What are the types of alloys?

Types of scrap and waste of non-ferrous metals and alloys, marking, classification and categories of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous is a group of different metals and their alloys.

Let's take a closer look at what non-ferrous metal scrap is.

There are two groups of metals:

Iron and its alloys are called black

The rest are non-ferrous or non-ferrous.

Their list is diverse:

• aluminum;
• copper;
• nickel;
• manganese;
• titanium;
• zirconium, etc.

are in demand today both in production and in scientific activities . Their areas of application are varied.

Scrap metal collection points are happy to buy non-ferrous metal scrap at competitive prices, and in order to avoid getting into trouble when handing it over, you need to be familiar with the types and know the standard classification of non-ferrous metals.

Classification of non-ferrous metals according to GOST

The current GOST 1639-2009 clearly indicates what belongs to non-ferrous metal scrap.

The classification of scrap is divided into four main sections that characterize it:

• Name;
• physical parameters;
• chemical composition;
• quality.

GOST metals and their alloys.

displays 13 types that are accepted in organizations for the reception of recyclable materials.

Below is a table in which you can see a list of non-ferrous metals in one list and the number of individual types of scrap:

Pure metal can rarely be found , since most scrap is made up of alloys.

Upon acceptance, belonging to one or another type is assessed by the element that is greater in percentage terms in recyclable materials.

This ratio can be determined using special equipment.

Non-ferrous metal scrap is divided into types according to the following criteria :

• origin;
• chemical composition;
• physical state.

The origin of the scrap may be as follows:

• industrial waste;
• marriage;
• substandard;
• scrap of finished products.

The chemical composition of non-ferrous metal scrap, which is determined in the laboratory, shows which metal or alloy it belongs to.

The most valuable recyclable materials are unalloyed metals with a low content of impurities. Physical parameters are just as important when passing as chemical ones.

According to these characteristics, scrap is divided into the following classes :

• A – directly refers to scrap and lump waste;
• B – includes shavings, tangled wire and small pieces;
• B - powdered waste (mainly found only in rare metals: tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum and titanium);
• G - other recyclables.

Safety

All non-ferrous scrap must be checked for:

• presence of radiation and harmful chemical contamination;
• explosion hazard.

When transporting scrap metal, it must be accompanied by documentation on radiation and explosion safety.

The concentration of harmful substances must not exceed the values ​​specified in GOST 12.1.005.

The Russian Ministry of Natural Resources has identified five classes of chemical, radiation and explosion hazards of non-ferrous metal scrap:

1. Hazardous waste with great harm to the ecosystem. These include mercury, polonium and plutonium.
2. Highly hazardous waste, the consequences of which take nature thirty years to remove. These are alloys of lead, cobalt and molybdenum.
3. Moderate danger , in which it takes ten years to restore the ecology. This is scrap mixed with copper, nickel, iron, zinc, aluminum and silver.
4. Low hazardous waste, removal of the consequences takes three years. This includes scrap bronze.
5. Low danger , such scrap does not harm the environment. This is the most common class among colored scrap.

Due to the expected harm to humans and nature, all operations with non-ferrous scrap require a license from the points accepting secondary non-ferrous metals. Checking for all types of hazards is carried out according to the following scheme:

Quality

GOST specifies quality parameters that determine the grade of scrap.

characteristics are of great importance here :

• scrap size;
• origin of scrap;
• uniformity;
• amount of blockage;
• chemical composition;
• physical state;
• dimensions and volume.

Quality is determined on a representative sample.

According to GOST, all transported scrap must be marked with the following indication:

• names;
• GOST designations;
• designations of the type of recyclable materials;
• alloy grades.

Marking of non-ferrous metals and alloys must be firmly attached to the cargo during transportation and storage.

To determine the grade of metal, you need to look at the stamp book , a special document with all the markings of the metal or alloy you are interested in.

Kinds

The large number of non-ferrous metals and various characteristics required their classification into separate types.

industrial systematization is in use , reflecting the historically established components of the metallurgical industry and the science of the same name.

The name itself does not fully reflect the essence of non-ferrous metal.

Only gold and copper are colored, while the rest are the usual grey-black shades.

Science usually distinguishes the following types of non-ferrous metals and alloys:

• lungs;
• heavy;
• noble;
• refractory;
• scattered;
• rare earth;
• radioactive.

industry in Russia today is on the rise and includes:

• metal mining;
• ore beneficiation;
• metal smelting

The main non-ferrous metals include:

Aluminum is an excellent electrical conductor. It is flexible, which is both its advantage and disadvantage.

To give it strength add :

• manganese;
• copper;
• magnesium, etc.

Such alloys are used for the production of :

• airplanes;
• sea ​​and river ships;
• space shuttles;
• in construction;
• in the food industry.

Aluminum and its alloys are the cheapest type of non-ferrous metal scrap.

You can find it in a variety of household items, including:

• siding;
• gutters;
• roofing

Copper is a commonly found non-ferrous metal.

It also has good characteristics:

• plastic;
• good electrical conductor;
• good heat conductor.

It is in great demand in alloys and is used in various economic sectors.

Its alloy with zinc and tin is known - brass.

It can be found in:

• cars;
• hours;
• expensive jewelry.

find copper for scrap metal in:

• power cables;
• water pipes;
• household products.

Copper is highly valued at recycling centers.

Rare

Rare earth metals are used to improve the qualities of other metals and became widely used with the development of industrial production in the 20th century.

These are the following metals:

• scandium;
• yttrium;
• lanthanides.

The name itself suggests that there is very little of these non-ferrous metals in the earth's crust. Also, previously, refractory oxides that form rare non-ferrous metals were called “earths” . They are extracted from oxides.

Today, rare earth metals can be found in all digital devices:

• smartphones;
• players;
• computers;
• in hybrid engines;
• in other electronics.

Alloys made from them have high characteristics , for example:

• anti-corrosion;
• strength;
• heat resistant.

Let's consider heavy non-ferrous metals, collecting them in several lists.

The heaviest non-ferrous metals on Earth:

Rarely found in soil , it is generally the most expensive non-ferrous metal.

Also included in this group are:

• copper;
• lead;
• zinc;
• tin;
• nickel.

All of them have a high density and, accordingly, a lot of weight, which is why they get the name – heavy.

Lead is widely known and used in many industries , contained in:

It is made from:

Lead is also used to create protective aprons from radiation .

Has the following characteristics:

• low thermal conductivity;
• plastic;
• toxicity.

Therefore, lead must be used carefully, following all safety regulations.

Tin used to be called an alloy of lead and silver.

Today, tin is used in the metallurgical industry and the production of various alloys, which include:

• bearings;
• packaging foil;
• bronze;
• food tin;
• wires

Nickel is a heavy non-ferrous metal with high heat-resistant and anti-corrosion characteristics. Nickel is used in alloys. In stainless steel it is the main component.

Made from nickel :

• coins;
• armor;
• chemical equipment;
• wire;
• foil;
• a thread;
• powder;
• alkaline batteries.

in demand in:

• shipbuilding;
• electrical engineering.

Lungs

The definition of “light non-ferrous metals” includes metals with low density.

List of the most popular light non-ferrous metals:

• aluminum;
• tin;
• magnesium;
• titanium;
• beryllium;
• lithium.

The lightest non-ferrous metal is lithium. It is widely used in various alloys.

is used in:

• chemical industry;
• metallurgical industry;
• military-industrial complex;
• thermonuclear energy.

Lithium is also used in the manufacture of:

• optics;
• alkaline batteries;
• ceramic products.

The ductility of magnesium is not as good as that of copper and aluminum, which affects the welding properties of this metal. But it can be easily cut with a special tool. At the same time, the mechanical properties leave much to be desired. This it to be widely introduced into industrial production .

Popular types at collection points

The most popular non-ferrous metals at collection points:

If you want to find out what is more profitable to rent out, then read this article.

Conclusion

Historically, non-ferrous metals are divided into types:

• lungs;
• heavy;
• noble;
• rare earths, etc.

This classification is accepted in technology; today it meets almost all the requirements of the industrial industry.

This makes it easier:

• the task of producing new alloys;
• delivery of secondary raw materials from non-ferrous metal at collection points.

Each operation for the acceptance and delivery of non-ferrous metal must be confirmed by an act that states:

• compound;
• quality;
• volume;
• cost per kilogram and for all scrap.

When handing over scrap, make sure that is honest . Many small points deliberately underestimate the grade of scrap or weigh it using incorrectly working scales.

How to prepare non-ferrous scrap metal for delivery, see this video:

Source: https://rcycle.net/metally/cvetnye/vidy-loma-tsvetnyh-metallov-i-splavov-markirovka-klassifikatsiya-i-kategorii-tsvetmeta

Alloys

What are the technical requirements for rose alloy? What is included in the alloy and where is it used? How the alloy is made. What is included in the dore alloy and what properties does it have? Where is this compound used and how is it obtained. How to use a grader to decipher steel grades.

Based on what indicators are different types of steel marked? What grades of steel exist and are there any advantages to the alloy of copper and zinc and what are they? What properties and characteristics do alloys have? How What kind of precious items are made from an alloy of gold and silver. What characteristics does such a compound have and how is it produced.

Does it change

Metal alloys have been known to mankind for thousands of years. Initially, blacksmiths received homogeneous materials, which they used to make various products (tools, armor, weapons, household items, dishes). However, not all homogeneous metals met the requirements of the developing process.

To change the characteristics, craftsmen began to combine individual materials. This is how metal alloys were created.

Types of alloys

Depending on what components are included in the compound, the final parameters of the material change. They are divided into several main groups:

1. Copper alloys. A large group of compounds based on copper. The most popular types of this group include bronze, cupronickel, and brass.
2. Zinc alloys. They are distinguished by their low melting point and high resistance to corrosion processes.
3. Iron alloys. The two most popular iron-based compounds are cast iron and steel. The alloying component is carbon.
4. Aluminum alloys. The alloying components of such compounds can be copper (duralumin), manganese, magnesium, beryllium, iron, cadmium, calcium.
5. Titanium connections. Titanium itself is extremely difficult to process. However, with the addition of alloying components, this disadvantage can be overcome.

Alloys of precious metals can be distinguished as a separate group. They are most often based on gold or silver.

Characteristics

Before you start working with joining different materials, you need to pay attention to the main characteristics:

• strength;
• viscosity;
• elasticity;
• plastic;
• hardness.

They directly depend on the percentage of the main component and alloying additives.

A huge number of metal alloys can baffle a novice metalworker. It is important to understand between the types of mixtures of alloying components and to know the processing features.

Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy

Properties of metals

To successfully create decorative products, you need to know the basic properties of the source material, as well as the technology for working with it.

Nowadays, both pure metals and their alloys can be used to make dishes, jewelry and various interior design items.

Artwork - silver vase

All metals and alloys created on their basis are divided into two large groups with different properties:

• Ferrous metals - steel
• Non-ferrous metals - copper, bronze, brass, zinc, tin, aluminum, lead and silver.

It is these types of metals that are most often used to make decorative items, dishes and much more. Therefore, let's look at their properties and features of metal processing.

Steel 

Steel belongs to ferrous metals. Carbon steel, which is an alloy of iron with carbon and other elements, is best suited for artistic processing. Steel has high quality characteristics, including the following:

• Elasticity
• Strength
• Hardening ability - a piece of steel is heated at a high temperature until red-hot and then dipped in water. Thanks to this, the metal acquires varying degrees of hardness and elasticity.
• Possibility of “releasing” by heating to red heat and then slowly cooling.
• Ability to be processed with a forging hammer in a heated state, since the steel is perfectly forged.
• Possibility of cutting metal into thin strips.

The softness of steel is directly proportional to the amount of carbon in its composition. The less carbon there is in a metal, the softer and easier it is to process. The softness of steel increases during annealing, that is, “releasing” the metal. To do this, the steel is heated red-hot and then subjected to a slow cooling procedure.

Steel for the manufacture of various products and artistic processing is produced in the form of graded material. For engraving and minting, U8 and U10 steels are most often used, where the letter “U” indicates the amount of carbon in the alloy.

The blade of the knives is made of stainless carbon steel

Non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metals are much more expensive than ferrous metals because they have many unique properties. The main one is the lack of reaction with a magnet, that is, non-ferrous metals are not attracted and are not magnetized. In addition, most of them are practically resistant to oxidation, so the products are characterized by a long service life.

The production of non-ferrous metals for artistic processing is carried out in various forms:

• Ribbons
• Stripes
• Chushki
• Tubes
• Wire
• Rods
• Sheets

Let's look at the characteristic features of the most popular non-ferrous metals among craftsmen:

• Copper is a fairly soft metal of a beautiful red-orange hue, characterized by increased ability to forge and has high electrical conductivity and the ability to conduct heat. Processing copper is not particularly difficult, but the craftsman must keep in mind the high viscosity of this metal.

Copper can be soldered using tin and braze. Copper sheet is the main material for chasing and engraving work. Copper wire is used to make decorative items and openwork sculptures.

Copper sink

• Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. The quantitative tin content affects the color of the alloy, which can take on pink, red, yellow or gray shades. If a bronze product is covered with a layer of patina (a decorative coating of copper oxide), then it acquires a noble smoky-greenish tint and looks ancient and truly expensive. Bronze is most often used for inlay and foundry work.

Sheet bronze

• Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The shade of the metal depends on the amount of zinc. According to its qualitative characteristics, brass is a harder alloy than pure red copper, therefore its degree of malleability is much lower. Compared to copper, brass has some brittleness, but at the same time it is more elastic.

Brass can easily be processed in various ways; in particular, it can be used for the manufacture of thin parts in inlays, as well as jewelry of various configurations. For embossing work it is used in sheet form.

Embossing on brass

• Zinc is perfect for casting both in its pure form and in alloys with other metals. Pure zinc is difficult to forge, but it is easy to solder, engrave, and machine with a variety of tools. The melting point is 419* C.

Sheet zinc

• Tin is a non- ferrous metal, known for a long time for its softness and ductility. Its melting point is only 252* C. As a component, tin is included in various types of bronze. When broken, tin produces a characteristic, recognizable crunch. Pure tin and its alloys are ideal for making inlays. Tin is also used for tinning and soldering dishes, both in its pure form and in alloys with lead. At the same time, its oxidation products are harmless.

Set of tin soldiers

• Aluminum is a silvery-white non-ferrous metal that melts at a temperature of about 658* C. A characteristic feature of aluminum is its lightness and ease of metal processing. Cast aluminum is quite brittle, but when rolled (annealed) it acquires the desired ductility.

Aluminum crafts from Madagascar

• Lead is a soft non-ferrous metal with a bluish-gray tint. It melts at a temperature of 327* C and resists corrosion well. However, it should be noted that lead oxides are poisonous. Lead is suitable for foundry work and the manufacture of molded products.

Lead (standard)

• Silver is also a non-ferrous metal, but it is also a precious metal. Pure silver is too soft and therefore difficult to work with. For the manufacture of products it is used in the form of alloys with copper. Silver inserts are used in inlays, engraving, embossing and niello.

Antique silver items

Let's consider some properties of metals that affect the quality of artistic products:

• Malleability of the metal - Malleable ductile metals require greater cutting force, but their toughness must be taken into account. A piece of copper or lead needs to be chopped to the end, but brass, zinc or steel can be chipped with a chisel and then simply broken. Harder brass gives a smooth surface when turned, while aluminum or copper seems to drag on the cutter.
• Brittleness is the ability of solid materials to fracture due to mechanical stress without noticeable plastic deformation. This property is the opposite of plasticity. Heavily hardened steel, as well as many types of brass and bronze, are very brittle and will break into pieces under strong impacts. The brittleness of a metal is not always a sign of its hardness; for example, a zinc casting is brittle but not hard. A hardened steel knife is both hard and brittle.
• Elasticity is the property of metals to restore their shape and volume after the cessation of external forces or heating that caused the deformation. To a large extent, special grades of steel have this property.
• Melting when heated - the ability of a metal to melt when heated is an important quality, since melting is considered one of the most accessible and cheapest ways to produce metal products. Parts of huge machines and small metal sculptures are made in the same way.

If there is a need to harden a part while maintaining the viscosity of the metal, craftsmen use high-frequency currents. In this case, the part is hardened to a depth of several millimeters. However, the rest of the metal mass inside the product remains unchanged. And finally, metal parts can be processed without heating - for example, by engraving and metal carving.

Silver products

Source: http://design-fly.ru/materiali/svojstva-metallov.html

Methods for obtaining metals. Types of alloys. Preparation of alkali metals

Modern man is surrounded by various metals in his daily life. Most of the items we use contain these chemicals. This all happened because people found various ways to obtain metals.

What are metals

Inorganic chemistry deals with these valuable substances for people. The production of metals allows man to create ever more advanced technology that improves our lives. What are they? Before considering the general methods of obtaining metals, it is necessary to understand what they are. Metals are a group of chemical elements in the form of simple substances with characteristic properties:

• thermal and electrical conductivity;

• high plasticity;

• shine.

A person can easily distinguish them from other substances. A characteristic feature of all metals is the presence of a special shine. It is obtained by reflecting the incident rays of light onto a surface that does not transmit them. Luster is a common property of all metals, but it is most pronounced in silver.

To date, scientists have discovered 96 such chemical elements, although not all of them are yet recognized by official science. They are divided into groups depending on their characteristic properties. The following metals are distinguished:

• alkaline – 6;

• alkaline earth – 6;

• transitional – 38;

• lungs – 11;

• semimetals – 7;

• lanthanides – 14;

• actinides – 14.

Obtaining metals

In order to make an alloy, you must first obtain the metal from natural ore. Native elements are those substances that are found in nature in a free state. These include platinum, gold, tin, and mercury. They are separated from impurities mechanically or using chemical reagents.

Other metals are extracted by processing their compounds. They are found in various fossils. Ore is a mineral and rock containing metal compounds in the form of oxides, carbonates or sulfides. To obtain them, chemical processing is used.

Methods for obtaining metals:

• reduction of oxides with coal;

• obtaining tin from tin stone;

• smelting pig iron from iron ore;

• burning of sulfur compounds in special furnaces.

To facilitate the extraction of metals from ore rocks, various substances called fluxes are added to them. They help remove unwanted impurities such as clay, limestone, sand. As a result of this process, low-melting compounds called slag are obtained.

If there is a significant amount of impurities, the ore is enriched before smelting the metal by removing most of the unnecessary components. The most widely used methods of this processing are flotation, magnetic and gravitational methods.

Alkali metals

Mass production of alkali metals is a more complex process. This is due to the fact that they occur in nature only in the form of chemical compounds. Since they are reducing agents, their production is accompanied by high energy costs. There are several ways to extract alkali metals:

• Lithium can be obtained from its oxide in a vacuum or by electrolysis of a melt of its chloride formed during the processing of spodumene.

• Sodium is extracted by calcining soda with coal in tightly closed crucibles or by electrolysis of molten chloride with the addition of calcium. The first method is the most labor-intensive.

• Potassium is obtained by electrolysis of a melt of its salts or by passing sodium vapor through its chloride. It is also formed by the interaction of molten potassium hydroxide and liquid sodium at a temperature of 440°C.

• Cesium and rubidium are extracted by reducing their chlorides with calcium at 700–800 °C or zirconium at 650 °C. Producing alkali metals in this way is extremely energy-intensive and expensive.

Differences between metals and alloys

There is practically no fundamentally clear boundary between metals and their alloys, since even the purest, simplest substances have some amount of impurities. So what is the difference between them? Almost all metals used in industry and other sectors of the national economy are used in the form of alloys, purposefully obtained by adding other components to the main chemical element.

Alloys

Equipment requires a variety of metal materials. At the same time, pure chemical elements are practically not used, since they do not have the properties necessary for people. For our needs, we have invented different methods for producing alloys.

This term refers to a macroscopically homogeneous material that consists of 2 or more chemical elements. In this case, metal components predominate in the alloy. This substance has its own structure.

The following components are distinguished in alloys:

• base consisting of one or more metals;

• small additions of modifying and alloying elements;

• unremoved impurities (technological, natural, accidental).

Metal alloys are the main structural materials. There are more than 5,000 of them in technology.

Alloy types

There are different methods for producing metals, and the materials produced through them have different properties. In the solid state of aggregation, alloys are:

• Homogeneous (homogeneous), consisting of crystals of the same type. They are often called single-phase.

• Heterogeneous (non-uniform), called multiphase. When producing them, a solid solution (matrix phase) is taken as the basis of the alloy. The composition of heterogeneous substances of this type depends on the composition of its chemical elements. Such alloys may contain the following components: interstitial and substitutional solid solutions, chemical compounds (carbides, intermetallic compounds, nitrides), crystallites of simple substances.

Properties of alloys

Regardless of what methods of producing metals and alloys are used, their properties are completely determined by the crystalline structure of the phases and the microstructure of these materials. Each of them is different.

The macroscopic properties of alloys depend on their microstructure. In any case, they differ from the characteristics of their phases, which depend solely on the crystal structure of the material.

Macroscopic homogeneity of heterogeneous (multiphase) alloys is obtained as a result of the uniform distribution of phases in the metal matrix.

The most important property of alloys is weldability. Otherwise they are identical to metals. Thus, alloys have thermal and electrical conductivity, ductility and reflectivity (brilliance).

Types of alloys

Various methods for producing alloys have allowed man to invent a large number of metal materials with different properties and characteristics. According to their purpose, they are divided into the following groups:

• Structural (steel, duralumin, cast iron). This group also includes alloys with special properties. So they differ in intrinsic safety or anti-friction properties. These include brass and bronze.

• For filling bearings (babbitt).

• For electric heating and measuring equipment (nichrome, manganin).

• For the production of cutting tools (will win).

In production, people also use other types of metal materials, such as fusible, heat-resistant, corrosion-resistant and amorphous alloys. Magnets and thermoelectrics (telurides and selenides of bismuth, lead, antimony and others) are also widely used.

Iron alloys

Almost all the iron smelted on Earth is used to produce simple and alloy steels. It is also used in the production of cast iron. Iron alloys gained their popularity due to the fact that they have properties beneficial to humans.

They were obtained by adding various components to a simple chemical element. So, despite the fact that various iron alloys are made on the basis of the same substance, steel and cast iron have different properties. Thanks to this, they find different areas of application. Most steels are harder than cast iron.

Different methods for obtaining these metals make it possible to obtain different grades (grades) of these iron alloys.

Improving the properties of alloys

By fusing certain metals and other chemical elements, materials with improved characteristics can be obtained. For example, the yield strength of pure aluminum is 35 MPa. When producing an alloy of this metal with copper (1.6%), zinc (5.6%), magnesium (2.5%), this figure exceeds 500 MPa.

By combining different chemicals in different proportions, metallic materials with improved magnetic, thermal or electrical properties can be obtained. The main role in this process is played by the structure of the alloy, which is the distribution of its crystals and the type of bonds between atoms.

Steels and cast irons

These alloys are obtained by combining iron and carbon (2%). When producing alloyed materials, nickel, chromium, and vanadium are added to them. All ordinary steels are divided into types:

• low-carbon (0.25% carbon) is used for the manufacture of various structures;

• high-carbon (more than 0.55%) is intended for the production of cutting tools.

Various grades of alloy steels are used in mechanical engineering and other products.

An alloy of iron and carbon, the percentage of which is 2-4%, is called cast iron. This material also contains silicon. Various products with good mechanical properties are cast from cast iron.

Methods of obtaining

The main methods for producing metals and alloys:

• Foundry, in which a homogeneous mixture of different molten components solidifies. To obtain alloys, pyrometallurgical and electrometallurgical methods for producing metals are used.

In the first option, thermal energy obtained during fuel combustion is used to heat the raw material. The pyrometallurgical method produces steel in open-hearth furnaces and cast iron in blast furnaces.

In the electrometallurgical method, raw materials are heated in induction or electric arc furnaces. In this case, the raw materials are melted very quickly.

• Powder, in which powders of its components are used to make the alloy. Thanks to pressing, they are given a certain shape and then sintered in special ovens.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/166861/sposobyi-polucheniya-metallov-vidyi-splavov-poluchenie-schelochnyih-metallov

Metal: what it is, its physical properties, what it consists of

05Dec

articles

The discovery of common physical and chemical properties of metals and alloys led to widespread use of the material. Over time, scientists began to study its characteristics in detail, as well as create various metalworking methods that increase strength and improve the crystal lattice. At the moment, there are such compositions that are used in shipbuilding.

More and more areas of life cannot do without metal elements - from a household spoon or fountain pen to complex mechanical components and microcircuits. But ordinary people often do not understand what kind of substance we use and what features make it so widespread. In the article we will talk about this in detail.

What is it - metal

The ancient Greek word metallion just means “to dig out of the earth” - mined from rock ore. Currently, 96 pure values ​​and an unlimited number of alloys are known. All of them differ from non-metals in their increased strength properties and conductivity, which is why wires are made from them. At first glance, you can distinguish a metal sample from a stone or other one by its specific shine.

Physical properties

At room temperature and without applying pressure, all substances are solid. But there is gallium, which already at 30 degrees of heat begins to deform and melts in your hands. Characteristics you can note:

• High plasticity. Only manganese, tin and zinc are fragile.
• Can be light or heavy. Compare aluminum with osmium.
• The melting point is very high. There are exceptions, for example, mercury, which is why it is used in classic thermometers.
• Color – gray, silver, bluish. Colored items, such as yellow or red, are rare.
• Increased conductivity of heat and electricity, especially in copper, is why copper wires are popular.

Basic chemical properties of metals

There are no general rules in this category, since they are all divided into many subgroups according to activity level - alkaline, actinides, semimetals and others. Many interact with water, almost all interact with oxygen (except gold and platinum), and oxidation occurs. The process takes place under normal conditions if there is a lot of click in the composition, only when heated - if not. Also, almost all elements react with sulfur and chlorine.

Signs

We list the features by which the average person can distinguish substances of this category from non-metals:

• fishing line
• Good conductivity of heat and electricity.
• Strength.
• Can be forged and welded.
• Crystalline body structure.
• High melting and crystallization temperatures.

Classification and types of metals

There are pure, single-component structures and alloys. The most classic example is the different types of steel. They differ according to GOST in accordance with the addition of alloying additives. The higher the carbon content, the stronger the material. There is also a generally accepted distinction; below we present the subtypes.

Black

They are mined from metal ore. In production they occupy 90% of all raw materials. Usually these are cast iron and steel. To change the characteristics, more or less amount of carbon and alloying additives are added: copper, silicon, chromium, nickel.

One of the very popular subspecies is stainless steel, which is distinguished by its shiny surface and unique properties - lightness, high strength and resistance to humidity and temperature changes.

What applies to non-ferrous metals

The second name is non-iron, that is, alloys do not contain iron, but consist of more expensive materials. Substances have different colors and have unique qualities:

• durability;
• long-term preservation of properties;
• the formation of an oxide film that prevents corrosion.

Thanks to this, certain varieties can be used in medicine, jewelry, the chemical industry, and in the manufacture of electrical wires. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, chromium, silver, gold and others.

Copper and its alloys are popular metals

Copper ore was one of the first to be processed by man because it is subjected to the cold method of forging and stamping. Pliability has led to demand everywhere. Oxygen in the composition leads to a red tint. But decreasing the valency in various compounds will lead to yellow, green, blue color. Excellent thermal conductivity is considered an attractive quality - second only to silver, which is why it is used for wires. Connections can be:

• solid - in combination with iron, arsenic, zinc, phosphorus;
• with poor solubility with bismuth, lead;
• fragile - with sulfur or oxygen.

Metals include aluminum and alloys

Al was discovered in 1825 and is distinguished by its ease and simplicity in metalworking. It is made from bauxite, and the reserves of this rock are practically inexhaustible. Next, the element is combined in various proportions with copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, and silicon. Less often with titanium, lithium, beryllium. Features depending on additives:

• good weldability;
• corrosion resistance;
• high fatigue strength;
• plastic.

It is used for the manufacture of jewelry, cutlery, as well as for glass melting, in the food and military industries, for the creation of rockets and for the production of hydrogen and heat in aluminum energy.

All about the metals magnesium, titanium and their alloys

Mg is the lightest substance of this group. It does not have strength, but it has advantages, for example, plasticity, chemical activity. Due to its high structural ability, it is added to compositions to increase weldability and ease of metalworking with a cutting knife. It must be taken into account that magnesium is very susceptible to rust.

Titanium has similar qualities - lightness, ductility, silver color. But the anti-corrosion film appears upon first contact with oxygen. Distinctive features are low thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and lack of magnetism. Metal containing titanium is a substance used in the aviation, chemical, and shipbuilding industries.

Anti-friction alloys

A characteristic feature of this group is its ease of use under mechanical stress. They create virtually no friction and also reduce it in other composites. Very often they act as a solid lubricant for components, for example, for bearings. The composition usually includes fluoroplastic, brass, bronze, iron graphite and babbit.

Soft

These are those whose metal bonds are weakened. For this reason, they have a lower melting and boiling point and simply become deformed. Sometimes you can make a dent with one finger press, or leave a scratch with your fingernail. These include: copper, silver, gold, bronze, lead, aluminum, cesium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and others. One of the softest is mercury; it is found in nature in a liquid state.

What does hard metal mean?

In nature, such ore is extremely rare. The rock is found in fallen meteorites. One of the most popular is chrome. It is refractory and can be easily processed into metal. Another element is tungsten. It melts very poorly, but when properly processed is used in lighting applications due to its heat resistance and flexibility.

Metal materials in the energy sector

We would not have such a developed electrical network and a lot of devices that consume electricity if a number of substances were not distinguished by the presence of free electrons, positive ions and high conductivity. Wires are made from lead, copper and aluminum. Silver would be great, but its rarity affects the cost, so it is rarely used.

Features of Ferrous Secondary Metals

This is waste that is generated as a result of one of the metalworking stages - forging, cutting. These could be scraps or shavings. They are sent to steel-smelting furnaces, but before that they must pass inspections in accordance with GOST. Scrap is called ferrous metal, it is distinguished into steel and cast iron according to price. Its use is in great demand instead of ore processing.

Alkaline earth alloys

These are solid substances that have high chemical activity. They are very rarely found in their pure form, but are used in compounds. Their importance cannot be overestimated from the point of view of human and animal anatomy. Magnesium and calcium are essential microelements.

Alkali metal concept

They are able to dissolve in water, forming an alkali. Due to its increased chemical activity (reaction occurs with violent action, ignition, release of gas, smoke) it is almost never found in nature. After all, at the external level there is only one electron, which is easily given to any substance. Hydroxides are very important in industry.

General characteristics of materials from the d- and f-families

These are transition elements that can be both oxidizing and reducing agents. Properties depend on the environment in which they are located. But there are also common ones:

• there are many electrons in the outer level;
• several oxidation states;
• increased valence;
• strength;
• ductility;
• ductility.

What are the side subgroups of metals in the periodic system?

In fact, these are varieties of the previous category - transitional elements. This is a line from scandium to zinc. They are often smelted and have virtually the same characteristics as the above materials from the d- and f-families.

Comparison of properties

The second part of the elements in the periodic table is characterized by a variety of characteristics, so it is almost impossible to provide a complete summary table. We offer a table that shows 4 distinctive features:

Signs	Metals	Nonmetals
Position in P.S.	Under the diagonal boron-astatine	Above her
Atomic structure	Large atomic radius, pure electrons in the last layer - from 1 to 3	Small, from 4 to 7 - respectively
Physical properties	Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, gloss, malleability, plasticity, in terms of state of aggregation, mostly solid	Dielectrics, non-shiny, brittle, gases, liquids and volatile solids
Crystal lattices	Metal	Molecular, atomic
Chemical properties	Restorers	Oxidative (sometimes reduced)

We talked about metal, what kind of material it is, how it is used. If you need metalworking machines, order them from the Rosta company.

Source: http://rocta.ru/info/metall-chto-ehto-takoe-ego-fizicheskie-svojstva-iz-chego-sostoit/

What are the types of metal alloys - Metalist's Handbook

It is known that metals are rarely used in their pure form. Most often we are surrounded by various metal compounds and their alloys. Alloys are substances consisting of chemical elements, one of which is a metal.

Preparation of alloys

It was noticed a long time ago that if you mix molten metals and cool the resulting mixture, you get a substance whose properties differ from the properties of each of the metals. So, if aluminum is added to molten copper, then as a result of a chemical reaction a new compound with the formula AlCu is obtained.

Alloys are obtained in various ways. If the molten components are mixed and then the resulting melt is crystallized, a cast alloy is obtained. Crystallization is the process of transition from a liquid to a solid state.

In this case, a compound with a crystalline structure is formed. And if the powders of the components are mixed, and then the mixture is sintered at high temperature, an alloy is obtained, which is called a powder alloy.

To improve properties, elements called alloying elements are introduced into alloys.

Ferrous alloys

Alloys can have two or more components.

The most famous ferrous alloys are steel and cast iron. Both of these alloys are a mixture of iron and carbon. But cast iron contains much more carbon than steel. In addition to carbon, cast iron contains sulfur, phosphorus, manganese and silicon. These elements are also added to steel, but in much smaller quantities. Cast iron is a brittle material.

It is used where forging is not required. But steel is not only durable, but also a ductile material. Therefore, it is widely used in industry in metal structures, mechanisms, parts, for the manufacture of cutting tools, etc.

In our home we are surrounded by stainless steel products: knives, forks, spoons, scissors, graters, pots.

Non-ferrous alloys

The most famous copper alloys are bronze and brass.

An alloy of copper and tin is called bronze. In the 3rd millennium BC, tools were made from copper, since copper deposits at that time were huge.

It turned out that if copper is combined with tin, a substance is obtained that is more amenable to casting. This is how bronze was obtained for the first time. The next millennium was called the “Bronze Age”. In the 15th century Guns began to be cast from bronze.

Nowadays, bronze is used in mechanical engineering for the manufacture of various parts.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Used in the production of equipment, the automotive industry, and the chemical industry. Interestingly, brass is similar in appearance to gold. Therefore, until the 19th century, it was often passed off as gold.

The combination of copper and aluminum is called aluminum bronze. Aluminum bronze is a very ductile material.

Cupronickel is an alloy of copper and nickel. Used to make cutlery and art products.

The well-known aluminum alloy duralumin is a compound of aluminum with copper, magnesium and manganese. Used in the aviation industry and aircraft construction.

Magnesium, titanium, and beryllium alloys also find their use in industry and medicine.

Metals and alloys play a very important role in various types of human activity. It is impossible to list all the areas in which metals and their alloys are used.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/kakie-byvayut-splavy-metallov/

What types of metal alloys are there?

It is known that metals are rarely used in their pure form. Most often we are surrounded by various metal compounds and their alloys. Alloys are substances consisting of chemical elements, one of which is a metal.

Classification

Metallurgists classify metal alloys according to several criteria:

1. manufacturing method:
2. production technology:
   • foundries;
   • deformable;
   • powder;
3. homogeneity of structure:

   Types of alloys based on them

4. type of metal - basics:
   • black (iron);
   • non-ferrous (non-ferrous metals);
   • rare metals (radioactive elements);
5. number of components:
   • double;
   • triple;
   • and so on;
6. physicochemical characteristics:
   • refractory;
   • fusible;
   • high strength;
   • heat resistant;
   • hard;
   • antifriction;
   • corrosion-resistant, etc.;
7. purpose:
   • structural;
   • instrumental;
   • special.

Metals and alloys based on them have different physical and chemical characteristics.

The metal having the largest mass fraction is called the base.

Main types of alloys

Various steels, cast iron, alloys based on copper, lead, aluminum, magnesium, as well as light alloys are widely used among all kinds of alloys.

Steels and cast irons are alloys of iron and carbon, with the carbon content in steel up to 2%, and in cast iron 2-4%. Steels and cast irons contain alloying additives: steels – Cr, V, Ni, and cast iron – Si.

There are different types of steels; for example, structural, stainless, tool, heat-resistant and cryogenic steels are distinguished according to their intended purpose. Based on their chemical composition, they are divided into carbon (low-, medium- and high-carbon) and alloyed (low-, medium- and high-alloy). Depending on the structure, austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, pearlitic and bainitic steels are distinguished.

Steels have found application in many sectors of the national economy, such as construction, chemical, petrochemical, environmental protection, transport energy and other industries.

Depending on the form of carbon content in cast iron - cementite or graphite, as well as their quantity, several types of cast iron are distinguished: white (light color of the fracture due to the presence of carbon in the form of cementite), gray (gray color of the fracture due to the presence of carbon in the form of graphite ), malleable and heat resistant. Cast irons are very brittle alloys.

The areas of application of cast iron are extensive - artistic decorations (fences, gates), cabinet parts, plumbing equipment, household items (frying pans) are made from cast iron, and it is used in the automotive industry.

Copper-based alloys are called brasses; they contain from 5 to 45% zinc as additives. Brass containing 5 to 20% zinc is called red (tompak), and brass containing 20–36% Zn is called yellow (alpha brass).

Among lead-based alloys, two-component (lead alloys with tin or antimony) and four-component alloys (lead alloys with cadmium, tin and bismuth, lead alloys with tin, antimony and arsenic) are distinguished, and (typical of two-component alloys) with different contents of the same components different alloys are obtained. Thus, an alloy containing 1/3 lead and 2/3 tin - tertiary (ordinary solder) is used for soldering pipes and electrical wires, and an alloy containing 10-15% lead and 85-90% tin - pewter, was previously used for casting cutlery.

Aluminum-based two-component alloys – Al-Si, Al-Mg, Al-Cu. These alloys are easy to produce and process. They have electrical and thermal conductivity, are non-magnetic, harmless in contact with food, and explosion-proof.

Aluminum-based alloys are used for the manufacture of lightweight pistons; they are used in carriage, automobile and aircraft construction, the food industry, as architectural and finishing materials, in the production of technological and household cable ducts, and in the laying of high-voltage power lines.

Examples of problem solving

Exercise	How many kg of tin must be added to a piece of bronze (m=4kg) containing 15% tin in order to increase the tin content in it to 60% of the total mass?
Solution	Let two alloys be mixed, the second alloy containing 100% tin and no other components. Let's find the masses of tin in the alloys:

Source: https://MyTooling.ru/instrumenty/kakie-byvajut-splavy-metallov-spisok

Types of metals - classification of alloys in metallurgy

To understand the classification of metals, it is necessary to define them. Metals are usually classified as simple elements that have characteristic properties. The fundamental feature for them is the negative temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity.

This means that as the temperature rises, the electrical conductivity of metal conductors decreases, and at low temperatures, some conductors, on the contrary, transform into a superconductor state.

At the same time, for non-metals, this coefficient is either neutral or positive.

Secondary characteristics include metallic luster, ductility, high density, high melting point, high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.

In addition, most metals act as a reducing agent in redox reactions, that is, they donate their electrons and are themselves oxidized.

But this series of characteristics is not decisive, since for many chemical elements of a given type they can be diametrically opposed. Moreover, it is likely that any non-metals can exhibit the properties of metals at high pressure.

Pure metals are very rare in nature, and throughout history people have classified not only simple substances as metals, but also ores and nuggets, which may include other chemical elements. Therefore, in a broader sense, metals include:

• Metals purified from other inclusions;
• Alloys;
• Metallides (complex compounds, including non-metals);
• Intermetallic compounds (metal compounds that often form very strong, refractory and hard structures).

Classification in chemistry

We can only try to give a classification of these objects, but it is impossible to offer a single picture on this matter, since it will largely depend on the professional point of view, convenient for use in a particular scientific or industrial field. At the most elementary level, classification is given in the periodic table of elements, but even in chemistry there is disagreement about this.

In chemistry, it is customary to classify metals according to the number of levels of the electron shell of atoms and the final level of filling the shell with electrons. Based on this criterion, substances are divided into –s –p -f -d metals. In addition, alkali, alkaline earth, transition and post-transition metals are distinguished. But this classification is not applicable in most cases, since it does not address many important utilitarian issues that are primarily of interest to the science of metallurgy.

Classification by crystal lattice structure

The differences in the structure of the crystal lattice for various metals in the solid state are obvious. They are characterized by the presence of one of three types of device:

• A body-centered cubic lattice with 8 equidistant atoms from the atom taken as the reference point and 6 more neighbors at a greater distance;
• Close-packed cubic lattice with 12 equidistant neighbors;
• A close-packed hexagonal lattice with 12 equally spaced neighbors.

For metals in the molten and gaseous state, these properties do not play a big role, since the crystal structure of atoms in these states becomes disordered.

Technical classification

The most widespread and easy to learn on a practical level is the abstract technical classification of metals, which borrows many concepts from the same chemistry and geology. This classification can be represented in this way:

• Ferrous metals - metals and alloys based on Fe, or the most common in production;
• Iron metals,
• Refractory,
• Uranium,
• Rare earths,
• Alkaline earth and others.
• Non-ferrous metals – other alloys and metals;
• Heavy (Cu, Sn Pb, Ni, Zn, as well as Co, Bi, Sb, Cd, Hg),
• Lungs (Mg, Al, Ca),
• Precious (silver, gold, platinum and their alloys),
• Ferroalloy alloy metals (Mn, W, Cr, Nb, Mo, V and others),
• Rare – radioactive and others (U, Pu, Th).

Below is a more visual representation of this list in the form of a diagram.

Ferrous metals include: steel and cast iron, as well as other Fe-based alloys.

Non-ferrous metals and alloys, information about which you can find out on our website, include:

• Aluminum;
• Copper;
• Brass;
• Bronze;
• Titanium.

These are the most commonly used metals and alloys, which are used in various fields of industry and economic activity. Precious alloys are not presented on our website.

This classification gives a more complete picture of metals, but is disordered and non-functional. The most utilitarian character is the classification adopted in metallurgy, reflected in the regulatory documents of GOST and TU.

Classification in GOST

Finally, we must distinguish:

• Casting alloys and metals;
• Deformable by pressure;
• Powder.

From this classification it already becomes clear for what purpose this or that material serves. The following is an even more detailed classification:

• Metals with good anti-corrosion properties;
• With good anti-friction properties;
• Cryogenic;
• Magnetic and non-magnetic;
• Spring;
• Plastic metals;
• Automatic alloys for processing on machine tools;
• Forging alloys;
• Heat resistant;
• Weldable without restrictions or limited weldable;
• Lightweight (for use in the aviation industry);
• With good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, and many others.

In addition, metals differ according to their area of ​​application:

• Structural alloys and metals - used for cladding and load-bearing structural elements;
• Electrical – for the manufacture of electrical parts;
• Instrumental - for making tools.

However, these definitions are given relatively within the framework of alloys based on a single metal, or within the entire variety of choices, which often leads to confusion. Therefore, a complete picture can only be obtained through a detailed comparison of different alloys.

In this case, the most important parameters will be: strength, elasticity, viscosity, plasticity, hardness, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. In addition, it is necessary to distinguish between the nominal characteristics and structural properties of metals. For example, tensile strength does not indicate high structural strength, and at certain temperature values ​​the properties of metals change.

Only relying on an accurate analysis can one come to a conclusion about the advisability of using a particular material for one purpose or another.

How to find the right alloy in the GOST classifier

Comprehensive information regarding these qualities and application possibilities is given in state standards, which should be relied upon in further work. To find the information you need, just:

• Determine the main element of the metal;
• Alloy or metal will be considered;
• Casting, pressure-formed or powder;
• And if you have not yet found the desired metal in the GOST classifier, you need to find out about the scope of the metal and whether this alloy is special.

In short, the classification of metals is extremely complex, and depending on the area of ​​application of different materials, a certain structure of knowledge will be formed. Therefore, in each specific case, it is necessary to choose a narrow conceptual scope for defining the types of metals, so as not to delve into all the details as a whole.

Source: https://nfmetall.ru/articles/41.html