What are the ores of non-ferrous metals - Metals and their processing

The importance of non-ferrous metallurgy in global industry

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a completely separate part of heavy industry. Methods of extraction, processing and smelting of non-ferrous metals differ significantly from the methods of ferrous metallurgy. In economically developed countries, the ratio of production of non-ferrous and ferrous metals is approximately 15:85. The world's non-ferrous metallurgy is inferior to ferrous metallurgy in terms of the quantity of products produced, but in terms of cost it is hundreds of times higher.

Interesting fact . Every year, metallurgists spend more than 300 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity to smelt non-ferrous metals. This figure is comparable to the annual electricity consumption in India.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the main engines of scientific and technological progress. Non-ferrous metal is the basis of all electrical engineering. Non-ferrous metals are the main raw materials for the construction of aircraft, sea vessels, weapons and ammunition, power plants, electrical infrastructure and so on.

It should be noted that the development trend of non-ferrous metallurgy has been observed only in the last 100 years. At the beginning of the 20th century, non-ferrous metal was produced in volumes of no more than 2 million tons per year. By the end of the 20th century, non-ferrous metallurgy was producing at least 45 million tons of metal annually.

Features of non-ferrous metallurgy

The non-ferrous metals market is characterized by a total monopoly. Manufacturers of raw materials from which final products are obtained can be counted on one hand:

Alcoa (USA)
Reynolds Metals (USA)
Anaconda (USA)
Asarco (USA)
Alkan" (Canada)
Pechinet Eugene Cuhlmann (France)

The production of finished products, as well as the sphere of their sales and many other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are also subject to monopolization.

It is worth noting that the production of non-ferrous metals is characterized by a higher science intensity than the production of ferrous metals. For the most part, the process of processing ore raw materials is completely unique. Each deposit has its own special chemical composition of the ore. To obtain color, an individual scheme for processing ore raw materials is developed.

The main problems of non-ferrous metallurgy

The non-ferrous metallurgy industry is not without its pitfalls. The main factors that slow down the development of the industry are:

Environmental pollution
High power consumption
Low concentration of metals in ore

Regarding ecology, the main damage to the natural environment is caused in the process of recycling heavy metals. Nickel, magnesium, lead and tin. All these substances poison the environment, ending up in spontaneous landfills and solid waste landfills.

Most non-ferrous metals belong to the refractory category. The production of ready-to-sell products requires approximately 5 times more electricity than the production of ferrous products.

The raw material for producing flowering plants is highly dispersed in the ground. As practice shows, the concentration of non-ferrous metals in ore rarely exceeds 1.5-3%. The record concentration that was recorded is 8%.

Where is non-ferrous metal mined?

Countries are leaders in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy. The undisputed leader in the production of non-ferrous metal ore is Africa. The main percentage of raw materials for the production of non-ferrous metals is produced in South Africa (25%). Then come the USA (20%) and Canada, China and Australia. About 6-8% of non-ferrous metals are mined in European countries.

Source: https://promvesti.com/znachenie-cvetnoj-metallurgii-v-mirovoj-promyshlennosti/

What is ore, its formation in nature and application

A car, a telephone, even a refrigerator - all this equipment is made of iron, the production of which is a very complex process. The main raw materials for obtaining this valuable material are minerals, which contain particles of the necessary metal.

In simple words, it is a rock containing alloys. There is a huge amount of this resource in the world, the methods of processing it and obtaining minerals from it can be very diverse, but it all starts in the mines.

What mining ore is, how it is mined and processed will be discussed in this article.

Ore classification

Ore is a mineral from which various forms of metals are extracted. There are two types found in nature: black and colored. The latter, in turn, is divided into heavy and light alloys, as well as precious metals. Silver, gold, platinum - they are also mined in the form of stones, and acquire their appearance after processing at enterprises.

The economic value of a resource is determined by the presence of its main constituent element. There are rich, as they are also called, fatty and poor minerals.

Classification of fossil ores by metal content.

Iron	Copper	Aluminum	Gold
Poor	Rich	Poor	Rich	Poor	Rich	Poor	Rich
26%	>50%	0,5 – 1%	>3%	20 – 25%	40 – 60%	1%	7,7%

The properties are also determined by the main constituent component. Some of them are magnetic, while others are completely inert.

Not many people know that the meaning of the word “ore” comes from “raũdas”, red. This is due to the color of iron oxide, which was present in large quantities in the rock.

Ferrous metal ores

Iron is one of the most common elements on earth. For production, a mineral is used that contains more than 25% of raw materials. Developing poorer breeds will not pay off, so they are not used.

The most common fossils:

Magnetic iron ore;
Hematite;
Ferrous quartzite.

The largest reserves are located in South Africa, India, North and South America, and Australia. World deposits, according to experts, may be about 800 billion tons, of which 200 billion tons are confirmed. Perhaps there are many more minerals hidden in the ground that people have no idea about.

Iron ore differs from each other in the way it originates. There are three types of occurrence of iron in rocks. The first is sedimentary. The divalent iron that was in the water bonded with oxygen, turning into a dense compound and settling to the bottom. Thus, iron ore was formed. It is found even in places where the seas dried up millions of years ago. Such ore contains a very high amount of the metal component, but, as a rule, its quality is quite low.

Source: https://geomix.ru/blog/minerals/ruda/

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Use, application of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are

Metals surround us always and everywhere. Today it is an integral part of many things that we use every day. It is enough just to look around the room you are in to understand that this is really the case.

Since school, we know that all these mineral materials are divided into two large groups - ferrous and non-ferrous metals. We have to find out which of them belong to which group. What non-ferrous metals exist on our planet?

What is ferrous metal

The category of “ferrous metals” includes iron and all its alloys that currently exist. In its pure form, iron is found only in research laboratories. Mainly it was steel.

This type of metal is formed by combining iron with carbon and adding additional elements that give the resulting metal certain properties necessary in a particular production (for example, magnetic).

Cast iron and steel

As a rule, ferrous metals undergo several standard phases in production: the extraction of ore and its processing in a blast furnace. After this, cast iron is obtained, from which any types of steel and iron alloys are subsequently obtained. The latter are more often used in heavy industry. In contrast, non-ferrous metals are a softer substance with slightly different properties; they are used in a different area.

The composition of cast iron includes 93% iron and about 3-5% carbon, plus residual elements in small quantities. This material is rarely used for production because it is brittle. It can be found in the manufacture of certain types of pipes, valves or valves. But the majority of the pig iron produced (more than 90%) is processed into steel.

The main types of steel that are made from iron are: carbon and low-carbon (hardened) steel, stainless steel, ferrite-chromium, chrome, martensitic-chromium, chrome-vanadium, alloy, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum and manganese steel.

Iron ores

In its pure form, this element of the periodic table is found in fairly small quantities in the earth's crust (only 5.5%). But there is a lot of it in various iron ores.

The most significant deposits (reserves amount to more than 30 trillion tons) are layers of ferruginous quartzites, which are more than two billion years old. They are distributed mainly in places such as South and North America, Africa, India and western Australia.

Another large group of metals, unlike the previous one, has softer properties, they are more ductile, have thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to corrosion and many others.

Non-ferrous metals are the combined name for all metals and their alloys, with the exception of iron. They can also be called “non-iron metals,” which would be quite fair.

Non-ferrous metals are:

— gold, silver, platinum (precious metals);

— aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, beryllium (light);

- copper, tin, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel (heavy);

— niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, tungsten (refractory);

— indium, gallium, thallium (scattered);

— scandium, yttrium and all lanthanides (rare earths);

- radium, technetium, actinium, polonium, thorium, francium, uranium and transuranium elements (radioactive).

History of non-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous metals today are actively used in mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, construction and many other areas of production. Thanks to scientific and technological progress, the scope of application of this material is constantly expanding, and metal extraction technologies continue to improve.

Over time, the use of non-ferrous metals increased, which led to the discovery of new elements and names. More and more metals began to be used in production. At the beginning of the 20th century, about 15 names were used, and after 50 years - twice as many. Today, more than 70 different metals are used, which is the majority of those currently known.

The increase in the level of demand for heavy non-ferrous metals was due to the growing needs of the military industry (for the production of ammunition), but the light group was used in the aerospace industry.

Since ancient times, the noble group has been massively used for the manufacture of jewelry and ornaments. In the 90s of the 20th century, 78% of gold, 36% of platinum and 15% of silver were used precisely for these purposes. If we take other areas where noble non-ferrous metals are used, they are electronic production (gold contacts in devices), automobile production (about 43% platinum), and silver was used to make film and photographic materials.

Features of non-ferrous metals

Each of the metals in this group has properties that largely determine its membership in it. This also determines the use of non-ferrous metals in many areas of industry.

So, for example, most of them have high heat capacity and thermal conductivity, which gives them the ability to quickly cool after welding. There is a downside to this: when working with metals such as magnesium and copper, you need to heat them up just before welding, and you need to use strong heat sources during the process to keep them from cooling.

Another characteristic property is a decrease in mechanical properties. In view of this, it is necessary to work with them carefully to avoid deformation.

Non-ferrous metals actively react with gases during heating. Titanium, molybdenum and tantalum clearly demonstrate this property.

This group of metals can be used for a long time, but they need to be protected from oxygen, which destroys metals. For this purpose, the conductors are, for example, coated with a protective varnish. The metal is first subjected to a two-layer priming procedure.

Copper ores

This type of ore is the most common in the “non-ferrous” category. This metal also has the widest range of uses: construction, industrial energy, aircraft manufacturing, medicine, production of efficient heat exchangers and many others.

The locations of copper deposits are also varied. Today, great importance is attached to poor disseminated ores (porphyred type), which are mined in volcanic craters. The chemical element was formed from a hot solution that came from magma chambers. A large reserve of such ore is located in North and South America.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/225967/chernyie-i-tsvetnyie-metallyi-ispolzovanie-primenenie-tsvetnyih-metallov-tsvetnyie-metallyi---eto

Ferrous metals, their properties, features and what is worth knowing

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Nikolaenko Dmitrij

Ferrous metals, their properties, features and what is worth knowing Ferrous metals, their properties, features and what is worth knowing ( 1 vote, average: 5 out of 5)

Metals are divided into non-ferrous and ferrous. Ferrous metals , in essence, are iron that contains varying amounts of carbon, as well as different crystal lattice. Ferrous metals include steel and cast iron, which in turn have a fairly large number of main classes. In the production of cast irons and steels of various types, ferrous metals extracted from metal ores are used.

In the metal economy, ferrous metals account for more than 90%, indicating their wide distribution. The percentage of carbon determines what properties the material will acquire—cast iron or steel. To improve the quality of ferrous metal, alloying additives (other metals and alloys, as well as chemical elements) are used, which improve the properties of the alloys and give them the desired shade of characteristics depending on its application.

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Common alloying additives are:

copper;
silicon;
chromium;
nickel.

Classification of ferrous metals

In most cases, the classification of ferrous metals is based on the division of elements according to their chemical composition and properties . alloying elements are determined by iron and its alloy.

In turn, a certain percentage of carbon in the alloy indicates whether it is cast iron or steel. Thus, cast iron contains more than 1.7% carbon, and steel contains from 0.2 to 1.7% carbon.

Classification of ferrous metals involves division into the following classes:

iron metals;
refractory;
uranium;
alkaline earth;
rare earths.

Also, the classification of ferrous metals implies the separation of alloyed and unalloyed steels, which are also called carbon steels. Carbon steels include steels in which carbon is the main component, and impurities do not have much effect on the properties of the metal.

Alloyed steels have one or more alloyed elements, which have a huge impact on the properties of steel. /Alloy steels are very widely used for the manufacture of critical parts that bear heavy loads, experience different temperatures, and strong frictional effects.

The use of such steel is widespread in mechanical engineering, tractor manufacturing, heavy industry and other areas.

Types of ferrous metals

Types of ferrous metals made from steel have many uses. However, all types are different and have their own purpose and area of application. Also, various types of ferrous metals , in particular steel, after undergoing heat treatment, acquire distinctive properties.

Many alloys lend themselves well to rolling, pressing, and casting successfully. Others are soft enough to be processed by hand. Such types of ferrous metals as stainless steel, having the necessary alloying elements, have very high resistance to corrosion, great hardness and strength.

This type of steel is successfully used in the food industry, medicine, for the manufacture of household items, for the production of turbines, etc. Another type of ferrous metal is cast iron. Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon and its content is higher than in steel.

Since cast iron has good casting properties, it is mainly used for cast parts. Cast iron is divided into types:

Foundry cast iron;
Pig iron;
Anti-friction cast iron;
Ductile iron;
Low alloy cast iron;
High alloy cast iron;
Nodular cast iron;
Cast iron with vermicular graphite for castings.

Foundry cast iron is used for casting; flake graphite contributes well to this. Malleable - has remarkable ductility, can be forged well, which is where the name comes from. Certain types of ferrous metal , for example, nodular graphite cast iron, due to its spherical structure, are used in the manufacture of parts of very high quality.

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Source: https://metallsmaster.ru/chernye-metally/

Non-ferrous metals: application and processing features

Today, non-ferrous metals mean a lot in the production of modern technology. Metal, from a chemical point of view, is a simple substance that has the ability to conduct heat and electricity. Its surface has a characteristic shine.

Metals are classified according to different criteria, however, three main groups are distinguished:

black;
colored;
noble (precious).

Non-ferrous metals is a concept that includes metals and alloys (the exception is iron, which is classified as ferrous metals). They are in great demand in Russia, so they are produced in many regions of the country.

First of all, parts made of non-ferrous metals differ from other metal products in their cost. Limited supplies and difficulties in obtaining the material are the main aspects that explain the price differences.

In addition, parts made of non-ferrous metals are characterized by unique properties, both physical and chemical: softness, ductility, energy conductivity.

This group includes a large number of metals that differ from each other, first of all in appearance, and then in their characteristics.

The branch of metallurgy specializing in the mining, beneficiation of ores, and smelting of non-ferrous metals is called non-ferrous metallurgy.

In the Russian Federation there are several non-ferrous metallurgy bases, differing in the geography of light/heavy metals. The titanium-magnesium and aluminum industries deal with light metals, and the tin, nickel-cobalt, lead-zinc and copper industries deal with heavy metals.

Basic metals

Aluminum is a metal characterized by high electrical conductivity, excellent ductility and, at the same time, low mechanical properties. A distinction is made between primary and secondary aluminum.

Copper is the most common non-ferrous metal, possessing excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as ductility. Based on this material, many alloys are created that are widely used in mechanical engineering. This is due to the property of copper to alloy well with other metals.

Another main non-ferrous metal is zinc. At ambient temperatures it is quite brittle, but if it is heated to 100-150 °C, it is remarkably amenable to forging and rolling. Zinc has anti-corrosion properties, but when exposed to alkalis and acids it begins to deteriorate. Its melting point is 419 °C.

Scope of application

The popularity of non-ferrous metals is increasing every year. This is facilitated by the dynamic development of rocket/nuclear technology, aircraft manufacturing, and the chemical industry, where titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, nickel, hafnium, etc. are used as structural materials.

The scope of application of individual metals is quite diverse:

Copper and alloys based on it are in demand at chemical engineering enterprises. Pipelines and vessels for cryogenic equipment are made from these materials;
aluminum is in particular demand in the chemical/food industry (all kinds of containers are made from it). In aircraft and shipbuilding, this metal is popular due to its high strength with low density, resistance to corrosion and excellent mechanical properties at temperatures below zero.

Peculiarities

Parts made of non-ferrous metals are produced in various ways. Mechanical processing, welding, and many other technologies can be used here. When choosing one technique or another, you need to take into account the distinctive features of the material being processed.

Magnesium, copper and aluminum are characterized by excellent thermal conductivity and heat capacity, which contribute to the rapid cooling of welding areas. Consequently, in order to weld such a material, powerful heat sources will be required, and perhaps additional heating of the part. Moreover, when heated, the mechanical properties of these metals sharply deteriorate. This makes them more easily destroyed by impacts, and under the influence of their own weight the weld pool may even fail.

When large volumes of non-ferrous alloys are heated, they begin to interact at the chemical level with almost all gases (with the exception of inert ones), and also dissolve atmospheric gases.

In this regard, the most active are refractory metals, such as:

zirconium and molybdenum;
tantalum and titanium.

Means of protection

Non-ferrous metals, as noted earlier, are strong, durable and can easily withstand high temperatures. They have only one flaw - these metals corrode when exposed to oxygen.

The most effective way to protect non-ferrous metals from atmospheric corrosion is to apply special paint and varnish coatings. The following products have been developed to protect metal surfaces:

• primer; • dye;

• "3 in 1".

Primer is the main means of combating metal oxidation. Single-layer priming is performed before painting the surface, improving adhesion to the base.

Metal processing is a process involving many nuances, so only experienced professionals who are able to find the right way out of the most unpredictable situations can perform a task of this nature efficiently. By trusting them, you can be sure that they will do everything exactly as the customer requires.

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Source: https://metalloobrabotka-zakazat.ru/article/tsvetnye-metally-primenenie-i-osobennosti-obrabotki/

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia

From ancient times to the present day, metal has remained the main structural material. Recently, thanks to scientific and technological progress, the specific gravity of metal in many industries has been reduced. But it continues to play an important role in the development of the economy of any country.

Definition 1

Metallurgy is a set of industries and enterprises responsible for the extraction of metallurgical raw materials, their enrichment and metal production.

Metallurgy consists of two main parts: ferrous metallurgy and non-ferrous metallurgy. Each of them is divided, in turn, into a number of industries. The basis for this division was the final product of production (the metal itself). It is the metal that determines the principles of location of each production.

The basis of metallurgical production is the mining industry. They develop in places where raw materials are located. Mining and processing plants are also located there. They make it possible to increase the content of useful substances in raw materials, “weed out” waste rock, and increase the efficiency of transportation of raw materials.

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On the basis of mining industries, the production of the metal itself (metallurgy itself) is being developed. The finished metal is supplied to the production of rolled products.

All branches of metallurgy are closely related to the chemical industry, mechanical engineering and energy. Russia occupies a leading position in the amount of metal produced. But production needs technical and technological re-equipment and reduction of energy costs.

Ferrous metallurgy of Russia

Ferrous metallurgy is the basis for the development of mechanical engineering and metalworking. It is responsible for the production of metals such as iron, manganese, and chromium. These metals are called ferrous. The main production is the production of iron (iron and steel). The mined iron ore is enriched.

Metal smelting requires coking coal and refractory materials. The process of obtaining cast iron from ore occurs in blast furnaces. Pig iron is poured into molds or sent to steelmaking. Steel is produced using open hearth furnaces or using converters.

In developed countries of the world, most steel is produced using the converter method. It is less energy intensive.

A characteristic feature of ferrous metallurgy is the concentration of production and the creation of large associations - combines. This allows you to optimize costs and increase productivity.

The main areas of Russian ferrous metallurgy in the European part are the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) in the Central region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, Kuzbass and the Urals.

The iron ore deposits of Siberia and the Far East are very promising. They are located near important energy bases. An important source of metal are metallurgical plants that focus on processing scrap metal.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia

Non-ferrous metallurgy is responsible for the extraction and enrichment of ores of non-ferrous, noble and rare metals. It includes such industries as: copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum.

Note 1

It is worth noting that non-ferrous metal ores have a low percentage of useful components and are characterized by complexity (they include several metals at once). Processing of non-ferrous metal ores is an energy-intensive and water-intensive production.

Therefore, there are great prospects for the development of non-ferrous metallurgy in Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Chelyabinsk Region, and the Far East. In Russia, over $70$ of various metals and elements are produced. The role of non-ferrous metallurgy has especially increased during the scientific and technological revolution.

Non-ferrous metals are widely used in radio engineering and electronics, aviation and astronautics.

The aluminum industry plays a leading role in the structure of the country's non-ferrous metallurgy. It is developing on the basis of raw material deposits in the northern regions of Russia and powerful hydroelectric power stations in the Center of Russia and Siberia (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk).

One of the oldest branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is the copper industry. The traditional base of copper production in the country is the Urals (Krasnouralsk, Kirovogradsk, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk).

The lead-zinc industry is developing on the basis of polymetallic ores. ITS enterprises are located in the North Caucasus and Siberia.

The Norilsk Combine is the largest enterprise in the nickel-cobalt industry in Russia. Nickel, cobalt, copper, and rare metals are produced here.

The titanium-magnesium industry is a relatively new branch of non-ferrous metallurgy. Its enterprises are located in the Urals and on the territory of the Timan-Pechora TPK. They are focused on raw materials and cheap electricity. This industry plays an important role in modern aircraft and rocket manufacturing.

Source: https://spravochnick.ru/geografiya/hozyaystvo_rossii/chernaya_i_cvetnaya_metallurgiya_rossii/

Metallurgy. Notes on geography. Briefly - TeacherPRO

Metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry engaged in the extraction of ores, their enrichment, and the smelting of metals and their alloys. Peculiarities of the industry: material intensity, multi-stage production process, high environmental load.

It consists of two industries: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. About 90% of the metals used in production are ferrous, that is, iron and alloys obtained from it.

Ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry engaged in the extraction and production of ferrous metals and alloys, pipes and rolled products.

Factors for the location of ferrous metallurgy:

raw materials - the industry gravitates towards deposits of coal and iron ore;
energy - the industry is energy-intensive, therefore it focuses on the availability of sources of cheap electricity
transport - gravitates towards the flow of raw materials necessary for production;
consumer - focused on the consumer (process metallurgy).

Raw materials used by ferrous metallurgy:

iron ore - main
manganese and chromium ores
alloying metals (cobalt, nickel);
coking coal.

The world's proven reserves of iron ore are approximately 160 billion tons, containing about 80 billion tons of pure iron.

Countries with leading iron ore reserves:

1) Australia;
2) Brazil;
3) Russia;
4) China;
5) India.

Leading countries in iron ore production:

China;
Australia;
Brazil;
India;
Russia.

The largest iron ore basins in the world :

KMA (Russia);
Krivorozhsky (Ukraine)
Caracas (Brazil)
Lorraine (France)
Newfoundland (Canada)
iron ore region of Lake Superior (USA);
Kirunavara (Sweden).

Major exporters of iron ore :

1) Australia;
2) Brazil;
3) South Africa;
4) Canada;
5) India.

The global production of cast iron is 1183 million tons. leading countries in the production of cast iron :

China;
Japan;
India;
Russia;
The Republic of Korea.

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In 2016, the world produced 1,630 million tons of steel. Leading countries in steel production :

1) China;
2) Japan;
3) India;
4) USA;
5) Russia.

The main steel exporters :

The main importers of steel :

USA
Germany
The Republic of Korea.

The three main world centers of ferrous metallurgy:

1) Asian - leading and fastest growing, rich in raw materials.
There is the oldest leader in the iron and steel industry - Japan and new emerging leaders - China, India, and the Republic of Korea. 2) European - the oldest metallurgical center in the world. The leaders of the region are Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain.

Due to the deteriorating environmental situation, it is actively switching to imported raw materials, so ferrous metallurgy plants are increasingly appearing in the area of port cities.

3) North American , the leader of the region is the USA; In recent years, the region has changed its international specialization: instead of large plants, small plants producing high-quality steel are being created here.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry engaged in the extraction of ores and the production of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. In terms of production volumes, non-ferrous metallurgy is approximately 20 times inferior to ferrous metallurgy.

Factors for the location of non-ferrous metallurgy:

raw materials;
energy;
water;
consumer;
ecological.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by the complexity of its use of raw materials. Many non-ferrous ores are polymetallic, meaning they contain multiple metals. For the purpose of their complete extraction (use) in non-ferrous metallurgy, production combination is effective.

Non-ferrous metals

Heavy: Copper, Zinc, Tin, Nickel, Lead.
Lightweight: Aluminum, Titanium, Magnesium.
Precious: Gold, Platinum, Silver.
Refractory: Tungsten, Molybdenum.
Rare: Uranium, Vanadium.

Aluminum industry

The main raw material for aluminum production is bauxite. Their production is concentrated in a small number of countries, mainly in Australia and Oceania, Central and South America, and Asia.

Leading countries in primary aluminum smelting:

1) China;
2) Russia;
3) Canada;
4) India;
5) UAE.

Aluminum production stages:

Extraction of raw materials.
Alumina production.
Smelting of primary aluminum.
Production of rolled products.
Obtaining secondary aluminum from scrap.

Leading countries in the production of secondary aluminum:

1) USA;
2) China;
3) Japan;
4) Germany;
5) Italy.

Leading countries in bauxite mining:

1) Australia;
2) China;
3) Brazil;
4) Guinea;
5) India.

Leading countries in alumina production:

1) China;
2) Australia;
3) Brazil;
4) Russia;
5) USA.

Alumina is a product of bauxite processing for subsequent aluminum smelting. Primary aluminum smelting is carried out by both developed and developing countries. At the same time, there is a tendency to transfer production to developing countries.

Copper industry

Approximately 17.9 million tons of copper ore are mined worldwide. Its main deposits are located in Eurasia (Russia, Kazakhstan), Northern and South America (Cordillera, Andes), Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia).

Leading countries in copper production:

1) Chile;
2) China;
3) Peru;
4) USA.

The Copper Belt is a natural region in Central Africa spanning southern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Zambia. Known as a copper mining area. A similar, but much larger belt stretches along the Cordillera-Andes line from the USA to Peru.

Leading countries in copper smelting:

1) Chile;
2) China;
3) Peru;
4) USA;
5) DRC.

Zinc-lead industry

Formations of lead and zinc occur in nature together in lead-zinc ores. They are mainly concentrated in North America (USA, Canada), Australia, and Eurasia (Russia, China).

About 13.5 million zinc ores are mined in the world, of which 37% are mined in China. Peru, Australia, Canada, and the USA also have large production volumes. Leading countries in zinc smelting: China, Canada, Republic of Korea .

China, Australia and the USA lead in the production of lead ores , with 55% coming from China.

Leading countries in lead smelting: China; USA; Germany .

The Tin Belt is a vast tin mining area stretching from Chukotka to the Sunda Islands. It accounts for almost half of the world's metal production. The second, smaller tin belt stretches in the Andes across the territory of Bolivia, Peru and part of Brazil.

The main producers of tin in the world: Indonesia, China, Peru, Bolivia.

The largest gold deposits are concentrated in southern Africa (South Africa), Russia (Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Far East), the USA (Alaska), as well as Canada, Australia and Indonesia. Leading countries in gold production:

1) China;
2) Australia;
3) Russia;
4) USA;
5) Canada.

The largest silver deposits are concentrated in Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, Australia, Canada, USA, Poland, and Russia. Leading countries in silver production:

1) Mexico;
2) Peru;
3) China;
4) Chile;
5) Australia.

The largest deposits of platinum are concentrated in South Africa, the USA, Russia, Zimbabwe, and China. Leading countries in platinum mining :

SOUTH AFRICA;
Russia;
Zimbabwe;
Canada;
USA.

We looked at the summary of the geography lesson “Metallurgy”. Select next action:

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Ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Use, application of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals

The category of “ferrous metals” includes iron and all its alloys that currently exist. In its pure form, iron is found only in research laboratories. Mainly it was steel.

What are non-ferrous metals

Another large group of metals, unlike the previous one, has softer properties, they are more ductile, have thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to corrosion and many others.

Non-ferrous metals are the combined name for all metals and their alloys, with the exception of iron. They can also be called “non-iron metals,” which would be quite fair.

Non-ferrous metals are:

— gold, silver, platinum (precious metals);

— aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, beryllium (light);

- copper, tin, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel (heavy);

— niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, tungsten (refractory);

— indium, gallium, thallium (scattered);

— scandium, yttrium and all lanthanides (rare earths);

- radium, technetium, actinium, polonium, thorium, francium, uranium and transuranium elements (radioactive).

Application of metals in industry: role, significance, industries - Kazspetsgeology

The production and use of metals in industry is constantly growing. The scope of metals is determined by their individual physical properties. At the same time, the use of non-ferrous and ferrous metals in industry provides approximately 72-74% of the total volume of world production.

Applications of ferrous metals

More than 90% of the volume of metals used in production is iron and its alloys with carbon (cast iron, steel, ferroalloys) and other elements. The importance of metals in modern industry can hardly be overestimated. Currently, they are the main construction materials and are widely used in various fields of production.

Steels are used in instrument and mechanical engineering, construction for the manufacture of springs, shock absorbers, springs and other elastic elements, as well as wire, bolts and the like.
Cast iron, in particular ductile iron, due to its high strength and impact resistance, is used in the automotive industry for the manufacture of all kinds of parts: brake pads, angles, tees, and the like.

Which industries use non-ferrous metals?

Non-ferrous metallurgy produces a full cycle of production of non-ferrous metals and their alloys, which are subsequently used in various fields. The use of metals is especially widespread in the food industry and mechanical engineering. Let's try to figure out which industries use non-ferrous metals most often.

1. Copper is used in:

electrical engineering - due to its high electrical conductivity, it is widely used for the production of power cables and wires, which are subsequently used in the winding of electric drives and transformers;
pipe industry - the high strength of copper makes it possible to create seamless pipes used for gas and water supply, as well as in air conditioning systems and refrigeration units;
jewelry industry - as alloys with gold, to improve the strength of the latter;
architecture - roofing and facade materials made from copper sheets have an extremely long service life (100-150 years) without the need for repair work.

2. Lead in the form of chemical compounds is used:

in the production of explosives as a detonator or oxidizer;
in batteries and backup current sources as a cathode material;
during ore dressing;
in the chemical industry, for example, in the production of pigments, insecticides;
in the medical industry - in the preparation of ointments, for protection against radiation in X-ray units.

3. Zinc is used in:

metallurgy - for the restoration of precious metals, to protect steel from corrosion (galvanization of surfaces that are not subject to constant mechanical stress, as well as metallization - to protect bridges and metal structures);
medicine – as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent;
printing - zinc plates are used as cliches for reproducing illustrations in publications;
mechanical engineering - in the form of an alloy with aluminum and magnesium, it is used for precision casting of various technical accessories (for example, handles for cars), carburetor bodies, all kinds of reduced models and miniatures.

4. Tin is used as an alloy:

as an anti-corrosion coating – in solders for electronics, pipelines, alloys for the manufacture of bearings;
in the production of paints used to imitate the effect of gilding;
in electrical engineering to create superconducting wires;
in the production of tableware, food storage containers, packaging foil.

5. Nickel is used:

in the chemical industry as a catalyst and in the production of chemical reagents;
for producing heat-resistant alloys used in the aerospace industry;
in medicine – for the manufacture of braces and prostheses;
for the production of batteries containing alloys with iron, cadmium, zinc.

6. Aluminum is used in the following industries:

aviation and aerospace - in alloys with the addition of copper or magnesium as a structural material;
food - used for the manufacture of kitchen utensils, food foil and packaging materials;
electrical engineering – in the production of wires and shielding of signal cables;
microelectronics - in the process of sputtering conductors onto microcircuits;
construction industry - aluminum pastes and suspensions used in the production of aerated concrete are used as a gas generator.

7. Titanium is one of the most important structural materials in:

rocket, aircraft and shipbuilding;
military and automotive industries;
production of medical instruments, jewelry, mobile phones.

Titanium alloys are used in:

chemical industry - for the production of whitewash and plastic, as well as as a hardener and catalyst in the manufacture of paint and varnish products;
jewelry industry - due to its external similarity with gold for creating costume jewelry.

The role of metals in industry is extremely important. It is almost impossible to find at least one industrial area that would do without the use of metals, their alloys and chemical compounds. Due to the increased demand for the products of metallurgical enterprises, many of them offer metal mining services in Kazakhstan, as well as monitoring of mineral resources.

Source: http://kazspecgeo.com/article/ispolzovanie-metallov-v-promyishlennosti.html

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous metallurgy is an industry that includes the extraction, enrichment and creation of alloys from non-ferrous metals. Its condition is decisive for the development and functioning of the entire industrial complex as a whole.

Non-ferrous metals should be understood as substances and alloys that do not contain iron. This is the main difference between the industry in question and ferrous metallurgy, which is based on the extraction of iron ore and the production of cast iron and steel.

Classification of non-ferrous metals

In modern industry, there are several groups of non-ferrous metals, which differ in their performance properties and qualities. Let's look at some of them:

Heavy. Includes nickel, zinc, lead, copper. They have high density and weight.
Lungs. First of all, it is aluminum, which has low density and, as a result, low weight. In addition, this group includes magnesium, titanium, and lithium.
Small ones. Includes cobalt, mercury, antimony, arsenic, bismuth. Used in various industries. Due to the fact that the deposits are adjacent to deposits of heavy metals, they are mined as a by-product.
Alloying (or refractory). These are vanadium, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum. They have a high degree of wear resistance. Their industrial application is in the smelting of alloys to improve the performance properties of finished products.
Noble ones. This group includes gold, platinum, and silver. They are extremely rare and have a high degree of resistance to oxidation, so their use is not limited only to jewelry. Also included in this type are osmium, iridium, ruthenium, and palladium.
Rare earths. These are scandium, thulium, lutetium, europium, etc. Application is limited, since the deposits are small and located on different continents, which greatly complicates production.

Sub-sectors

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes sub-sectors within which the production of various metals is carried out:

It accounts for more than 45% of the smelting volume of all non-ferrous metals. The raw material is bauxite, which is processed into alumina. The main deposits are located in Australia, Brazil, equatorial Africa, China and Russia.

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The leading aluminum producers in the world are Russia, the USA, Italy, China, and Germany.

More than a quarter of the total smelting volume is copper. It is mined from copper ore, where the metal concentration can reach about 30-35%. In addition, the processing of secondary raw materials plays a significant role.

The main deposits of copper ore are located in Russia, Kazakhstan, Chile, the USA, Canada, equatorial Africa, and China.

The leading producers are Russia, China, the USA, and European countries.

Lead and zinc production.

These metals are produced from polymetallic ores. The main deposits are located in the USA, Mexico, Canada, China, and Australia. Production is concentrated in China, USA, Japan, Australia, and EU countries. The smelting of zinc and lead accounts for more than 22% of the total volume.

The largest deposits are located in Russia, which is also the world's main producer. The production of this metal accounts for less than 7% of global smelting. The main raw materials are nickel ores.

This metal is obtained from tin ores. Most of the world's reserves are in Bolivia and Southeast Asia. The leading smelting centers are Bolivia, Malaysia, China, and Russia.

The production of other non-ferrous metals is less developed and has a local scale.

Stages of the production process

Non-ferrous metallurgy involves a number of production processes, including both the extraction of raw materials and smelting.

Schemes for the production of non-ferrous metals, although generally similar, however, due to the characteristics of a particular resource, have some differences.

In this regard, as an example, we should mention the aluminum production cycle, the production of which has the greatest scale and significance.

It consists of the following steps:

bauxite mining;
beneficiation of aluminum ore (washing, screening);
alumina production;
smelting of metal material;
production of aluminum billets and semi-finished products.

Fluoride salts and electrodes are also produced from alumina.

General overview of the state of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia

This branch of industrial production is one of the most developed in Russia. This is explained by large reserves of raw materials and natural resources, as well as a developed production base remaining after the collapse of the USSR.

History of industry development

Humanity began to smelt metal and use alloys quite a long time ago, which is confirmed by archaeological finds.

In Russia, the production of non-ferrous metals and the development of mining in general is largely associated with the name of Peter I. It was according to his decrees that the first smelting plants were built in the Urals.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the country became one of the world leaders in metallurgical production, but the events of 1917 stopped its development for a long time. However, in the 30s, during the first five-year plans, the country was able to restore and increase its industrial power.

After the Second World War, the largest mining and processing plants and metallurgical plants were built in the USSR, many of which continue to operate today. The crisis of the 90s had a negative impact on the state of this industry, but already in 2000, the production of non-ferrous metals in the country increased significantly.

Location of industrial production

Due to economic feasibility, most non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in the area where the corresponding ores are mined. For this reason, there are several main production bases in Russia. It is worth noting that the smelting of light metals requires a large amount of energy; therefore, factories are built near its sources (mainly hydroelectric power stations).

Location of main production centers:

Large complexes are located in areas with developed energy (Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk region).

Mainly the Urals, where most of the explored deposits are located.

The reserves of polymetallic ores in the country are not very high. There are production centers in Siberia and the Far East.

The enterprises are located near the deposits. The largest of them are on the Kola Peninsula, as well as in the north of Siberia.

Industry's largest players

Leading non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises in Russia:

Other companies operating in this industry are presented in the Non-Ferrous Metals Plants section.

Problems and development prospects

A significant difficulty of the non-ferrous metallurgy in the country is its dependence on sources of electrical and thermal energy.

For example, more than 75% of the energy generated at the Bratsk hydroelectric power station is aimed at servicing the aluminum smelter. This increases the cost of production and in some cases (in unfavorable global conditions) can deprive it of profitability. The way out of the situation is to introduce more energy-intensive technologies.

In addition, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are one of the main causes of environmental pollution. Modernization of production requires multi-billion dollar investments, however, despite the costs, the measures taken reduce the burden on the environment.

25.12.2019

Source: https://fabricators.ru/article/cvetnaya-metallurgiya

What types of non-ferrous metals and alloys are there: basic, rare, light, heavy

The leading industry in the economy of our country is metallurgy. For its successful development, a lot of metal is needed. This article will discuss non-ferrous heavy and light metals and their use.

Light metals

They are widespread in nature. These metals have low density. They have high chemical activity. They are strong connections.

The metallurgy of these metals began to develop in the nineteenth century. They are obtained by electrolysis of molten salts, electrothermy and metallothermy.

Light non-ferrous metals, the list of which has many items, are used for the production of alloys.

Aluminum

Refers to light metals. It has a silvery color and a melting point of about seven hundred degrees. In industrial conditions it is used in alloys. It is used wherever metal is needed. Aluminum has low density and high strength. This metal is easy to cut, saw, weld, drill, solder and bend.

Alloys are formed with metals of various properties, such as copper, nickel, magnesium, silicon. They are highly durable and do not rust in adverse weather conditions. Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity.

Magnesium

It belongs to the group of light non-ferrous metals. It has a silver-white color and a film oxide coating. It has a low density and is easy to process. The metal is resistant to flammable substances: gasoline, kerosene, mineral oils, but is susceptible to dissolution in acids. Magnesium is not magnetic. It has low elastic and casting properties and is susceptible to corrosion.

Titanium

This is a light metal. It is not magnetic. It has a silver color with a bluish tint. It has high strength and corrosion resistance. But titanium has low electrical and thermal conductivity. Loses mechanical properties at a temperature of 400 degrees, becomes brittle at 540 degrees.

The mechanical properties of titanium are enhanced in alloys with molybdenum, manganese, aluminum, chromium and others. Depending on the alloying metal, alloys have different strengths, including high-strength ones. Such alloys are used in aircraft construction, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding. They are used to produce rocketry, household appliances and much more.

Heavy metals

Heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is very wide, are obtained from sulfide and oxidized polymetallic ores. Depending on their types, methods for obtaining metals differ in the method and complexity of production, during which the valuable components of the raw material must be completely extracted.

Metals in this group are hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Metals obtained by any method are called rough. They undergo a refining procedure. Only after this can they be used for industrial purposes.

Copper

Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is presented above, are not all used in industry. In this case we are talking about a common heavy metal – copper. It has high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and ductility.

Copper alloys are widely used in industries such as mechanical engineering, and all due to the fact that this heavy metal is well alloyed with others.

Zinc

It also represents non-ferrous metals. The list of names is large. However, not all heavy non-ferrous metals, which include zinc, are used in industry. This metal is fragile.

But if you heat it to one hundred and fifty degrees, it will be forged without problems and rolled with ease.

Zinc has high anti-corrosion properties, but it is susceptible to destruction when exposed to alkali and acid.

Lead

The list of non-ferrous metals would be incomplete without lead. It is gray in color with a hint of blue. The melting point is three hundred twenty-seven degrees. It is heavy and soft. It is hammer forged well and does not harden. It is poured into various shapes. Resistant to acids: hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, nitric.

Brass

These are alloys of copper and zinc with the addition of manganese, lead, aluminum and other metals. The cost of brass is less than copper, but its strength, toughness and corrosion resistance are higher. Brass has good casting properties. Parts are produced from it by stamping, rolling, drawing, and rolling. This metal is used to make shell casings and much more.

Use of non-ferrous metals

Not only the metals themselves, but also their alloys are called non-ferrous. The exception is the so-called “ferrous metal”: iron and, accordingly, its alloys. In European countries, non-ferrous metals are called non-ferrous metals.

Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is quite large, have found wide application in various industries all over the world, including in Russia, where they are the main specialization. They are produced and mined in all regions of the country.

Light and heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is represented by a wide variety of items, constitute a branch of industry called “Metallurgy”. This concept includes the extraction, enrichment of ores, and smelting of both metals and their alloys.

Currently, the non-ferrous metallurgy industry has become widespread. The quality of non-ferrous metals is very high, they are durable and practical, and are used in the construction industry: they are used to decorate buildings and structures. They are used to produce profile metal, wire, tapes, strips, foil, sheets, and rods of various shapes.

Source: https://golden-mask-md.ru/utilizatsiya/kakie-vidy-tsvetnyh-metallov-i-splavov-byvayut-osnovnye-redkie-legkie-tyazhelye-markirovka-i-kategorii-tsvetmeta.html

Industry specifics

Non-ferrous metal ores, as mentioned above, contain a small amount of the mined element. Therefore, for a ton of the same copper, up to 100 tons of ore are needed. Due to the large demand for raw materials, non-ferrous metallurgy is, for the most part, located close to its raw material base.

Non-ferrous ores require large amounts of fuel or electricity for their processing. Energy costs reach half of the total costs associated with smelting 1 ton of metal. In this regard, metallurgical enterprises are located in close proximity to electricity producers.

The production of rare metals is mainly based on reduction from compounds. Raw materials come from intermediate stages of ore beneficiation. Due to the small volumes and difficulty of production, laboratories are engaged in obtaining rare metals.

Industry Composition

Types of non-ferrous metallurgy include industries related to the production of certain types of metals. Thus, the following sectors can be distinguished in aggregate:

copper production;
aluminum production;
production of nickel and cobalt;
tin production;
lead and zinc production;
gold mining.

The production of nickel is closely related to the place of extraction of nickel ores, which are located on the Kola Peninsula and in the Norilsk region of Siberia. Many branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are distinguished by multi-stage metallurgical processing of intermediate products.

Non-ferrous metals

On this basis, an integrated approach is effective. This is a raw material for the production of other related metals. Waste recycling is accompanied by the production of materials used not only in other branches of heavy engineering, but also in the chemical and construction industries.

The main stages of obtaining pure copper are the smelting of blister copper and its further refining. Blister copper is mined from ores, and the low concentration of copper in the Ural copper pyrites and its large volumes do not allow the transfer of production facilities from the Urals. The reserves are: cuprous sandstones, copper-molybdenum, copper-nickel ores.

Refining of copper and melting of secondary raw materials is carried out at enterprises that are remote from the sources of mining and primary smelting. They are favored by the low cost of electricity, since up to 5 kW of energy per hour is consumed to produce a ton of copper.

Metallurgical plant

The utilization of sulfur dioxide gases with subsequent processing served as the start for the production of sulfuric acid in the chemical industry. It produces phosphate mineral fertilizers from apatite residues.

Obtaining lead and zinc

The metallurgy of non-ferrous metals such as lead and zinc has complex territorial fragmentation. Ore is mined in the North Caucasus, Transbaikalia, Kuzbass and the Far East. And enrichment and metallurgical processing are carried out not only near ore extraction sites, but also in other territories with developed metallurgy.

Lead and zinc concentrates are rich in chemical elemental base. However, raw materials have different percentages of elements, which is why zinc and lead cannot always be obtained in pure form. Therefore, technological processes in the regions are different:

In Transbaikalia, only concentrates are obtained.
Lead and zinc concentrate are produced in the Far East.
Zinc and lead concentrate are produced in Kuzbass.
Redistribution is underway in the North Caucasus.
Zinc is produced in the Urals.

Metallurgy of light metals

The most common light metal is aluminum. Alloys based on it have properties inherent in structural and special steels.

To obtain aluminum, the raw materials are bauxite, alunite, and nepheline. Production is divided into two stages:

At the first stage, alumina is obtained and a large volume of raw materials is required.
In the second stage, aluminum is produced using the electrolytic method, which requires inexpensive energy. Therefore, the production stages are located in different territories.

The production of aluminum and alloys is concentrated in industrial centers. Scrap is also supplied here for recycling, which ultimately reduces the cost of the finished product.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/tsvetnaya-metallurgiya.html