All about Epiphany water: when to collect it, how to drink it correctly and what not to do
The water that was blessed on the feast of the Epiphany is called the “great agiasma.” It is considered a shrine. Believers carefully preserve it and drink it little by little throughout the year. The main thing you need to know about Epiphany water is in the material altapress.ru.
December 19, 2019 in Barnaul. Baptism.
Anna Zaikova.
The water consecrated for the Epiphany is called “Epiphany” or “Epiphany.” In Orthodox churches, water is blessed on Christmas Eve and Epiphany, that is, January 18 and 19.
The “Great Agiasma” is carefully preserved and drunk little by little throughout the year. It is believed that it has special properties: it does not spoil for a long time and helps relieve ailments. However, the church warns that Epiphany water should not be taken as a medicine.
Epiphany water must be drunk with prayer and reverence. You can also sprinkle your apartment with Epiphany water. At the same time, they usually sing a special prayer - the troparion of the Baptism of the Lord.
December 19, 2019 in Barnaul. Baptism.
Anna Zaikova.
How to drink Epiphany water correctly
You can drink holy water on Epiphany and Christmas Eve all day long. And on ordinary days they traditionally drink it little by little: in the morning, on an empty stomach and with prayer.
But fasting is not a prerequisite. The main thing is to take holy water with reverence and prayer. Epiphany water can also be diluted, and it will not lose its properties.
Is it true that swimming in an ice hole at Epiphany washes away sins?
No, according to church canons, swimming in an ice font does not cleanse a person from sins. And it doesn’t affect how many times a person dives or crosses himself.
Swimming in an ice hole at Epiphany is a folk custom, not a church rite. According to Orthodox teaching, only sincere repentance in the sacrament of confession cleanses the soul from sins.
Baptism in Barnaul on January 19, 2019.
Anna Zaikova.
What not to do with Epiphany water
You cannot wash the floor with holy water, take a bath, add it to tea, give it to pets to drink, etc.
In addition, holy water cannot wash away damage and the evil eye, because from the point of view of the church, the evil eye and damage do not exist.
It is important to know that the Orthodox Church has a negative attitude towards occult and magical practices, fortune telling, love spells and other similar practices.
Source: https://altapress.ru/zhizn/story/vse-o-kreshchenskoy-vode-kogda-nabirat-kak-pravilno-pit-i-chto-nelzya-delat-260836
Chem. properties of simple substances
All chemical elements are divided into metals and non-metals depending on the structure and properties of their atoms. Also, simple substances formed by elements are classified into metals and non-metals, based on their physical and chemical properties.
In the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev's non-metals are located diagonally: boron - astatine and above it in the main subgroups.
Metal atoms are characterized by relatively large radii and a small number of electrons on the outer level from 1 to 3 (exceptions: germanium, tin, lead - 4; antimony and bismuth - 5; polonium - 6 electrons).
Non-metal atoms, on the contrary, are characterized by small atomic radii and the number of electrons at the outer level from 4 to 8 (with the exception of boron, it has three such electrons).
Hence the tendency of metal atoms to give up external electrons, i.e. reducing properties, and for non-metal atoms - the desire to accept electrons missing to a stable eight-electron level, i.e. oxidizing properties.
Metals
In metals there is a metal bond and a metal crystal lattice. At lattice sites there are positively charged metal ions, connected through shared external electrons belonging to the entire crystal.
This determines all the most important physical properties of metals: metallic luster, electrical and thermal conductivity, plasticity (the ability to change shape under external influence) and some others characteristic of this class of simple substances.
Metals of group I of the main subgroup are called alkali metals.
Metals of group II: calcium, strontium, barium - alkaline earth.
Chemical properties of metals
In chemical reactions, metals exhibit only reducing properties, i.e. their atoms give up electrons, resulting in positive ions.
1. Interact with non-metals:
a) oxygen (with the formation of oxides)
Alkali and alkaline earth metals oxidize easily under normal conditions, so they are stored under a layer of petroleum jelly or kerosene.
4Li + O2 = 2Li2O
2Ca + O2 = 2CaO
Please note: when sodium reacts, peroxide is formed, potassium - superoxide
2Na + O2 = Na2O2, K + O2 = KO2
and oxides are obtained by calcination of peroxide with the corresponding metal:
2Na + Na2O2 = 2Na2O
Iron, zinc, copper and other less active metals oxidize slowly in air and actively when heated.
3Fe + 2O2 = Fe3O4 (a mixture of two oxides: FeO and Fe2O3)
2Zn + O2 = 2ZnO
2Cu + O2 = 2CuO
Gold and platinum metals are not oxidized by atmospheric oxygen under any circumstances.
b) hydrogen (with the formation of hydrides)
2Na + H2 = 2NaH
Ca + H2 = CaH2
c) chlorine (with the formation of chlorides)
2K + Cl2 = 2KCl
Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2
2Al + 3Cl2 =2AlCl3
Please note: when iron reacts, iron (III) chloride is formed:
2Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3
d) sulfur (with the formation of sulfides)
2Na + S = Na2S
Hg + S = HgS
2Al + 3S = Al2S3
Please note: when iron reacts, iron (II) sulfide is formed:
Fe + S = FeS
e) nitrogen (with the formation of nitrides)
6K + N2 = 2K3N
3Mg + N2 = Mg3N2
2Al + N2 = 2AlN
2. Interact with complex substances:
It must be remembered that, according to their reducing ability, metals are arranged in a series, which is called the electrochemical series of voltages or activities of metals (displacement series of Beketov N.N.):
Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, (H2), Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, Pt
a) water
Metals located in the series up to magnesium, under normal conditions, displace hydrogen from water, forming soluble bases - alkalis.
2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2
Ba + H2O = Ba(OH) 2 + H2
Magnesium reacts with water when boiled.
Mg + 2H2O = Mg(OH) 2 + H2
When removing the oxide film, aluminum reacts violently with water.
2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH) 3 + 3H2
The remaining metals in the series up to hydrogen, under certain conditions, can also react with water to release hydrogen and form oxides.
3Fe + 4H2O = Fe3O4 + 4H2
b) acid solutions
(Except concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid of any concentration. See section "Oxidation-reduction reactions.")
Please note: insoluble silicic acid is not used for reactions.
Metals in the series up to magnesium and which actively react with water are not used to carry out such reactions.
Metals in the series from magnesium to hydrogen displace hydrogen from acids.
Mg + 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2
Please note: ferrous iron salts are formed.
Fe + H2SO4(diluted) = FeSO4 + H2
The formation of an insoluble salt prevents the reaction from proceeding. For example, lead practically does not react with a solution of sulfuric acid due to the formation of insoluble lead sulfate on the surface.
Metals in the row after hydrogen do NOT displace hydrogen.
c) salt solutions
Metals in the series up to magnesium and which actively react with water are not used to carry out such reactions.
For other metals the following rule applies:
Each metal displaces from salt solutions other metals located in the series to the right of it, and can itself be displaced by metals located to the left of it.
Cu + HgCl2 = Hg + CuCl2
Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu
As with acid solutions, the formation of an insoluble salt prevents the reaction from proceeding.
d) alkali solutions
Metals whose hydroxides are amphoteric react.
Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2O = Na2 [Zn(OH) 4] + H2
2Al + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K[Al(OH) 4] + 3H2
e) with organic substances
Alkali metals with alcohols and phenol.
2C2H5OH + 2Na = 2C2H5ONa + H2
2C6H5OH + 2Na = 2C6H5ONa + H2
Metals participate in reactions with haloalkanes, which are used to obtain lower cycloalkanes and for syntheses during which the carbon skeleton of the molecule becomes more complex (A. Wurtz reaction):
CH2Cl-CH2-CH2Cl + Zn = C3H6(cyclopropane) + ZnCl2
2CH2Cl + 2Na = C2H6(ethane) + 2NaCl
Nonmetals
In simple substances, nonmetal atoms are connected by a covalent nonpolar bond. In this case, single (in H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 molecules), double (in O2 molecules), triple (in N2 molecules) covalent bonds are formed.
The structure of simple substances - non-metals:
1. molecular
Under ordinary conditions, most of these substances are gases (H2, N2, O2, O3, F2, Cl2) or solids (I2, P4, S8) and only bromine (Br2) is a liquid. All these substances have a molecular structure and are therefore volatile. In the solid state, they are fusible due to the weak intermolecular interaction that holds their molecules in the crystal, and are capable of sublimation.
2. atomic
These substances are formed by crystals, at the nodes of which there are atoms: (Bn, Cn, Sin, Gen, Sen, Ten). Due to the great strength of covalent bonds, they usually have high hardness, and any changes associated with the destruction of covalent bonds in their crystals (melting, evaporation) occur with a large expenditure of energy. Many such substances have high melting and boiling points, and their volatility is very low.
Many elements - nonmetals - form several simple substances - allotropic modifications. Allotropy can be associated with different compositions of molecules: oxygen O2 and ozone O3 and with different crystal structures: allotropic modifications of carbon are graphite, diamond, carbyne, fullerene. Elements are non-metals that have allotropic modifications: carbon, silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium.
Chemical properties of non-metals
Non-metal atoms have predominant oxidizing properties, that is, the ability to gain electrons. This ability is characterized by the value of electronegativity. In the series of non-metals
At, B, Te, H, As, I, Si, P, Se, C, S, Br, Cl, N, O, F
electronegativity increases and oxidizing properties increase.
It follows that simple substances - non-metals - will be characterized by both oxidizing and reducing properties, with the exception of fluorine - the strongest oxidizing agent.
1. Oxidizing properties
a) in reactions with metals (metals are always reducing agents)
2Na + S = Na2S (sodium sulfide)
3Mg + N2 = Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride)
b) in reactions with non-metals located to the left of this, that is, with a lower electronegativity value. For example, when phosphorus and sulfur interact, the oxidizing agent will be sulfur, since phosphorus has a lower electronegativity value:
Source: https://school4eg.jimdofree.com/%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82% D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89% D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2/
Why Bitcoin has not been dethroned as the king of the crypto market - 01/20/2020
- It's all about hodling
- Ethereum missed its chance
Even though the altcoin market has been around for over 10 years, the only cryptocurrency that is sometimes mentioned as Bitcoin's main competitor is Ethereum.
Back in 2016, there was a lot of excitement around the fact that ETH would soon overtake BTC and could take its place as the most popular and largest crypto asset.
However, since then the price of Ethereum has fallen quite significantly, and Bitcoin still does not lose its dominant position.
There are several reasons to believe that Bitcoin will remain the king of the crypto market. This is driven by technological innovation and growing network effects. In general, over the past couple of years, most coins have not managed to get closer to the BTS indicators. In 2019, only two major altcoins were more successful than the first cryptocurrency.
The founder of the venture crypto fund Dragonfly Capital, Alex Pak, and the company's managing partner, Hasib Qureshi, shared their opinions on the prospects of Bitcoin as the main safe-haven asset.
It's all about hodling
First of all, Qureshi noted that the Lightning Network is not in great demand today. Bitcoin's Layer 2 protocol was created to provide users with the ability to make faster and cheaper payments while maintaining an acceptable level of decentralization.
Although the project has been actively promoted for several years, Bitcoin payments based on LN have not become widespread, and network performance is still low.
“It is clear that the main reason people buy Bitcoin is to accumulate and hold the cryptocurrency with the expectation of making big profits in the long term, rather than making transactions using small amounts,” Qureshi said.
It was discussions regarding the slow pace of adoption of the Lightning Network that led many to begin to consider the utility of Bitcoin on a more global level as a promising store of value.
“Running side chains like LN or the RSK smart contract network are minor additions to the Bitcoin network. The reality of the market is that people want to buy and hold BTC because they see it as an effective safe-haven asset, a digital store of value. If the Lightning Network doesn’t work, this is what Bitcoin will be used for in the future,” Qureshi added.
He also believes that we should not expect big changes to the Bitcoin network, although additional layers such as the Liquid sidechain will be developed and minor improvements will be implemented to improve privacy and performance.
“I think the idea of Bitcoin becoming a medium of exchange has always been a bit of a libertarian pipe dream,” Dragonfly Capital founder Alex Park echoed Qureshi’s sentiments.
Ethereum missed its chance
According to Hasib, when he first got into the crypto space, the additional development opportunities on the Ethereum blockchain seemed very attractive. He considered Bitcoin an outdated technology that was capable of little. Qureshi was confident that at some point ETH would surpass the first cryptocurrency and become the most widely used, valuable and stable asset.
“At the time, I just didn’t realize that Bitcoin was much more than just an open-source crypto project,” Hasib said.
He also noted that his belief in Ethereum's prosperous future and ability to dominate the market continued throughout the ICO bubble, during the peak of ETH hype. However, Bitcoin's value proposition later became more apparent.
“The fact that Bitcoin has remained stable and unchanged over the years is what makes it so valuable. Ethereum, in turn, is trying to be different and does not strive to become digital gold. At the same time, Bitcoin, with its limited emission, deflationary characteristics and value accumulation properties, may well compete with the precious metal,” Qureshi emphasized.
According to Hasib, Bitcoin made a significant leap forward in 2019, despite volatility. Moreover, many industry leaders predict a sharp increase in the cost of military-technical cooperation to the level of $20,000-$50,000 this year. An additional incentive for the promotion of the leading cryptocurrency and the transition of the market to a new level could be the launch of a Bitcoin ETF, which should occur in 2020.
“Ethereum missed its chance to beat Bitcoin. At the moment, it is already quite difficult for any cryptocurrency to overthrow it from the pedestal of the king of the crypto market, which is confidently moving towards becoming digital gold and the main store of value,” Qureshi is sure.
Translated by LetKnow.News
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Source: https://letknow.news/publications/pochemu-bitkoin-ne-svergnut-s-trona-korolya-kriptorynka-35676.html
