How is a magnet made?

Activate card

Along with other stores, the largest retail chain “Magnit” is launching its loyalty program with a bonus card “Family of Magnit Stores”. This is a great solution for all supermarket shoppers, especially regular ones.

With its help, discount points are accumulated, which can be used to pay for future purchases in the store. Participation in the Magnit supermarket loyalty program provides benefits to its participants in the form of privileges and special advantageous offers.

But before you use your bonus card, you must activate it.

How to activate a card on moy.magnit.ru

Having received a discount card for a nominal fee in one of the Magnit supermarkets, you need to activate it in order to use all the bonuses provided by the program. The activation process is quite simple. To do this, you need to go to the official website of the network - moy.magnit.ru. Then you just need to follow the step-by-step instructions:

• Click the “Activate” button;

• Create a personal account by clicking on the “Join us” button;

• Enter the details of the received card and click on the “Next” button;

• We fill out a short form (full name, time of birth), come up with a login and password, and also indicate the user’s contact information (mobile phone and email);
• We confirm your consent to participate in the loyalty program, and an SMS message with a code is immediately sent to your phone;
• We enter the received code into the window that appears on the site, and the registration process is completed.

Activate card

Still have questions? Ask! Ask a Question

When the Magnit program participant’s discount card is activated, the buyer is assigned a personal account. Bonus points will be awarded to it. It is important to know that only the buyer himself will have access to his personal account. It is worth noting that in this particular case a card and an electronic wallet are used.

In addition, your personal account contains a lot of useful information: information on current promotions and discounts on the Magnit network, and received offers. There is also information on the number of discount points on the user’s account. You can edit your personal account profile if desired.

So, to register on the My Magnit website you just need:

• phone number;
• card account;
• password that will be sent in a message to your mobile phone.

BY THE WAY! Don’t worry if your personal account password is suddenly erased from your memory. The site developers provided for this option in advance. A special link “Forgot your password?” has been created. You just need to click on it, enter your phone number, and your password will be restored in a matter of seconds.

Registration through the application

You can register the received card through a mobile application for Androin or IOS.

Source: https://moj-magnit.ru/

How are magnets made?

How are magnets made?

The unique properties of some substances have always surprised people with their unusualness. Particular attention was drawn to the ability of some metals and stones to repel or attract each other. Throughout all eras, this has aroused the interest of sages and the great surprise of ordinary people.

Starting from the 12th – 13th centuries, it began to be actively used in the production of compasses and other innovative inventions. Today you can see the prevalence and variety of magnets in all areas of our lives. Every time we come across another product made from a magnet, we often ask the question: “So how are magnets made?”

Types of magnets

There are several types of magnets:

• Constant;
• Temporary;
• Electromagnet;

The difference between the first two magnets lies in their degree of magnetization and the time they hold the field inside themselves. Depending on the composition, the magnetic field will be weaker or stronger and more resistant to external fields. An electromagnet is not a true magnet, it is just the effect of electricity that creates a magnetic field around a metal core.

Interesting fact : for the first time, research on this substance was carried out by our domestic scientist Peter Peregrin. In 1269, he published the “Book of the Magnet,” which described the unique properties of matter and its interaction with the outside world.

Neodymium

Iron, neodymium, boron, cobalt, samarium, alnico and ferrites are used to produce permanent and temporary magnets. They are crushed in several stages and together melted, baked or pressed to obtain a permanent or temporary magnetic field. Depending on the type of magnets and the required characteristics, the composition and proportions of the components change.

Related materials:

How do bees make honey?

This production makes it possible to obtain three types of magnets:

• Pressed;
• Cast;
• Sintered;

Making magnets

Electromagnet working principle

Electromagnets are made by winding wire around a metal core. By changing the dimensions of the core and the length of the wire, the power of the field, the amount of electricity consumed and the dimensions of the device change.

Component Selection

Permanent and temporary magnets are produced with different field strengths and resistance to environmental influences. Before production begins, the customer determines the composition and shape of future products depending on the place of application and the high cost of production. All components are selected to the nearest gram and sent to the first stage of production.

Smelting

Electric vacuum furnace

The operator loads all the components of the future magnet into an electric vacuum furnace. After checking the equipment and matching the amount of material, the furnace is closed.

Using a pump, all air is pumped out of the chamber and the melting process is started. Air is removed from the chamber in order to prevent oxidation of iron and possible loss of field power.

The molten mixture is poured into the mold on its own, and the operator waits for it to cool completely. The result is a briquette that already has magnetic properties.

Related materials:

How and from what is cement made?

Grinding

The homogeneous alloy is crushed in special crushers in two stages. As a result of the primary crushing of the briquette, large particles the size of fine crushed stone are obtained. After secondary crushing, a powder with a particle size of several microns is formed. This is necessary in order to correctly set the magnetic fields at the next stage.

Pressing

The powder is loaded into a special apparatus, where, under the influence of a magnetic field and mechanical pressure, it is pressed into briquettes of the required sizes and shapes. When exposed to a magnetic field, the magnetized particles inside the powder are directed in one direction. As a result, the polarity of the future magnet is equalized. The finished briquettes are packed in sealed bags and the air is pumped out from the inside. This is necessary to prevent metal oxidation and loss of magnetic properties.

Sintering

The briquette is placed in a special oven, from which air is removed and all components are sintered into a single magnet under the influence of high temperature. The product gains high strength and increases the power of magnetic fields.

Related materials:

How and from what is sour cream made?

Completion of production

Ready-made magnets

Magnets can be additionally cut, ground and coated with a protective layer. Finished products undergo quality control, are packaged and sent to the customer.

Interesting fact : the first mine for the production of magnetic ore was built on the magnesia hills in Asia Minor. Many tons of ore were mined from its depths, which were used to produce compasses and other unique tools.

The technology for producing magnets consists of mixing several components and obtaining a product that emits a magnetic field. Depending on the composition and proportions, in each individual case the process will be slightly different. Finished products will be used in various areas of our lives, from large electric motors to souvenirs for the refrigerator.

Source: https://kipmu.ru/kak-delayut-magnity/

What is a magnet? Types and properties of magnets

Education September 28, 2017

Even in ancient times, people discovered the unique properties of certain stones - attracting metal. Nowadays, we often come across objects that have these qualities. What is a magnet? What is his strength? We will talk about this in this article.

Definition

What is a magnet? This is a material that has a certain degree of magnetization. This ability arises due to the fact that the molecules of a magnet have their own field and do not move chaotically, as in many other substances, but strictly in two directions. This mutual opposition has the properties of attraction and repulsion of metal objects.

If you try to connect magnets with the same poles, you may feel rejection. Opposite sides, in turn, will attract each other. This has to do with the direction in which magnetic field waves move. It is worth noting that no piece of magnet can be unipolar.

When it is broken, the molecules in each piece again form the north and south poles.

Types of magnets

What are magnets and what is their difference? The operation of many electrical appliances, sensors, and home appliances depends on the type of magnets that are present in them. Each has its own characteristics. They perform certain functions, depending on the scope of use. The main types include electromagnets, permanent and temporary magnets. It is worth considering each type in more detail.

What is a permanent magnet? This is a material that can maintain magnetization for a long time. Its molecules move in a constant direction and form a magnetic field in the absence of electric current. It is also called a natural magnet.

An example of a temporary magnet is paper clips, buttons, nails, a knife and other household items made of iron. Their strength lies in the fact that they are attracted to a permanent magnet, and when the magnetic field disappears, they lose their properties.

The field of an electromagnet can be controlled using electric current. How does this happen? A wire wound in turns on an iron core changes the strength of the magnetic field and its polarity when a current is supplied and changed.

Types of permanent magnets

Ferrite magnets are the most famous and actively used in everyday life. This black material can be used as fasteners for various items, such as posters, wall boards used in the office or school. They do not lose their attractive properties at temperatures not lower than 250°C.

Alnico is a magnet consisting of an alloy of aluminum, nickel and cobalt. This gave it its name. Very resistant to high temperatures and can be used at 550°C. The material is lightweight, but completely loses its properties when exposed to a stronger magnetic field. Mainly used in the scientific industry.

Samarium magnetic alloys are high performance materials. The reliability of its properties allows the material to be used in military developments. It is resistant to aggressive environments, high temperatures, oxidation and corrosion.

What is a neodymium magnet? It is the most popular alloy of iron, boron and neodymium. It is also called a supermagnet, as it has a powerful magnetic field with high coercive force. By observing certain conditions during operation, a neodymium magnet can retain its properties for 100 years.

We found out what a magnet is. Next, we will consider the use of the most popular and popular alloys.

Use of neodymium magnets

It is worth taking a closer look at what a neodymium magnet is? This is a material that is capable of recording the consumption of water, electricity and gas in meters, and not only. This type of magnet belongs to permanent and rare earth materials. It is resistant to the magnetic fields of other alloys and is not subject to demagnetization.

Neodymium products are used in the medical and industrial industries. Also in domestic conditions they are used for attaching curtains, decorative elements, and souvenirs. They are used in search instruments and electronics.

To extend their service life, magnets of this type are coated with zinc or nickel. In the first case, spraying is more reliable, as it is resistant to aggressive agents and can withstand temperatures above 100°C. The strength of a magnet depends on its shape, size and the amount of neodymium included in the alloy.

Applications of Ferrite Magnets

Ferrites are considered the most popular permanent magnets. Thanks to strontium included in the composition, the material does not corrode. So what is a ferrite magnet? Where is it used? This alloy is quite fragile. That's why it is also called ceramic.

Ferrite magnets are used in automotive and industrial applications. It is used in various equipment and electrical appliances, as well as household installations, generators, and acoustic systems.

In automobile manufacturing, magnets are used in cooling systems, window lifters, and fans.

The purpose of ferrite is to protect equipment from external interference and prevent damage to the signal received via the cable. Thanks to this property, magnets are used in the production of navigators, monitors, printers and other equipment where it is important to obtain a clean signal or image.

Magnetotherapy

Physiotherapy with a magnet is often used. What it is? This procedure is called magnetic therapy and is carried out for therapeutic purposes. The effect of this method is to influence the patient's body using magnetic fields under low-frequency alternating or direct current. This treatment method helps get rid of many diseases, relieve pain, strengthen the immune system, and improve blood flow.

It is believed that diseases are caused by disturbances in the human magnetic field. Thanks to physiotherapy, the body returns to normal and the general condition improves.

From this article you learned what a magnet is, and also studied its properties and applications.

Source: https://monateka.com/article/250472/

What a neodymium magnet can do in everyday life - we reveal all the secrets

Neodymium magnets have now firmly replaced simple ones. They are made from NdFeB metal alloy, which has excellent magnetic properties. Result: the device is better magnetized and much more resistant to demagnetization, unlike the usual one.

We will consider what can be made from a neodymium magnet in the material.

Areas of application of neodymium magnets

The first thing that comes to mind is the production of toys and puzzles from this alloy. As a rule, for these purposes, not the strongest magnet is used, which is produced in the form of balls. Crafts made from magnets can be formed into various shapes, and complex sculptural forms in miniature can be formed from neodymium. But it is important to remember that such a toy is prohibited from being given to children under 6 years of age.

A pair of magnets placed in the stomach or intestines can hook the walls of the esophagus, which in turn will lead to perforation, and the victim will inevitably end up in the hospital.

You can make various fasteners from a magnet with your own hands. A pair of medium-sized magnets can be used as a vice. The use of an alloy, in this case, is much more practical, in contrast to a vice made of ordinary metal. Parts of non-standard shapes will be fixed more reliably.

For car enthusiasts, this alloy is generally irreplaceable and can be used in a wide variety of ways. For example, not everyone knew that a magnet can be used to filter oil in an oil filter.

If you install it on the drain plug in the engine crankcase, then all metal debris will accumulate at the installation site, which will subsequently make it easier to remove.

Using magnets, it is convenient to search for small metal objects, such as needles or pins on a fleecy carpet. Neodymium can be used to search for metals in the ground or various communications in walls.

The device is suitable for magnetizing various steel objects, such as screwdrivers, needles and more. With its help, a tool or other steel equipment is fixed. Properly installed magnetic holders will help you organize your tools correctly in the workshop or even in the kitchen.

In addition, an alloy of such power can magnetize even an old demagnetized magnet.

It is often used to format information on electronic media.

Information from video and audio cassettes, as well as from the hard drive and from credit cards, is permanently deleted using a powerful magnetic field.

Options for using magnets in everyday life

Neodymium magnet is widely used in everyday life. The main thing is to be able to show your imagination. There are both standard methods and very interesting applications.

Amazing spice rack

To ensure that spices are always at hand and do not take up much space, you can design a special shelf using neodymium. For this you will need:

1. Metal jars with a transparent lid.
2. Neodymium magnet with a diameter of 1.5x6 mm.
3. Epoxy resin.
4. 100 grit sandpaper.

We sand the bottom of the jars on the outside and use resin to attach magnets. After this, they will stick securely to any metal surface.

Life hack: you can create a metal surface yourself. Simply attach a metal plate to a regular covering. If it is missing, use what you have. For example, the refrigerator door. At the same time, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the master class on creating refrigerator magnets with your own hands without dust and worries.

It turns out beautiful and neat.

Scissors and household tools at hand

Knives, scissors and other household utensils can also be attached to neodymium clamps. To do this, just choose a suitable place, create a strip of magnet and install it. And then kitchen utensils will always be at hand.

By the way, you can use magnets from speakers for this, the main thing is to design them beautifully.

Beer storage method

Source: https://ShkolaPodelok.ru/iz-drugih-materialov/chto-mozhno-sdelat-iz-neodimovogo-magnita.html

"Kitchenware Royal Küchen" in Magnet. Build a collection!

The Magnit chain stores have another promotion: “Royal Küchen kitchenware.” Collect a collection of pots, pans and ladles! Starting February 5th, join the sticker collection. At the checkout you will be given a booklet to paste in. You need to collect stickers in it.

They can then be exchanged for significant discounts when purchasing quality cookware. Royal Küchen cookware has won the trust of millions of customers. You can cook in it without fear of burning. The handles are made of material that does not heat up.

This will protect you from accidental touching while cooking.

The dish has a special capsule bottom with an aluminum insert. This allows the food to heat evenly. And it frees you from the need for frequent stirring. Thanks to this, the dishes turn out tastier and look much more attractive.

Please note that Magnit also hosts other exciting promotions:

How to get Royal Küchen stickers and dishes

If you plan to join, then you need:

• buy any goods in the chain stores Magnit at home or Magnit Pharmacy for 250 rubles and more;
• in Magnit Family or Magnit Cosmetic stores, purchases must be from 500 rubles;
• Receive a booklet and stickers upon payment. For every 250 or 500 rubles, respectively, one sticker is issued;
• gradually fill out the booklet by collecting the required number of stickers;
• exchange stickers for selected dishes. At the same time, get a discount and pay the difference.

Collect the entire collection of excellent, high quality, modern kitchenware.

Dishes that can be obtained for stickers

As a result, you can assemble the following collection of tableware from the Royal Küchen brand:

• excellent quality stainless steel pans for 2; 3.6; 6; 8 liters. All pots have transparent lids with cool handles and steam vents.
• a ladle with a special design lid for one and a half liters;
• a special insert in the pan for steaming food;
• culinary accessories: whisk, ladle, slotted spoon, spoon for removing pasta, spoon and spatula.

Each item can be purchased separately or you can set a goal and finally collect the entire collection. You can find the cost and number of stickers to be given upon purchase in the booklet. It will be given to you at Magnit stores.

Read the detailed terms and conditions of the promotion on the official website.

Source: https://vse-akcii.ru/kuhonnaya-posuda-royal-kuchen-magnit/

Use of neodymium magnets

It is worth taking a closer look at what a neodymium magnet is? This is a material that is capable of recording the consumption of water, electricity and gas in meters, and not only. This type of magnet belongs to permanent and rare earth materials. It is resistant to the magnetic fields of other alloys and is not subject to demagnetization.

Neodymium products are used in the medical and industrial industries. Also in domestic conditions they are used for attaching curtains, decorative elements, and souvenirs. They are used in search instruments and electronics.

To extend their service life, magnets of this type are coated with zinc or nickel. In the first case, spraying is more reliable, as it is resistant to aggressive agents and can withstand temperatures above 100°C. The strength of a magnet depends on its shape, size and the amount of neodymium included in the alloy.

Magnetotherapy

Physiotherapy with a magnet is often used. What it is? This procedure is called magnetic therapy and is carried out for therapeutic purposes. The effect of this method is to influence the patient's body using magnetic fields under low-frequency alternating or direct current. This treatment method helps get rid of many diseases, relieve pain, strengthen the immune system, and improve blood flow.

It is believed that diseases are caused by disturbances in the human magnetic field. Thanks to physiotherapy, the body returns to normal and the general condition improves.

From this article you learned what a magnet is, and also studied its properties and applications.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/345280/chto-takoe-magnit-vidyi-i-svoystva-magnitov

Permanent magnets, their description and principle of operation:

Along with pieces of amber electrified by friction, permanent magnets were for ancient people the first material evidence of electromagnetic phenomena (lightning at the dawn of history was definitely attributed to the sphere of manifestation of immaterial forces).

Explaining the nature of ferromagnetism has always occupied the inquisitive minds of scientists, however, even now the physical nature of the permanent magnetization of some substances, both natural and artificially created, has not yet been fully revealed, leaving a considerable field of activity for modern and future researchers.

Traditional materials for permanent magnets

They have been actively used in industry since 1940 with the advent of alnico alloy (AlNiCo). Previously, permanent magnets made of various types of steel were used only in compasses and magnetos. Alnico made it possible to replace electromagnets with them and use them in devices such as motors, generators and loudspeakers.

This penetration into our daily lives received a new impetus with the creation of ferrite magnets, and since then permanent magnets have become commonplace.

The revolution in magnetic materials began around 1970, with the creation of the samarium-cobalt family of hard magnetic materials with previously unheard-of magnetic energy densities.

Then a new generation of rare earth magnets was discovered, based on neodymium, iron and boron, with a much higher magnetic energy density than samarium cobalt (SmCo) and at an expectedly low cost.

These two families of rare earth magnets have such high energy densities that they can not only replace electromagnets, but be used in areas that are inaccessible to them. Examples include the tiny permanent magnet stepper motor in wristwatches and the sound transducers in Walkman-type headphones.

The gradual improvement in the magnetic properties of materials is shown in the diagram below.

Neodymium permanent magnets

They represent the latest and most significant development in this field over the past decades. Their discovery was first announced almost simultaneously at the end of 1983 by metal specialists from Sumitomo and General Motors. They are based on the intermetallic compound NdFeB: an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron. Of these, neodymium is a rare earth element extracted from the mineral monazite.

The enormous interest that these permanent magnets have generated arises because for the first time a new magnetic material has been produced that is not only stronger than the previous generation, but is more economical.

It consists mainly of iron, which is much cheaper than cobalt, and neodymium, which is one of the most common rare earth materials and has more reserves on Earth than lead.

The major rare earth minerals monazite and bastanesite contain five to ten times more neodymium than samarium.

Physical mechanism of permanent magnetization

To explain the functioning of a permanent magnet, we must look inside it down to the atomic scale. Each atom has a set of spins of its electrons, which together form its magnetic moment.

For our purposes, we can consider each atom as a small bar magnet. When a permanent magnet is demagnetized (either by heating it to a high temperature or by an external magnetic field), each atomic moment is oriented randomly (see Fig.

below) and no regularity is observed.

When it is magnetized in a strong magnetic field, all atomic moments are oriented in the direction of the field and, as it were, interlocked with each other (see figure below). This coupling allows the permanent magnet field to be maintained when the external field is removed, and also resists demagnetization when its direction is changed. A measure of the cohesive force of atomic moments is the magnitude of the coercive force of the magnet. More on this later.

In a more in-depth presentation of the magnetization mechanism, one does not operate with the concepts of atomic moments, but uses ideas about miniature (of the order of 0.001 cm) regions inside the magnet, which initially have permanent magnetization, but are randomly oriented in the absence of an external field, so that a strict reader, if desired, can attribute the above physical The mechanism is not related to the magnet as a whole. but to its separate domain.

Induction and magnetization

The atomic moments are summed up and form the magnetic moment of the entire permanent magnet, and its magnetization M shows the magnitude of this moment per unit volume. Magnetic induction B shows that a permanent magnet is the result of an external magnetic force (field strength) H applied during primary magnetization, as well as an internal magnetization M due to the orientation of atomic (or domain) moments. Its value in the general case is given by the formula:

B = µ0 (H + M),

where µ0 is a constant.

In a permanent ring and homogeneous magnet, the field strength H inside it (in the absence of an external field) is equal to zero, since, according to the law of total current, the integral of it along any circle inside such a ring core is equal to:

H∙2πR = iw=0, whence H=0.

Therefore, the magnetization in a ring magnet is:

M = B/µ0.

In an open magnet, for example, in the same ring magnet, but with an air gap of width lzaz in a core of length lser, in the absence of an external field and the same induction B inside the core and in the gap, according to the law of total current, we obtain:

Hser l ser + (1/ µ0)Blzaz = iw=0.

Since B = µ0(Hser + Mser), then, substituting its expression into the previous one, we get:

Hser(l ser + lzaz) + Mser lzaz=0,

or

Hser = ─ Mser lzaz(l ser + lzaz).

In the air gap:

Hzaz = B/µ0,

wherein B is determined by the given Mser and the found Hser.

Magnetization curve

Starting from the unmagnetized state, when H increases from zero, due to the orientation of all atomic moments in the direction of the external field, M and B quickly increase, changing along section “a” of the main magnetization curve (see figure below).

When all atomic moments are equalized, M comes to its saturation value, and a further increase in B occurs solely due to the applied field (section b of the main curve in the figure below).

When the external field decreases to zero, the induction B decreases not along the original path, but along section “c” due to the coupling of atomic moments, tending to maintain them in the same direction. The magnetization curve begins to describe the so-called hysteresis loop.

When H (external field) approaches zero, the induction approaches a residual value determined only by atomic moments:

Br = μ0 (0 + Mg).

After the direction of H changes, H and M act in opposite directions and B decreases (part of the curve “d” in the figure). The value of the field at which B decreases to zero is called the coercive force of the BHC magnet.

When the magnitude of the applied field is large enough to break the cohesion of the atomic moments, they are oriented in the new direction of the field, and the direction of M is reversed. The field value at which this occurs is called the internal coercive force of the permanent magnet MHC.

So, there are two different but related coercive forces associated with a permanent magnet.

The figure below shows the basic demagnetization curves of various materials for permanent magnets. It shows that NdFeB magnets have the highest residual induction Br and coercive force (both total and internal, i.e., determined without taking into account the strength H, only by the magnetization M).

Surface (ampere) currents

The magnetic fields of permanent magnets can be considered as the fields of some associated currents flowing along their surfaces. These currents are called Ampere currents. In the usual sense of the word, there are no currents inside permanent magnets.

However, comparing the magnetic fields of permanent magnets and the fields of currents in coils, the French physicist Ampere suggested that the magnetization of a substance can be explained by the flow of microscopic currents, forming microscopic closed circuits.

And indeed, the analogy between the field of a solenoid and a long cylindrical magnet is almost complete: there is a north and south pole of a permanent magnet and the same poles of the solenoid, and the patterns of force lines of their fields are also very similar (see figure below).

Are there currents inside a magnet?

Let's imagine that the entire volume of a bar permanent magnet (with an arbitrary cross-sectional shape) is filled with microscopic Ampere currents. A cross section of a magnet with such currents is shown in the figure below. Each of them has a magnetic moment. With the same orientation in the direction of the external field, they form a resulting magnetic moment that is different from zero.

It determines the existence of a magnetic field in the apparent absence of ordered movement of charges, in the absence of current through any cross section of the magnet. It is also easy to understand that inside it, the currents of adjacent (contacting) circuits are compensated. Only the currents on the surface of the body, which form the surface current of a permanent magnet, are uncompensated.

Its density turns out to be equal to the magnetization M.

How to get rid of moving contacts

The problem of creating a contactless synchronous machine is known. Its traditional design with electromagnetic excitation from the poles of a rotor with coils involves supplying current to them through movable contacts - slip rings with brushes.

The disadvantages of such a technical solution are well known: they are difficulties in maintenance, low reliability, and large losses in moving contacts, especially when it comes to powerful turbo and hydrogen generators, the excitation circuits of which consume considerable electrical power.

If you make such a generator using permanent magnets, then the contact problem immediately goes away. However, there is a problem of reliable fastening of magnets on a rotating rotor. This is where the experience gained in tractor manufacturing can come in handy. They have long been using an inductor generator with permanent magnets located in rotor slots filled with a low-melting alloy.

Permanent magnet motor

In recent decades, DC motors have become widespread. Such a unit consists of the electric motor itself and an electronic commutator for its armature winding, which performs the functions of a collector.

The electric motor is a synchronous motor with permanent magnets located on the rotor, as in Fig. above, with a stationary armature winding on the stator.

Electronic switch circuitry is an inverter of direct voltage (or current) of the supply network.

The main advantage of such a motor is its non-contact nature. Its specific element is a photo-, induction or Hall rotor position sensor that controls the operation of the inverter.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/203617/new_postoyannyie-magnityi-ih-opisanie-i-printsip-deystviya

Why does a magnet attract or everything about magnetic fields

 Why does a magnet attract or everything about magnetic fields

Magnets, like the toys stuck to your refrigerator at home or the horseshoes you were shown in school, have several unusual features. First of all, magnets are attracted to iron and steel objects, such as the door of a refrigerator. In addition, they have poles. Bring two magnets closer to each other. The south pole of one magnet will be attracted to the north pole of the other.

The north pole of one magnet repels the north pole of the other. The magnetic field is generated by electric current, that is, by moving electrons. Electrons moving around an atomic nucleus carry a negative charge. The directed movement of charges from one place to another is called electric current. An electric current creates a magnetic field around itself.

This field, with its lines of force, like a loop, covers the path of electric current, like an arch that stands over the road. For example, when a table lamp is turned on and a current flows through the copper wires, that is, the electrons in the wire jump from atom to atom and a weak magnetic field is created around the wire.

In high-voltage transmission lines, the current is much stronger than in a table lamp, so a very strong magnetic field is formed around the wires of such lines. Thus, electricity and magnetism are two sides of the same coin - electromagnetism.

The movement of electrons within each atom creates a tiny magnetic field around it. An electron moving in orbit forms a vortex-like magnetic field. But most of the magnetic field is created not by the movement of the electron in orbit around the nucleus, but by the movement of the atom around its axis, the so-called spin of the electron. Spin characterizes the rotation of an electron around an axis, like the movement of a planet around its axis.

In most materials, such as plastics, the magnetic fields of individual atoms are randomly oriented and cancel each other out. But in materials like iron, the atoms can be oriented so that their magnetic fields add up, so a piece of steel becomes magnetized. Atoms in materials are connected in groups called magnetic domains. The magnetic fields of one individual domain are oriented in one direction.

That is, each domain is a small magnet. Different domains are oriented in a wide variety of directions, that is, randomly, and cancel each other's magnetic fields. Therefore, a steel strip is not a magnet. But if you manage to orient the domains in one direction so that the forces of the magnetic fields combine, then beware! The steel strip will become a powerful magnet and will attract any iron object from a nail to a refrigerator.

Magnetic iron ore mineral is a natural magnet. But still, most magnets are made artificially. What force can force atoms to line up to form one large domain? Place the steel strip in a strong magnetic field. Gradually, one by one, all domains will turn in the direction of the applied magnetic field.

As the domains rotate, they will draw other atoms into this movement, increasing in size, literally swelling. Then the identically oriented domains will connect, and lo and behold, the steel strip has turned into a magnet. You can demonstrate this to your comrades using an ordinary steel nail. Place the nail in the magnetic field of a large neodymium magnet.

Hold it there for a few minutes until the nail domains line up in the desired direction. Once this happens, the nail will briefly become a magnet. With its help you can even pick up fallen pins from the floor.

Why doesn't a magnet attract everything?

In fact, the interaction of a magnet with substances has many more options than just “attracts” or “does not attract.” Iron, nickel, and some alloys are metals that, due to their specific structure, are very strongly attracted by a magnet.

The vast majority of other metals, as well as other substances, also interact with magnetic fields - they are attracted or repelled by magnets, but only thousands and millions of times weaker.

Therefore, in order to notice the attraction of such substances to a magnet, you need to use an extremely strong magnetic field, which you cannot get at home.

But since all substances are attracted to a magnet, the original question can be reformulated as follows: “Why then is iron so strongly attracted by a magnet that manifestations of this are easy to notice in everyday life?” The answer is: it is determined by the structure and bonding of iron atoms. Any substance is composed of atoms connected to each other by their outer electron shells.

It is the electrons of the outer shells that are sensitive to the magnetic field; they determine the magnetism of materials. In most substances, the electrons of neighboring atoms feel the magnetic field “at random” - some repel, others attract, and some generally try to turn the object around.

Therefore, if you take a large piece of a substance, then its average force of interaction with a magnet will be very small.

Iron and metals similar to it have a special feature - the connection between neighboring atoms is such that they sense the magnetic field in a coordinated manner. If a few atoms are tuned to be attracted to a magnet, they will cause all neighboring atoms to do the same. As a result, in a piece of iron all the atoms “want to attract” or “want to repel” at once, and because of this, a very large force of interaction with the magnet is obtained.

A magnet is a body that has its own magnetic field. In a magnetic field, there is some effect on external objects that are nearby, the most obvious being the ability of a magnet to attract metal.  

The magnet and its properties were known to both the ancient Greeks and the Chinese. They noticed a strange phenomenon: small pieces of iron were attracted to some natural stones.

This phenomenon was first called divine and used in rituals, but with the development of natural science it became obvious that the properties were of a completely earthly nature, which was first explained by the physicist from Copenhagen Hans Christian Oersted.

He discovered in 1820 a certain connection between the electric discharge of current and a magnet, which gave rise to the doctrine of electric current and magnetic attraction.

Natural science research

Oersted, conducting experiments with a magnetic needle and a conductor, noticed the following feature: a discharge of energy directed towards the needle instantly acted on it, and it began to deviate.

The arrow always deviated, no matter from which side he approached.

A physicist from France, Dominique François Arago, began repeated experiments with a magnet, using as a basis a glass tube rewound with a metal thread, and he installed an iron rod in the middle of this object.

With the help of electricity, the iron inside began to be sharply magnetized, because of this various keys began to stick, but as soon as the discharge was turned off, the keys immediately fell to the floor.

Based on what was happening, a physicist from France, Andre Ampere, developed an accurate description of everything that happened in this experiment.

When a magnet attracts metal objects to itself, it seems like magic, but in reality the “magical” properties of magnets are associated only with the special organization of their electronic structure. Because an electron orbiting an atom creates a magnetic field, all atoms are small magnets; however, in most substances the disordered magnetic effects of atoms cancel each other out.

The situation is different in magnets, the atomic magnetic fields of which are arranged in ordered regions called domains. Each such region has a north and south pole. The direction and intensity of the magnetic field is characterized by the so-called lines of force (shown in green in the figure), which leave the north pole of the magnet and enter the south.

The denser the lines of force, the more concentrated the magnetism. The north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of another, while two like poles repel each other. Magnets attract only certain metals, mainly iron, nickel and cobalt, called ferromagnets.

Although ferromagnetic materials are not natural magnets, their atoms rearrange themselves in the presence of a magnet in such a way that the ferromagnetic bodies develop magnetic poles.

Magnetic chain

Touching the end of a magnet to metal paper clips creates a north and south pole for each paper clip. These poles are oriented in the same direction as the magnet. Each paper clip became a magnet.

Countless little magnets

Some metals have a crystalline structure made up of atoms grouped into magnetic domains. The magnetic poles of the domains usually have different directions (red arrows) and do not have a net magnetic effect.

Formation of a permanent magnet

Typically, iron's magnetic domains are randomly oriented (pink arrows), and the metal's natural magnetism does not appear. If you bring a magnet (pink bar) closer to the iron, the magnetic domains of the iron begin to line up along the magnetic field (green lines). Most of the magnetic domains of iron quickly align along the magnetic field lines. As a result, the iron itself becomes a permanent magnet.

Magnetic effect

Today it is obvious that the matter is not in miracles, but in a more than unique characteristic of the internal structure of the electronic circuits that form magnets. An electron that constantly rotates around an atom forms the same magnetic field.

Microatoms have a magnetic effect and are in complete equilibrium, but magnets, with their attraction, influence some types of metals, such as iron, nickel, cobalt.
These metals are also called ferromagnets. In close proximity to a magnet, atoms immediately begin to rearrange and form magnetic poles.

Atomic magnetic fields exist in an ordered system; they are also called domains. In this characteristic system there are two poles opposite to each other - north and south.

Application

The north pole of a magnet attracts the south pole, but two identical poles immediately repel each other.

Modern life without magnetic elements is impossible, because they are found in almost all technical devices, including computers, televisions, microphones, and much more. In medicine, magnets are widely used in examinations of internal organs and in magnetic therapy.

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The material uses photos and excerpts from:

http://information-technology.ru/sci-pop-articles/23-physics/231-pochemu-magnit-prityagivaet-zhelezo

http://www.kakprosto.ru/kak-821401-pochemu-magnit-prityagivaet-zhelezo

http://www.voprosy-kak-i-pochemu.ru/pochemu-magnit-prityagivaet-ili-vse-o-magnitnyx-polyax/

http://log-in.ru/articles/pochemu-magnit-ne-vse-prityagivaet/

Source: https://magnet-prof.ru/index.php/pochemu-magnit-prityagivaet-ili-vse-o-magnitnyih-polyah.html

Neodymium magnet: what does it mean and what is it made of, how to use

Neodymium magnet is the most powerful and permanent magnet, which contains rare earth neodymium, boron and iron. What is the complete definition of a magnet and its main advantages, what is its strength and what is its principle of operation? More on this later.

What it is

A neodymium magnet is a magnetic element that is composed of neodymium rare earth boron and iron material. It has a crystal structure, tetragonal shape and formula Nd2Fe14B.

Neodymium magnet is the most common type

It was first created by General Motors in 1982. It is the strongest permanent magnetic element, the power of which is several times greater than usual. Equipped with a large magnetic induction of 12,400 gauss.

Note! This is a brittle alloy with the formula NdFeB, as well as a hard nickel-plated protective layer and the corresponding class. It is very popular and comes in various forms.

Full material definition

Advantages

The most common neodymium magnet is one that has an iron oxide alloy, which has good heat resistance, high magnetic permeability and low cost. Equipped with color coding, high coercivity, powerful magnetic field to hold objects suspended, compact size, light weight, affordable and wide range of applications. Has a long service life.

If an ordinary magnet works for 10 years and can be demagnetized, then a neodymium magnet does not lose its properties after 100 years. Another advantage is the shape. This product has a horseshoe shape. It gives the device a long service life. As for the cost, these are expensive products, but the cost is justified by excellent performance and impeccable reliability.

Durability of work as one of the advantages

Force

It is worth pointing out that the strength contained in neodymium magnets is another advantage. She is tall and it is impossible to find a competitor to her. This is a record type of indicator, the increase of which is impossible. Power is generated during manufacturing. Magnetization occurs after the alloy is formed. Thanks to existing technologies, the alloy is magnetized in such a way that the magnet has incredibly high power and this figure reaches a record.

Note! Power is a relative philistine concept. The force is stable, but it is measured using instruments. In this case, the readings depend on the thickness of the surface and cleanliness. The separation angle can have some influence.

Strength as one of the advantages

Life time

The service life of the equipment, if used properly, is 30 years. Due to careless handling, the device may be damaged. The point is the lack of flexibility, as well as brittleness and cracking under heavy load. Falls, impacts, or reduced traction will reduce the life of the equipment. For this reason, it is necessary to avoid falls using parts that come into contact during movements.

Another extremely important point is the irreversible loss of magnetic properties due to heating. Therefore, grinding with cutting or drilling reduces the chain force and may ignite the alloy. If storage and operation are organized correctly, then magnetization is maintained for 10 years.

Long service life

Design

When answering the question of what a neodymium magnet is made of, we can point out that it is a rare earth element that contains an atom with lanthanide or actinide. The classic composition may still contain an additive.

It is used to increase strength with endurance and resistance to high temperatures. Boron is used in small quantities, iron is a binding element. Thanks to this composition, greater adhesion is obtained.

When connecting several ferrite rings, you can separate them with your hands. As for neodymium magnets, this cannot be done.

Composition of magnetic material

How are neodymium magnets magnetized?

The magnetization of neodymium magnets occurs through the interaction of bromine ions, iron and neodymium in a powerful magnetic field. Thanks to such actions, an element is obtained that has a high coercive force and high adhesion power. It also has an extremely long service life in everyday life.

Magnetization of neodymium materials

Principle of operation

A neodymium magnet works very simply. If two magnetic elements are connected and the poles coincide in direction, the magnetic force of the two fields will be enhanced. The result is an overall strong magnetic field. With the reverse arrangement of the magnetized elements, the magnetic field will be suppressed.

Principle of operation

How to use

Neodymium magnetic element is the strongest, exceeding analogues that are based on rare earth metal. In addition, neodymium is capable of maintaining a magnetized structure for a significantly long time. Such equipment can be used in various fields. For example, it is used in the manufacture of over-ear headphones with wind generators, motor wheels and scooters.

Note! Magnets are actively used in industrial, household, and medical fields. They are also used to carry out search work with a metal detector. They can often be found in plumbing fixtures or souvenirs.

Specific examples include the use of magnets in the development of medical devices, magnetic treatment of water, the creation of oil and technological filters, and the formation of actuators with highly sensitive sensors. In addition, they are needed to produce clothes with covers and shoes, and to create advertising, information and navigation materials.

Scope of application of the material

Overall, neodymium is the most powerful permanent magnetic material that has high resistance to demagnetization, attractive power, and a metallic appearance. It has a long service life and consists of boron, iron and a metal of the lanthanide group.

Source: https://rusenergetics.ru/polezno-znat/neodimovykh-magnitakh

Where to remove magnets from the refrigerator if there is no space + how to hide other souvenirs

Where to remove magnets from the refrigerator if there is no space + how to hide other souvenirs

“These are Venetian masks, and they symbolize something. And here in a bag there is sand from the Bali beach, there were also shells, but the children took them somewhere. The beads are probably Mexican, or maybe even Cuban, I don’t remember. And this is a very cool thing, but I don’t remember what it’s for,” - this is exactly what stories about souvenirs kept at home look like in most cases.

Moreover, there is more and more of this kind of stuff every year, which means, like other things that create an individual interior and mood no less than pieces of furniture or colors, they need to be properly organized for storage.

We suggest you consider where to put the magnets from the refrigerator, the collection of which is constantly growing, and we also suggest you consider where to hide the rest of the souvenirs.

Place for magnets

Probably number one on the list of the most popular and, at the same time, impulsive vacation purchases are vacation magnets. By the way, they don’t necessarily have to hang in this exact place, because when you open the refrigerator door they will often fall, and therefore it will be difficult to put things in order.

If you have a large collection, then treat your treasures accordingly - think about storage space:

1. Hang all the magnets on a metal slope outside the window. All neighbors and birds in the area also have the right to know that you have been to Thailand 7 times and ordered pizza for delivery 30 times. True, such an exhibition will have to be curtailed for the winter period.
2. Pay attention to other kitchen interior items. Even if you don’t spend as much time with such items as with the refrigerator itself. The dishwasher, stove, hood and toaster should also be decorated, but do so in moderation.
3. Create themed exhibitions. You should group magnets by continent, country, theme, or at least by color, or you can make stories out of them, and put the excess in boxes and push them under the table with your foot.
4. Magnetic primer. For only 600 rubles you will become the proud owner of a half-kilogram jar of an unusual primer to which all the magnets will be drawn. The material can be applied to cardboard, wood and even plastic surfaces. After drying, the primer can be painted - its properties will not become worse.
5. Buying a magnetic board for the wall. The option is suitable as an office board on which you can write with a marker, and you can also use it as a special board for hanging knives.
6. We decorate the walls with magnetic tapes. This material looks like the simplest adhesive tape, but is able to withstand the weight of magnets. This method will differ favorably from a board in that you can create any designs using tape, and by the way, magnetic tape will be convenient for masking wires and cracks. The asking price is 200-300 rubles.

These methods will help you a lot if you don’t want to part with your favorite magnets

Postcards and cards on the board

Now you know where to put the magnets away from the refrigerator, but you should also find places for other souvenirs.

We suggest you take a large cork board, unfold it and glue a world map onto it, and then use buttons to mark the countries you have visited - photos from your trip, plane tickets, small souvenirs on strings, beads, bracelets, key rings can be placed around each place visited. The result will be a very unusual decorative element, which, in addition to beauty, will also carry meaning.

Edible memories have a place in the kitchen

Some people have a habit of bringing back from vacation the national food of the country they visited, and then storing all the drinks and cans they drank on top of the kitchen cabinet, in a kind of “walk of fame.” In principle, this is a good option if your dishwasher works well and it copes well with the dust that settles on them. Ideally, the food container should be thrown away immediately.

Matches only for glass

And now we are talking about the glass of the kitchen apron. We invite you to see how beautiful a collection of matchboxes from different countries of the world looks in such a place. If you have a very extensive collection, then in addition to beauty, you can also save a couple of meters on finishing the wall surface between the lower and upper tier of the kitchen space.

Beads for curtains

Extraordinarily beautiful ethnic beads, which are in no way suitable for clothes for city outings, can be used to decorate the kitchen interior - tie curtains with them, curtains in the bathroom, or even hang them on a chandelier.

T-shirts for pets

In general, this applies to any T-shirts, and not just those that were bought spontaneously in a souvenir shop - in all seriousness, we suggest that you give them to good hands. All you have to do is stuff an old pillow into the T-shirt and tie the sleeves in a knot, and you will have a great place for your pet with a replaceable pillowcase (which could be another T-shirt from your next trip).

Beautiful textiles have a place in a frame

National patterns in interior decor are an inexhaustible topic. On vacation in exotic countries, it will be quite easy to find unusual specimens that you can pack in your suitcase and bring home (unlike shells or starfish, which cannot be transported). After you've put in the time and brought back beautiful samples, you'll need to walk a few more miles to the framing shop to select a beautiful frame and order the frame to size.

Shells and pebbles as decor for a sanitary unit

And yet, how nice it is sometimes to steal half a kilogram of sand, a bucket of pebbles and the 145th shell from the beach for your home collection (well, it’s very beautiful!) or even a starfish.

And how difficult it is to then throw it all in the trash, or it’s all stored at home, takes up a lot of space, and you don’t know what to do with it.

In fact, there are a lot of options - if you have the energy for relatively minor repairs in a sanitary unit or bathroom, then you can lay out pebbles and create beautiful fragments on the wall - then you will definitely not forget about your vacation, and you will also be very happy that you didn’t in vain they collected everything and took it home.

Please note that the photo shows not exactly beach pebbles, but a factory collection that imitates turned stones. Try to calculate the actual wall area in your bathroom - for finishing work in small sanitary units, such as those found in typical houses, you will need more than 10 m1 of material, and it turns out that you will be required to export several bags of pebbles to repeat the solution that is in the photo. It will be much easier to buy ready-made tile material.

By the way, by analogy with the idea of ​​where to put the magnets from the refrigerator, we suggest you make a glass “showcase” with a marine collection, where each souvenir will have its own “house” made of glass. You need to add soft lighting, sign all the exhibits, and you will get an amazing, mysterious world where the power of the seas and memories will be contained. This way you can store any items, even bottles washed up on the shore.

A couple of stones for making DIY magnets

You can stick shells and pebbles on magnets, and, for example, attach them with a photo on the refrigerator. This will make much more sense than constantly buying the same type of souvenir magnets, and besides, your children will definitely enjoy the creation process.

Shells as a material for creativity

If you need to keep the children occupied and at the same time want to decorate the apartment, then you can try playing a creative master class - take starfish and shells brought from vacation and paint them in bright colors, and then tie them with a rope. The resulting panel can be decorated and then hung on the wall in the shower stall or added to the romance of the sea for the bathroom. By the way, the stars are effective on their own, so you don’t even have to collect them into a single panel.

All the little things are on the floor

If you travel often enough, you probably have a lot of small coins from different countries, and often leave them at home, even if after a while you go to the same country again. Over several years of active travel, you can accumulate quite a lot of coins to decorate your shower tray. In the end, you can always supplement your foreign collection with the familiar Soviet and Russian kopecks.

Group similar items

If you like to collect cups, Buddha figurines or copies of architectural monuments, then you should organize your collection according to the principle of similarity. After that, place everything in a visible place - on a closet shelf or above the bed.

Helpful advice! From time to time, you need to send some figures or models to “rest” in storage, and update the exhibition collection with new, just imported items. For these purposes, it is recommended to assemble a separate souvenir shelf or even a couple.

For small things – glass vases

Any things that are stored under glass or framed automatically become a significant and beautiful interior element. Even ordinary wine corks with such a ceremonial design will look very impressive. Pay attention to the fact that in addition to the decorative component, you can also save yourself from cleaning problems, because washing one glass vase will be much easier than removing dust from fifty sea shells.

Conclusion

And in the end I would like to give some advice - when buying souvenirs, think about what exactly will suit your interior. But it will be irrational to think about all the little things while traveling, so it’s better not to think about anything and buy for your own pleasure, and as you already know, there will always be a place for souvenirs, or at worst, you can give away everything that is unnecessary.

Source: https://domsdelat.ru/poleznie-soveti/kuda-ubrat-magnity-s-xolodilnika-esli-net-mesta-kak-spryatat-ostalnye-suveniry.html

How magnets are made for different applications

There are many interesting substances in the world that surprise people with their unique properties and unusualness. And since ancient times, the best minds on the planet could not understand how individual stones and metals could attract or repel each other. Now science has stepped far forward, and free access to any information allows you to understand how magnets are made in a couple of minutes.

A little history

Things that are ordinary for a modern person can have a very complex history. And the magnet is no exception. The special field that is created by different materials caused not only delight, but also surprise among the sages of past eras. At the same time, people have encountered this phenomenon for a very long time. But the active development of the science of the magnetic field began relatively recently, and it was used for economic purposes literally a couple of decades ago.

There are a lot of historical facts that highlight the centuries-old history of a specific field with unique attractive or repulsive properties. The first reliable mention goes back to Ancient Greece, where the region of Magnesia once existed. It was in this geographical region that deposits of the substance that formed such a field were found. Soon the rock was called “stone from Magnisia”.

In addition to the real physical ability to attract iron objects, such stones were also endowed with mystical meaning. They were considered a gift from the gods, capable of scaring away evil spirits, healing fatal diseases and bringing good luck to the home. However, people soon managed to invent the first prototype of a compass, giving the object the shape of a needle that always points north.

A large number of references to the miracle field are present in Chinese chronicles. There, miraculous properties were attributed to the stones, and legends were also dedicated to them. For example, there is a legend about a mystical gate through which people with swords could not pass. Leading modern scientists are of the opinion that these gates were created from rock that attracts metal objects.

Natural and artificial origin

In medieval times and until the end of the 18th century, researchers actively studied the characteristics of rock with a magnetic field. In fact, then people did not know about the existence of other substances that generate this field.

But at the beginning of the 18th century, the famous scientist Arago, and soon Ampere and Seturgeon, managed to invent an object with a magnetic field of artificial origin. It was formed as a result of the supply of electric current, which was a real technological breakthrough.

Soon the technology began to be improved in every possible way, turning metal products into powerful variable magnets.

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Today magnets are classified into the following types:

1. Natural or natural.
2. Artificial.

Representatives of the first group are deposits of a special rock. The largest natural magnet ever found weighs 13 kilograms and guarantees an adhesive force of up to 40 kg.

As for artificial magnets, they are iron products that create a field when an electric current is applied to the stitching with the core. However, today there is a special type of magnets that is created by man using advanced technologies.

Main types

In addition, the listed types of magnets may differ in the principle of their operation. So, today the following types are distinguished:

1. Constant.
2. Temporary.
3. Electromagnet.

The first two varieties are characterized by different degrees of magnetization and time of retention of the field within themselves. Its intensity and resistance to external influences is determined by the composition of the material. The latter type does not belong to the group of true magnets, because it works due to the effect of electricity created by the magnetic field around the core.

Permanent and temporary magnets are created from different raw materials. in its quality :

1. Neodymium.
2. Bor.
3. Cobalt.
4. Alnico.
5. Iron.
6. Ferrites.

The materials are carefully crushed and then melted and kept in an oven at high temperatures until they acquire the desired properties. Depending on the type and required characteristics, the appropriate composition and proportions of components are set at the production stage.

Using this technology, the following types of magnets can be obtained:

1. Pressed.
2. Cast.
3. Sintered.

Production process

To create an electromagnet, you need to place a wire winding around a metal core. By changing the dimensions of the core and the length of the wire, you can change the intensity of the field, the amount of energy consumed, as well as the dimensions of the product.

Permanent and temporary magnets can have different field strengths and demonstrate different resistance to environmental influences. Before starting the manufacturing process, the customer needs to determine the composition and shape of the future product, taking into account the scope of application and the cost of services. The necessary components are selected with maximum precision, after which the first production stage begins - smelting.

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During smelting, a specialist immerses all components of the future object into an electric vacuum furnace. After checking the devices for operability, and the composition of the material for compliance with the proportions, the tank can be hermetically sealed.

Then, using powerful pumping equipment, air is pumped out of the chamber, which is necessary to prevent oxidation processes and possible loss of field power. The molten mixture is then poured into the mold, and the operator waits for it to cool completely.

In this way, a special briquette is created that has certain magnetic properties.

At the next stage, the resulting homogeneous mass is crushed using special crushers. Secondary crushing leads to the formation of a powdery consistency with dimensions of several microns. This requirement is necessary for the correct installation of magnetic fields.

Next, the powdery mass is placed in a special device, where it is exposed to mechanical pressure and a magnetic field. Thus, it is pressed into briquettes with the desired size and shape.

When a magnetic field is applied, the magnetized particles receive a one-way direction, which allows the polarity of the future magnet to be equalized. The finished product is packaged in a sealed bag, after which the air is pumped out of it.

Such measures are necessary to prevent oxidation processes and deprivation of magnetic properties.

Then the briquette ends up in a special oven, which is also pre-cleaned of air, and they begin to sinter into a single magnet using high-temperature effects. Ultimately, the product becomes very durable, and the intensity of the magnetic field increases.

Types of refrigerator magnets

There are different applications for magnets, but the most popular is the manufacture of refrigerator magnets. This accessory is in particular demand, because it allows you to increase the recognition of the company or serves as a souvenir from another city, country, or interesting place.

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Magnets available on the market come in a wide variety of shapes and materials. They are created on the basis of vinyl with magnetic properties, ceramic materials, glass, polymer blanks, plastic, gypsum, etc.

If we highlight the most famous varieties that are in demand among a wide audience of buyers, then they should be included .

1. Flat models. They are created on the basis of magnetic vinyl, on top of which there is a picture with or without a laminated coating. They are famous for their special softness, flexibility and resistance to any impact. This type is ideal for creating promotional products.
2. Sunsets. They have a beautiful design and look like an icon. They can have either a rectangular or rounded shape.
3. Resin. They are created on the basis of essential resins and are particularly attractive. Soft and hard magnets are sold on the market, which are an excellent addition to a successful business.

Do-it-yourself subtleties

Having understood the principle of the magnetic field and the basic technological processes for producing magnets, many enthusiasts may want to create such a product at home. Naturally, it will not be possible to create a super-strong magnet from improvised materials, but it is quite possible to make an interesting homemade product that retains the properties of attracting and repelling individual objects. And one such homemade product is a refrigerator magnet.

The simplest and most primitive way to make such accessories is to use magnetic vinyl. It can be purchased at the appropriate store, paying attention to the model with a thickness of 0.4 mm, as well as a glossy or matte finish for an inkjet printer. Next you need to apply a suitable picture to the source material by printing it on a printer. Despite its simplicity, the method has many disadvantages:

1. Buying magnetic vinyl is not a cheap pleasure. At the same time, the small thickness of the product significantly reduces the strength of attraction. Therefore, such magnets are suitable only for private use, because it is unlikely that anyone will want to buy them.
2. The quality of the final product is low, and the product itself cannot boast of a long service life. And the cause of such shortcomings may not be the vinyl magnet itself, but the presence of a color print from the printer.

The second production option involves printing photographs or graphic images on high-quality photo paper, followed by gluing a vinyl magnet with an adhesive base. The picture is additionally laminated and then fixed to a magnetic surface.

Both methods are simple enough to implement at home and do not require specific skills. All you may need for the upcoming work is:

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1. Personal computer or laptop with a pre-installed graphics editor. It is advisable to use Photoshop.
2. Inkjet printer that supports color printing functions.

   It is advisable to give preference to expensive models, since they work much faster and better.

3. Cutting device.

   Being a soft, rubber-like material, vinyl can be easily cut with regular scissors, but to ensure straight edges and proper cutting, it is better to invest in professional cutters.

Interesting Facts

Despite their physical properties, objects that create a magnetic field have always been considered something mysterious, as if from another planet. It’s no wonder why so many legends and interesting facts were born around them. The most popular historical references include:

1. History claims that Queen Cleopatra, considered the most beautiful woman of all time, owned magnetic jewelry in the belief that it could delay aging.
2. Most magnets are made from iron and steel, but the most powerful models are made from nickel alloys, copper, aluminum and cobalt.
3. When heated, an object loses its magnetic properties.
4. Household monitors and cathode ray tube televisions are equipped with an electromagnet to control electrons and send pictures to the screen.
5. It is difficult to imagine modern medicine without the use of different types of magnets. With their help, doctors effectively fight the most complex diseases.
6. Planet Earth is the largest magnet that causes compass needles to move in the desired direction.

In general, the characteristics of the magnetic field and the objects that create it are a truly fascinating topic. And despite the development of science and technology, many properties and facts about such substances are still poorly understood.

Source: https://rocca.ru/nauka-i-obrazovanie/kak-delayut-magnity