What color is bronze

Copper, brass and bronze in the interior

22.02.2018

Copper, brass and bronze are non-ferrous metals that are very similar in color and texture. It is very difficult to distinguish them without knowing their features.

On the Internet, images with these metals are most often labeled incorrectly, for example, under a photo with a copper bathtub it is written that it is bronze, or an image with a copper staircase is presented as brass.

How can you learn to understand them and never confuse them again?

As a designer, I feel these metals intuitively. In the photo, the metal is easiest to identify by color:

• if the item is pink or reddish in color, it is copper,
• if the yellow gold color is brass,
• if it has a greenish tint, it is bronze.

Copper is a natural material; it is mined from iron ore, since there are almost no solid copper ingots left in nature.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, with tin being the main component and giving the alloy its greenish tint.

Brass is an alloy of 70% copper and 30% zinc, i.e. copper is the main component.

Now I will tell you more about each metal:

Brass

In addition to copper and zinc, brass may contain nickel, lead, iron, tin, and manganese. Brass began to be produced in ancient Rome, but zinc ore was used. Pure zinc began to be used in England in 1781, and at the same time a patent was concluded for the production of brass.

One of the advantages of brass is that it lends itself well to grinding, so smooth polished brass is most often used for decorative purposes in interiors and furnishings.

Over time, brass darkens, loses its shine, and becomes dull, especially if the product comes into contact with water.

For this reason, faucets, shower stands, drain-overflow systems and other bathroom accessories should be chosen from bronze and from trusted suppliers, since some manufacturers, in order to save money, make products from brass, covering them only on top with bronze, which is why the product does not will serve for a long time.

But there are also counterfeits of products passed off as brass! But in fact, they are made of metal and are only coated with a brass alloy. This can be easily checked, for example, metal attracts magnets, but brass does not magnetize!

Bronze

Bronze is considered a premium metal. It consists of 80% copper and 20% tin. The so-called “tin” bronze. Sometimes instead of tin they use: aluminum, lead, silicon, beryllium and other elements (except zinc and nickel).

In addition to the main composition, any bronze contains additives - zinc, lead, phosphorus.

If aluminum is used instead of tin, bronze takes on a color similar to gold and brass.

Church bells were typically composed of 80% copper and 20% tin, which is why they have a marshy hue.

One of the main advantages of bronze is that it melts easily, it is a casting metal, so figurines, sculptures and other artistic interior items are made from bronze. But bronze is difficult to cut and sharpen.

There is also “Admiralty” bronze - when 10% zinc is added to the composition, which increases corrosion resistance to sea water.

Bronze fits well into historical clean styles and eclecticism. Among modern styles, it will interestingly complement the loft. Elements made of bronze will look good in an oriental style in combination with Moroccan and Arabic elements.

Bronze goes perfectly with sand tones and will also look impressive in a white interior.

Wood, stone, glass, and other natural materials will look good next to bronze. However, more and more often, a modern piece of furniture cast from bronze is a coating that imitates bronze.

Brass and copper

Brass and copper can be used in almost all styles - classic, historical style, eclecticism, art deco, Hollywood style, mid-century, as well as minimalism, Scandinavian style and loft style.

In modern interiors, copper is often called “rose gold”.

These metals give modern interiors a temporary “layering” effect.

Items made of brass and copper in modern interiors often have strict lines and a simple but expressive silhouette. The emphasis is more on texture and color than on the complexity of form, as in bronze products (think faucets in the shape of the heads of predatory creatures or the legs of a classic bathtub in the shape of lion paws).

Nowadays, American glamorous chic is very popular, where copper and brass, acting instead of gold, give the interior irony, as well as industrial aesthetics and the spirit of antiquity instead of luxury, wealth and pomp.

Brass and copper look great in monochrome and graphic interiors; an object made of this metal will be an art object in the interior. For products made from these metals, a white interior, as well as wine, dark blue and purple, are suitable. These metals will also be effectively combined with a dusty pink interior, Carrara marble, blue-gray, gray, chocolate, beige, turquoise and emerald colors.

Source: https://gallereya.ru/blog/interernye-resheniya/med-latun-i-bronza-v-interere/

Bronze

To date, many metal alloys have been developed with different properties for different applications. The first of these was bronze. The alloy, its production, application and features are discussed below.

Bronze

Composition options

This material is a mixture of copper with alloying elements, which are non-metals and metals. However, zinc and nickel should not be the main ones among them.

By varying the ratios between the components, the properties of bronze are changed. In accordance with this, there are several varieties of it, distinguished on the basis of alloying additives. They are used as:

• tin;
• beryllium;
• zinc;
• silicon;
• lead;
• aluminum
• nickel;
• iron;
• manganese;
• phosphorus.

Tin bronze was the first to be developed (at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC). In small quantities, this element imparts hardness, fusibility, and elasticity. When its concentration increases to 5%, ductility decreases, and at 20% bronze becomes brittle. By bringing tin to a maximum of 33%, the alloy gives a silvery-white color.

The material with beryllium is characterized by the greatest elasticity (hardened) and hardness, as well as chemical resistance. It is suitable for processing by cutting and welding.

Bronze appearance

Zinc and silicon increase fluidity, which is important for casting, and also give the surface abrasion resistance. Silicon-zinc bronze is characterized by the absence of sparks during mechanical action and good compression resistance.

Lead improves corrosion resistance, anti-friction properties, strength, and refractoriness.

Aluminum increases density, anti-friction properties, resistance to corrosion and chemical attack. Bronze of this composition is suitable for cutting.

Phosphorus is used in conjunction with some other additives to deoxidize the alloy. Its presence is reflected in the name when the content is more than 1% (tin-phosphor bronze).

The introduction of any alloying additives reduces thermal conductivity. Consequently, the fewer there are, the closer the alloy is to copper in this indicator, and the most alloyed bronzes have worse thermal conductivity.

As for copper, its content determines not only technological and operational parameters, but also the color that bronze has. Red color indicates a copper concentration of more than 90%. With a content of about 85% (the most common), bronze has a golden color. If the alloy is half copper, its white color resembles silver. To obtain gray and black colors, you need to reduce the percentage of copper to 35.

This color of the material is also common, but it must be taken into account that this alloy can acquire a dark color over time as a result of exposure to various factors (temperature, water, etc.).

In addition, technologies that make it possible to add alloying elements to bronze that give it a rich black color began to be used relatively recently, and products made from the alloy in question with this color have been widespread for a long time.

Thus, depending on the number of elements, these materials are divided into two-component (one alloying component) and multi-component. Their share is from 2.5%.

In addition, there is a classification of bronze based on the internal structure, namely the number of phases in the solid solution. It implies its division into single- and two-phase options.

Finally, due to the widespread occurrence of the tin type, the alloy is divided into tin and tin-free bronzes.

Production

The raw materials for bronze are pure metals or alloys, including bronze waste. The second option is more widespread, primarily due to its lower cost. Charcoal is used as a flux that prevents excessively intense oxidation of the metal melt. A charge is made from all the starting materials, calculating its composition based on the target parameters and the production technology used.

The melting process is carried out in a certain sequence:

• a crucible with a charge is placed in a furnace preheated to the required temperature (usually electric arc and electrical devices are used due to their high efficiency);
• after complete heating and melting of the metal, phosphorous copper, which serves as a catalyst, is included in its composition;
• after exposure, binder and alloying components of bronze are added, stirring;
• in order to remove gas impurities, degassing is carried out by blowing with nitrogen or argon;
• To reduce the intensity of oxidation, phosphorous copper is added again before casting.

Throughout the entire process, it is necessary to control the temperature and the amount of components added to the melt.

Properties

The characteristics of the material in question are determined by two factors: composition and structure.

As noted, the chemical composition of bronze is developed in order to give it the required parameters. Some of the main ones are bronze’s ductility, hardness and strength. The first two characteristics can be varied by changing the tin concentration. Thus, its share in the composition of bronze is directly related to hardness and inversely related to ductility.

The concentration of beryllium has the greatest influence on hardness and strength. Some brands of bronze containing it are superior to steel in the second parameter. To impart ductility, the beryllium alloy is hardened.

In this case, the main importance is not the quantitative indicators of the content of substances, but the severity of the properties they create.

That is, with the same amount of two different elements, one of them can change the characteristics of the material to a much greater extent than the other.

Bronze microstructure

As for the structure, it determines the holding capacity of the material in relation to the elements. This can be seen using the example of tin. Thus, a single-phase structure contains up to 6 - 8% of this element.

When its amount exceeds the solubility limit of 15%, the second phase of the solid solution is formed. This affects the balance of hardness and elasticity. Thus, single-phase options are more elastic, while two-phase bronze is harder, but brittle.

This determines further processing: materials of the first type are suitable for forging, and two-phase alloys are suitable for casting.

Below, as an example, the main characteristics of cast tin bronze are considered. Its density is determined by the tin content and with its share of 8 - 4% it is 8.6 - 9.1 kg/cm3. The melting point is 880 - 1060°C, depending on the composition.

The thermal conductivity of this material is 0.098 - 0.2 cal/(cm*s*C). This is a small value. Electrical conductivity is 0.087 - 0.176 μOhm*m, which is also not much. The corrosion rate in sea water is 0.04 mm/year, in air - 0.002 mm/year.

That is, such bronze is highly resistant to it.

Treatment

There is another classification of bronze, based on the processing technology used in the production of any products from it. In accordance with this, two types of alloys are distinguished:

Casting bronzes are used to create castings of complex configurations (parts of various devices, etc.), since they are deformed only in the molten state, while deformable bronze is processed by forging, rolling, cutting, producing rolled metal in the form of wire, tape, pipes , plates, bushings, rods. In addition, bronze is suitable for soldering and welding.

Additional processing

For a decorative effect and for protective purposes, it is possible to apply varnish, chrome, gilding, or nickel to the surface of bronze products.

In addition, for the material in question there is a specific surface treatment method called artificial patination. It is based on the natural aging process of bronze, which consists of the formation of a green-white film of carbonate or oxide composition, called patina, as a result of exposure to air and the components it contains. The artificial creation of such a coating has a decorative (giving a vintage look) and protective meaning.

This procedure is carried out by heating after applying a sulfur composition to the surface. There is also a reverse technology, that is, removing patina from old bronze products.

Advantages and disadvantages

Bronze has many positive qualities. Among them:

• variety of properties and, consequently, areas of application;
• the ability to create options for various processing methods (casting or deformation) depending on needs;
• slight shrinkage (0.5 - 1.5%);
• the possibility of repeated processing without loss of properties, that is, bronze can be processed;
• high resistance to chemical influences of the environment (water, air, acids);
• greater elasticity of many options.

The main disadvantage is the high cost of some brands, for example, tin bronze. Types of other composition, such as aluminum alloy, are much cheaper. Thus, the cost of the materials under consideration is largely determined by the alloying elements included in their composition.

Application

Tin material with 2% tin is suitable for forging at normal temperature due to its high ductility. Options with its concentration of 15% are characterized by hardness and strength. Such bronze had a wide range of applications in ancient times.

Items from it were discovered during archaeological excavations. It was used for the production of dishes, weapons, money, statues, mirrors, and jewelry.

However, the best known use of bronze of this composition is for the manufacture of bells, and therefore tin bronze is still called bell bronze.

Bronze bell

Hardened bronze containing beryllium is used for the production of springs, membranes and leaf springs.

For the manufacture of products used in particularly unfavorable conditions (high humidity, chemically active environments, etc.), bronze enriched with aluminum is used. It has high corrosion resistance and strength.

Lead bronze is suitable as a material for parts subject to frictional and impact loads (bearings, etc.).

An alloy containing zinc and silicon is used to produce objects by casting due to its fluidity. In addition, this material is characterized by the absence of sparks under mechanical influence.

Aluminum-nickel bronze is especially relevant for parts that are constantly in salt water due to its high corrosion resistance. This is a relatively new material that is used to produce elements of offshore oil platforms.

Decorative bronze itemBronze parts

In addition, most grades of bronze are characterized by their lack of magnetism and low shrinkage. Because of this, they are suitable for the production of electrical products as well as decorative items.

Also, many variants of the alloy have low thermal conductivity, as a result of which they are used for the production of bathtubs, washbasins, and plumbing parts.

Finally, most bronze alloys are characterized by poor electrical conductivity. One of the exceptions is a silver alloy, which is close in this parameter to copper.

In addition to the above-mentioned spheres, bronze is used in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, aircraft construction, for the manufacture of moving units due to wear resistance, chemical devices and pipelines due to chemical resistance.

Marking

Currently, there are many brands of bronze. They differ in composition, which determines their parameters and scope of application. For convenience, a marking system was created on this basis, including alphabetic and numeric symbols.

Thus, alloying additives are designated by the letters first in the name of the chemical elements representing them. The numbers indicate the content of alloy components in fractions of a percent. However, these designations do not contain data on the amount of copper.

This value is calculated as the difference between the total composition of bronze and the amount of alloying additives.

Bronze marking makes it easy to determine the grade required for a specific task. To do this, just use special tables. They contain data on the composition, parameters of the alloy and areas of its application.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/bronza.html

Bronze hair color: who suits it, shades, recommendations and reviews

• January 20, 2019
• Fashion trends
• Yulia Obolenskaya

For many representatives of the fair sex, bronze hair color is “persona non grata”.

They want to get rid of it, tint it with blue shades, turn it into platinum, and all this instead of stopping for a moment and considering how beautiful this color is. Of course, bronze color is not suitable for every woman.

But if your appearance allows it, then you can and should wear it in order to look bright, expressive and original. In this article we will look at what shades the color of bronze can take on, what color the resulting hair will be and who it will suit. So let's go!

General color characteristics

Recently, models and actresses have been choosing to dye their platinum and ash blonde locks into warmer, richer tones. Some limit themselves to beige tones from the “mocha” category, others dare to give their hair a golden tint. But the bravest young ladies do not hesitate to choose a bronze color and completely paint over their entire hairline. The name itself seems to tell us that this shade is warm and soft.

Most people associate him with redheads, and there is some truth in this. But what does bronze hair color look like in the understanding of modern hairdressers and what variations does it have? Like many other currently fashionable and relevant tones, bronze is considered universal. This is because both warm and cold shades were developed, which, accordingly, suited the summer and winter colors.

In general, bronze is a transitional tone, in which there is a huge amount of copper pigment, “seasoned” with one or another tint.

Suitable or not suitable?

The most important question for women is who is suitable for bronze hair color? In most cases, this color scheme is combined with warm colors - it can be “spring” or “autumn”. If we are talking about a “summer” girl or a “winter” girl, then you should be extremely careful.

There are cases when the shade goes well with certain facial features (for example, Sarah Jessica Parker dyed her curls bronze-blond several times, and Emma Stone prefers dark bronze), so everything needs to be checked first in the salon by a specialist.

With the right combination of pigments, you can achieve an ideal and unique shade of bronze color that will suit your appearance exclusively.

Well, now we will look at the standard variations of this color and determine who they are suitable for.

Light copper

The most transparent shade of the entire palette, which is filled not only with copper pigment, but also with gold. In general, this is a wheat hair color, to which a little bronze notes were added, and it literally became a little deeper and richer. Among the blondes, this one will probably be the brightest and most expressive.

It literally shimmers with all shades of yellow and orange, but at the same time is maintained in a purely natural shade. The color is perfect for those with the “spring” color type. It highlights freckles, harmonizes with both beige and peach skin and makes blue and green eyes literally shine.

Classic bronze

This is a rich, deep and very bright color that can also exist in nature. It is very difficult to meet a woman who actually has rich copper strands. As a rule, such ladies always have fair skin, but it has a warm undertone.

There may be freckles, and at the same time the eyes, no matter what color they are, are very bright and expressive. You should have approximately these features if you want to get a classic bronze shade on your hair.

Ideally, the color will be combined with the “autumn” color scheme, but in some cases it will look stunning even in the “winter”.

Ash bronze

This is the same hit tone that was developed relatively recently. He caused a stir in the beauty industry, since it is difficult to imagine red hair that has a cold undertone. But the desire of “summer” women to have bronze strands turned out to be stronger, and stylists made concessions to them.

In many ways, this color scheme is similar to the classic version, but only this time platinum pigment was added to it, which made it more neutral, cool and muted. This shade of hair does not exist in nature; it looks very bright and catchy.

It is important to remember that you need to have very expressive facial features to afford platinum bronze. We also note that the skin should not have flaws, since, firstly, the color will highlight any of them, and secondly, the redness will become even brighter due to the so-called “highlighting” from the hair.

And one more important point - the skin can be white as snow, but it should not have a pinkish undertone. Otherwise, you risk looking sick all the time.

Brown copper braids

And this version of the “redhead” is very popular both on the territory of our country and in more northern regions. Bronze color in this case is present on the hair in the form of a light shade, which is fixed on a light brown base (light brown tone can be light, medium, or dark).

Copper inclusions make the hair lighter, sparkling, and make it shine. The shade is very original, despite the fact that it is common, and suits almost all color types.

We also note that it can be easily obtained at home and subsequently maintained with the help of tint products.

Very dark bronze

Brown-haired women, as it turns out, can also be red. And if you add bronze pigment to brown or chocolate hair, you will get an incredibly sparkling and alluring color that will make the image brighter and more original.

If the curls are too dark, almost black, the bronze tint will be barely noticeable except in sunlight. Judging by the reviews, in general the shade of the hair will not change. The lighter the depth of chestnut tone, the more saturated the copper pigment will appear on it.

These undertones go perfectly with an autumn look. They emphasize brown and green eyes and make olive and dark skin more expressive.

What dyes do we need?

Judging by reviews, bronze flowers are harder to get rid of than to get, so if you want to become the owner of bright copper strands, then all you need is dye and a tinted shampoo to further maintain the shade. Among household dyes, you can choose the following options:

• "Loreal Casting Cream Gloss" number 645.
• "Brilliance" from "Schwarzkopf" in issue 843.
• "Palette" from "Schwarzkopf" in rooms 557, 670 and 270.
• "Garnier" with numbers 6.46, 6.66 and 6.60.

Professional dyes will tint your curls more gently. Among them you can choose the following positions:

• "Kapus" 5.4, 5.43, 6.4, 6.43, 5.6, 7.4
• “Matrix” - all shades from a palette called Cooper (that is, “copper”).
• "Estelle" numbered 7/4, 8/4, 8/45 and 8/34.

Additionally, it is worth noting that copper color is often used as an auxiliary color for complex coloring. Lightened strands are tinted into it, making them bright and expressive. What color goes with bronze in such cases? Dark shades look great against black and rich chestnut, while lighter copper tones will harmonize with chocolate and coffee colors.

Coloring with natural ingredients

Since ancient times, women have achieved bronze hair color using henna. This natural component not only heals curls, but also makes them fiery red. In order to adjust the shade, make it lighter or darker, purchase basma in tandem with henna. Here are some recommendations that can help you:

• Light bronze - 1 part basma and 4 parts henna.
• Classic bronze - 1 part basma and 2 parts henna.
• Dark bronze - 2 parts basma 1 part henna.

We dilute the powder mixtures with water to a thick sour cream and apply them one by one to the strands. To make your hair lighter, but at the same time red, just pin your hair up and walk like this for about 5 hours. To achieve a darker result, wrap your head in a bag and put on a hat, and walk like this for about 5 hours.

Source: https://janet.ru/443556a-bronzovyiy-tsvet-volos-komu-podhodit-ottenki-rekomendatsii-i-otzyivyi

What bronze is made of: composition of bronze alloy, main properties and types, areas of application and marking - Machine

Bronze is a double or multi-component alloy consisting of copper and other elements that improve the basic properties of the metal, except zinc. Such elements are called alloying elements. Bronze contains more than 2.5% by weight.

Manganese, tin, beryllium, lead, silicon, chromium, phosphorus, iron, aluminum and other elements are used as alloying components. Alloys are marked with the combination “Br”, letters that indicate the main alloying components and numbers indicating their content. For example: BrO5 - tin bronze, BrA5 - aluminum bronze.

The chemical composition of bronze alloys and their grades are determined by the corresponding GOSTs. You can buy bronze on our website.

Bronze, based on copper and tin, is one of the oldest alloys produced by man. In the 3rd millennium BC, bronze products appeared in Mesopotamia and Southern Iran. Everything necessary for human life was made from this alloy in ancient times.

Archaeologists discovered weapons (daggers, axes, arrowheads, swords), furniture and interior items (mirrors), as well as dishes (jugs, vases, plates). In addition, coins and all kinds of jewelry were made from bronze.

Around the 5th-4th centuries BC, ancient Greek sculptors learned to cast large bronze statues; by the way, this technology is still relevant today. In the Middle Ages, bronze was used to make cannons and artillery shells. Bells have long been cast from this alloy.

By changing the composition and size of the casting, craftsmen created bells with an amazing sound. 

Bronze classification

According to their chemical composition they are distinguished:

• Tin bronzes are alloys with the main alloying component tin. In addition to tin, lead, phosphorus and zinc may be present as additional components. With the addition of tin, copper acquires greater fusibility, elasticity, and hardness. Consequently, the alloy is more amenable to polishing. Additional components improve mechanical, casting, and anti-friction properties.
• Tin-free (special) bronzes are alloys that do not contain tin as an alloying element. They are not inferior in properties to tin bronzes, and in some they even surpass them.

According to technological characteristics, bronzes are divided into:

• Deformable – well amenable to mechanical processing: stamping, corrugation, forging. their tin content is no more than 6%, which ensures the necessary ductility. Sheets, bronze wire, bronze rod, and bronze tape are made from deformable tin bronzes.

• Foundry - intended for shaped castings. Various parts for machines operating in salt sea water, bearing shells, and gears are made from cast tin bronzes.

Properties of bronze

If we compare it with brass, bronze is characterized by higher corrosion resistance, strength and anti-friction properties. It is quite stable in air, salt water, carbon dioxide solutions and solutions of many organic acids. Most types of bronze can be welded and soldered with hard and soft solders.

Depending on the amount of additives, the color of bronze can be from red to white. Let's look at how alloying elements affect the properties of bronze. Tin, nickel, silicon and aluminum increase the strength, corrosion resistance, and elastic properties of bronzes.

In combination with lead, zinc and phosphorus, anti-friction properties also increase. Nickel and iron significantly refine the grain and increase the recrystallization temperature. Silicon and manganese increase heat resistance.

Chromium, zirconium and beryllium increase the heat resistance of alloys and slightly reduce electrical conductivity.

Let's take a quick look at the most commonly used types of bronze.

• Beryllium bronze is the leader in hardness among other copper alloys. In the hardened state it has good ductility and manufacturability, and in the aged state it has high mechanical properties. The level of mechanical properties can be further increased by plastic deformation before aging. Beryllium bronze is used to make springs, membranes and tools.
• Aluminum bronze is characterized by high density, resistance to aggressive environmental factors and chemical elements, and good resistance to sea water. This type of bronze can be processed with cutting tools. Tapes and strips of pipes are made from it.
• Silica-zinc bronze makes it possible to produce products of complex shapes due to its increased fluidity in the molten state. Such bronze has a high degree of compression resistance and does not spark under mechanical stress.
• Lead bronze has excellent anti-friction properties, resists shock loads well, and is also characterized by high strength and refractoriness. It is used for heavily loaded bearings.
• Tin bronze has all the above properties and is the most widely used in modern industry. 

Receipt

Bronze is produced by fusing copper and alloying components. The process takes place in electric induction furnaces or crucible furnaces. The smelting charge can consist of fresh metals, as well as production waste and secondary metals. Melting is carried out under a layer of flux or charcoal.  

The required amount of coal or flux is placed in a heated furnace, and then copper is loaded. After melting and heating the copper to the appropriate temperature, the melt is deoxidized with copper phosphate.

Next, heated alloying elements are introduced into the melt. Refractory alloying elements are introduced in the form of alloys. The melt is stirred until the components dissolve and heated to the required temperature.

Before casting, the melt is again deoxidized with phosphorous copper to eliminate its oxides.

The result is a wide range of rolled metal:

Application of bronze

Bronze is used in modern mechanical engineering, rocketry, aviation, shipbuilding and other industries.

Due to their resistance to mechanical abrasion and high corrosion resistance, bronze products are used for the manufacture of machine parts and devices involved in moving units in the friction process. Bronze parts require periodic replacement, that is, they are consumable.

Tin-free bronze alloys are used to make rolled products for components of chemical devices, control valves for heating systems and pipelines for other purposes.

Bronze is used for casting sculptures and monuments, as the material is durable, not exposed to atmospheric influences and is resistant to mechanical damage. Products of highly artistic forms in theaters, palaces, and halls (chandeliers, floor lamps, candelabra) are also made of bronze.  

how bronze figurines are made

Source: https://regionvtormet.ru/prochee/iz-chego-sostoit-bronza-sostav-splava-bronzy-osnovnye-svojstva-i-vidy-oblasti-primeneniya-i-markirovka.html

BronzeMania

The main component of bronze is copper, to which other metals (usually tin) are added. At the same time, the share of other substances is no more than 2.5%, which makes it possible to improve the performance of the resulting alloy.

If copper is combined with zinc, brass is obtained; when zinc is replaced with nickel, a cupronickel composition is obtained. There are other options. For example, BrA5 is a type of bronze obtained by adding aluminum.

We work with the BrO5 brand, made on the basis of tin, since this material fully complies with state requirements.

A little about history

The first bronze products appeared in the 3rd century BC. The Middle East is considered the birthplace of this amazing metal - the oldest finds of a compound of copper and tin were found in Iran, as well as Syria, Turkey and Iraq. Most often, household and work items were made from bronze. The most common surviving items are household, military and jewelry items.

Then came a period when this metal became the main source of the monetary industry - coins of various denominations were made from it. Around the 5th century AD. The production of bronze sculptures began in Hellas. This is where the tradition of making bronze miniatures and figurines originates, which is still relevant today.

With the onset of the Middle Ages, bronze became part of weapons and became the main resource for casting cannons, cannonballs, and shells. Bell casters also paid attention to this metal - bronze makes beautiful products that give a deep and pleasant sound.

Bronze spear tip (7th-4th century BC).

How do the species differ?

Alloys are classified depending on the selected components. Bronze made with the addition of tin often also contains lead or phosphorus - this provides an alloying effect. Due to tin, the alloy becomes harder and more durable, withstands melting better and retains its shape well. The resulting material is easy to grind, and the presence of special components allows you to achieve higher performance and visual performance.

There is also bronze, which does not contain tin. Such options have a new structure that differs from the traditional one, but in terms of their properties they are almost equal to the classic alloy.

The technical properties of a metal can affect its performance.

Casting material is formed by the method of making decorative and stylish products (for example, our products). It is also widely used in the production of bearings, parts of complex mechanisms, as well as components for devices designed to operate in sea water.

Deformable materials are designed to be formed mechanically. In this case, the metal is cut, forged, and covered with corrugation. As a rule, this option is flexible and relatively soft - cables, tapes, rods and sheet products are produced from it.

Bronze rod.

Properties of bronze  

When considering this alloy in comparison with other metal mixtures (for example, zinc composition), it is worth noting that real bronze is impervious to natural processes of destruction, lasts a long time and is resistant to aggressive influences (vibration, friction). It also remains durable and beautiful even with prolonged contact with water, air, acidic environments or salt solutions. Most types of bronze can be soldered or welded.

The color of the alloy depends on the components included in its composition. The lightest type is white. Dark classes have a reddish tint.

The following additives affect the tone and quality of bronze:

• zinc and lead reduce susceptibility to friction;
• aluminum and silicon extend service life, protect against corrosion and deformation;
• nickel and iron increase the ability of the alloy to recrystallize, making the substance smooth and homogeneous;
• silicon or manganese is added to increase resistance to rust, oxide deposits and intense heat;
• a material not intended to conduct electricity is made with the addition of chromium or beryllium.

The most popular classes of bronze alloy used in industry are:

1. Beryllium (due to hardness). Can be hardened and is elastic. With the natural or artificial aging of a metal, its increased resistance to mechanical processes is manifested. This indicator is often enhanced by preliminary deformation. Serves for the manufacture of large and small machine parts, as well as for the production of equipment.
2. Aluminum (due to high density). It is resistant to chemicals, does not change under the influence of natural factors, and is suitable for use in sea water. Easy to process and cut, popular in the production of flat and strip products.
3. Silicon-zinc (advantage: excellent fluidity). Does not create sparks during machining (turning, milling). Suitable for casting complex or decorative shapes.
4. Lead – resistant to friction and shock. Due to these indicators, it is more often used for parts that carry a large load.
5. Tin - combines all the above advantages, and therefore is in greatest demand.

How to get bronze

Bronze making is a demanding and rather difficult process in which auxiliary metals are introduced into molten copper. Smelting is carried out in forges or induction furnaces. For heating, natural fuel (coal) or flux is used.

The first stage is placing copper in the furnace and heating it until it reaches a liquid state. After this, phosphorous copper is introduced into the substance, to which alloying components are later added. The resulting alloy is mixed, and a new processing temperature is set. At the final stage, copper phosphorous is again used, which allows you to get rid of any oxidation.

Melting bronze is simple, and therefore this metal is often used for casting art objects and miniatures. Using special forms and filling them out correctly, the specialists of the Bronzamania workshop produce products of ideal appearance. Blanks intended for artistic casting are made in round or flattened format.

Bronze in a molten state. 

Application of bronze

Impeccable performance qualities have made bronze one of the most common materials in mechanical engineering, aviation, shipbuilding and large industry. This metal is not susceptible to moisture, does not wear out, and is almost impossible to deform. Therefore, bronze is used in the production of rolled products intended for use in aggressive chemical environments, as well as for the production of parts and pipes of various profiles.

Reliability and long service life are additional characteristics due to which bronze has become widely known in the field of sculpture and art. Interior parts are made from it - candlesticks, chandelier bodies, decor. Therefore, the specialists of the Bronzamania workshop can guarantee the long service life of all products available for sale - our products retain their beautiful appearance and functionality for decades, without reacting to weather conditions and other adverse factors.

Ready product.

Source: https://bronzamania.ru/blogs/blog/vidy-bronzy

What colors go with bronze in the interior?

From a scientific point of view, the coloring of objects is just a kind of filter for rays of one or another spectrum range coming from a light source. The human eye is capable of distinguishing different shades, but more recently it has been proven that light irritates not only the optic nerve. The general mental state of the same person, located in rooms with different interior colors, can change, and within significant limits.

Based on these considerations, modern designers, when developing a project for decorating a living room, not only take into account color sensitivity, but also use this ability as a kind of tool, depending on what goals are set when decorating the interior. The bronze shade is distinguished by its wide functionality, since in addition to its immediate quality, it allows you to embody some ideas for different rooms in combination with decorative items, curtains, and flooring.

What color is bronze

In the standard set of colors from the spectrum, such a shade as bronze does not appear. This is a complex color scheme, which is represented by a combination of several colors. The components are yellow, red, green or gray.

To visually imagine the shade, just remember what an alloy of copper and tin looks like. Hence the “metallic” name for the color being studied. Depending on the intensity of a particular component, the bronze hue can vary from dark red or even brown to bright golden. A similar range is observed when producing an alloy, only the result depends on the proportion of a particular metal.

Possibilities of bronze shades in the interior of the room

It must be emphasized that shades of yellow and orange are considered warm. In addition, they are associated with flame, summer heat, and comfort, which is not without reason a stimulus for a good mood. The metallic nature cannot but manifest itself, therefore the presence of a golden hue in the interior has a charming effect on the observer.

Associative thinking allows a person to immerse himself in an imaginary world with just the idea of ​​a certain background. When you manage to directly contemplate bronze-colored wallpaper, the effect of an expensive finish is created. Golden tints not only resemble the jewelry of Persian sheikhs, but also activates brain activity. Thus, such wallpaper is the best option for finishing a study, where fateful decisions often have to be made.

The play of shades must be used wisely. An inept approach to choosing colors can lead to the fact that finishing with a bronze tint will significantly reduce the perceived dimensions of the room.

Wall wallpaper, like other representatives of this type of finishing materials, can be made in a single color or enriched with a pattern, which means that it is possible to manipulate the illumination of the room, bringing it to a level that is comfortable for perception.

To start decorating a room, you need to become more familiar with some of the features of the shade. The walls of any room should not be excessively exposed, that is, along with pasting, before completing a harmonious picture, you will have to think about filling it with decor. The latter can be paintings or antiques.

Decorating the living room

You can transfer the atmosphere of wealth to different rooms. The only condition for a successful project is to remember the functional purpose of the room. The direct purpose of bronze wallpaper can be easily realized in the very first room where guests enter.

A golden hue in any form will indicate the richness of the finish. Tones in the range of dark red color will certainly make the space too cramped and dark, but will give a touch of peace, quiet and peace. Bright shades closer to yellow will delight the eye with anticipation of the holiday.

Source: https://moreremonta.info/strojka/kakie-cveta-sochetajutsja-s-bronzoj-v-interere/

What bronze is made of: composition of bronze alloy, main properties and types, areas of application and marking

Since time immemorial, humanity has been mining bronze. Many archaeological excavations, in which the most ancient artifacts were found - bronze products, confirm the spread of this alloy in the distant past.

It was used both for military purposes - to make bladed weapons, cannons and cannonballs for them, and to create beautiful works of art - jewelry and sculptures.

One of the most famous places where bronze items were found was located in the Kuban River area. In this place, archaeologist Nikolai Veselovsky in 1897 excavated the so-called Maykop culture, which existed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC.

Bronze artifacts found in the Maikop burial mounds were made mainly from an alloy of copper and arsenic, so it is believed that historically these alloys, called arsenic bronzes, .

It was in no way inferior in its properties to alloys of copper with tin or lead, and even surpassed them in a number of characteristics . It was widely used in various areas of human activity of those times, from the manufacture of critical parts to jewelry.

Bronze composition

Bronze is an alloy of copper with metals such as tin, aluminum, lead, beryllium, and non-metals arsenic, silicon and phosphorus. In addition, such alloys can be additionally alloyed with phosphorus, zinc, manganese, iron and nickel.

The composition of bronze depends on the grade of the alloy and is indicated in its designation. For example, the composition of an alloy labeled BrAMts7−1 includes 7% aluminum, 1% manganese and 92% copper .

Thus, the main component of this metal is copper (from 35% to 90% and above). The second component can be either arsenic, or tin or beryllium, lead, aluminum, silicon and other components. To impart special properties, additional components can be added - zinc, iron, nickel, manganese, phosphorus and others.

Features of bronze and properties

The main properties of all bronze alloys are ductility and hardness. Depending on the ratio of the main and additional components, a wide variety of new properties can be obtained. In addition, the amount of copper in the alloy determines its color.

So, golden bronze will be obtained if the alloy contains about 85% copper, and if its amount is reduced to 50%, an alloy will be obtained that has a silvery color. Reducing the amount of copper to 35% and below will lead to the output of gray and even black bronze, and increasing the amount of copper to 90% and above will lead to the formation of red bronze.

One of the old brands of bronze alloys is bell bronze , which is still used today for casting bells. It contains 20% tin and 80% copper. Its disadvantage is increased fragility due to the high tin content in the alloy.

As mentioned above, the most commonly used are alloys of copper and tin with the addition of a small amount of other components. The widespread use of such alloys is due, first of all, to historical reasons that led to the displacement of arsenic bronze from production.

Such reasons are the following:

• the development over many centuries of deposits of tennantite and other faded ores rich in copper and arsenic. Such ores were most convenient for the production of arsenic bronze, since they did not lie very deep, which made the production process cheaper compared to other sources of copper and arsenic;
• the high toxicity of the production of such bronze, caused by the presence of arsenic in the deposits, which inevitably led to loss of health and further ability to work for experienced metallurgists and blacksmiths;
• unsuitability of metallurgical defects and broken products made of arsenic bronze for further remelting into high-quality metal. At best, such products were used to make jewelry or non-essential parts.

The alloys of copper and tin that replaced arsenic bronzes, although they were more expensive to produce, were economically preferable , since the development of horse-drawn transport and the resulting establishment of trade relations between cities and countries led to an increase in the import of non-arsenic bronze.

Types of bronze and characteristics

The development of large-scale industrial production generally led to the fact that tin bronzes became almost the most widespread type of bronze. And only in the last hundred years this type began to be replaced by copper alloys with tin substitutes, such as aluminum, silicon and, especially, beryllium bronzes.

Thus, the following types exist:

1. tin-free. It includes bronze, in which the second components are aluminum, silicon, beryllium and other metals and non-metals. Each of these components gives it special properties. For example, aluminum gives the alloy increased anti-friction properties and high corrosion resistance, beryllium increases strength and hardness, and silicon and zinc improve its fluidity and abrasion resistance;
2. tin. A copper-tin alloy in which copper predominates. It is one of the first to be mastered by man. It has high hardness and strength compared to pure copper, and is also more fusible. In such alloys, tin is always the second most abundant after copper and the main alloying component.

The third in quantity are additional components such as arsenic, zinc and lead . Due to its very low shrinkage, this metal is mainly intended for casting, as it is difficult to work with pressure, cutting and sharpening. Even the tendency to segregation and low fluidity do not prevent the use of this alloy for the manufacture of configurationally complex castings, including in artistic casting.

Bronze with the addition of zinc is called “Admiralty ” and is used for the manufacture of parts that have frequent or constant contact with sea water (shipbuilding). This feature is due to the fact that zinc gives the alloy increased corrosion resistance in the specified environment.

However, to make bronze resistant to corrosion in salty seawater, it is increasingly being enriched with aluminum and nickel . Such alloys, often called “marine”, are used to manufacture elements of oil platforms operating on sea and ocean shelves.

To give bronze additional characteristics, of phosphorus, silver, zinc, arsenic, manganese and other components are alloyed into it Thus, adding a small amount of silver increases the electrical conductivity of bronze and makes it comparable to the electrical conductivity of copper.

There are special tables that provide markings and descriptions of all bronze alloys produced by industry. However, even without referring to such tables, you can determine the type and chemical composition if you know how its labeling is deciphered.

By simple labeling you can find out their composition. Its characteristic feature in the designation is the letters “Br”, which means “Bronze ”.

They are then followed by letters indicating, in addition to copper, the presence of the corresponding components. These letter designations established by regulatory documents are as follows: A - aluminum, B - beryllium, K - silicon, F - iron, N - nickel, Mts - manganese, Mg - magnesium, C - lead, O - tin, T - titanium, F - phosphorus, C - zinc.

After the letter designations, there are numbers separated by hyphens indicating the percentage of each component (after copper). Designations are also used in which after each letter the percentage of a particular component is indicated. To find out the copper content, you need to subtract the percentage of all components from 100%.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5cqzDkrvZk

Here are examples of markings and their interpretations: BrO5Ts6S5 - a bronze alloy in which the tin content is 5%, zinc - 6%, lead - 5%, copper - 84%; BrO3Ts8S4N1 - tin content - 3%, zinc - 8%, lead - 4%, nickel - 1%, copper - 84%; BrO10F1 - tin content - 10%, phosphorus - 1%, copper - 89%; BrB2 - beryllium content - 2%, copper - 98%; BrAZhMts10−3−1.5 - aluminum content - 10%, iron - 3%, manganese - 1.5%, copper - 85.5%; BrAZHN10−4−4 - aluminum content - 10%, iron - 4%, nickel - 4%, copper - 82%.

Due to its diverse properties, this metal finds wide application in various fields. The following products are made from it:

• decorative elements (lamps, figurines, candlesticks, ashtrays, grilles, railing decorations and others);
• various accessories (locks, handles, overhead hinges, taps, mixers and other plumbing fixtures);
• parts of machines and mechanisms (bushings, seals, gears, bearings, parts of equipment operating under water);
• parts for high-precision equipment, navigation devices, car circuits;
• numerous fittings (bends, angles, adapters, couplings, tees, etc.);
• a small amount of jewelry.

Bronze is widely used in rocketry and mechanical engineering, aviation and shipbuilding . Highly artistic objects for theaters, halls and palaces are made from it, monuments and sculptures are cast.

Thanks to the development of metallurgy, this metal is acquiring new and unusual properties that were inaccessible to blacksmiths and metallurgists of the past. Invented by the ancients, the alloy continues to faithfully serve humanity and progress for many, many centuries.

Source: https://tokar.guru/metally/splavy/bronza-sostav-splava-svoystva-i-primenenie.html

What is the difference between bronze and brass in appearance - Metalist's Handbook

Bronze and brass are very similar in appearance. However, they differ significantly in their chemical composition and characteristics. The metallurgical industry clearly distinguishes one alloy from another. But in everyday life it can be very difficult for a buyer to figure this out, especially when purchasing a rather expensive bronze item. Therefore, it is extremely important to know how to distinguish bronze from brass.

Characteristics of metals

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, silicon, beryllium, aluminum, lead and other elements. However, only tin is often used to obtain high-quality bronze. There are also alloys that use nickel and/or zinc. They are called spiater and are a cheap analogue of bronze.

Depending on what metal is present in the alloy, bronze is distinguished:

• tin;
• beryllium;
• aluminum;
• silicon

Thanks to this variety, the material is divided into two large groups - tin and tin-free. Previously, arsenic bronze also existed, but it was not widely used.

Brass is also an alloy, but here the main element is zinc combined with copper , to which nickel, tin, lead, manganese, iron or other elements may sometimes be added. Already in Ancient Rome, methods for producing this alloy were known.

The Romans learned to smelt copper with zinc ore. It was only in 1781 that zinc in its pure form began to be used in England to produce brass.

In the nineteenth century, due to its special color, this metal began to be used as counterfeit gold, and this quickly spread to many countries.

Currently, such an alloy is used to produce steel-brass bimetal. It is resistant to corrosion and abrasion, and is also quite flexible. In addition to the fact that brass is used in industry, its variety, called tombak, is quite often used for the manufacture of fittings, artistic products and insignia.

Comparison of two metals

As mentioned above, copper is used to make bronze and brass. However, its combination with tin or zinc produces alloys that have different properties and are used in different fields.

For example, bronze is considered a material that sculptors like to use to create busts, fences, monuments and other solutions that require durability and beauty. Brass is practically not used for such purposes; it is only occasionally used to create some kind of artistic products. The reason is the plasticity of the metal; it wears out quite quickly, while bronze monuments can stand for centuries.

An interesting fact is that bronze products have been used in maritime affairs since ancient times. They remarkably withstand the negative effects of salt water , while pure brass is completely incapable of this. To achieve certain properties, alloying with aluminum, lead or tin is required.

The appearance of these alloys is also slightly different. Bronze has a coarse-grained dark brown structure. Brass is much lighter; due to its characteristic yellowness, it resembles gold, and its structure is fine-grained.

In addition, both alloys are divided into different groups:

• brass can be two-component or multi-component;
• bronze - tin and tinless.

The difference between the two metals

The difference between these two alloys is as follows:

• Bronze is obtained by alloying copper with tin. In addition, this alloy contains impurities of metals such as lead, aluminum, beryllium, silicon, etc. Brass is obtained by fusing copper with zinc. Iron, nickel, manganese, lead, etc. are also added to this alloy.
• Bronze is a dark brown metal with a coarse grain structure, while brass is yellow in color and is quite smooth and fine grained.
• When interacting with sea water, bronze products do not deteriorate at all, but brass products may suffer. This property of alloys is taken into account in the construction of ships and the manufacture of various fishing accessories.
• Bronze is divided into tin and tin-free groups, and its opponent is divided into two-component and multi-component.
• Bronze products are much stronger than brass and they are much more resistant to wear.
• Bronze is often used to make fences, monuments and a variety of metal interior decorations. Brass is also used to make various jewelry and decorative elements, but quite rarely. But it is used to create steel-brass - a fairly practical bimetal that is not prone to rust.

Thus, it is not so easy to distinguish bronze from brass. It’s not easy to do this at home, but it’s possible. You just need to carefully examine both alloys , which are located in the same place. If you pick them up, bronze will be much heavier than brass, and its color will be much darker.

• Vitaly Danilovich Orlov

Source: https://ssk2121.com/chem-otlichaetsya-bronza-ot-latuni-po-vidu/

Bronze: color, composition, properties, varieties and brands - Website about

The number of types of bronzes is huge. The metal, invented thousands of years ago, is used today in various fields of production. Some brands combine unique qualities and are sometimes simply irreplaceable. What kind of material this is will be discussed in the article.

What is bronze

This is an alloy whose main component is copper. Alloying components include tin, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, lead and others. It should not be confused with brass - it is an alloy of copper and zinc, and with cupronickel - copper with nickel.

Alloying elements have different effects on the characteristics of the material:

Classification

• Most often they are divided into categories according to three criteria - chemical composition, processing method and structure.
• By chemical composition, depending on the presence of tin:
• The second ones, in turn, are:

• Aluminum;
• Siliceous;
• Manganese.

There are also brands of beryllium bronze, lead bronze and others. This depends on the presence of alloying elements.

By technological properties (processing method):

• Pressure-processed (deformable);
• Foundry.

By structure:

• Single-phase - consist of solid solution crystals of one type;
• Biphasic - there are crystals of two different phases.

Where is it used?

The qualities of alloys depend on alloying components. Accordingly, the areas of use of the material are very different:

• High precision castings. Some materials exhibit low casting shrinkage.
• Anti-friction elements. Those that work with constant friction. Including in steel-bronze friction pairs. The “wearlessness effect” is associated with these same properties.
• Critical structural elements operating under variable loads.
• Gears, cogwheels.
• Parts of mechanisms operating in aggressive or wet environments. For example, in salt water.
• Springs, membranes - due to good elastic properties.
• Electrical products, watch mechanisms, parts of aircraft navigation devices.
• Household use – accessories, fittings, plumbing products.
• Jewelry production.
• And of course – sculptures, decorative items, household items.

How to produce

Metal is cast from pure components or from alloys in the form of pigs.

• First of all, copper is mined in deposits. It occurs quite often. It is mined from native copper and minerals. Metal is obtained from the latter in several ways. The most common are oxidative annealing and fire refining.
• Then the composition of the charge is determined. This depends on the composition of the brand and on the available raw materials.
• Copper smelting is carried out in special furnaces. The process takes place in several stages:

1. . Raw materials are loaded into dry heated crucibles.
2. Melting. Melting is carried out with the addition of charcoal (flux) so that the metal is less oxidized.
3. Phosphorous copper is introduced into the well-heated metal, playing the role of an acid catalyst.
4. After exposure at high temperature, preheated alloying and binding components (ligatures) are introduced.
5. Liquid metal is cast into sand or metal molds.

BraZh9-4

This is tin-free aluminum bronze. Deformable. Has anti-friction qualities. Aluminum gives it resistance to corrosion, and iron improves its structure, wear resistance, and strength qualities.

This alloy is one of the inexpensive ones. There's no tin. At the same time, BraZh9-4 is well processed, works in friction pairs, and resists corrosion. It often replaces expensive types of metal with tin.

An important quality - it works even at high temperatures. It is hardened at a temperature of 950 degrees, then released at 250-300 degrees for 2-3 hours. After heat treatment, the hardness and ductility of the parts increase.

BrAZh9-4 is made from copper with aluminum additives and up to 2-4% iron impurities. According to GOST 18175-78 it also contains other elements:

Physical properties of BrAZh9-4

1. T – temperature
2. E 10– 5 – Modulus of elasticity of the first kind
3. a 106 – Coefficient of thermal (linear) expansion
4. l – Thermal conductivity (heat capacity)
5. r – Density
6. C – Specific heat capacity
7. R 109 – Electrical resistivity

Patina on bronze items

In general, patina is a coating or film on copper alloys and copper. It is because of this that some bronze items have a noble greenish-white color.

Patina can be natural or artificial.

Natural patina is an oxide-carbonate deposit on the surface of products that appears under the influence of the environment. The film is formed with different intensity. This depends on the environment in which the product is located (air, vapors, gases, the content of chlorine salts in water and air). The natural layer protects the item from further corrosion.

Artificial patina is the same film, but it was formed after applying special compounds to the object. Usually these are acids and sulfur.

Patination of products is done to give the product a noble, vintage, and decorative look. Before this, the natural layer of patina is carefully removed. Apply the patination mixture and heat the product. Patination compounds are usually very toxic.

Standardization of alloys

There are several thousand standards regulating the production of bronzes. For example, these are groups of standards:

• Containing grades of alloys;
• Containing technical specifications for the assortment (rods, ingots, pipes and others);
• Regulatory methods of control and analysis of composition.

Here are the main current standards. Update date 08/10/2017:

Classification, brands, characteristics of bronze compositions
Link to the main publication

Source: https://nzmetallspb.ru/benzoinstrument/bronza-tsvet-sostav-svojstva-raznovidnosti-i-marki.html

Classification, brands, characteristics of bronze compositions

The number of types of bronzes is huge. The metal, invented thousands of years ago, is used today in various fields of production. Some brands combine unique qualities and are sometimes simply irreplaceable. What kind of material this is will be discussed in the article.