Density of cast iron and specific gravity in kg: determining the value from the table of metal densities - Machine
17.12.2019
Cast iron has become quite widespread. Like other metals, it has a fairly large number of physical and mechanical properties, among which specific gravity can be noted. This indicator is often taken from technical literature in the production of a wide variety of products.
Definition and characteristics of density
Density is a physical quantity that determines the ratio of mass to volume. Almost all materials are characterized by a similar physical and mechanical indicator. It is worth considering that the corresponding density of aluminum, copper and cast iron differ significantly.
The considered physical and mechanical quality determines:
- Some physical and mechanical properties. In most cases, an increase in density is associated with a decrease in the grain structure. The smaller the distance between individual particles, the stronger the bond formed between them, the hardness increases and the ductility decreases.
- As the distance between particles decreases, their number and weight of the material increase. Therefore, when creating cars, airplanes and other equipment, a material is selected that is lightweight and sufficiently durable. For example, the density of aluminum kg m3 is about 2,700, while the density of metal kg m3 is more than twice that.
There are special tables of metal density , which indicate the indicator in question for steel and non-ferrous alloys, as well as cast iron.
Distribution and use of cast iron
- High-strength: used in the production of products that must have increased strength. A similar structure is obtained by adding magnesium impurities to the composition. It is highly resistant to bending and other impacts not associated with variable loads.
- Malleable cast iron: has a structure that is easily forged due to its high ductility. The production process involves annealing.
- Half: has a heterogeneous structure , which largely determines the basic mechanical qualities of the material.
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The specific gravity largely depends on the production method used, as well as the chemical composition. The properties of cast iron are affected by the following impurities:
- When sulfur is added to the composition, the refractoriness decreases and the fluidity value increases.
- Phosphorus allows the material to be used for the manufacture of various complex products . It is worth considering that by adding phosphorus to the composition, strength is reduced.
- Silicon lowers the melting point and significantly improves casting properties.
- Manganese can increase strength and hardness, but adversely affects casting properties.
When considering cast iron, it is worth paying attention to the following information:
- Gray cast iron grade SCh10 is the lightest of all produced: 6800 kg/m 3 . As the grade increases, the specific gravity also increases.
- The malleable variety of this metal has a value of 7000 kg/m3.
- High strength has a value of 7200 km/m 3.
The density of metals, like other materials, is calculated using a special formula. It has a direct bearing on specific gravity. Therefore, these two indicators are often compared with each other.
Features of the table used
In order to calculate the weight of the future product, which will be made from cast iron, you should know its dimensions and density index. Linear dimensions are determined in order to calculate the volume. A calculation method is used to determine the weight of a product in cases where it is not possible to weigh it.
When considering methodological tables, it is worth paying attention to the following points:
- All metals are divided into several groups.
- For each material, the name and GOST are indicated.
- Depending on the melting point, the density value is indicated.
- To determine the physical value of specific gravity in kilograms or other changes, conversion of units of change is carried out. For example, if you need to convert grams to kilograms, then multiply the table value by 1000.
Determination of specific gravity is often done in special laboratories. This value is rarely used when carrying out actual calculations during the manufacture of products or the construction of structures.
The physical properties of cast iron (density, thermophysical and electromagnetic properties) depend on the composition and structure, and therefore on the type and grade of cast iron.
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Density of cast iron
By neglecting the relatively small influence of a number of elements in ordinary cast iron, the density of cast iron can be calculated.
where C, S, P are mass fractions of elements,%; Cr—mass fraction of graphite,%; P—porosity, %; 15 Sv; 2.7S; 14.5 (P-0.1) - the amount of iron carbides, manganese sulfides and phosphide eutectic, respectively.
The given formula gives quite satisfactory agreement with experimental data.
In table 1 shows the density of various groups of cast irons.
The highest density is characterized by white cast irons that do not contain free graphite inclusions, and some alloy cast irons (chrome, nickel, chromium-nickel).
Table 1. Density of cast iron
Cast iron groupCast iron gradeStructure
Density, t/m2
White—Perlite, carbides
7,4-7,75
With flake graphite SCh15, SCh18 Ferritic, ferrite-pearlite
6,8-7,2
SCh20-SCh25Pearlite
7,0-7,3
SCh30, SCh35Pearlite
7,2-7,4
High-strength with vermicular or spherical graphiteHF 35-HF 45Ferritic
7,1-7,2
HF 60-HF 80Pearlite
7,2-7,3
HF 100Bainite
7,2-7,35
MalleableKCh 30-6/KCh 37-12Ferritic
7,2-7,24
KCh 45-7/KCh 65-3 Perlite
7,3-7,5
Alloyed Nickel with 34-36% NiAustenitic
7,5-7,7
Nickel with copper type ChN15D7H2 - non-resist -
7,4-7,6
Chrome type ChH28, ChH32—
7,3-7,6
Chrome-nickel—
7,6-7,8
Silicon type C15, C17 Ferritic
6,7-7,0
Cast iron with 12% Mn—
7,1-7,3
Aluminum: with 5-8% Al type ChYu22Sh - chugal -
6,4-6,7
Ferritic
5,6-6,0
In gray cast iron, the density is usually greater, the higher the strength of the cast iron.
High-strength cast iron, all other things being equal (the same content of silicon, pearlite and graphite), is characterized by a higher density than cast iron with flake graphite. However, in many cases this density may actually be lower than that of gray cast irons due to the higher carbon and silicon content or greater ferritization of the matrix.
Austenitic cast irons are also characterized by higher density due to their denser structure, especially when alloyed with nickel and chalk, the density of which is greater than that of iron.
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When alloyed with manganese, the density of austenite decreases slightly. The density of ferritic silicon and aluminum cast irons is even lower.
In all cases, the density of castings is affected by porosity (gas, shrinkage), the value of which usually ranges from 0.5 to 1.2% depending on the composition of the cast iron, the nature of crystallization and technological factors (feed efficiency, wall thickness, etc.
), which, in turn, are determined by the manufacturability of the casting design. The most important are the feeding conditions and the hydrostatic pressure under which the casting hardens.
Therefore, the density in the upper parts of large castings can be 5% less than in the lower parts, and in the center - 10% less than at the periphery.
The density of graphitized cast iron also decreases with increasing casting wall thickness due to an increase in the degree of graphitization and coarsening of graphite:
Wall thickness, mm Density, t/m 3| 10 | 12,5 | 25 | 37 |
| 7,23 | 7,14 | 7,08 | 7,02 |
As the rigidity of the shape increases, the pre-shrinkage expansion and, consequently, the shrinkage porosity decreases. Therefore, castings made in metal molds, other things being equal, are denser than castings made in sand molds.
- In our design organization you can order a calculation of the density of cast iron based on a technological specification and/or a technological diagram of the production process.
- Density is a physical quantity defined as the ratio of the mass of a body to the volume occupied by this body.
- Density of cast iron = 7000 - 7300 kg/m3 (under normal conditions).
The density of cast iron can vary depending on environmental conditions (temperature and pressure). For the exact density of cast iron depending on environmental conditions, see the reference literature.
You can calculate density using this online density program.
This page provides basic, basic information about density. The exact density value depends on temperature and pressure. In our design organization you can order a density calculation for any material.
What is the density of cast iron? Link to main publication
Source: https://regionvtormet.ru/metally/plotnost-chuguna-i-udelnyj-ves-v-kg-opredelenie-znacheniya-po-tablitse-plotnosti-metallov.html
Composition and general characteristics of steel: density kg cm3, specific gravity and other technological properties
The term "steel" is used in metallurgy and refers to a mixture of iron and carbon , the amount of which varies from 0.03% to 2.14% by weight.
If the carbon content in iron exceeds the specified upper limit, then the material loses its malleable properties and can only be worked with by casting.
Steel should not be confused with iron, which is a hard and relatively ductile metal with an atomic diameter of 2.48 angstroms, a melting point of 1535 °C and a boiling point of 2740 °C.
Carbon, on the other hand, is a nonmetal with an atomic diameter of 1.54 angstroms, soft and brittle in most of its allotropes (diamond is the exception).
The diffusion of this element in the crystal structure of iron is possible due to the difference in their atomic diameters. As a result of such diffusion, this material is formed.
The main difference between iron and steel is the percentage of carbon, which was indicated above. The material may have a different microstructure depending on a particular temperature. It can occur in the following structures (see the iron-carbon phase diagram for more information):
- perlite;
- cementite;
- ferrite;
- austenite.
The material retains the properties of iron in its pure state, but the addition of carbon and other elements, both metals and non-metals, improves its physical and chemical properties.
There are many types of steel depending on the elements added to it. The group of carbon steels consists of materials in which carbon is the only additive. Other specialty materials get their names from their basic functions and properties, which are determined by their structure and the additional elements added, such as silicon, cementitious, stainless, structural alloys and so on.
As a rule, all materials with additives are combined under one name - special steels, which differ from ordinary carbon steels, and the latter serve as the base material for the production of special materials. Such diversity of this material in its characteristics and properties has led to the fact that steel began to be called “an alloy of iron and another substance that increases its hardness.”
Metal components
The two main components of steel are found in abundance in nature, which favors its production on a large scale. The variety of properties and availability of this material makes it suitable for industries such as mechanical engineering, tool making, building construction, contributing to the industrialization of society.
Despite its density (the specific gravity of steel kg m3 is 7850, that is, the mass of steel with a volume of 1 m³ is equal to 7850 kilograms, for comparison, the density of aluminum is 2700 kg/m3) it is used in all sectors of industry, including aeronautics. The reasons for its such varied use are both its pliability and at the same time hardness, and its relatively low cost.
Additives and their characteristics
A special classification of steels determines the presence of a specific element in its composition and its percentage by weight. Elements are added to the alloy in order to give it specific properties, for example, increasing its mechanical endurance, hardness, wear resistance, melting ability, and others. Below is a list of the most common additives and the effects they cause.
- Aluminum : added in concentrations close to 1% to increase the hardness of the alloy, and at concentrations less than 0.008% as an antioxidant for heat-resistant materials.
- Boron : at low concentrations (0.001-0.006%) increases the hardenability of the material without reducing its ability to be machined. It is used in low quality materials, for example, in the production of plows and wire, ensuring its hardness and malleability. Also used as nitrogen traps in iron crystal structure.
- Cobalt . Reduces hardenability and leads to strengthening of the material and an increase in its hardness at high temperatures. Also increases magnetic properties. Used in heat-resistant materials.
- Chromium : due to the formation of carbides, it gives steel strength and resistance to high temperatures, increases corrosion resistance, increases the depth of formation of carbides and nitrides during thermochemical processing, is used as a hard stainless coating for axles, pistons, and so on.
- Molybdenum increases hardness and corrosion resistance for austenitic materials.
- Nitrogen is added to facilitate the formation of austenite.
- Nickel makes austenite stable at room temperature, increasing the hardness of the material. Used in heat-resistant alloys.
- Lead forms small globular formations that increase the machinability of steel. This element provides lubrication of the material at a percentage of 0.15% to 0.30%.
- Silicon increases the hardenability and oxidation resistance of the material.
- Titanium stabilizes the alloy at high temperatures and increases its resistance to oxidation.
- Tungsten forms stable and very hard carbides with iron that remain stable at high temperatures, 14-18% of this element creates a cutting steel that can be applied at three times the speed of conventional carbon steel.
- Vanadium increases the material's oxidation resistance and forms complex carbides with iron, which increase fatigue resistance.
- Niobium imparts hardness, ductility and malleability to the alloy. Used in structural materials and automation.
Impurities in the alloy
Impurities are elements that are undesirable in steel. They are contained in the material itself and enter it as a result of smelting, as they are contained in combustible fuels and minerals. It is necessary to reduce their content, since they deteriorate the properties of the alloy. In the case where their removal from the composition of the material is impossible or expensive, then they try to reduce their percentage to a minimum.
Sulfur: its content is limited to 0.04%. The element forms sulfides together with iron, which, in turn, together with austenite form a eutectic with a low melting point. Sulfides are released at grain boundaries. sulfur sharply limits the possibility of thermal and mechanical processing of materials at medium and high temperatures, since it leads to destruction of the material along grain boundaries.
Manganese additives allow you to control the sulfur content of materials. Manganese has a greater affinity with sulfur than iron, so instead of iron sulfide, manganese sulfide is formed, which has a high melting point and good plastic properties. The concentration of manganese must be five times greater than the concentration of sulfur to provide a positive effect. Manganese also increases the machinability of steels.
Phosphorus: the maximum limit for its content in the alloy is 0.04%. Phosphorus is harmful because it dissolves in ferrite, thereby reducing its ductility. Iron phosphide, together with austenite and cementite, forms a brittle eutectic with a relatively low melting point. The release of iron phosphide at grain boundaries makes the material brittle.
It is very difficult to determine the specific physical and mechanical properties of steel, since the number of its types is varied due to different compositions and heat treatments, which allow the creation of materials with a wide variety of chemical and mechanical characteristics.
This diversity has led to the fact that the production of these materials and their processing began to be separated into a separate branch of metallurgy - ferrous metallurgy, which differs from non-ferrous metallurgy. However, general properties for steel can be given; they are presented in the list below.
- The volumetric weight of steel, that is, the mass of 1 m³, is 7850 kg. The density of steel g cm3 is therefore 7.85.
- Depending on the temperature, the material can be bent, stretched and melted.
- The melting point depends on the type of alloy and the percentage of additives. Thus, pure iron melts at a temperature of 1510 °C, in turn, steel has a melting point equal to 1375 °C, which increases as the percentage of carbon and other elements in it increases (the exception is eutectics, which melt at lower temperatures). High-speed steel melts at a temperature of 1650 °C.
- The material boils at a temperature of 3000 °C.
- It is a deformation-resistant material whose hardness increases with the addition of other elements.
- It has relative malleability (it can be used to produce thin threads by drawing - wire), as well as ductility (you can produce flat metal sheets 0.12-0.50 mm thick - tin, which is usually coated with tin to prevent oxidation).
- Before using thermal treatment, the alloy undergoes mechanical processing.
- Some composites have shape memory and deform by an amount exceeding the yield strength.
- The hardness of steel varies between the hardness of iron and the hardness of structures that are obtained through thermal and chemical processes. Among them, the best known is hardening, which is applied to materials with a high carbon content. The high surface hardness of steel allows it to be used as a cutting tool. To obtain this characteristic, which is maintained at high temperatures, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium are added to the steel. The hardness of metal is measured using Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell.
- Has good casting properties.
- The ability to corrode is one of the main disadvantages of steel, since oxidized iron expands in volume and leads to cracks on the surface, which in turn further accelerates the process of destruction. Traditionally, metal was protected from corrosion using various surface treatments. In addition, some steel compounds are resistant to oxidation, such as stainless steel materials.
- It has high electrical conductivity, which does not vary much depending on the composition of the alloy. In overhead power lines, aluminum conductors are most often used, which are covered with a steel jacket. The latter provides the necessary mechanical strength to the wires, and also contributes to their cheaper production.
- Used to produce artificial permanent magnets because magnetized steel does not lose its magnetic ability up to a certain temperature. In this case, the ferrite structure of steel has magnetic properties, while the austenite structure is not magnetic. To stabilize the ferrite structure, steel-based magnets usually contain about 10% nickel and chromium.
- With increasing temperature, a product made of this material increases its length. Therefore, if there are degrees of freedom in a particular structure, then thermal expansion is not a problem, but if such degrees of freedom do not exist, then the expansion of the steel will lead to additional stresses that must be taken into account. The coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is close to that of concrete. This fact makes it possible to use them together in structures of various types; this material is called reinforced concrete.
- It is a non-flammable material, but its fundamental mechanical properties quickly deteriorate when exposed to open flame.
Source: https://tokar.guru/metally/stal/svoystva-stali-udelnyy-ves-plotnost-kg-sm3-i-drugie.html
Density and specific gravity of metals, use of tables for different materials in calculations, volumetric gravity of steel
Metal products are used in all spheres of human activity. Metals in the scientific sense are simple substances with specific properties (metallic luster, malleability, high electrical conductivity). In everyday life and in production, their alloys with other elements are often used. These solidified melts are also commonly called metals.
Definition and use of density
As you know, to find the density of a substance, its mass is divided by its volume. Density is a physical and chemical characteristic of a substance. She is constant. Materials for industrial production must meet this indicator. To denote it, it is customary to use the Greek letter ρ.
The density of iron is 7874 kg/m³, nickel - 8910 kg/m³, chromium - 7190 kg/m³, tungsten - 19250 kg/m³. Of course, this applies to hard alloys. In the molten state, substances have different characteristics.
In nature, only some metals are present in large quantities. The specific gravity of iron in the earth's crust is 4.6%, aluminum - 8.9%, magnesium - 2.1%, titanium - 0.63%. Metals are indispensable in most areas of human activity. Their production is growing year by year. For convenience, metals are divided into groups.
Iron and its alloys
Ferrous metals are usually called steel and cast iron of various grades. An alloy of iron and carbon is considered steel if the iron content is at least 45% and the carbon content is 0.1%-2.14%. Cast iron, accordingly, contains more carbon.
To obtain the necessary properties of steels and alloys, they are alloyed (alloying additives are added during remelting). This is how the specified grades are melted. All metal grades strictly comply with certain technical conditions. The properties of each brand are regulated by state standards.
Depending on the composition, the density of steel varies in the range of 7.6–8.8 (g/cm³) in the SGS or 7600–8800 (kg/m³) in the SI (this can be seen from Table 1). Of course, steel has a complex structure; it is not a mixture of different substances. However, the presence of these substances and their compounds changes properties, in particular density. Therefore, high-speed steels with a high tungsten content have the highest densities.
Non-ferrous metals and their alloys
Products made of bronze, brass, copper, aluminum are widely used in production:
- Bronzes are usually alloys of copper with tin, aluminum, lead and beryllium. However, in the Bronze Age, when the proportion of bronze in the total mass of metal products was almost 100%, these were copper-arsenic alloys.
- Zinc-based alloys - brass. Brass may contain tin, but its amount is less than zinc. Lead is sometimes added to produce free-flowing chips. In addition to jewelry alloys of brass and bronze, they are needed for machine and marine parts, hardware, and springs. Some varieties are used in aviation and rocketry.
- Duralumin (duralumin) - an alloy of aluminum and copper (copper 4.4%) is a high-strength alloy. Mainly used in aviation.
- Titanium is stronger than many steel grades. At the same time it is twice as light. These qualities have made it indispensable in most industries. It is also widely used in medicine (prosthetics). The share of titanium in the production of aircraft reaches 70% of all smelted in the world. About 15% of titanium is used for chemical engineering.
- Silver and gold are the first metals with which man became acquainted. Throughout the history of mankind, these metals have mostly been used for jewelry. And currently the trend continues.
- Due to its high refractoriness, tungsten is indispensable in instrument making. Its high density allows it to be used as radiation protection.
- Nickel and chromium form nichrome - a heat-resistant plastic alloy, very durable and reliable.
Different grades of steel and cast iron, bronze and other metals have different chemical compositions and different densities. The densities of all required materials are measured and systematized. Tables containing this data are available to users. With their help, you can easily find the mass of a product of a given shape.
Determination of product mass
All modern reference materials, GOST and technical specifications of enterprises have been adjusted in accordance with the international classification.
Using reference tables of densities of various materials, it is easy to determine their mass. This is especially true when items are heavy or appropriate scales are not available. To do this, you need to know their geometric parameters. Most often, you need to find out the mass of an object in the form of a cylinder, pipe or parallelepiped:
- Metal rods are cylindrical in shape. Knowing the diameter and length, it is easy to find out the mass. Mass equals density times volume. Finding the volume of an object. It is obtained by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the length. The area of a circle, knowing the diameter, is easy to determine. The squared diameter is multiplied by 3.14 (pi), divided by 4.
- We obtain the mass of the pipe in the same way. When finding the area, we take the difference between the outer and inner diameter of the section.
- To determine the mass of a sheet, bloom, slab or bar of rectangular cross-section, we determine the volume by multiplying the length, height and thickness. Multiply by the density from the reference book.
With such calculations, a small error is always allowed, because the shapes are not ideal. In practice it can be neglected. Manufacturers of metal products have developed special mass calculators for users. It is enough to enter unique dimensions in the appropriate windows and get the result.
What is specific gravity
Specific gravity is the density multiplied by the acceleration of gravity (gravity) or the ratio of the weight of a body to its volume. It is unacceptable to confuse it with density. However, this often occurs due to confusion between the concepts of mass and weight.
The weight of a body, and therefore its specific gravity, changes depending on the force of gravity. It is not a constant value. Depending on the place where the item is located, it has different meanings. This physical quantity will be different even at different points on the Earth.
The acceleration of gravity at the equator is greater than at the poles. Mass and density are constant.
For example, you can calculate the specific gravity of silver. On Earth, this value will be 10,500 kg/m³ (density of pure metal). Multiplying by 9.81 m/s2 (gravity), you can get 103005 N/m³. And on the Moon, 10,500 kg/m³ is multiplied by 1.62 m/s2 (gravity on the Moon). The result is different - 17.01 N/m³. In the cabin of a ship rotating around the Earth there is weightlessness and acceleration is zero. Consequently, the weight of any material here is zero.
All values will be different. The greatest value will be in the first case, because on Earth the acceleration of gravity has the greatest significance. In zero gravity, a thing weighs nothing. The density of the same material will be the same anywhere. It is a constant.
In order to create tables of the specific gravity of metals on various planets (or in other conditions), it is necessary to know the acceleration of gravity and density.
Transportation of metal products
In the cargo transportation system, such a concept as “volumetric weight” is involved. If the mass of an object in one cubic meter is 167 kg, then this weight is considered physical, and if it is less, it is considered volumetric. For example, the mass of a cube of carbon steel is 7750 kg. In other words, the volumetric weight of steel is 7750 kg. These calculations are needed to determine how much volume the transported cargo will occupy.
However, depending on what metal products are transported, the volume will vary. Let's assume that there are several different hardware of the same grade of steel. In theory, they have the same density.
However, ingots, large-grade products and coils of wire have different volumes, and therefore, when transported, they will take up more or less space in transport. Thus, they have different volumetric weights.
Under any conditions, a cubic meter of steel is more than 167 kg, therefore, it cannot be called volumetric.
Source: https://obrabotkametalla.info/splavy/plotnost-i-udelnyj-ves-metallov
Specific gravity of the metal. Table of densities of metals and alloys
All metals have certain physical and mechanical properties, which, in fact, determine their specific gravity. To determine how suitable a particular alloy of ferrous or stainless steel is for production, the specific gravity of rolled metal is calculated.
All metal products that have the same volume, but are made from different metals, for example, iron, brass or aluminum, have different mass, which is directly dependent on its volume. In other words, the ratio of the volume of the alloy to its mass—specific density (kg/m3)—is a constant value that will be characteristic of a given substance.
The density of the alloy is calculated using a special formula and is directly related to the calculation of the specific gravity of the metal.
The specific gravity of a metal is the ratio of the weight of a homogeneous body of this substance to the volume of the metal, i.e. this is density, in reference books it is measured in kg/m3 or g/cm3. From here you can calculate the formula for finding out the weight of a metal. To find this you need to multiply the reference density value by the volume.
The table shows the densities of non-ferrous metals and ferrous iron. The table is divided into groups of metals and alloys, where under each name the grade according to GOST and the corresponding density in g/cm3 are indicated, depending on the melting point. To determine the physical value of specific density in kg/m3, you need to multiply the tabulated value in g/cm3 by 1000. For example, this way you can find out what the density of iron is - 7850 kg/m3.
The most typical ferrous metal is iron. The density value of 7.85 g/cm3 can be considered the specific gravity of iron-based ferrous metal.
Ferrous metals in the table include iron, manganese, titanium, nickel, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, and ferrous alloys based on them, for example, stainless steel (density 7.7-8.0 g/cm3), black steel ( density 7.85 g/cm3) is mainly used by manufacturers of metal structures in Ukraine, cast iron (density 7.0-7.3 g/cm3). The remaining metals are considered non-ferrous, as well as alloys based on them. Non-ferrous metals in the table include the following types:
− light – magnesium, aluminum;
− noble metals (precious) - platinum, gold, silver and semi-precious copper;
− low-melting metals – zinc, tin, lead.
Specific gravity of non-ferrous metals
| Table. Specific gravity of metals, properties, metal designations, melting point | |||
| Name of metal, designation | Atomic weight | Melting point, °C | Specific gravity, g/cc |
| Zinc Zn (Zinc) | 65,37 | 419,5 | 7,13 |
| Aluminum Al | 26,9815 | 659 | 2,69808 |
| Lead Pb (Lead) | 207,19 | 327,4 | 11,337 |
| Tin Sn (Tin) | 118,69 | 231,9 | 7,29 |
| Copper Cu (Copper) | 63,54 | 1083 | 8,96 |
| Titanium Ti (Titanium) | 47,90 | 1668 | 4,505 |
| Nickel Ni (Nickel) | 58,71 | 1455 | 8,91 |
| Magnesium Mg (Magnesium) | 24 | 650 | 1,74 |
| Vanadium V | 6 | 1900 | 6,11 |
| Tungsten W (Wolframium) | 184 | 3422 | 19,3 |
| Chrome Cr (Chromium) | 51,996 | 1765 | 7,19 |
| Molybdenum Mo (Molybdaenum) | 92 | 2622 | 10,22 |
| Silver Ag (Argentum) | 107,9 | 1000 | 10,5 |
| Tantalum Ta (Tantal) | 180 | 3269 | 16,65 |
| Iron Fe (Iron) | 55,85 | 1535 | 7,85 |
| Gold Au (Aurum) | 197 | 1095 | 19,32 |
| Platinum Pt (Platina) | 194,8 | 1760 | 21,45 |
When rolling blanks from non-ferrous metals, it is also necessary to know exactly their chemical composition, since their physical properties depend on it. For example, if aluminum contains impurities (at least within 1%) of silicon or iron, then the plastic characteristics of such a metal will be much higher. worse.
Another requirement for hot rolling of non-ferrous metals is extremely precise temperature control of the metal. For example, zinc requires a temperature of strictly 180 degrees when rolling - if it is slightly higher or slightly lower, the capricious metal will sharply lose its ductility.
Copper is more “loyal” to temperature (it can be rolled at 850 - 900 degrees), but it requires that the melting furnace must have an oxidizing (with a high oxygen content) atmosphere - otherwise it becomes brittle.
Table of specific gravity of metal alloys
The specific gravity of metals is most often determined in laboratory conditions, but in their pure form they are very rarely used in construction. Alloys of non-ferrous metals and alloys of ferrous metals, which according to their specific gravity are divided into light and heavy, are much more often used.
Light alloys are actively used by modern industry due to their high strength and good high-temperature mechanical properties. The main metals of such alloys are titanium, aluminum, magnesium and beryllium. But alloys based on magnesium and aluminum cannot be used in aggressive environments and at high temperatures.
Heavy alloys are based on copper, tin, zinc, and lead. Among the heavy alloys, bronze (an alloy of copper with aluminum, an alloy of copper with tin, manganese or iron) and brass (an alloy of zinc and copper) are used in many industries. Architectural parts and sanitary fittings are produced from these grades of alloys.
The reference table below shows the main quality characteristics and specific gravity of the most common metal alloys. The list provides data on the density of the main metal alloys at an ambient temperature of 20°C.
| List of metal alloys | Density of alloys (kg/m3) |
| Admiralty Brass - Admiralty Brass (30% zinc, and 1% tin) | 8525 |
| Aluminum bronze - Aluminum Bronze (3-10% aluminum) | 7700 — 8700 |
| Babbitt – Antifriction metal | 9130 -10600 |
| Beryllium bronze (beryllium copper) - Beryllium Copper | 8100 — 8250 |
| Delta metal - Delta metal | 8600 |
| Yellow Brass - Yellow Brass | 8470 |
| Phosphorous bronzes – Bronze – phosphorous | 8780 — 8920 |
| Regular bronzes - Bronze (8-14% Sn) | 7400 — 8900 |
| Inconel | 8497 |
| Incoloy | 8027 |
| Wrought Iron | 7750 |
| Red brass (low zinc) - Red Brass | 8746 |
| Brass, casting – Brass – casting | 8400 — 8700 |
| Brass, rolled – Brass – rolled and drawn | 8430 — 8730 |
Source: https://sbk.ltd.ua/ru/sortament-ves-metalloprokata/230-udelnyj-ves-metalla-tablitsa-plotnosti-metallov-i-splavov.html
Specific gravity
Among the many parameters characterizing the properties of materials, there is also specific gravity. Sometimes the term density is used, but this is not entirely correct. But one way or another, these two terms have their own definitions and are used in mathematics, physics and many other sciences, including materials science.
Specific gravity
Determination of specific gravity
The physical quantity, which is the ratio of the weight of a material to the volume it occupies, is called the HC of the material.
Materials science of the 21st century has gone far ahead and technologies that were considered science fiction a hundred years ago have already been mastered. This science can offer modern industry alloys that differ from each other in qualitative parameters, but also in physical and technical properties.
To determine how a certain alloy can be used for production, it is advisable to determine the HC. All objects made with the same volume, but different types of metals were used for their production, will have different masses, it is in a clear connection with volume. That is, the ratio of volume to mass is a certain constant number characteristic of this alloy.
To calculate the density of a material, a special formula is used, which has a direct connection with the HC of the material.
By the way, the HC of cast iron, the main material for creating steel alloys, can be determined by the weight of 1 cm3, reflected in grams. The more HC the metal, the heavier the finished product will be.
Specific gravity formula
The formula for calculating HC looks like the ratio of weight to volume.
To calculate hydrocarbons, it is permissible to use the calculation algorithm, which is set out in a school physics course. To do this, it is necessary to use Archimedes' law, or more precisely, the definition of the force that is buoyant. That is, a load with a certain mass and at the same time it floats on the water. In other words, it is influenced by two forces - gravity and Archimedes.
The formula for calculating the Archimedean force is as follows
F=g×V,
where g is the hydrocarbon liquid. After the substitution, the formula takes the following form: F=y×V, from here we obtain the formula for the shock load y=F/V.
What is the difference between weight and mass. In fact, in everyday life, it does not play any role. In fact, in the kitchen, we don't make a difference between the weight of a chicken and its mass, but there are serious differences between these terms.
This difference is clearly visible when solving problems related to the movement of bodies in interstellar space and neither those having relations with our planet, and under these conditions these terms differ significantly from each other.
We can say the following, the term weight has meaning only in the zone of gravity, i.e.
if a certain object is located next to a planet, star, etc. Weight can be called the force with which a body presses on the obstacle between it and the source of attraction. This force is measured in newtons. As an example, we can imagine the following picture: next to a paid education there is a stove with a certain object located on its surface.
The force with which an object presses on the surface of the slab will be the weight.
Mass and weight
Body mass is directly related to inertia. If we consider this concept in detail, we can say that mass determines the size of the gravitational field created by the body. In fact, this is one of the key characteristics of the universe. The key difference between weight and mass is this - mass does not depend on the distance between the object and the source of gravitational force.
To measure mass, many quantities are used - kilogram, pound, etc. There is an international SI system, which uses the usual kilograms, grams, etc. But besides it, many countries, for example, the British Isles, have their own system of weights and measures, where weight is measured in pounds.
UV - what is it?
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of matter to its volume. In the SI international system of measurements it is measured as newton per cubic meter. To solve certain problems in physics, hydrocarbons are determined as follows - how much heavier the substance being examined is than water at a temperature of 4 degrees, provided that the substance and water have equal volumes.
For the most part, this definition is used in geological and biological studies. Sometimes, the HC calculated using this method is called relative density.
What are the differences
As already noted, these two terms are often confused, but since weight directly depends on the distance between the object and the gravitational source, and mass does not depend on this, therefore the terms shock wave and density differ from each other.
But it is necessary to take into account that under certain conditions mass and weight may coincide. It is almost impossible to measure HC at home. But even at the school laboratory level, such an operation is quite easy to perform.
The main thing is that the laboratory is equipped with scales with deep bowls.
The item must be weighed under normal conditions. The resulting value can be designated as X1, after which the bowl with the load is placed in water. In this case, in accordance with Archimedes' law, the load will lose part of its weight. In this case, the balance beam will warp. To achieve balance, a weight must be added to the other bowl. Its value can be designated as X2.
As a result of these manipulations, a shock wave will be obtained, which will be expressed as the ratio of X1 and X2. In addition to substances in the solid state, specific values can also be measured for liquids and gases. In this case, measurements can be performed under different conditions, for example, at elevated ambient temperatures or low temperatures.
To obtain the required data, instruments such as a pycnometer or hydrometer are used.
Units of specific gravity
Several systems of weights and measures are used in the world, in particular, in the SI system, hydrocarbons are measured in the ratio of N (Newton) to a cubic meter. In other systems, for example, the GHS for specific gravity uses the following unit of measurement: d(din) per cubic centimeter.
Metals with the highest and lowest specific gravity
In addition to the concept of specific gravity used in mathematics and physics, there are also quite interesting facts, for example, about the specific gravities of metals from the periodic table. If we talk about non-ferrous metals, then the heaviest ones include gold and platinum.
These materials exceed in specific gravity such metals as silver, lead and many others. “Light” materials include magnesium with a weight lower than that of vanadium. We must not forget about radioactive materials, for example, the weight of uranium is 19.05 grams per cubic cm. That is, 1 cubic meter weighs 19 tons.
Specific gravity of other materials
It is difficult to imagine our world without many materials used in production and everyday life. For example, without iron and its compounds (steel alloys). The HC of these materials fluctuates in the range of one to two units and these are not the best results. Aluminum, for example, has low density and low specific gravity. These indicators allowed it to be used in the aviation and space industries.
Specific gravity of metals
Copper and its alloys have a specific gravity comparable to lead. But its compounds - brass and bronze are lighter than other materials, due to the fact that they use substances with a lower specific gravity.
How to calculate the specific gravity of metals
How to determine hydrocarbons - this question often arises among specialists employed in heavy industry. This procedure is necessary in order to determine exactly those materials that will differ from each other in improved characteristics.
One of the key features of metal alloys is which metal is the base metal of the alloy. That is, iron, magnesium or brass, having the same volume, will have different masses.
The density of the material, which is calculated based on a given formula, is directly related to the issue under consideration. As already noted, HC is the ratio of the weight of a body to its volume; we must remember that this value can be defined as the force of gravity and the volume of a certain substance.
For metals, HC and density are determined in the same proportion. It is permissible to use another formula that allows you to calculate the HC. It looks like this: HC (density) is equal to the ratio of weight and mass, taking into account g, a constant value. We can say that the HC of a metal can be called the weight per unit volume. In order to determine the HC, it is necessary to divide the mass of dry material by its volume. In fact, this formula can be used to obtain the weight of a metal.
By the way, the concept of specific gravity is widely used in the creation of metal calculators used to calculate the parameters of rolled metal of various types and purposes.
The HC of metals is measured in qualified laboratories. In practical terms, this term is rarely used. Much more often, the concepts of light and heavy metals are used; metals with a low specific gravity are considered light, and metals with a high specific gravity are classified as heavy.
Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/udelnyjj-ves.html
Specific gravity of metals and alloys: concept, indicators of the most common metals and alloys
In order to work productively with various materials, the master must be aware of all their physical properties and characteristics, which will help determine the nuances of the work process. This is a very important aspect regarding any workflow related to material handling in various industries.
The properties of almost all materials known to mankind have long been studied and any indicators can be recognized by the user, thanks to the huge amount of theoretical materials that are available in special books and reference books, and on the Internet.
Metals are a whole group of materials that are very widely used in various industrial fields. Their processing is not the easiest process, since physical or thermal intervention . Therefore, it is very important to know many of the physical properties of such materials.
The specific gravity of metals is one of the very important characteristics that you need to know when processing them. This article will discuss some indicators of the specific gravity of different metals, which may later be useful to the user.
Determination of metal specific gravity
First you need to define what specific gravity is. This will make it easier to subsequently understand all the indicators, as well as use the acquired knowledge when processing workpieces made from this durable material.
Specific gravity is the ratio of a homogeneous body of this substance to the volume of this material. An interesting point that can be immediately highlighted from this is that, in essence, the specific gravity of a metal is its density .
This value, that is, the specific gravity of the metal, is measured in kg/cubic meter. m. This is the unit of measurement most often indicated in various technical reference books. Sometimes other units of measurement may be indicated, but in domestic sources they are much less common.
If a reference book containing the necessary data about a particular metal is not at hand, then the specific gravity can be calculated using the well-known formula:
In this formula, y denotes the specific gravity, which will later have to be calculated, P is the weight, and V is the volume . Using this formula, you can already perform a calculation with known data on weight and volume.
Specific gravity of various metals
After defining the very concept of the specific gravity of a given material, you can move on to some indicators that can subsequently assist in working with metals.
Of course, it’s no secret that each metal, as well as each alloy, has its own indicators of this value, different from others. In order not to get confused in all the available data on various alloys and metals, metals and alloys will be considered separately below.
Specific gravity of metals
First, we should consider metals that do not contain impurities and have their own chemical designation in the periodic table.
Metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The most typical black “representative” is iron. Its specific gravity will be indicated in the table below. The table will also show the specific gravity of ferrous metals such as chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, nickel, and titanium.
The remaining materials that are present in the table, but were not named in the list of metals above, are non-ferrous. All non-ferrous metals that will be listed below can be divided into three groups:
- light: aluminum, magnesium;
- noble metals, also called precious: semi-precious copper, silver, gold, platinum;
- fusible metals: tin, zinc, lead.
Specific gravity of metal alloys
Of course, the specific gravity of metals is extremely useful information, and this would be quite enough for a purely introductory reading of this article. But it should be remembered that pure metals are rarely used in construction and other areas. Usually they are replaced by various alloys , which can be divided into two groups: light and heavy.
Due to their outstanding high-temperature mechanical properties and serious strength indicators, alloys have long firmly taken their place in various industries and various industrial fields.
The most common base materials for light alloys are titanium, beryllium, aluminum and magnesium.
But it is worth mentioning the fact that alloys that were created on the basis of the last two metal elements cannot be used in working conditions where high temperatures are provided.
The basis for heavy alloys are the following elements: tin, lead, zinc, copper. Most often, heavy alloys such as brass and bronze . They are quite often used in various industries due to their excellent mechanical properties. These alloys are used to make sanitary fittings, as well as parts used in architecture.
Below is a table containing data on the specific gravity of some alloys:
All the alloys presented in the table above are among the most popular in a wide variety of industrial fields and are used for the manufacture of a wide variety of items used by people in everyday life.
conclusions
- Specific gravity is a value that is the ratio of weight to volume and is measured in kg/cubic meter. m. May also be mentioned in some sources as density.
- Specific gravity indicators can be used to better process them, which can subsequently affect the quality of the final product.
- It may be mentioned that this quantity of metals can also be measured in other units of measurement. The indicators given in the article and in the tables, expressed in kg/cc, are very often used in domestic sources and reference books, but you can also stumble upon another unit of measurement, also quite widely used to indicate specific gravity. This is g/cubic. m. If suddenly the user comes across data expressed in a given unit of measurement, but it is easier for him to navigate in terms of kg/cub.m, then there is no need to be upset. You just need to multiply the g/cc figure by 1000.
- Using the values given in the tables, you can easily find out the weight of the existing part. In order to calculate the mass of a part, you only need to calculate its volume. This is done in order to subsequently multiply it by the density of the material from which the part was made.
Source: https://stanok.guru/stanki/metallorezhuschiy-stanok/udelnyy-ves-metallov-i-splavov.html
Metal weight table
The main characteristic affecting the weight of a metal is its density.
What does metal density mean?
The density of a metal refers to its weight per unit of occupied volume. Volume is often measured in cubic meters and cubic centimeters. What is the reason for such large, by earthly standards, weight and density? The density of a metal and its weight depend on how small the radius of the atom is and how large its weight is.
Density of metals table
| Metal | g/cm3 | kg/m3 | Metal | g/cm3 | kg/m3 |
| Lithium | 0,534 | 534 | Samarium | 7,536 | 7536 |
| Potassium | 0,87 | 870 | Iron | 7,87 | 7874 |
| Sodium | 0,968 | 9680 | Gadolinium | 7,895 | 7895 |
| Rubidium | 1,53 | 1530 | Terbium | 8,272 | 8272 |
| Calcium | 1,54 | 1540 | Dysprosium | 8,536 | 8536 |
| Magnesium | 1,74 | 1740 | Niobium | 8,57 | 8570 |
| Beryllium | 1,845 | 1845 | Cadmium | 8,65 | 8650 |
| Cesium | 1,873 | 1873 | Holmium | 8,803 | 8803 |
| Silicon | 2,33 | 2330 | Nickel | 8,9 | 8900 |
| Bor | 2,34 | 2340 | Cobalt | 8,9 | 8900 |
| Strontium | 2,6 | 2600 | Copper | 8,94 | 8940 |
| Aluminum | 2,7 | 2700 | Erbium | 9,051 | 9051 |
| Scandium | 2,99 | 2990 | Thulium | 9,332 | 9332 |
| Barium | 3,5 | 3500 | Bismuth | 9,8 | 9800 |
| Yttrium | 4,472 | 4472 | Lutetium | 9,842 | 9842 |
| Titanium | 4,54 | 4540 | Molybdenum | 10,22 | 10220 |
| Selenium | 4,79 | 4790 | Silver | 10,49 | 10490 |
| Europium | 5,259 | 5259 | Lead | 11,34 | 11340 |
| Germanium | 5,32 | 5320 | Thorium | 11,66 | 11660 |
| Arsenic | 5,727 | 5727 | Thallium | 11,85 | 11850 |
| Gallium | 5,907 | 5907 | Palladium | 12,02 | 12020 |
| Vanadium | 6,11 | 6110 | Ruthenium | 12,4 | 12400 |
| Lanthanum | 6,174 | 6174 | Rhodium | 12.44 | 12440 |
| Tellurium | 6,25 | 6250 | Hafnium | 13,29 | 13290 |
| Zirconium | 6,45 | 6450 | Mercury | 13,55 | 13550 |
| Cerium | 6,66 | 6660 | Tantalum | 16,6 | 16600 |
| Antimony | 6,68 | 6680 | Uranus | 19,07 | 19070 |
| Praseodymium | 6,782 | 6782 | Tungsten | 19,3 | 19300 |
| Ytterbium | 6,977 | 6977 | Gold | 19,32 | 19320 |
| Neodymium | 7,004 | 7004 | Plutonium | 19,84 | 19840 |
| Zinc | 7,13 | 7130 | Rhenium | 21,02 | 21020 |
| Chromium | 7,19 | 7190 | Platinum | 21,40 | 21400 |
| Tin | 7,3 | 7300 | Iridium | 22,42 | 22420 |
| Indium | 7,31 | 7310 | Osmium | 22,5 | 22500 |
| Manganese | 7,44 | 7440 |
The table shows that the specific gravity of a cube of metal varies greatly. The difference in weight between the heaviest and lightest metal is 42 times. Osmium, whose weight is 22500 kg per m3 and lithium, which has the lowest density, whose weight is 534 kg per m3. The metal that has the greatest density also has the greatest weight and it is osmium, as we already understood.
The average density among all metals is 11.5 g per cm3.
It is also noteworthy that there are metals whose density is less than water. There are several of them: lithium, potassium, sodium.
For reference, we can add that osmium is not only the heaviest, but also the rarest. It is mined at around 100 kg per year.
Density of precious metals
Precious metals usually include: silver, gold, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium. The density of which starts from 10.49 g cm3 (silver) and reaches 22.5 cm3 (osmium). You can check the weight of others in the table.
Alloy Density Table
| Alloy | g/cm3 | kg/m3 | Alloy | g/cm3 | kg/m3 |
| Duralumin | 2,75 | 2750 | Nichrome | 8,4 | 8400 |
| Gray cast iron | 7,1 | 7100 | Brass | 8,2-8,8 | 8200-8800 |
| White cast iron | 7,6-7,8 | 7600-7800 | Bronze | 7,5-9,1 | 7500-9100 |
| Steel | 7,8 | 7800 | Wood's alloy | 9,7 | 9700 |
Source: https://gauge.tk/ves-metalla-tablitsa/
Products – Tekhmashholding – group of companies, official website
Steel is a deformable alloy of a small amount of carbon (up to 2%) with iron and other elements. This is one of the most common materials used in almost all industries. They are classified according to steel grades, which differ in structure, various mechanical and various physical properties, as well as chemical composition.
Below is a table of the weight of 1 m2 of steel, the most common grades in g/cm3:
Weight of popular types of steel: alloy, carbon, die, spring and others| Steel type | Brand | Specific gravity (g/cm3) |
| cryogenic stainless structural | 12Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| heat-resistant stainless steel corrosion-resistant | 08Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| low alloy structural | 09G2S | 7,85 |
| high-quality structural carbon | 10,20,30,40 | 7,85 |
| carbon structural | St3sp, St3ps | 7,87 |
| stamped instrumental | X12MF | 7,7 |
| spring-spring structural | 65G | 7,85 |
| stamped instrumental | 5ХНМ | 7,8 |
| alloy structural | 30ХГСА | 7,85 |
| high carbon steel | 70 (VS and OVS) | 7,85 |
| medium carbon steel | 45 | 7,85 |
| low carbon steel | 10 and 10A; 20 and 20A | 7,85 |
| low-carbon electrical steel (Armco) | A and E; EA; EAA | 7,8 |
| chromium steel | 15ХА | 7,74 |
| chrome-aluminum-molybdenum steel nitrided | 38ХМУА | 7,65 |
| chromium-manganese-silicon steel | 25ХГСА | 7,85 |
| chrome vanadium steel | 30ХГСА; 20ХН3А | 7,85 |
Since there are a huge number of steel grades (about 1500), we presented only the specific gravity of steel of the most common grades. More detailed information about the weight of 1 m2 of steel can be found in other articles on our website.
Based on the characteristics of steel, the following can be distinguished: density, linear expansion coefficient, elasticity and shear moduli. Based on their chemical composition, they are divided into alloyed and carbon.
In the latter, along with carbon and the addition of iron, manganese (0.1 - 1.0%) and silicon (up to 0.4%) are also added.
To add special properties, harmful impurities are added to steel: phosphorus - imparts brittleness at low temperatures, and when heated to certain temperatures, reduces ductility; sulfur – forms small cracks (red brittleness) at high temperatures.
The specific gravity of steel is calculated using the following formula: y=P/V, where P is the weight of a homogeneous body, V is the volume of the connection. The resulting parameter is constant and works only when the steel has an absolutely dense state and a non-porous structure.
According to the reference book of physical properties and materials, it has been established that the weight of 1 m2 of steel is identical to the density of steel, which is equal to 7.85 g/cm3. This parameter changes like this:
| Steel processing/Admixture | Changes compared to the standard 7.85 g/cm3 |
| carbon | specific gravity decreases |
| chrome, aluminum, manganese | specific gravity decreases |
| cobalt, tungsten, copper | specific gravity increases |
| drawing deformation | the specific gravity increases, but not more than 2-3% |
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Density tables for metals and alloys
All metals have certain physical and mechanical properties, which, in fact, determine their specific gravity. To determine how suitable a particular alloy of ferrous or stainless steel is for production, the specific gravity of rolled metal is calculated.
All metal products that have the same volume, but are made from different metals, for example, iron, brass or aluminum, have different mass, which is directly dependent on its volume. In other words, the ratio of the volume of the alloy to its mass—specific density (kg/m3)—is a constant value that will be characteristic of a given substance.
The density of the alloy is calculated using a special formula and is directly related to the calculation of the specific gravity of the metal.
The specific gravity of a metal is the ratio of the weight of a homogeneous body of this substance to the volume of the metal, i.e. this is density, in reference books it is measured in kg/m3 or g/cm3. From here you can calculate the formula for finding out the weight of a metal. To find this you need to multiply the reference density value by the volume.
The table shows the densities of non-ferrous metals and ferrous iron. The table is divided into groups of metals and alloys, where under each name the grade according to GOST and the corresponding density in g/cm3 are indicated, depending on the melting point. To determine the physical value of specific density in kg/m3, you need to multiply the tabulated value in g/cm3 by 1000. For example, this way you can find out what the density of iron is - 7850 kg/m3.
The most typical ferrous metal is iron. The density value of 7.85 g/cm3 can be considered the specific gravity of iron-based ferrous metal.
Ferrous metals in the table include iron, manganese, titanium, nickel, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, and ferrous alloys based on them, for example, stainless steel (density 7.7-8.0 g/cm3), black steel ( density 7.85 g/cm3) is mainly used by manufacturers of metal structures in Ukraine, cast iron (density 7.0-7.3 g/cm3). The remaining metals are considered non-ferrous, as well as alloys based on them. Non-ferrous metals in the table include the following types:
− light – magnesium, aluminum;
− noble metals (precious) - platinum, gold, silver and semi-precious copper;
− low-melting metals – zinc, tin, lead.
| Name of metal | Chemical designation | Atomic weight | Melting point, °C | Specific gravity, g/cc |
| Zinc | Zn | 65,37 | 419,5 | 7,13 |
| Aluminum | Al | 26,9815 | 659 | 2,69808 |
| Lead | Pb | 207,19 | 327,4 | 11,337 |
| Tin (Tin) | Sn | 118,69 | 231,9 | 7,29 |
| Copper | Cu | 63,54 | 1083 | 8,96 |
| Titanium | Ti | 47,90 | 1668 | 4,505 |
| Nickel | Ni | 58,71 | 1455 | 8,91 |
| Magnesium (Magnesium) | Mg | 24 | 650 | 1,74 |
| Vanadium | V | 6 | 1900 | 6,11 |
| Tungsten (Wolframium) | W | 184 | 3422 | 19,3 |
| Chrome (Chromium) | Cr | 51,996 | 1765 | 7,19 |
| Molybdenum | Mo | 92 | 2622 | 10,22 |
| Silver (Argentum) | Ag | 107,9 | 1000 | 10,5 |
| Tantalum | Ta | 180 | 3269 | 16,65 |
| Iron | Fe | 55,85 | 1535 | 7,85 |
| Gold (Aurum) | Au | 197 | 1095 | 19,32 |
| Platinum | Pt | 194,8 | 1760 | 21,45 |
