What is the specific gravity of a metal

Specific density of copper, its specific gravity and basic properties of the metal

People have been using copper in everyday life since ancient times. A very important parameter for modern people is its density and specific gravity.

These data are used in calculating the composition of materials in the production of various communications, parts, products and components in the technical industry.

Copper is the most common non-ferrous metal. It received its name in Latin - Cuprum - in honor of the island of Cyprus. It was mined there by the ancient Greeks thousands of years ago. Historians even came up with the Copper Age , which lasted from the 4th to 5th centuries BC. e. At that time, people made from popular metal:

• weapon;
• dishes;
• decorations;
• coins.

In the table D.I. Mendeleev, it ranks 29th. This element has unique properties - physical, chemical and mechanical. In ancient times, copper could be found in the natural environment in the form of nuggets, sometimes of very large sizes. People heated the rock over an open fire and then cooled it sharply. As a result, it cracked, which made it possible to restore the metal. This simple technology made it possible to begin the development of a popular element.

Properties

Copper is a non-ferrous metal of a reddish color with a pink tint , endowed with high density. There are more than 170 types of minerals in nature that contain Cuprum. Only 17 of them undergo industrial mining of this element. The bulk of this chemical element is contained in ore metals:

• chalcocine - up to 80%;
• bronitite - up to 65%;
• Kovelin - up to 64%.

From these minerals copper is enriched and smelted. High thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity are the distinctive properties of non-ferrous metal. It begins to melt at a temperature of 1063°C and boils at 2600°C. The brand of Cuprum will depend on the method of production. Metal happens:

• cold drawn;
• rental;
• cast.

Each type has its own special parametric calculations that characterize the degree of shear resistance, deformation under the influence of loads and compression, as well as the tensile elasticity of the material.

Non-ferrous metal actively oxidizes during heating. At a temperature of 385°C, copper oxide is formed. Its content reduces the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of other metals. When interacting with moisture, the metal forms cuprite, and with an acidic environment - vitriol.

Copper Specific Gravity

Due to its properties, this chemical element is actively used in the production of electrical and electronic systems and many other products for other purposes. The most important property is its density of 1 kg per m3 , since this indicator is used to determine the weight of the product being manufactured. Density shows the ratio of mass to total volume.

The most common system for measuring density units is 1 kilogram per m3. This figure for copper is 8.93 kg/m3. In liquid form, the density will be 8.0 g/cm3.

The overall density may vary depending on the type of metal that has various impurities. For this purpose, the specific gravity of the substance is used. It is a very important characteristic when it comes to the production of materials that contain copper.

Specific gravity characterizes the ratio of the mass of copper in the total volume of the alloy.

The specific gravity of copper will be 8.94 g/cm3 . The specific density and weight parameters of copper are the same, but such a coincidence is not typical for other metals. Specific gravity is very important not only in the production of products containing it, but also in the processing of scrap. There are many techniques that can be used to rationally select materials for forming products. In international SI systems, the specific gravity parameter is expressed in newtons per 1 unit of volume.

It is very important to carry out all calculations at the design stage of devices and mechanisms. Specific gravity and weight are different values, but they are necessarily used to determine the mass of blanks for various parts that contain Cuprum.

If we compare the density of copper and aluminum , we see a big difference. For aluminum, this figure is 2698.72 kg/m3 at room temperature. However, as the temperature increases, the parameters become different. When aluminum transforms into a liquid state when heated, its density will be in the range of 2.55−2.34 g/cm3. The indicator always depends on the content of alloying elements in aluminum alloys.

The most common copper-based alloys are brass and bronze . Their composition is also formed from other elements:

• zinc;
• nickel;
• tin;
• bismuth.

All alloys differ in structure. The presence of tin in the composition allows the production of bronze alloys of excellent quality. Cheaper alloys include nickel or zinc. The produced materials based on Cuprum have the following characteristics:

• high ductility and wear resistance;
• electrical conductivity;
• resistance to aggressive environments;
• low coefficient of friction.

Copper-based alloys are widely used in industrial production. They are used to produce dishes, jewelry, electrical wires and heating systems. Materials with Cuprum are often used to decorate the façade of houses and make compositions. High stability and ductility are the main qualities for the use of the material.

Source: https://tokar.guru/metally/udelnaya-plotnost-i-udelnyy-ves-medi.html

How to correctly and quickly calculate the weight of rolled metal - with and without tables

The issue of calculating the weight of rolled metal is relevant not only for specialists, but also for private developers and home craftsmen. If you have a reference book at hand and, especially, an online metal calculator, it is not difficult to make the appropriate calculations. What if you only have a tape measure and a calculator on your phone? It is difficult to obtain accurate results with such an arsenal, but it is quite possible to approximately determine the weight of some metal products.

We calculate the weight of rolled sheets

The simplest option is rolled steel sheets.

Definition! In all our calculations, the base value is the average density of steel - 7,850 kg/m3 according to the SI system.

First, let’s carry out a simple step - find out the mass of a square meter of steel sheet 1 mm thick. It looks like this - 1 m x 1 m x 0.001 m x 7850 kg/m3. That is, we multiplied the length, width and thickness of the sheet (all values ​​were taken in meters), and we got the volume of the product. The product of volume and density gives mass - 7.85 kg. Thus, we found out that a square meter of steel sheet 1 mm thick weighs 7.85 kg.

And then all calculations are made by multiplying the value of 7.85 kg by the area and thickness of the real sheet. For example, you need to buy a sheet with a thickness of 4 mm and an area of ​​2 m2. The mass of such a product is determined by the formula 7.85x4x2 = 62.8 kg. A sheet of the same size, but 2 mm thick, weighs 7.85 x 2 x 2 = 31.4 kg.

If you are satisfied with the approximate calculation, round the value of 7.85 kg to 8 kg. Then calculations can be carried out even in your head without a calculator, and the error will be less than 2%.

We present the weights of steel sheets of the most popular sizes.

What is a conversion factor

Let's complicate the task. Suppose you need to buy a sheet of non-ferrous metal. Let's use a conversion factor, which is the ratio of the density of a particular metal or alloy to the average density of steel. By multiplying the weight of a steel product of a certain range and size by the coefficient of the desired metal or alloy, we obtain the weight of the part.

Example - let's calculate the mass of a bronze sheet with a thickness of 2 mm and an area of ​​2 m2.

7.85x2x2x1.12 = 35.2 kg

Attention! The same simple algorithm can be applied to non-metallic sheet materials, for which there are also conversion factors. For example, for rubber - 0.17-0.23, organic glass - 0.15, caprolon - 0.15, textolite - 0.18, rubber - 0.17-0.23.

How to find out the mass of a pipe

To determine the mass of pipes, it is optimal to use tables.

If you don’t have access to reference materials, and simple geometric formulas are not an obstacle for you, calculate the weight yourself. To do this, we find the difference between the area of ​​the circle along the outer radius and the area along the inner radius. We multiply the resulting difference by the length of the pipe and the density of the steel - 7,850 kg/m3.

For pipes made of non-ferrous metals, the conversion factors that we discussed above are used.

How to find out the mass of a cylinder using tables for a round bar

If you have access to tables for calculating the mass of round timber, then it is very easy to determine the mass of a cylinder with any wall thickness. To do this, find the weight of 1 m of rod along the outer diameter of the cylinder and subtract from it the weight of 1 m of rod along the inner diameter. Multiply the result by the height of the cylinder (in meters). The mass of the cylinder is found.

How to calculate the mass of an equal angle angle, channel, I-beam

The weight of a linear meter of corner metal depends on the width and thickness of the shelves.

Attention! The weight of a corner calculated using a geometric formula or determined from a table may differ greatly from the actual one. This is due to the fact that some manufacturers, in order to reduce the cost of products, reduce the thickness of the corner flange in places where verification measurements are not provided. Such a difference can significantly exceed the tolerances provided for by GOST.

Weight per linear meter of the most common range of equal-flange angles

It is difficult to independently calculate the mass of a channel and an I-beam due to the complex shape of the section. In this case, tables are used.

Channel weight table

I-beam weight table

Metal weight calculators

If you have access to the Internet, calculating the mass of rolled metal is not difficult. The metal calculator can be used online or downloaded to your computer.

How the calculation is performed:

• Select the type of rolled metal from the list.
• Fill in the data in the dimensions specified in the program.
• Press the calculation button.
• Calculators also usually indicate the weight of a linear meter of a specific assortment and the number of meters per ton.

Attention! All data provided by metal calculators is based on GOST. In the absence of tabular values, the mass is calculated using geometric formulas, adjusted for the manufacturing features of these products. In standard calculations, the density of steel is assumed to be 7,850 kg/m3.

The actual mass of rolled metal almost always differs from the theoretical one.

How to use reference books

A convenient reference material is the collection of authors P.M. Polivanov. and Polivanova E.P. “Tables for calculating the mass of parts and materials.” The directory contains tables that allow you to easily and quickly determine the weight of rolled products of round, rectangular, hexagonal sections, sheets and strips, equal and unequal angle steel, I-beams, channels, round and profile pipes.

The collection contains formulas that can be used to calculate the areas and volumes of geometric figures. A detailed table of conversion factors allows you to accurately calculate the mass of a non-ferrous metal or its alloy.

Approximate calculation methods can only be used to preliminary determine the mass of materials, products and structures. To draw up design documentation, only accurate data that fully complies with GOST is used.

Source: https://www.navigator-beton.ru/articles/kak-podschitat-ves-metalloprokata.html

Metal weight table

The main characteristic affecting the weight of a metal is its density.

What does metal density mean?

The density of a metal refers to its weight per unit of occupied volume. Volume is often measured in cubic meters and cubic centimeters. What is the reason for such large, by earthly standards, weight and density? The density of a metal and its weight depend on how small the radius of the atom is and how large its weight is.

Density of metals table

The table shows that the specific gravity of a cube of metal varies greatly. The difference in weight between the heaviest and lightest metal is 42 times. Osmium, whose weight is 22500 kg per m3 and lithium, which has the lowest density, whose weight is 534 kg per m3. The metal that has the greatest density also has the greatest weight and it is osmium, as we already understood.

The average density among all metals is 11.5 g per cm3.

It is also noteworthy that there are metals whose density is less than water. There are several of them: lithium, potassium, sodium.

For reference, we can add that osmium is not only the heaviest, but also the rarest. It is mined at around 100 kg per year.

Precious metals usually include: silver, gold, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium. The density of which starts from 10.49 g cm3 (silver) and reaches 22.5 cm3 (osmium). You can check the weight of others in the table.

Alloy Density Table

Source: https://gauge.tk/ves-metalla-tablitsa/

Products – Tekhmashholding – group of companies, official website

The most common material used in industry is steel. It is commonly understood as an alloy of iron with other chemical elements. The main component included in its composition is carbon. Its percentage share in steel is 2.14%. It is largely thanks to this that steel acquires high strength characteristics. If we talk about the specific gravity of the material, it varies from 75,500 to 77,500 N/cub.m. Modern steel grades may also contain alloying elements that provide the alloy with higher qualities.

Steel classification

There are a number of criteria on the basis of which steel is classified. The main varieties of this alloy are:

• structural steel;
• tool steel.

Experts also distinguish high-speed steel, which experts also classify as tool steels. The steels also differ from each other in their chemical composition. Depending on the elements included in the steel, this material can be divided into carbon and alloy steels. This metal can also be classified according to the amount of carbon it contains. According to this criterion, it is customary to distinguish three main types:

• low carbon. carbon in such steel does not exceed 0.25%;
• medium carbon. In this steel, carbon is present in an amount of 0.25 to 0.6%;
• high carbon. carbon in this steel does not exceed 2%.

The classification of alloy steels is carried out in a similar way, but only in this case the division into types occurs according to the percentage of alloying elements present:

• low-alloy - its content of alloying additives does not exceed 4%;
• medium alloyed - the amount of alloying components present in this alloy does not exceed 11%;
• highly alloyed - the amount of additives present in it exceeds 11%.

Today, steel is produced by metallurgical enterprises using modern technologies and a variety of methods. Depending on the method used to produce this material, the steel may contain certain metallic inclusions. If we classify steels according to such a parameter as the number of metallic inclusions contained in the material, then steel is usually divided into the following types:

• mixtures of ordinary quality;
• quality steels;
• high quality alloys;
• steel of special quality.

This material is usually divided according to its structural composition. Currently, metallurgical enterprises produce the following types of alloys:

• ferritic;
• austenitic;
• perlite.

The composition of the alloy is an important factor influencing the specific gravity of the steel itself. It is worth saying that alloys are further divided into two-phase and multiphase. Another criterion on the basis of which steel is classified is the nature of hardening and the degree of deoxidation.

Steel production methods

The main raw material for the production of modern steel is cast iron. Due to the fact that its composition contains large quantities of carbon, phosphorus and sulfur, it has increased fragility and significant fragility.

In order to process cast iron into steel, it is necessary to reduce the content of these substances in the material to the required level. A decrease in concentration leads to the fact that the specific gravity of steel decreases. Changes also occur in its properties.

The use of one method or another to produce steel involves the use of various methods of oxidizing carbon in cast iron. The following methods are most often used by the manufacturer.

• Oxygen converter method. Manufacturers produce most steel grades using this technology.
• Martin's method. Lately it has been used less and less.
• Electrothermal method. At the moment, this method is one of the most advanced and is actively used to produce steel. Its use results in a material with high quality characteristics.

Oxygen converter method

When using this method for steel production, the problem of excess iron phosphorus and sulfur in steel is solved by oxidizing them with oxygen. This is done by blowing under pressure through molten metal. The furnace used to produce steel is called a converter.

It is shaped like a pear. The inner part is lined with refractory bricks. A characteristic feature of this equipment is its high mobility. The ovens can be rotated 360 degrees. The converter capacity is 60 tons.

Two types of raw materials are used by manufacturers for lining:

• dinas - this raw material contains silicon oxide, which has high acidic properties;
• dolomite – its main components are calcium and magnesium oxide. Dolomite material is used to produce it.

Open hearth method

It was actively used several decades ago. As of now, it is outdated and used less and less. By using it to process cast iron into steel, the resulting material can be of low quality. In appearance, an open-hearth furnace is a large-volume melting bath. It is covered with a vault made of fire-resistant bricks. It contains recuperator chambers.

They are compartments whose main purpose is gas heating. They are characterized by filling with a nozzle made of refractory bricks. The third and fourth recuperators are filled with a flow of hot gas and air. At the same time, the first and second recuperators are heated due to furnace gases. When the temperature rises sufficiently, the process goes in the opposite direction.

Electrothermal method

Compared to the other two methods, processing pig iron into steel through this method has several advantages. It does not provide the opportunity to change the chemical composition of steel. At the same time, after completion of the process, high quality steel is obtained.

Since it is used in a kiln the amount of air is limited, this leads to a decrease in iron monoxide in the finished material. Therefore, its small amount contained in the alloy makes it possible to obtain a high-quality product. When using this method, the temperature is maintained at a level not lower than 2000 degrees Celsius. This allows you to completely remove harmful impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus from the alloy composition.

Specific gravity of steel

During the steel production process, the metal is heated by induction. For this purpose, industrial frequency currents are used. Due to the fact that the core has a large mass, such an effect on the metal is quite sufficient. In order to melt steel weighing up to 100 tons, it will be quite sufficient to use an industrial current with a frequency of 50 Hz. It should be said that for different types of raw materials some parameters may not coincide.

Calculation of the specific gravity of steel

Only a specific substance is characterized by the relationship between the volume of the alloy and its mass. It is worth saying that this parameter is constant. To determine the density of the alloy, a special formula is used. It is directly related to the calculation of specific gravity for steel and has the following form:

γ =P/V.

In this formula, Y should be understood as the specific gravity of the metal. The weight of a homogeneous body is denoted by the letter P. The letter V is used to denote the volume of the connection. It is worth saying that this formula only works in cases where the metal is in a dense state and has no pores as such.

Steel is used in various industries. Metallurgical enterprises obtain it by processing cast iron. To obtain high-quality steel, various processing methods are used. Each of them has its own characteristics. Using modern processing methods, it becomes possible to remove harmful impurities from the alloy composition, and this makes it possible to ensure high quality of the finished metal.

Source: https://pellete.ru/stal/stal-udelnyj-ves.html

Calculation of sheet steel weight

All rolled products, depending on their shape, can be divided into four main groups:

a) grade steel;

b) sheet steel;

c) pipes;

d) special types of rental.

Rolled sheets of steel and non-ferrous metals are used in various industries and construction. In this regard, sheet steel, for example, is divided into automotive, transformer, roofing sheet, etc.

The production of sheet steel with tin, zinc, aluminum and plastic coatings, polymer coating, as well as flat, smooth and profiled: corrugated sheets, expanded metal, perforated, is expanding.

Sheet steel is divided into groups depending on the thickness of the section. Sheets more than 4 mm are classified as thick sheet steel, and sheets less than 4 mm are classified as thin sheet metal. In this case, there are the following types of sheet steel: shipbuilding, boiler, electrical, tin, acid- and heat-resistant, armor, etc.

The qualitative characteristics of flat products are determined by mechanical properties, chemical composition, molecular structure, use for further processing and, finally, smelting method. When producing rolled sheets, the thickness may have plus or minus tolerances, which entails changes in the actual weight of a square meter of sheet.

The larger the dimensional tolerance for a given flat product (the difference between the maximum and minimum dimensions of the flat product), the greater will be the difference between the theoretical weight of the sheet steel and the actual weight.

Hot rolled sheet of ordinary quality is made from thin sheet steel (thickness 0.5 mm - 3.9 mm) GOST 16523-89 and thick sheet steel (thickness 4 mm - 160 mm) GOST 14637-89. Flat sheet metal is widely used by the company "Skhid-budkonstruktsiya" in the production of steel containers.

The assortment of steel sheet corresponds to GOST 19903-74, the chemical composition of steel corresponds to GOST 380-88. The assortment for cold-rolled sheet steel provides for the supply of sheets with a width of 600–1400 mm and a thickness of 0.2–3.9 mm. Sheet length 1200-3500 mm. Assortment standards for cold-rolled steel coils provide for the supply of strips with a width of 200-2300 mm and a thickness of 0.2-4 mm.

The current standards stipulate specific gravity, tolerances for sheet thickness and thickness variations, depending on the dimensions of the sheet or tape and delivery conditions. The standard includes standards for tensile strength and elongation. The permissible warpage per 1 linear line is also specified. m along the length and width of the sheet and control for decarbonization.

In some cases, the technical conditions stipulate tighter tolerances than in the standards.

Rolled sheets are divided into cold-rolled and hot-rolled

Cold-rolled sheet with a thickness of 1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, available from steel grades 08KP, 3SP/PS. 

Hot rolled sheet thickness 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, sheet 4, 5, 6mm, 8-10mm, 12mm, 14-16mm, 18mm, 20-32mm, 35mm, 36mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 65 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 103 mm, available in grade st 3SP/PS, steel 09G2S-12; thickness from 4 mm to 50 mm steel grade 45.  

Galvanized sheet thickness 0.5 mm, 0.55 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, 1 mm - galvanized iron + polymer coating.

Cold rolling has two great advantages over hot rolling: firstly, it allows the production of sheets and strips with a thickness of less than 0.8-1 mm, down to several microns, which is unattainable by hot rolling; secondly, it ensures products of higher quality in all respects - dimensional accuracy, surface finish, physical and mechanical properties. These advantages of cold rolling have led to its widespread use in both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

In the production of hot-rolled steel sheet, the metal is first heated and then deformed using special rolling mills by rolling. Cold rolling ensures uniform sheet thickness and also improves its properties by hardening the surface.

Hardening is formed as a result of changes in the structure of the steel sheet . sheet, metal grains are stretched and oriented along the direction of plastic flow of the metal with axes of greatest strength. A metal sheet acquires different properties along and across, i.e.

along the length and width of the steel strip . At large degrees of plastic deformation, all metal grains are almost identically oriented in the structure of rolled steel sheets . Plastic deformation during rolling of a steel sheet causes hardening of the metal - cold hardening or cold hardening.

In this regard, to restore plastic properties it is necessary to carry out annealing.

Hot-rolled and cold-rolled sheets are used in mechanical engineering, metal structures, construction, mining and other industries. The actual scope of application determines the requirements for sheet metal. For the manufacture of products by stamping, sheet metal is used: cold-rolled, hot-rolled, cold-rolled coil, galvanized steel in coils, strip metal.  

This table is used when calculating the mass of rolled sheets based on the specific gravity of a square meter of sheet metal.

Sheet Metal Weight Table

Rolled sheet metal according to GOST

thickness, mm	weight, kg/m2	thickness, mm	weight, kg/m2	thickness, mm	weight, kg/m2	thickness, mm	weight, kg/m2
0,5	3,925	1,4	10,99	6	47,1	18	141,3
0,55	4,32	1,5	11,77	7	54,95	20	157
0,6	4,71	1,8	14,13	8	62,8	22	172,7
0,7	5,5	2	15,7	9	70,65	25	196,25
0,8	6,28	2,5	19,62	10	78,5	30	235,5
0,9	7,06	3	23,55	12	94,2	40	314
1	7,85	4	31,4	14	109,9	50	392,5
1,2	9,42	5	39,25	16	125,6	60	471

 Calculation of how much 1m2 of steel sheet weighs using the formula


How to calculate the weight of sheet metal by area?

Using a simple calculator you can easily calculate the weight of a steel sheet without having a table of thickness and weight of 1m2.

The weight of a sheet of metal is calculated using a regular calculator using the formula:

P = H*B*L* 7.85
where

P- theoretical weight, kg

L is the length of the metal sheet in linear meters, m;

H—sheet thickness, mm;

B—width of rolled sheets, m;

7.85 kg/dm3 - density of black steel, specific gravity - corresponds to the weight of a square meter of steel 1 mm thick.

The weight of sheet metal is calculated in kilograms (kg), if the dimensions of the sheet thickness are substituted into the formula for calculating the weight of a sheet of metal in millimeters (mm), and the length and width of the sheet in meters (m). Knowing the weight of a steel sheet, you can easily calculate how many sheets are in a ton or pack of a certain mass.

To quickly calculate the weight of rolled sheets, use the “Metal Calculator” in the “Metal Assortment” section of the website.

The sheet weight calculator calculates the weight for different grades of steel, which is important if you need to calculate the weight of a stainless steel sheet or made of non-ferrous metal.

The sheet metal calculator calculates the weight based on the dimensions of the workpiece and thickness in mm, and the dimensions of the steel sheet (based on the total weight of the package and the thickness of the rolled sheet).

The assortment of sheet steel is needed primarily by suppliers for metal purchases to calculate the weight of rolled metal. If in the process of work the question often arises about how to find out the weight of sheet metal, but there is no assortment of rolled metal at hand, the best way to solve this problem is to calculate the weight of the sheet using the above formula on a calculator.

Source: https://varimtutru.com/raschet-vesa-listovoy-stali/

Specific gravity

Among the many parameters characterizing the properties of materials, there is also specific gravity. Sometimes the term density is used, but this is not entirely correct. But one way or another, these two terms have their own definitions and are used in mathematics, physics and many other sciences, including materials science.

Specific gravity

Determination of specific gravity

The physical quantity, which is the ratio of the weight of a material to the volume it occupies, is called the HC of the material.

Materials science of the 21st century has gone far ahead and technologies that were considered science fiction a hundred years ago have already been mastered. This science can offer modern industry alloys that differ from each other in qualitative parameters, but also in physical and technical properties.

To determine how a certain alloy can be used for production, it is advisable to determine the HC. All objects made with the same volume, but different types of metals were used for their production, will have different masses, it is in a clear connection with volume. That is, the ratio of volume to mass is a certain constant number characteristic of this alloy.

To calculate the density of a material, a special formula is used, which has a direct connection with the HC of the material.

By the way, the HC of cast iron, the main material for creating steel alloys, can be determined by the weight of 1 cm3, reflected in grams. The more HC the metal, the heavier the finished product will be.

Specific gravity formula

The formula for calculating HC looks like the ratio of weight to volume.
To calculate hydrocarbons, it is permissible to use the calculation algorithm, which is set out in a school physics course. To do this, it is necessary to use Archimedes' law, or more precisely, the definition of the force that is buoyant. That is, a load with a certain mass and at the same time it floats on the water. In other words, it is influenced by two forces - gravity and Archimedes.

The formula for calculating the Archimedean force is as follows

F=g×V,

where g is the hydrocarbon liquid. After the substitution, the formula takes the following form: F=y×V, from here we obtain the formula for the shock load y=F/V.

What is the difference between weight and mass. In fact, in everyday life, it does not play any role. In fact, in the kitchen, we don't make a difference between the weight of a chicken and its mass, but there are serious differences between these terms.

This difference is clearly visible when solving problems related to the movement of bodies in interstellar space and neither those having relations with our planet, and under these conditions these terms differ significantly from each other.
We can say the following, the term weight has meaning only in the zone of gravity, i.e.

if a certain object is located next to a planet, star, etc. Weight can be called the force with which a body presses on the obstacle between it and the source of attraction. This force is measured in newtons. As an example, we can imagine the following picture: next to a paid education there is a stove with a certain object located on its surface.

The force with which an object presses on the surface of the slab will be the weight.

Mass and weight

Body mass is directly related to inertia. If we consider this concept in detail, we can say that mass determines the size of the gravitational field created by the body. In fact, this is one of the key characteristics of the universe. The key difference between weight and mass is this - mass does not depend on the distance between the object and the source of gravitational force.

To measure mass, many quantities are used - kilogram, pound, etc. There is an international SI system, which uses the usual kilograms, grams, etc. But besides it, many countries, for example, the British Isles, have their own system of weights and measures, where weight is measured in pounds.

UV - what is it?

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of matter to its volume. In the SI international system of measurements it is measured as newton per cubic meter. To solve certain problems in physics, hydrocarbons are determined as follows - how much heavier the substance being examined is than water at a temperature of 4 degrees, provided that the substance and water have equal volumes.

For the most part, this definition is used in geological and biological studies. Sometimes, the HC calculated using this method is called relative density.

What are the differences

As already noted, these two terms are often confused, but since weight directly depends on the distance between the object and the gravitational source, and mass does not depend on this, therefore the terms shock wave and density differ from each other.

But it is necessary to take into account that under certain conditions mass and weight may coincide. It is almost impossible to measure HC at home. But even at the school laboratory level, such an operation is quite easy to perform.

The main thing is that the laboratory is equipped with scales with deep bowls.

The item must be weighed under normal conditions. The resulting value can be designated as X1, after which the bowl with the load is placed in water. In this case, in accordance with Archimedes' law, the load will lose part of its weight. In this case, the balance beam will warp. To achieve balance, a weight must be added to the other bowl. Its value can be designated as X2.

As a result of these manipulations, a shock wave will be obtained, which will be expressed as the ratio of X1 and X2. In addition to substances in the solid state, specific values ​​can also be measured for liquids and gases. In this case, measurements can be performed under different conditions, for example, at elevated ambient temperatures or low temperatures.

To obtain the required data, instruments such as a pycnometer or hydrometer are used.

Units of specific gravity

Several systems of weights and measures are used in the world, in particular, in the SI system, hydrocarbons are measured in the ratio of N (Newton) to a cubic meter. In other systems, for example, the GHS for specific gravity uses the following unit of measurement: d(din) per cubic centimeter.

Metals with the highest and lowest specific gravity

In addition to the concept of specific gravity used in mathematics and physics, there are also quite interesting facts, for example, about the specific gravities of metals from the periodic table. If we talk about non-ferrous metals, then the heaviest ones include gold and platinum.

These materials exceed in specific gravity such metals as silver, lead and many others. “Light” materials include magnesium with a weight lower than that of vanadium. We must not forget about radioactive materials, for example, the weight of uranium is 19.05 grams per cubic cm. That is, 1 cubic meter weighs 19 tons.

Specific gravity of other materials

It is difficult to imagine our world without many materials used in production and everyday life. For example, without iron and its compounds (steel alloys). The HC of these materials fluctuates in the range of one to two units and these are not the best results. Aluminum, for example, has low density and low specific gravity. These indicators allowed it to be used in the aviation and space industries.

Specific gravity of metals

Copper and its alloys have a specific gravity comparable to lead. But its compounds - brass and bronze are lighter than other materials, due to the fact that they use substances with a lower specific gravity.

How to calculate the specific gravity of metals

How to determine hydrocarbons - this question often arises among specialists employed in heavy industry. This procedure is necessary in order to determine exactly those materials that will differ from each other in improved characteristics.

One of the key features of metal alloys is which metal is the base metal of the alloy. That is, iron, magnesium or brass, having the same volume, will have different masses.

The density of the material, which is calculated based on a given formula, is directly related to the issue under consideration. As already noted, HC is the ratio of the weight of a body to its volume; we must remember that this value can be defined as the force of gravity and the volume of a certain substance.

For metals, HC and density are determined in the same proportion. It is permissible to use another formula that allows you to calculate the HC. It looks like this: HC (density) is equal to the ratio of weight and mass, taking into account g, a constant value. We can say that the HC of a metal can be called the weight per unit volume. In order to determine the HC, it is necessary to divide the mass of dry material by its volume. In fact, this formula can be used to obtain the weight of a metal.

By the way, the concept of specific gravity is widely used in the creation of metal calculators used to calculate the parameters of rolled metal of various types and purposes.

The HC of metals is measured in qualified laboratories. In practical terms, this term is rarely used. Much more often, the concepts of light and heavy metals are used; metals with a low specific gravity are considered light, and metals with a high specific gravity are classified as heavy.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/udelnyjj-ves.html

Density of cast iron and specific gravity in kg: determining the value from the table of metal densities - Machine

17.12.2019

Cast iron has become quite widespread. Like other metals, it has a fairly large number of physical and mechanical properties, among which specific gravity can be noted. This indicator is often taken from technical literature in the production of a wide variety of products.

Definition and characteristics of density

Density is a physical quantity that determines the ratio of mass to volume. Almost all materials are characterized by a similar physical and mechanical indicator. It is worth considering that the corresponding density of aluminum, copper and cast iron differ significantly.

The considered physical and mechanical quality determines:

1. Some physical and mechanical properties. In most cases, an increase in density is associated with a decrease in the grain structure. The smaller the distance between individual particles, the stronger the bond formed between them, the hardness increases and the ductility decreases.
2. As the distance between particles decreases, their number and weight of the material increase. Therefore, when creating cars, airplanes and other equipment, a material is selected that is lightweight and sufficiently durable. For example, the density of aluminum kg m3 is about 2,700, while the density of metal kg m3 is more than twice that.

There are special tables of metal density , which indicate the indicator in question for steel and non-ferrous alloys, as well as cast iron.

Distribution and use of cast iron

1. High-strength: used in the production of products that must have increased strength. A similar structure is obtained by adding magnesium impurities to the composition. It is highly resistant to bending and other impacts not associated with variable loads.
2. Malleable cast iron: has a structure that is easily forged due to its high ductility. The production process involves annealing.
3. Half: has a heterogeneous structure , which largely determines the basic mechanical qualities of the material.

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The specific gravity largely depends on the production method used, as well as the chemical composition. The properties of cast iron are affected by the following impurities:

1. When sulfur is added to the composition, the refractoriness decreases and the fluidity value increases.
2. Phosphorus allows the material to be used for the manufacture of various complex products . It is worth considering that by adding phosphorus to the composition, strength is reduced.
3. Silicon lowers the melting point and significantly improves casting properties.
4. Manganese can increase strength and hardness, but adversely affects casting properties.

When considering cast iron, it is worth paying attention to the following information:

1. Gray cast iron grade SCh10 is the lightest of all produced: 6800 kg/m 3 . As the grade increases, the specific gravity also increases.
2. The malleable variety of this metal has a value of 7000 kg/m3.
3. High strength has a value of 7200 km/m 3.

The density of metals, like other materials, is calculated using a special formula. It has a direct bearing on specific gravity. Therefore, these two indicators are often compared with each other.

Features of the table used

In order to calculate the weight of the future product, which will be made from cast iron, you should know its dimensions and density index. Linear dimensions are determined in order to calculate the volume. A calculation method is used to determine the weight of a product in cases where it is not possible to weigh it.

When considering methodological tables, it is worth paying attention to the following points:

1. All metals are divided into several groups.
2. For each material, the name and GOST are indicated.
3. Depending on the melting point, the density value is indicated.
4. To determine the physical value of specific gravity in kilograms or other changes, conversion of units of change is carried out. For example, if you need to convert grams to kilograms, then multiply the table value by 1000.

Determination of specific gravity is often done in special laboratories. This value is rarely used when carrying out actual calculations during the manufacture of products or the construction of structures.

The physical properties of cast iron (density, thermophysical and electromagnetic properties) depend on the composition and structure, and therefore on the type and grade of cast iron.

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Density of cast iron

By neglecting the relatively small influence of a number of elements in ordinary cast iron, the density of cast iron can be calculated.

where C, S, P are mass fractions of elements,%; Cr—mass fraction of graphite,%; P—porosity, %; 15 Sv; 2.7S; 14.5 (P-0.1) - the amount of iron carbides, manganese sulfides and phosphide eutectic, respectively.

The given formula gives quite satisfactory agreement with experimental data.

In table 1 shows the density of various groups of cast irons.

The highest density is characterized by white cast irons that do not contain free graphite inclusions, and some alloy cast irons (chrome, nickel, chromium-nickel).

Table 1. Density of cast iron

Cast iron groupCast iron gradeStructure

Density, t/m2

White—Perlite, carbides

7,4-7,75

With flake graphite SCh15, SCh18 Ferritic, ferrite-pearlite

6,8-7,2

SCh20-SCh25Pearlite

7,0-7,3

SCh30, SCh35Pearlite

7,2-7,4

High-strength with vermicular or spherical graphiteHF 35-HF 45Ferritic

7,1-7,2

HF 60-HF 80Pearlite

7,2-7,3

HF 100Bainite

7,2-7,35

MalleableKCh 30-6/KCh 37-12Ferritic

7,2-7,24

KCh 45-7/KCh 65-3 Perlite

7,3-7,5

Alloyed Nickel with 34-36% NiAustenitic

7,5-7,7

Nickel with copper type ChN15D7H2 - non-resist -

7,4-7,6

Chrome type ChH28, ChH32—

7,3-7,6

Chrome-nickel—

7,6-7,8

Silicon type C15, C17 Ferritic

6,7-7,0

Cast iron with 12% Mn—

7,1-7,3

Aluminum: with 5-8% Al type ChYu22Sh - chugal -

6,4-6,7

Ferritic
5,6-6,0

In gray cast iron, the density is usually greater, the higher the strength of the cast iron.

High-strength cast iron, all other things being equal (the same content of silicon, pearlite and graphite), is characterized by a higher density than cast iron with flake graphite. However, in many cases this density may actually be lower than that of gray cast irons due to the higher carbon and silicon content or greater ferritization of the matrix.

Austenitic cast irons are also characterized by higher density due to their denser structure, especially when alloyed with nickel and chalk, the density of which is greater than that of iron.

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When alloyed with manganese, the density of austenite decreases slightly. The density of ferritic silicon and aluminum cast irons is even lower.

In all cases, the density of castings is affected by porosity (gas, shrinkage), the value of which usually ranges from 0.5 to 1.2% depending on the composition of the cast iron, the nature of crystallization and technological factors (feed efficiency, wall thickness, etc.

), which, in turn, are determined by the manufacturability of the casting design. The most important are the feeding conditions and the hydrostatic pressure under which the casting hardens.

Therefore, the density in the upper parts of large castings can be 5% less than in the lower parts, and in the center - 10% less than at the periphery.

The density of graphitized cast iron also decreases with increasing casting wall thickness due to an increase in the degree of graphitization and coarsening of graphite:

Wall thickness, mm Density, t/m 3

10	12,5	25	37
7,23	7,14	7,08	7,02

As the rigidity of the shape increases, the pre-shrinkage expansion and, consequently, the shrinkage porosity decreases. Therefore, castings made in metal molds, other things being equal, are denser than castings made in sand molds.

• In our design organization you can order a calculation of the density of cast iron based on a technological specification and/or a technological diagram of the production process.
• Density is a physical quantity defined as the ratio of the mass of a body to the volume occupied by this body.
• Density of cast iron = 7000 - 7300 kg/m3 (under normal conditions).

The density of cast iron can vary depending on environmental conditions (temperature and pressure). For the exact density of cast iron depending on environmental conditions, see the reference literature.

You can calculate density using this online density program.

This page provides basic, basic information about density. The exact density value depends on temperature and pressure. In our design organization you can order a density calculation for any material.

What is the density of cast iron? Link to main publication

Source: https://regionvtormet.ru/metally/plotnost-chuguna-i-udelnyj-ves-v-kg-opredelenie-znacheniya-po-tablitse-plotnosti-metallov.html

What is the specific gravity of precious metals and how does it affect the price?

Have you accidentally seen a beautiful platinum ring and intend to get a copy of it, but in the gold version of the precious metal? Or do you want to duplicate earrings made of 585 gold from platinum raw materials? Modern jewelry craftsmen will be able to fulfill any whim, but at the same time the price for the work may become an unexpected surprise for the customer. In this situation, both the cost of a gram of metal and its specific gravity play a significant role.

What it is?

Noble metals are practically never observed in nature in their purest form. As a rule, they contain various impurities that directly affect the final price of jewelry products made from such raw materials.

An alloy where a small amount of other additions is observed is characterized by a higher purity - 999. From this it follows that, for example, 999 purity gold should have a higher cost than other alloys. And it is this gold that will set the tone for pricing per gram of all precious metals.

Key Features

Each of the precious metals has certain physical and mechanical parameters. It is these indicators that enable specialists to indicate their so-called specific gravity. All jewelry of identical volume, made of different metals, differ in their weight. The density of each individual alloy is determined by a special formula and has a great influence on the calculation of the specific gravity of the metal.

It is worth noting that making jewelry from pure metal is very impractical. For example, gold and silver are characterized by excessive softness, and therefore they need improvement. By increasing strength and wear resistance, changing the color tone, specialists directly influence the sample of raw materials, which ultimately affects the final cost of the finished jewelry product.

Indicators of the specific gravity of the most popular precious metals

If we talk about the physical characteristics of noble metals, then in this case you should pay attention to the following parameters:

• strength;
• electrical and thermal conductivity;
• plastic;
• brightness and characteristic shine.

It is the measurement of these indicators that is taken into account when working with alloys in jewelry. Noting the most common metals used as primary raw materials, the following can be noted:

• Gold - specific gravity - 19.3 g/cm3.

Gold is characterized by a high degree of density and heaviness, which automatically puts it in 7th place among other metals. As already mentioned, its only drawback is softness, which is “corrected” by adding various impurities. It must be said that due to the high specific gravity of gold, its mining is very profitable.

• Silver – specific gravity – 10.5 g/cm3.

This metal, extremely resistant to corrosion, is characterized by low resistance. Despite the fact that, like gold, it is soft, its specific gravity and density are also quite high.

• Platinum - the specific gravity of this metal is considered one of the highest - 21.45 g per cubic centimeter.

Among other things, it is characterized by increased fire resistance and at the same time does not lend itself to deformation processes. The unique characteristics of platinum make it possible to produce alloys with a high content of platinum in finished products.

Special tables of the density of metals and alloys allow jewelers to accurately determine the future price of the product they will be working with. These data are well known to specialists, but are not always known to ordinary consumers.

Source: https://silvers.in.ua/chto-takoe-udelnyiy-ves-dragotsennyih-metallov-i-kak-on-vliyaet-na-tsenu.html

How to calculate the specific gravity in different areas? :

The concept of specific gravity is very often found in various fields of science and life. What does it mean and how to calculate specific gravity?

Concept in physics

Specific gravity in physics is defined as the weight of a substance per unit volume. In the SI measurement system, this value is measured in N/m3. To understand how much 1 N/m3 is, it can be compared with the value of 0.102 kgf/m3.

To know how to calculate y. c., you need to understand the calculation formula. The formula looks like this:

y.v. = P/V

where P is body weight in Newtons; V—body volume in cubic meters.

If we consider simple water as an example, we will notice that its density and specific gravity are almost the same and change very little with changes in pressure or temperature. Her y. V. equal to 1020 kgf/m3. The more salts are dissolved in this water, the greater the value of y. V. This figure for sea water is much greater than for fresh water, and is equal to 1150 - 1300 kgf/m3.

The scientist Archimedes once noticed a long time ago that a buoyant force acts on a body immersed in water. This force is equal to the amount of liquid that the body displaced. When a body weighs less than the volume of displaced fluid, it floats on the surface and goes to the bottom if the situation is the opposite.

Specific Gravity Calculation

“How to calculate the specific gravity of metals?” - this question often occupies those who develop heavy industry. This procedure is needed in order to find among the various variations of metals those that will have better characteristics.

The features of various alloys are as follows: depending on what metal is used, be it iron, aluminum or brass, of the same volume, the alloy will have a different mass. The density of a substance, calculated using a certain formula, is directly related to the question that workers ask when processing metals: “How to calculate specific gravity?”

As mentioned above, y. V. is the ratio of a body's weight to its volume. Do not forget that this value is also defined as the force of gravity of the volume of the substance being determined as a basis. For metals they have. V.

and density are in the same ratio as the weight to the mass of the subject. Then you can use another formula that will answer the question of how to calculate the specific gravity: s.v./density = weight/mass=g, where g is a constant value.

The unit of measurement is y. V. metals is also N/m3.

Thus, we have come to the conclusion that the specific gravity of a metal is called the weight per unit volume of a dense or non-porous material. To determine y. c., you need to divide the mass of dry material by its volume in an absolutely dense state - in fact, this is the formula used to determine the weight of the metal. To achieve this result, the metal is brought into such a state that there are no pores left in its particles, and it has a homogeneous structure.

Share in the economy

The share in the economy is one of the most frequently discussed indicators. It is calculated to analyze the economic, financial part of the organization’s business activities, etc. This is one of the main methods of statistical analysis, or rather, the relative magnitude of this structure.

Often the concept of share in economics is a designation of any share of the total volume. The unit of measurement in this case is the percentage.

How to calculate the specific weight for the economic picture of what is happening? Let's consider:

U.V. = (Part of the whole/Whole)X100%.

As you can see, this is a well-known formula for finding the percentage relationship between the whole and its part. This entails compliance with 2 very important rules:

1. The overall structure of the phenomenon under consideration should be no more and no less than 100%.
2. It does not matter at all what specific structure is being considered, be it the structure of assets or the share of personnel, the structure of the population or the share of costs, the calculation in any case will be carried out according to the above formula.

Specific gravity in medicine

Specific gravity in medicine is a fairly common concept. It is used for analysis. It has long been known that u.v. water is proportional to the concentration of dissolved substances in it; the more of them, the greater the specific gravity. U.v. distilled water at 4 degrees Celsius is 1.000. It follows that u.v. urine can give an idea of ​​the amount of substances dissolved in it. From here you can make one or another diagnosis.

The specific gravity of human urine ranges from 1.001 to 1.060. Young children have less concentrated urine with readings ranging from 1.002 to 1.030. In the first days after birth, the specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.002 to 1.020. According to these data, doctors can judge the functioning of the kidneys and make one or another diagnosis.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/214954/mod_kak-rasschitat-udelnyiy-ves-v-razlichnyih-oblastyah

Copper: specific gravity, properties, applications and alloys

Copper is one of the very first metals mastered by man. In nature, it is found as large nuggets. Since time immemorial it has been used as an alloy with tin, called bronze, to make weapons, household items and jewelry. This active use of metal is explained by the ease of processing.

Physical and mechanical properties of copper

Copper is a red-pink metal with a golden tint, occupying 29th place in the table of chemical elements and having a density of 8.93 kg/m3. The specific gravity of copper is 8.93 g/cm3, the boiling point is 2657, and the melting point is 1083 degrees Celsius.

This metal has high ductility, softness and ductility. Having high viscosity, it is excellent for forging. Copper is a fairly heavy and durable metal. In its pure form, it conducts heat and electricity well (second only to silver).

Chemical properties of metal

Chemical characteristics, as well as mechanical, magnetic and physical properties such as ductility, viscosity, specific gravity of copper, are of current importance. The metal has low chemical activity. At low humidity and normal temperature it has high corrosion resistance. When heated, it oxidizes, forming oxides.

In a humid environment containing carbon dioxide, the copper surface becomes covered with a greenish film containing metal oxide and carbonate. Copper reacts with halogens to form salts at room temperature. Easily interacts with sulfur and selenium. It dissolves perfectly in nitric and heated concentrated sulfuric acid.

Without access to oxygen, it does not react with dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid.

The value of this value, contained in a special table, is 8.93*103 kg/m3. The specific gravity of copper is an equally important quantity characterizing the metal. It is, as already mentioned, 8.93 g/cm3.

It turns out that the values ​​of the density and specific gravity parameters for a given metal coincide, which is not typical for other materials. The weight of the product made from it depends on the density of the material. To calculate the mass of a future part, specific gravity is usually used rather than density.

Specific gravity of metal

This value, like density, is an important indicator of various materials, which is determined using available tables. Based on the specific gravity of copper and its alloys, it is possible to advantageously select the appropriate metals for the manufacture of a product with the given parameters.

Such calculations are usually carried out at the design stage. Specific gravity as a physical quantity is calculated by the ratio of the weight of a substance to its volume. This quantity should not be confused with density, like mass with weight.

Knowing the specific gravity of copper or an alloy, you can always calculate the mass of a product made from this material.

Main copper alloys used in industry

According to the manufacturing process, copper alloys are divided into cast and wrought, and depending on the chemical composition - into bronze and brass. In the latter, the base is copper and zinc, and other elements can be added. Bronze is an alloy of copper (specific gravity 8.93 g/cm3) with other metals. The choice of alloying component depends on the specific use of the product.

Based on the content of the main component, copper casting is of the following types:

• Tin bronze. During production, hardening and aging are used to increase ductility and strength.
• Aluminum bronze. It has anti-corrosion properties and is perfectly deformable.
• Lead alloy. Has excellent anti-friction properties.
• Brass. May consist of two or more components.
• A copper-nickel alloy containing zinc. Its properties and appearance resemble cupronickel.
• An alloy of copper and iron. Its main difference is high porosity.

Specific gravity of electrical copper

This is how it turns out after purification from impurities. The smallest content of any metals in it significantly reduces its electrical conductivity. For example, a content of 0.02% aluminum reduces conductivity to 10%, despite the fact that this metal conducts electricity well. The most important characteristics of the material are:

• specific gravity of copper;
• electrical resistance;
• melting temperature.

For the needs of electrical engineering, technically pure metal is used, which contains from 0.02 to 0.04% oxygen, and products with high current conductivity are made from special, oxygen-free copper. For electrical products (transformer windings, wires, cable cores, electrical busbars) different types of metal are used.

The use of copper and its alloys in the national economy

High strength, specific gravity of copper, excellent electrical conductivity, good machinability - all this allows it to be used in many areas of production:

• Construction - goes well with brick, wood, glass, stone. Has a long service life and is not afraid of corrosion.
• Electrical – wires, cables, electrodes, buses.
• Chemical – produce parts for equipment and tools.
• Metallurgical – production of alloys. The most popular is brass. It is harder than copper, can be forged well, and has toughness. It is stamped into various shapes and rolled into thin sheets.
• Artistic – copper coinage, bronze statues.
• Household - used for making dishes, pipes.

Copper ores

Under natural conditions, copper is most often found in compounds, but it can also be found in the form of nuggets. Minerals that are its main sources include:

• Cuprite is an oxide group mineral.
• Malachite - known as an ornamental stone, contains copper carbonate. Russian malachite, a carbonated copper green, is very popular.
• Azurite is a blue mineral, often fused with malachite, and has high hardness.
• Copper pyrite and copper luster - contain copper sulfide.
• Covelline is a sulfide rock that was originally discovered near Vesuvius.

Copper ores are mined mainly by open-pit mining. They may contain 0.4-1.0% copper. In terms of its production, Chile is the world leader, followed by the United States of America, Russia, Canada, and Kazakhstan.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/373448/med-udelnyiy-ves-svoystva-primenenie-i-splavyi

Specific gravity of gold: how much does a cube of different purity weigh (585, 999), how to calculate it yourself at home

Good afternoon. Today I will continue talking about precious metals. We admire their shine in openwork items, price them in jewelry stores, weigh them in our hands, feeling the pleasant heaviness of the precious metal.

Today my friend brought a ring and asks me to determine the material of the product. You can't tell by color whether it's gold or platinum. The sample is half erased and cannot be seen. From my school physics course, I vaguely remember that the specific gravity of gold is very high. Does this have any significance? I'll try to figure it out.

What is specific gravity

A conventional value showing how much a cube with sides of 1 meter (centimeter) will weigh is called specific gravity (volume weight). It is measured in kilograms per cubic meter (grams per cubic centimeter).

At the Earth's poles, the force of gravity is greater, so the density of the substance (that is, the ratio of the mass of the metal to the volume) is taken as the basis for measurements, which differs by the value of the acceleration of gravity, depending on the location of measurement (from 9.780 m/s2 at the equator to 9.832 m/s2 at poles).

Specific gravity is confused with density; their numerical values ​​in different measurement systems are the same. In my case, when the difference in the acceleration of free fall can be neglected, such a loose comparison is acceptable.

Table of specific gravity of gold depending on the sample

Gold is a soft metal. To improve its technological properties, various alloys are added to the alloy. The sample indicates the proportion of precious metal in thousandths of the alloy. Hallmark 999 is an alloy containing 999 parts of pure gold and 1 part of impurities. Impurities significantly affect the density of the alloy:

Try	% precious metal	Density g/cm3
375	37,5	11,55
585	58,5	12,85–13,24
750	75,0	15,3–16,6
999	99,9	19,3

The difference in density for the same alloy sample is due to the different composition of impurities (silver, palladium and copper, which paint products in different colors).

How to determine specific gravity at home

If necessary, at home you can determine the density of the product and use tables to approximately determine its composition.

1. I weigh the product with an accuracy of 0.1 g: the ring brought for examination showed 2.5 g.
2. I pour purified water into a beaker and measure the level in milliliters according to its divisions.
3. I lower the product into a beaker with purified water and measure the new level.
4. I determine the change in liquid level (by the difference of two measurements). My product volume is approximately 0.25 ml.
5. I divide the result of step 1 by the amount of volume (item 4). When dividing 2.5/0.25 = 10 g/cm3 (since 1 ml = 1 cm3). My measurements showed that the product (taking into account measurement error) is made of silver (10.5 g/cm3).

Metals with similar specific gravity values

Tungsten has a density close to gold (compare its 19.25 g/cm3 with the table). But tungsten has much greater hardness. Therefore, for counterfeiting, tungsten ingots can be coated with gold on top.

Jewelry made of lead with gold plating has the same density as jewelry made of 375 gold. The 417 standard used in the West is easily counterfeited. The 585 sample, popular in Russia, differs significantly in density from lead (11.34 g/cm3).

Conclusion

Specific gravity is an important indicator characterizing the quantitative characteristics of the precious metal content in an alloy. GOST 6835-2002 “Gold and alloys based on it” strictly defines the percentage, composition of impurities and specific gravities of alloys. If necessary, you can always distinguish gold from other metals, even if there is no hallmark on the product.

Goodbye, see you again. Subscribe to our articles and share your impressions on social networks. A lot of useful and interesting things await you ahead.

Source: https://zhazhdazolota.ru/interesnoe/udelnyj-ves-prob

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