trube-izgotovlennuyu-iz-raznyh-materialov.html