How much does bronze weigh

How much do ankle boots weigh?

Let's start with the fact that ankle boots are different. Some have metal inserts, others do not. That is, the weight of the shoes will be different.

How to find out the parameter

Berts weigh completely differently. The easiest way to find out their mass is by reading the characteristics presented in online stores. Otherwise, it can reach from 700 g to 2 kg - each shoe.

In addition, military products are lightweight. And different manufacturers produce models with different weights. Let’s take the “Czech” model as an example. They are made of genuine leather, that is, a priori they cannot weigh very little. They do not have a lining, which makes them somewhat lighter. A zipper and laces are used as a fastener - this is also somewhat heavy.

The toe box uses thermoplastic material, and the heel also has it. The sole is polyurethane - not very heavy. The height of the boots is 240 mm. The instep support is made of metal. As a result, the weight of the boots reaches 680 g - they are lightweight. We hope you now understand what it consists of.

Now let's look at the non-lightweight Faraday 906 boots. This model is often used in the service. It weighs 1.5 kg - each shoe. The boots are made from genuine leather. Mesh is used as lining. The sole is TEP, the height of the boot is 22 cm. Laces and a special fastener are used as a fastener. The insole is made of leather cardboard. This model cannot be called lightweight.

How to determine the mass of a house

You can measure the weight of ankle boots at home.

1. It is better to weigh each shoe after removing the laces.
2. You can simply put the shoe on the scale and take the necessary measurements.
3. You can stand on the device yourself. Remember the value. Then stand on the device in your boots.

The weight of the product should be obtained as follows: subtract your weight without them from your weight in boots. Then the value is divided by 2. Everything is very simple and accessible.

It’s easy to understand whether your boots are lightweight or not. If their value is above 1 kg, one should not talk about lightness. If their weight is closer to 700 g, the option is lightweight.

So, ankle boots, like all shoe models, can have different weights. It is made up of a mass of components - and there are many of them. It is also influenced by what material the model is made from.

Source: https://obuv-j.com/bercy/skolko-vesjat-bercy/

Specific gravity of brass and bronze

Material Density, kg/m 3 Aluminum alloys Tin and lead babbits Tin-free cast bronzes Tin-free bronzes processed by pressure Beryllium bronzes Tin bronzes wrought Bronzes tin cast Magnesium alloys wrought Magnesium alloys cast Copper-zinc alloys (brass) cast Copper-zinc alloys ( brass), pressure-processed Nickel and copper-nickel alloys, pressure-processable Zinc alloys anti-friction

AL1	2750
AL2	2650
AL3	2700
AL4	2650
AL5	2680
AL7	2800
AL8	2550
AL9	2660
AL11	2940
AL13	2600
AL21	2830
AL22	2500
AL24	2740
AL25	2720
B88	7350
B83	7380
B83S	7400
B16	9290
BN	9700
BS6	10050
BrA9Mts2L	7600
BrA9Zh3L	7600
BrA10Zh4N4L	7600
BrS30	9400
BrA5	8200
BrA7	7800
BrAMts9-2	7600
BrAZH9-4	7600
BrAZhMts10-3-1.5	7500
BrAZHN10-4-4	7500
BrKMts3.1	8400
BrKN1-3	8600
BrMts5	8600
BrB2	8200
BrBNT1.9	8200
BrBNT1.7	8200
Br0F8.0-0.3	8600
Br0F7-0.2	8600
Br0F6.5-0.4	8700
Br0F6.5-0.15	8800
Br0F4-0.25	8900
Br0Ts4-3	8800
Br0TSS4-4-2.5	8900
Br0TSS4-4-4	9100
Br03TS12S5	8690
Br03TS7S5N1	8840
Br05TS5S5	8840
MA1	1760
MA2	1780
MA2-1	1790
MA5	1820
MA8	1780
MA14	1800
ML3	1780
ML4	1830
ML6	1810
ML10	1760
ML11	1780
ML12	1800
LTs16K4	8300
LTs23A6Zh3Mts2	8500
LC30A3	8500
LTs38Mts2S2	8500
LTs40Sd	8500
LTs40S	8500
LTs40Mts3ZH	8500
LTs25S2	8500
L96	8850
L90	8780
L85	8750
L80	8660
L70	8610
L68	8600
L63	8440
L60	8400
LA77-2	8600
LAZ60-1-1	8200
LAN59-3-2	8400
LZhMts59-1-1	8500
LN65-5	8600
LM-58-2	8400
LM-A57-3-1	8100
NK0.2	8900
NMTs2.5	8900
NMTs5	8800
NMtsAK2-2-1	8500
HX9.5	8700
MNMts43-0.5	8900
NMC-40-1.5	8900
MNZHMts30-1-1	8900
MNZH5-1	8700
MH19	8900
MH16	9020
MNC15-20	8700
MNA13-3	8500
MNA6-1.5	8700
MNMts3-12	8400
TsAM9-1.5L	6200
TsAM9-1.5	6200
TsAM10-5L	6300
TsAM10-5	6300

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Source: https://MyTooling.ru/instrumenty/udelnyj-ves-latuni-i-bronzy

How much does a turkey weigh?

The turkey is one of the largest birds domesticated by humans. Only the ostrich is heavier and larger than him. You will learn from the article how to raise large turkeys at home and which breeds hold the record for weight.

What does weight depend on?

A poultry farmer who plans to raise turkeys for business is probably interested in the question: will it be profitable? It is important to calculate what the meat yield will be and what the costs of maintaining these poultry will be. Males always weigh 1.5–2 times more than females. The average body weight of turkeys is 6.5–35 kg, and that of turkeys is 4.5–11 kg.

Exactly what weight the birds you purchase will depend on several factors:

• breeds;
• gender;
• feeding ration;
• conditions of detention;
• health conditions;
• age.

The slaughter weight of turkeys is 85% - this is the highest figure among all domestic birds.

General growth rates by month

It is important for the poultry farmer to know how weight gain normally occurs as birds grow older. It is worth noting that birds do not gain it evenly throughout their lives. The greatest peaks of growth occur in the first 3-4 months of life; in the 5th month a gradual slowdown begins. By 7-8 months, weight gain practically stops.

Information on the monthly growth rate of males and females of medium breeds can be obtained from the table:

Age (months)	Male weight, kg	Female weight, kg
at birth	57 g	50 g
1	0,6	0,5
2	1,7	1,5
3	3,5	3
4	5,5	4,2
5	7,2	5,2
6	9	6,2
7	11,5	6,5
8	12,5	7

Indicators for broiler breeds will be slightly different:

Age	Male weight, kg	Female weight, kg
at birth	60 g	50 g
1	1,28	1,16
2	4,84	4,05
3	10,12	7,8
4	16	10,82
5	21,09	12,35
6	25	12,75

Each breed has its own growth rates, and when raising turkey poults, you should check them monthly. In this way, it is possible to timely adjust the diet and improve living conditions in order to achieve the numbers stated by the breeder.

How much does an adult turkey weigh?

Birds belonging to different breeds have significant differences in weight. Breeds are conventionally divided into 3 groups: large, medium and small. Males of the smallest breeds reach a mass of 6.5–7 cm, females - 4 kg. These include, for example, Verginskaya and black Tikhoretskaya.

Experienced poultry farmers advise starting a business by breeding medium-sized breeds with an average weight of 8–17 kg for males and 5–6.5 kg for turkeys. Examples of medium breeds are white Moscow, bronze, North Caucasian white, North Caucasian silver.

Raising large birds will require experience; They need good conditions, a certain feeding regime and diet. In addition, they require more costs. Below is an overview of the most popular breeds that are easy for a beginner to raise in the home.

White broad-breasted

The White Broad-breasted breed was bred in the USA. Depending on body weight, it is divided into 3 types: heavy, medium and light. Turkeys belonging to the heavy group reach a weight of 26 kg, turkeys - 10 kg. Males from the middle group typically weigh 17 kg, females - 7 kg. Light males have a mass of 9 kg, females - 7 kg.

White Moscow

These turkeys are the product of Russian breeders. They are distinguished by early onset of slaughter age, good acclimatization, and high productivity. The average weight of white Moscow males is 13 kg, females - 7 kg.

Bronze standard

Another breed of American selection. It is characterized by large size, good adaptability to various living conditions, high productivity and good health. Females of the bronze standard breed reach a weight of 6 kg, turkeys - 16 kg.

Uzbek fawn

As the name implies, the breed was bred in Uzbekistan. Local breed lines were selected for selection, so turkeys are adapted to living conditions in Central Asia. These birds grow slowly. The weight of turkeys usually does not exceed 12 kg, and that of turkeys - 7 kg.

Black Tikhoretskaya

The breed was selected in Russia. It involved local turkeys and representatives of the bronze and broad-chested breeds. An average body weight of 6 kg is typical for black Tikhoretsk turkeys, and 12 kg for turkeys.

What are the largest turkeys?

Representatives of large male breeds weigh 20 kg or more, females gain 10–15 kg. These are most often bred in poultry farms. List of breeds that hold the record for weight:

Breed name	Weight of an adult male, kg	Mass of an adult female, kg
Hybrid converter	30	11,5
Grade maker	20	15
BIG-6	30	11
BIG-9	21,75	11,66
Bronze-708	28	15
Canadian broad chested	30	17
North Caucasian white	18	9

Important! Birds of most large breeds are propagated only artificially, since there is a large difference in the weight of male and female birds - approximately 9-10 kg. Mating is not allowed, as this threatens to injure the females.

How to determine weight

The weight of agricultural birds is determined by weighing. For this purpose, boxes, bags and other devices are used. Electronic hanging scales are best. Commercially available special scales on a platform, which are equipped with a cage, are very convenient.

With a large population, 3–5 individuals are weighed, and then average values ​​are calculated. An example calculation is as follows: 7 kg (weight of one bird) + 7.5 kg (weight of the second bird) + 8 kg (weight of the third bird) / 3 (number of birds) = 7.5 kg (average weight).

Why don't turkeys gain weight?

Often, poultry farmers may encounter a problem: birds do not gain weight well.

Several reasons can lead to this situation:

1. Disease. The fact that birds are sick may be indicated by symptoms such as refusal to eat, depressed state, passive behavior, and deterioration in the appearance of feathers. If at least one of these signs is present, you should contact a veterinarian who will make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
2. Incorrectly formulated diet. You need to look for information about exactly what products and in what quantity you should feed birds of your breed at a certain age. Then you need to adjust your diet. If you cannot do this yourself, you can seek advice from a competent veterinarian or an experienced poultry farmer.
3. Poor living conditions. It is necessary to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards, regularly clean and disinfect drinking bowls, feeders, premises, and not violate the rules of placement in the poultry house. It is imperative to keep young and adult individuals in separate rooms.

We recommend reading about keeping turkeys at home in winter.

How to feed turkey poults so that they grow well and gain weight

Feeding newly born babies should be given special attention. The diet can be compiled in accordance with the recommendations given:

day of life	Products that can be included in the daily menu
1	milk fermented milk products (cottage cheese, yogurt) buttermilk
2	chopped boiled egg
3–10	wheat flour corn grain fresh herbs (nettle, onion, alfalfa) wheat bran chalk shell rock (all crushed and wet)
after 11	corn flour (30%) oats (30%) wheat bran (20%) cottage cheese (16%) bone flour limestone (1-2%) salt (0.5%) curdled milk milk boiled egg

Important! When planning broiler breeding, you should focus on feed consumption indicators. So, for 1 individual per month you will need to use about 29–34 kg of feed.

So, keeping turkeys is a fairly profitable business, since this bird is capable of gaining a lot of weight in a short time of keeping, its meat has dietary properties and is highly valued. The weight gain of birds depends on many factors. First of all, they need comfortable conditions in the poultry house and a properly balanced diet.

Source: https://fermer-style.ru/skolko-vesit-indyuk.html

Bronze bar: properties and application. Types of bronze circles | STYLE SERVICE

The manufacturer produces high-quality bronze rods in the form of metal products with a round cross-section of different diameters. Bronze rod is the most popular type of rolled bronze. The products are distinguished by precision manufacturing and degree of hardness. The main standard regulating the standards for a circle made of this metal is GOST 1628-78.

Features and types of bronze circles

A durable bronze rod, the price of which varies depending on the parameters, has the following qualities:

• elasticity and softness (amenable to many types of processing);
• high thermal conductivity;
• corrosion resistance;
• resistance to friction and oxidation;
• good malleability (bronze rods can be purchased for subsequent production of designer forgings);
• weldability;
• resistance to friction;
• cavitation resistance;
• non-toxic.

Modern production facilities allow customers to buy bronze bars at retail or wholesale in one of 3 main categories:

• pressed (made from metals of different grades);
• continuously cast (no defects with a smooth surface);

• cold deformable (made to order only).

Centrifugal casting is used for casting large round timber.

Bronze alloy circle marks

When choosing this rental, special attention should be paid to brands that differ in chemical composition and physical properties.

The following brands are used for blanks:

Bronze rod is an ideal option in terms of price and service life. It is characterized by high hardness, resistance to abrasion and mechanical stress.

An affordable product is in demand in the process of manufacturing parts that are subject to frequent replacement. The soft alloy has a high degree of slip due to the presence of tin.

The brand is used in the production of parts for pressing equipment and friction units operating under high loads.

Received the name “Marine”, this bronze rod is recommended to buy in Ukraine for repairing highly loaded critical components of marine equipment. The alloy has good resistance to corrosion and pressure at high temperatures. Manganese in the composition of this vintage bronze increases its strength, temperature and anti-friction characteristics.

Bronze rod: application in industry

Special parameters and indicators of round timber made of an alloy of copper and tin allow the use of blanks in the following areas:

• mechanical engineering (production of cylindrical mechanisms with an axis of rotation);

• automobile, aircraft and shipbuilding;
• production of elements of gas and water systems;
• electrical and space industries;
• instrument making.

Once you know how much a bronze bar weighs, you can easily calculate the cost of the required volume of supply. If necessary, specialists from STEEL-SERVICE LTD will provide assistance in calculations.

Also read articles:

Source: https://steelservice.com.ua/bronzovyj-prutok-svojstva-i-primenenie/

Calculation of the weight of a bronze circle and rod from the supplier Avec Global

• Directory
• Copper, brass, bronze
• Bronze
• Circle, bronze rod

Are you interested in calculating the weight of a bronze circle and rod? The supplier Avec Global offers to buy bronze circles and rods of domestic and foreign production at an affordable price in a wide range. We will ensure delivery of products to any point on the continent. The price is optimal.

Calculation sequence

The easiest way to perform the calculation is to use built-in calculators that take into account the volume of the product and the density of a particular brand of bronze. Below is a table of density values ​​for the most common grades of domestic bronze alloys.

Bronze	tin-free deformable	tin deformable	Bronze (OST 2MT31−75)	Beryllium
BrAZH	BrK	BrOF	BrOC	BrOTSS	BROS	BrOTsSN
Density ρ, kg/m3	75007600	84008600	86008800	8800	89009100	9100	88008900	8200

According to the standards in force in Russia and the CIS countries, the supply of bronze volumetric rolled products is made in bars with a length of 400 to 4000 mm (the lower limit can be adjusted if the supply is made as part of an individual order, with a volume of at least 500 kg).

Knowing the density of a particular brand of bronze ρ, the length of the rod l and the radius r of its cross section, the mass M can be calculated using the dependence:

M = 3.14xlxrxρ

The supplier Avec Global offers to buy bronze circles and rods of domestic and foreign production at an affordable price in a wide range. We will ensure delivery of products to any point on the continent. The price is optimal.

Calculation according to the table

The tables usually provide average data on the weight of one linear meter of rod. They are convenient to use if the rental brand is not exactly known. Based on the average density of deformable bronze of 8800 kg/m3, the data shown in the table can be used:

Rod diameter, mm	5	10	20	40	60	90	150
Weight per linear meter, kg	0,150,17	0,650,69	2,402,80	9,4511,20	21,225,1	47,956,5	132,5157,9

The calculation accuracy is somewhat lower, but in practice it is quite acceptable for most cases.

Buy. Supplier, price

Are you interested in calculating the weight of a bronze circle and rod? The supplier Avec Global offers to buy bronze circles and rods of domestic and foreign production at an affordable price in a wide range. We will ensure delivery of products to any point on the continent. The price is optimal. We invite you to partner cooperation.

Source: https://www.avglob.org/reference/raschet-vesa-bronzovogo-kruga-i-prutka.html

Metal weight table

The main characteristic affecting the weight of a metal is its density.

What does metal density mean?

The density of a metal refers to its weight per unit of occupied volume. Volume is often measured in cubic meters and cubic centimeters. What is the reason for such large, by earthly standards, weight and density? The density of a metal and its weight depend on how small the radius of the atom is and how large its weight is.

Density of metals table

Metal	g/cm3	kg/m3	Metal	g/cm3	kg/m3
Lithium	0,534	534	Samarium	7,536	7536
Potassium	0,87	870	Iron	7,87	7874
Sodium	0,968	9680	Gadolinium	7,895	7895
Rubidium	1,53	1530	Terbium	8,272	8272
Calcium	1,54	1540	Dysprosium	8,536	8536
Magnesium	1,74	1740	Niobium	8,57	8570
Beryllium	1,845	1845	Cadmium	8,65	8650
Cesium	1,873	1873	Holmium	8,803	8803
Silicon	2,33	2330	Nickel	8,9	8900
Bor	2,34	2340	Cobalt	8,9	8900
Strontium	2,6	2600	Copper	8,94	8940
Aluminum	2,7	2700	Erbium	9,051	9051
Scandium	2,99	2990	Thulium	9,332	9332
Barium	3,5	3500	Bismuth	9,8	9800
Yttrium	4,472	4472	Lutetium	9,842	9842
Titanium	4,54	4540	Molybdenum	10,22	10220
Selenium	4,79	4790	Silver	10,49	10490
Europium	5,259	5259	Lead	11,34	11340
Germanium	5,32	5320	Thorium	11,66	11660
Arsenic	5,727	5727	Thallium	11,85	11850
Gallium	5,907	5907	Palladium	12,02	12020
Vanadium	6,11	6110	Ruthenium	12,4	12400
Lanthanum	6,174	6174	Rhodium	12.44	12440
Tellurium	6,25	6250	Hafnium	13,29	13290
Zirconium	6,45	6450	Mercury	13,55	13550
Cerium	6,66	6660	Tantalum	16,6	16600
Antimony	6,68	6680	Uranus	19,07	19070
Praseodymium	6,782	6782	Tungsten	19,3	19300
Ytterbium	6,977	6977	Gold	19,32	19320
Neodymium	7,004	7004	Plutonium	19,84	19840
Zinc	7,13	7130	Rhenium	21,02	21020
Chromium	7,19	7190	Platinum	21,40	21400
Tin	7,3	7300	Iridium	22,42	22420
Indium	7,31	7310	Osmium	22,5	22500
Manganese	7,44	7440

The table shows that the specific gravity of a cube of metal varies greatly. The difference in weight between the heaviest and lightest metal is 42 times. Osmium, whose weight is 22500 kg per m3 and lithium, which has the lowest density, whose weight is 534 kg per m3. The metal that has the greatest density also has the greatest weight and it is osmium, as we already understood.

The average density among all metals is 11.5 g per cm3.

It is also noteworthy that there are metals whose density is less than water. There are several of them: lithium, potassium, sodium.

For reference, we can add that osmium is not only the heaviest, but also the rarest. It is mined at around 100 kg per year.

Density of precious metals

Precious metals usually include: silver, gold, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium. The density of which starts from 10.49 g cm3 (silver) and reaches 22.5 cm3 (osmium). You can check the weight of others in the table.

Alloy Density Table

Alloy	g/cm3	kg/m3	Alloy	g/cm3	kg/m3
Duralumin	2,75	2750	Nichrome	8,4	8400
Gray cast iron	7,1	7100	Brass	8,2-8,8	8200-8800
White cast iron	7,6-7,8	7600-7800	Bronze	7,5-9,1	7500-9100
Steel	7,8	7800	Wood's alloy	9,7	9700

Source: https://gauge.tk/ves-metalla-tablitsa/

Description of curling stones: weight of the projectile, material for production, price

Curling is a game that involves throwing stones at a target (at a house) and pushing your opponent out of them. In order for a projectile to withstand throws and impacts, it must be durable. It is important that the equipment glides well on the ice. Therefore, there are a number of requirements: the material of manufacture, diameter, height and weight are regulated.

How much does a curling stone weigh?

The first curling stone was found in Dunblane (Scotland) at the bottom of a dry lake. The date was marked on it - 1511. This year is considered the period of the birth of an unusual game on ice.

The found specimen was very different from modern curling pucks. At that time, sports equipment did not have a regulated weight or size. The weight of some specimens reached 80 kg. Only a physically developed person could launch such a projectile.

In 1838, a curling association was formed, which standardized the rules and equipment parameters of the game. The reference weight is 44 pounds with a diameter of 11.5 inches, height of 4.5 inches. In terms of more usual values, the weight is 19.96 kg, dimensions 29 × 11.4 cm.

The shape of a curling stone resembles a hockey puck. It is round but has a flattened surface at the top and bottom. At the top there is a smoothly polished handle.

The first men's world championship in stone throwing on ice was held in 1959, and the women's - exactly 20 years later (in 1979). The weight of the puck does not change depending on the gender of the players.

1 pound is equal to 453.592 g. The exact mass of a curling puck is 19.958 kg.

Watch a program about the sport with stones:

What are curling stones made of?

Curling equipment has always been made from natural stones. They do not deviate from this tradition even now.

Previously, they used absolutely any breed of suitable shape and size. Thus, the stone found in the river was more of a cobblestone than a round piece of equipment for the game.

Such minerals ceased to be smooth and began to crumble after the third throw. Therefore, curlers faced the question of finding the ideal material.

Shells began to be made from all rocks known in Scotland. However, only the rock called “blue granite” has sufficient hardness and smoothness.

This type of granite is of volcanic origin. It was created by nature itself from magma, solidified by cooling with water.

They also tried to make a projectile from Ural granite. Unfortunately, this material has not been tested for professional suitability.

Who makes curling stones and where?

Real curling equipment is produced exclusively in Scotland. Only in this country are there deposits of blue granite.

The mineral was first mined on the volcanic island of Ailsa Craig. After the area was declared a nature reserve, mining was stopped. After a short search, a new deposit was discovered in North Wales. Raw materials for curling shells are still mined here today.

The problem is that, according to the latest estimates, the reserves of blue granite in a single deposit will only last until 2020. The search for a suitable rock is currently underway around the world.

They also tried to make curling stones from granite mined in the Urals. The resulting shells became rough and unusable after only a dozen throws. After studying the rock, it became clear that this problem is associated with the content of tiny mica particles in it.

Now equipment made from Ural raw materials is used in Russia during training. It has to be constantly sanded and the coating strengthened in every possible way. For the game they buy original stone shells.

70% of curling stones are produced by a Scottish company headed by Mark Callan. The company produces up to 9 shells per day and up to 2000 per year. The product is in demand all over the world, so orders for its production are placed several months in advance.

The stone part of the curling puck consists of 2 pieces. The upper part is made of ordinary granite, and the lower part is made of blue. It is from below that expensive raw materials are used, which do not lose smoothness and do not absorb moisture when sliding on ice. The handle is made of plastic and is attached to the main part with screws.

To provide one curling team with equipment, 16 stones are needed. The price of each of them reaches $600. Every year the cost increases. It is noteworthy that the service life of curling shells reaches 50 years.

To watch a news story about the production of stones:



Curling is a complex game that requires the participant to have developed muscles, logical thinking and dexterity. Previously, much depended on the weight and shape of the stone. Now, thanks to standardized equipment, competitions are held as fairly as possible. Curling stones are made from blue granite, mined only in Scotland.

Share interesting information with your friends on social networks. Express your opinion on the topic in the comments.

Source: https://zakamnem.ru/interesno/kamen-dlya-kerlinga

Properties of bronze: color, density, grades, markings, application

It is the properties of bronze that determine the popularity of this well-known material, which has not declined for several millennia. As a result of the active development of the metallurgical industry, various grades of this alloy have been developed, each of which has its own characteristics and areas of application.

A bronze rod in the shape of a circle (round timber) serves as a raw material for the production of fasteners, bearings and other engine parts

Types of Bronze Alloys

How popular bronze was and remains is evidenced by the fact that an entire period in human history was called the Bronze Age. Scientists believe that the word “bronze” itself owes its origin to the old name of the Italian city of Brindisi, famous for its foundries.

Bronze was originally made by melting and mixing metals such as copper and tin. Bells were often cast from it, which is why it received the name “bell”. It was also used to make weapons and tools, various household utensils, sculptural compositions and interior items.

Figurines made of bronze alloys are made using artistic casting technology

In many old photos you can see interior bronze items, which still amaze with their beauty. With the development of the metallurgical industry, other types of bronze appeared, into which aluminum, iron, beryllium, silicon, zinc, lead, phosphorus, etc. began to be introduced instead of tin.

Changing the traditional chemical composition of bronze made it possible not only to improve its mechanical properties (hardness, strength, wear resistance and resistance to aggressive environments), but also to change its color.

Thus, the surface color of bronze products can vary from red (if the bronze contains a large amount of copper) to gray and even black.

The change in color of this alloy when its chemical composition is varied is a very important property in the manufacture of decorative products.

The color of rolled bronze depends on the chemical elements it contains.

Many people confuse bronze with brass, although this is a completely different copper alloy with different properties, the chemical composition of which, in addition to the base metal, contains zinc. Although the color of brass can be confused with some brands of bronze, in many of their characteristics they are different materials, and therefore their areas of application differ.

Another common copper alloy, the main alloying element of which is nickel, is cupronickel. The surface of products made from it has a beautiful silver color. Cupronickel is actively used for minting coins and making cutlery.

Depending on whether the bronze contains tin or not, it can be of the tin or tin-free type.

If we talk about bronzes of the first type, then the maximum amount of tin in their chemical composition can reach up to 33%. Increasing the tin content slightly reduces the specific gravity and density of the base metal, but increases such properties of the final material as hardness and strength.

In addition, with an increase in tin in the composition of bronze, the color of the products made from it becomes lighter, which is noticeable even from their photos.

In addition to tin, which also reduces the melting point of the finished alloy, the chemical composition of such a metal may also contain other chemical elements - arsenic, lead, zinc, etc.

Chemical composition of tin bronzes

If we talk about tin-free bronzes, the specific gravity and density of which differ slightly from the similar characteristics of alloys of the first type, then in many of their mechanical properties they can surpass not only tin bronzes, but also some grades of steel. Naturally, the colors of products made from such alloys can vary significantly.

Chemical composition of tin-free bronzes (click to enlarge)

Thermal conductivity and other characteristics of bronze

As mentioned above, the percentage of the main alloying element in the chemical composition of bronze changes not only its color, but also its mechanical properties. At the same time, the density and specific gravity, when compared with similar characteristics of materials of other brands, change slightly. This pattern is relevant not only for bronze, but also for brass, as well as for other copper alloys.

If we talk about tin-type bronzes, then their property, such as ductility, begins to decrease if the percentage of tin in them exceeds 5%. If the tin content is increased to 20%, then simultaneously with a decrease in hardness, the fragility of such a material will also increase. That is why, to perform foundry operations and metal processing by plastic deformation, you can only use bronze that contains no more than 6% tin.

Physical properties of tin bronzes

The chemical composition of certain grades of bronze includes zinc, the content of which can reach up to 10%. Such alloying practically does not change the specific gravity and density of the metal, and also does not have a significant effect on its mechanical properties, but reduces its cost.

To improve such a property of bronze as machinability (in particular, to facilitate the process of breaking chips), a small amount of lead (up to 5%) is introduced into it. Phosphorus, present in some brands of bronze, which are called phosphorous, acts in them as a deoxidizing agent.

Physical properties of silicon, beryllium and manganese bronzes

An important property of bronze, which contains tin, is the minimum shrinkage coefficient. In most other characteristics, tin-free bronzes are superior to tin bronzes.

Thus, alloys in which aluminum is the main alloying element have improved mechanical properties and are also more resistant to even very aggressive environments.

Alloys in which copper is mixed with silicon and zinc are characterized by high fluidity in the molten state, which predetermined the scope of their application - the manufacture of various objects by casting. Bronzes containing beryllium are durable and hard materials, products from which are also highly elastic.

Physical characteristics of aluminum bronzes

When copper is mixed with alloying additives, which occurs when creating bronze, the property of the base metal, such as thermal conductivity, is reduced. In particular, those chemical elements that are used in the manufacture of bronze make its thermal conductivity even lower than that of another copper alloy - brass. The only exceptions are those grades of bronze in which the copper content is very significant.

This property of most grades of bronze, such as low thermal conductivity, somewhat limits the scope of their application. Due to the fact that they do not remove heat very well, products made from them are not used in heavily loaded friction units; welding electrodes are not made from such bronzes, as well as elements of mechanisms that must ensure rapid heat removal.

Areas of application and labeling rules

The variety of uses of bronze is explained by its unique properties. The modern range of its brands allows you to optimally select them for solving certain technological problems.

Areas of application of tin bronzes

Bronze alloys of various grades are used to produce elements of gear, screw and worm joints, parts subjected to significant friction during operation, electrical and plumbing products, various membranes, springs, and connecting elements.

In addition, bronze is used to make body parts for various equipment; it is used in the shipbuilding and automotive industries and even in the aerospace industry.

Interior compositions and sculptures have long been made from bronze; now it is also used in the production of furniture fittings, sanitary ware and various decorative items.

Application areas of tin-free casting bronzes

Only very experienced specialists are able to determine, even from a photo of a bronze product, what grade of alloy it is made from. And markings consisting of alphanumeric designations help non-professionals solve such a problem.

It always contains the letters “Br”, which indicates that this is bronze. In addition, there are other letters in the marking, each of which indicates a chemical element that is part of the bronze alloy.

At the same time, the percentage of copper is not indicated in the marking; it can be determined by subtracting the total amount of other elements from 100% (the entire volume of bronze).

Example of bronze alloy markings

Marking a bronze alloy, in addition to the details of its chemical composition, allows us to determine the main properties that it possesses. Such properties include, in particular, the density of the material, as well as its specific gravity. This information is of purely practical importance. Knowing the specific gravity of a certain bronze alloy, you can easily calculate the exact weight of the object that is made from it.

All such information, as well as the exact chemical composition of bronze of various grades, is contained in special tables.

Source: http://met-all.org/cvetmet-splavy/bronza/bronza-tsvet-plotnost-udelnyj-ves-markirovka-marki.html

Bronze BrAZh9-4 - alloy, properties, characteristics review article

Bronze grade BrAZh9-4 (CuAl9Fe4) refers to tin-free aluminum bronzes, the chemical composition of which is clearly stated in GOST 18175-78 (for tin-free bronzes processed by pressure).

The grade of multi-component bronze BrAZH9-4, according to production technology, belongs to deformable bronzes, as indicated by its designation adopted in Russia, and the numbers follow after listing all the letters and indicate the average value of the alloying elements contained in the alloy.

The main alloying elements in BrAZh9-4 bronze are aluminum, the content of which can reach up to 10%, and iron - up to 4%, the rest of the structural content is given to copper - the base of the alloy. The alloy may contain a small amount of impurities. Sale of rolled bronze.

If the numbers in the bronze grade are indicated directly after each letter, then according to the production technology the bronze is classified as foundry - BrA9Zh3L. The chemical composition of tin-free cast bronzes is determined in accordance with GOST 493-79.

Previously, when GOST 493-54 was in force, where the designation for the grade of cast bronze was as follows: BrAZH9-4L, the letter “L” was placed at the end of the abbreviation to indicate that the same bronze can be produced either by casting or by deformation.

Semi-finished aluminum bronze products:

• Wire
• Pipe BrAZH
• Bushing BrAZH
• Circle BrAZH
• Rod BRAZH 9-4

Casting and technological properties of aluminum bronzes

In the Cu-Al-Fe system, according to studies of non-ferrous metal alloys, 4 phases were discovered: α - solid solution of Al and Fe in Cu; Fe—solid solution based on Fe; β—solid solution based on Cu3Al compound; γ—solid solution.

The isothermal sections show the position of the phase regions in the copper corner of the diagram at temperatures of 1000 and 700 degrees.

Aluminum is introduced into the composition of copper to improve the properties of the resulting alloy, due to which bronze becomes corrosion-resistant, has high mechanical and anti-friction properties, which makes it possible to use an alloy of aluminum bronzes instead of scarce tin alloying additives without loss.

Aluminum bronzes are much cheaper than tin bronzes, and parts made from them are much lighter, and the performance characteristics of the alloy even increase (see table below).

Adding more than 2-3% iron to aluminum bronzes increases the strength properties of bronzes, slightly reducing their ductility.

Application of brands BrAZh9-4 and BrA9Zh3L

Blanks and semi-finished products made of aluminum bronze are recommended for use in the automotive and tractor, aviation and instrument making, machine tool and defense, oil and chemical industries, since aluminum alloys have high mechanical and anti-friction properties.

The alloy's resistance to corrosion allows the use of aluminum bronze parts in salty sea water, so they are widely used in shipbuilding, and the excellent anti-friction properties of the alloy allow it to be used instead of tin bronze, reducing the cost of parts and, by the way, their weight. For example, aluminum bronzes perform well in friction units of various technological equipment for the petrochemical industry.

Bronze grade BrAZH9-4 has proven itself as an excellent material for sliding bearings that must operate at high speeds and with high shock loads. For bearings, circles and hollow pieces of aluminum bronze are used.

The following are made from BrAZH9-4 bronze:

• forgings, extruded pipes, pipe blanks and rods;
• pressure screw nuts, gears, bushings and valve seats for the aviation industry;
• In mechanical engineering, aluminum bronze is used to make castings of massive parts into the ground.

Bronze grade BrA9Zh3L is used for the manufacture of fittings and anti-friction parts.

Source: https://nfmetall.ru/articles/16.html