GOST: scrap and waste of non-ferrous metals, classification
Natural resources are being depleted, so scrap and non-ferrous metal waste become a source of raw materials for processing and manufacturing of new items. It is necessary to systematize the process of collecting non-ferrous metal for its further processing.
Recycled raw materials from non-ferrous metals: profitable, economical
As a result of human economic activity, metal waste appears. It is subject to disposal or recycling. Iron is not a non-ferrous metal. All others are divided into 4 groups.
Lungs
They have a specific gravity of less than 5 (for example, lithium - 0.53).
The most in demand are the following:
- titanium;
- magnesium;
- aluminum;
- calcium;
- rubidium.
They act as deoxidizers of molten metals. Aluminum has corrosion resistance and good ductility. Therefore, it is widely used in all branches of mechanical engineering, in the production of tableware and other items.
Various products are produced from secondary cast aluminum alloys.
Heavy
They have high electrical and thermal conductivity and excellent performance characteristics.
These include:
- lead;
- nickel;
- copper;
- cobalt;
- zinc, etc.
With the exception of galvanic coatings, they are used in their pure form. They are semi-finished products: sheets, pipes, wire.
Secondary melting of non-ferrous scrap is more profitable than the labor-intensive process of mining and processing ores.
Does not harm the planet's ecosystem, unlike metal mining.
Noble
High corrosion resistance in most acids and atmospheric conditions is a distinctive feature of such elements.
Their main components may be:
- gold;
- palladium;
- rhodium;
- platinum;
- silver, etc.
The electronics industry supplies waste coated with platinum and silver. Their recycling justifies the cost of recycling. The scrap contains useful components. They surpass natural sources in their value. The current standard specifies what applies to non-ferrous metal scrap.
Rare
The composition is multicomponent. It is better to use raw materials in a comprehensive manner. On this basis, combination is effective, since most elements do not form deposits. They are considered refractory metals.
Some of them:
- vanadium;
- germanium;
- molybdenum;
- tungsten;
- selenium, etc.
Heating elements and parts of electric and radio lamps are made from molybdenum and tungsten. Tantalum is characterized by chemical resistance and great hardness. Suitable for making surgical and dental instruments.
Non-ferrous metal classifications
Non-ferrous metal waste is classified according to physical characteristics; the qualitative characteristic determines the variety; one should be guided by state standards (GOST); According to the chemical composition, a group or brand is distinguished.
It is important to determine the variety.
Therefore it is necessary to identify:
- metal content;
- options;
- clogging;
- cutting condition.
Based on these points, four types of non-ferrous scrap can be distinguished.
The first is distinguished by certain dimensions, weight, high content of the predominant metal, the scrap is not clogged with other components. Scrap does not need special preparation for processing.
The second variety is more contaminated than the first.
The third cannot be sent for remelting; the raw materials must be processed first.
The fourth grade is low quality. The requirements of the previous groups are not met, there is high contamination, the waste is mixed, and needs to be separated.
If you take batteries, pipes, and wire to a landfill, these items will not only rust, but also release hazardous substances.
The general technical conditions contain requirements for the disposal of scrap non-ferrous metals and compliance with the safety regime when working with them. Remaking scrap according to the rules will preserve its useful characteristics.
Recycled materials save money on metal for metalworking industries. Using scrap, you can save minerals without harming the environment.
Meaning of terms
Scrap is called non-ferrous metal scrap, which is melted down and is part of the smelting charges.
Charge is a mixture of materials that is loaded into a smelting furnace to produce metal with a certain chemical composition.
Clogging is determined by the presence of impurities (insulation, paint, packaging, dirt, etc.) in the raw materials.
Galvanic coatings (electrodeposited metal) are applied to the surface of metal products, pipes, and wire. Increases corrosion resistance and wear resistance.
A well-established process for processing non-ferrous metals will save primary resources and improve the environment.
Source: https://musorish.ru/lom-i-othody-tsvetnyh-metallov-po-gost/
What applies to non-ferrous metals
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Metals are one of the few substances that can be used in multiple recycling cycles. Therefore, such products are not thrown away, but accumulated by humans and then sent to special metallurgical plants.
Before you sell tin in Moscow, you need to find out its average price per kilogram. This will make it possible to sell the substance profitably.
Basic Concepts
Non-ferrous metals are a separate group of metals that have a specific color. This category includes almost all substances that are not formed on the basis of iron and its alloys.
It should be noted that non-ferrous metals have special properties that allow them to be used in various fields of industry.
Such substances are very easy to process and are susceptible to various mechanical influences. In industry, they are often used only in the form of various alloys, but “pure specimens” are also found.
A huge variety of products are produced from non-ferrous metals, from aluminum profiles to protective coatings based on nickel, chromium, etc.
Types of substances
Non-ferrous metals have different characteristics that allow them to be divided into several main groups:
- Heavy substances. This type includes metals such as copper, zinc, tin, etc.
- Light products have a relatively low specific gravity. This includes aluminum, titanium, magnesium, potassium, etc.
- Noble metals. This group represents substances that occur in pure form and have significant value for humans. These include gold, silver, ruthenium and many others.
- Minor metals - cobalt, cadmium, mercury (liquid metal), etc.
- Refractory substances have a high melting point. A striking example of such a non-ferrous metal is tungsten, which is used to make spirals for incandescent light bulbs.
- Rare earth metals. This group includes lanthanum, cerium, etc.
- Radioactive substances. Metals of this type are characterized by an unstable core, which over time decays into certain components, releasing specific radiation.
Non-ferrous metals are a very large group of substances with different physical properties. The concentration of some of them is relatively small, which leads to high production costs and high prices on the market.
Source: http://urokremonta.ru/stroisov/chto-otnositsya-k-tsvetnyim-metallam.html
Non-ferrous metals: advantages and applications
This branch of metallurgy is incredibly important, because thanks to the extraction of many ores, manufacturers have the opportunity to create various designs and products. According to their purpose and properties, such metals are divided into heavy and light. The advantages of non-ferrous metallurgy and application are described in this article.
Heavy and light non-ferrous metals
According to experts, this branch of metallurgy is of great importance at the present time. Heavy and light metals are endowed with certain characteristics.
Heavy non-ferrous metals include:
- Lead.
- Zinc.
- Copper.
- Nickel.
- Tin.
The presented metals are resistant to external factors and are widely used. Structures and products made from such metals are durable, practical and wear-resistant. That is why such metals are common and in demand.
Light metals include:
In fact, the groups of heavy and light non-ferrous metals are much larger, but the most common are the metals presented. They are used by manufacturers in most cases. Light non-ferrous metals are characterized by low density, but their quality is also very high.
To obtain non-ferrous metals, according to experts, it is necessary to use a fairly large amount of energy. Currently, both heavy and light metals are very often purchased by buyers.
They can be found in various areas of industry and production. Rolled non-ferrous metals are also quite popular and in demand. To produce many structures, various non-ferrous metals are needed.
It is best to purchase such products from specialized companies.
It is worth noting that this branch of metallurgy is incredibly widespread. Some non-ferrous metals can be found in construction. Copper roofing is proof of this. This material is necessary for cladding and finishing of buildings and structures. This is a practical and incredibly high-quality material that can serve its owner for a long time.
What else is important and you need to know?
If previously non-ferrous metallurgy was not so widespread, now it can be found more and more often. It is possible that in the future even more products of various designs will be created from such metals.
22.06.2016
Source: http://k-systems.ru/cvetnye-metally-preimushhestva-i-primenenie/
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is an industry that includes the extraction, enrichment and creation of alloys from non-ferrous metals. Its condition is decisive for the development and functioning of the entire industrial complex as a whole.
Non-ferrous metals should be understood as substances and alloys that do not contain iron. This is the main difference between the industry in question and ferrous metallurgy, which is based on the extraction of iron ore and the production of cast iron and steel.
Classification of non-ferrous metals
In modern industry, there are several groups of non-ferrous metals, which differ in their performance properties and qualities. Let's look at some of them:
- Heavy. Includes nickel, zinc, lead, copper. They have high density and weight.
- Lungs. First of all, it is aluminum, which has low density and, as a result, low weight. In addition, this group includes magnesium, titanium, and lithium.
- Small ones. Includes cobalt, mercury, antimony, arsenic, bismuth. Used in various industries. Due to the fact that the deposits are adjacent to deposits of heavy metals, they are mined as a by-product.
- Alloying (or refractory). These are vanadium, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum. They have a high degree of wear resistance. Their industrial application is in the smelting of alloys to improve the performance properties of finished products.
- Noble ones. This group includes gold, platinum, and silver. They are extremely rare and have a high degree of resistance to oxidation, so their use is not limited only to jewelry. Also included in this type are osmium, iridium, ruthenium, and palladium.
- Rare earths. These are scandium, thulium, lutetium, europium, etc. Application is limited, since the deposits are small and located on different continents, which greatly complicates production.
Sub-sectors
Non-ferrous metallurgy includes sub-sectors within which the production of various metals is carried out:
It accounts for more than 45% of the smelting volume of all non-ferrous metals. The raw material is bauxite, which is processed into alumina. The main deposits are located in Australia, Brazil, equatorial Africa, China and Russia.
The leading aluminum producers in the world are Russia, the USA, Italy, China, and Germany.
More than a quarter of the total smelting volume is copper. It is mined from copper ore, where the metal concentration can reach about 30-35%. In addition, the processing of secondary raw materials plays a significant role.
The main deposits of copper ore are located in Russia, Kazakhstan, Chile, the USA, Canada, equatorial Africa, and China.
The leading producers are Russia, China, the USA, and European countries.
- Lead and zinc production.
These metals are produced from polymetallic ores. The main deposits are located in the USA, Mexico, Canada, China, and Australia. Production is concentrated in China, USA, Japan, Australia, and EU countries. The smelting of zinc and lead accounts for more than 22% of the total volume.
The largest deposits are located in Russia, which is also the world's main producer. The production of this metal accounts for less than 7% of global smelting. The main raw materials are nickel ores.
This metal is obtained from tin ores. Most of the world's reserves are in Bolivia and Southeast Asia. The leading smelting centers are Bolivia, Malaysia, China, and Russia.
The production of other non-ferrous metals is less developed and has a local scale.
Stages of the production process
Non-ferrous metallurgy involves a number of production processes, including both the extraction of raw materials and smelting.
Schemes for the production of non-ferrous metals, although generally similar, however, due to the characteristics of a particular resource, have some differences.
In this regard, as an example, we should mention the aluminum production cycle, the production of which has the greatest scale and significance.
It consists of the following steps:
- bauxite mining;
- beneficiation of aluminum ore (washing, screening);
- alumina production;
- smelting of metal material;
- production of aluminum billets and semi-finished products.
Fluoride salts and electrodes are also produced from alumina.
General overview of the state of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia
This branch of industrial production is one of the most developed in Russia. This is explained by large reserves of raw materials and natural resources, as well as a developed production base remaining after the collapse of the USSR.
History of industry development
Humanity began to smelt metal and use alloys quite a long time ago, which is confirmed by archaeological finds.
In Russia, the production of non-ferrous metals and the development of mining in general is largely associated with the name of Peter I. It was according to his decrees that the first smelting plants were built in the Urals.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the country became one of the world leaders in metallurgical production, but the events of 1917 stopped its development for a long time. However, in the 30s, during the first five-year plans, the country was able to restore and increase its industrial power.
After the Second World War, the largest mining and processing plants and metallurgical plants were built in the USSR, many of which continue to operate today. The crisis of the 90s had a negative impact on the state of this industry, but already in 2000, the production of non-ferrous metals in the country increased significantly.
Location of industrial production
Due to economic feasibility, most non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in the area where the corresponding ores are mined. For this reason, there are several main production bases in Russia. It is worth noting that the smelting of light metals requires a large amount of energy; therefore, factories are built near its sources (mainly hydroelectric power stations).
Location of main production centers:
Large complexes are located in areas with developed energy (Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk region).
Mainly the Urals, where most of the explored deposits are located.
The reserves of polymetallic ores in the country are not very high. There are production centers in Siberia and the Far East.
The enterprises are located near the deposits. The largest of them are on the Kola Peninsula, as well as in the north of Siberia.
Industry's largest players
Leading non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises in Russia:
Other companies operating in this industry are presented in the Non-Ferrous Metals Plants section.
Problems and development prospects
A significant difficulty of the non-ferrous metallurgy in the country is its dependence on sources of electrical and thermal energy.
For example, more than 75% of the energy generated at the Bratsk hydroelectric power station is aimed at servicing the aluminum smelter. This increases the cost of production and in some cases (in unfavorable global conditions) can deprive it of profitability. The way out of the situation is to introduce more energy-intensive technologies.
In addition, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are one of the main causes of environmental pollution. Modernization of production requires multi-billion dollar investments, however, despite the costs, the measures taken reduce the burden on the environment.
25.12.2019
Source: https://fabricators.ru/article/cvetnaya-metallurgiya
Zinc is a non-ferrous metal
The leading industry in the economy of our country is metallurgy. For its successful development, a lot of metal is needed. This article will discuss non-ferrous heavy and light metals and their use.
Light metals
They are widespread in nature. These metals have low density. They have high chemical activity. They are strong connections. The metallurgy of these metals began to develop in the nineteenth century. They are obtained by electrolysis of molten salts, electrothermy and metallothermy. Light non-ferrous metals, the list of which has many items, are used to produce alloys.
Aluminum
Refers to light metals. It has a silvery color and a melting point of about seven hundred degrees. In industrial conditions it is used in alloys. It is used wherever metal is needed. Aluminum has low density and high strength. This metal is easy to cut, saw, weld, drill, solder and bend.
Alloys are formed with metals of various properties, such as copper, nickel, magnesium, silicon. They are highly durable and do not rust in adverse weather conditions. Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity.
Magnesium
It belongs to the group of light non-ferrous metals. It has a silver-white color and a film oxide coating. It has a low density and is easy to process. The metal is resistant to flammable substances: gasoline, kerosene, mineral oils, but is susceptible to dissolution in acids. Magnesium is not magnetic. It has low elastic and casting properties and is susceptible to corrosion.
Titanium
This is a light metal. It is not magnetic. It has a silver color with a bluish tint. It has high strength and corrosion resistance. But titanium has low electrical and thermal conductivity. Loses mechanical properties at a temperature of 400 degrees, becomes brittle at 540 degrees.
The mechanical properties of titanium are enhanced in alloys with molybdenum, manganese, aluminum, chromium and others. Depending on the alloying metal, alloys have different strengths, including high-strength ones. Such alloys are used in aircraft construction, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding. They are used to produce rocketry, household appliances and much more.
Heavy metals
Heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is very wide, are obtained from sulfide and oxidized polymetallic ores. Depending on their types, methods for obtaining metals differ in the method and complexity of production, during which the valuable components of the raw material must be completely extracted.
Metals in this group are hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Metals obtained by any method are called rough. They undergo a refining procedure. Only after this can they be used for industrial purposes.
Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is presented above, are not all used in industry. In this case we are talking about a common heavy metal – copper. It has high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and ductility.
Copper alloys are widely used in industries such as mechanical engineering, and all due to the fact that this heavy metal is well alloyed with others.
Source: https://MyTooling.ru/instrumenty/cink-otnositsja-k-cvetnym-metallam
Non-ferrous metals: application and processing features
Today, non-ferrous metals mean a lot in the production of modern technology. Metal, from a chemical point of view, is a simple substance that has the ability to conduct heat and electricity. Its surface has a characteristic shine.
Metals are classified according to different criteria, however, three main groups are distinguished:
- black;
- colored;
- noble (precious).
Non-ferrous metals is a concept that includes metals and alloys (the exception is iron, which is classified as ferrous metals). They are in great demand in Russia, so they are produced in many regions of the country.
First of all, parts made of non-ferrous metals differ from other metal products in their cost. Limited supplies and difficulties in obtaining the material are the main aspects that explain the price differences.
In addition, parts made of non-ferrous metals are characterized by unique properties, both physical and chemical: softness, ductility, energy conductivity.
This group includes a large number of metals that differ from each other, first of all in appearance, and then in their characteristics.
The branch of metallurgy specializing in the mining, beneficiation of ores, and smelting of non-ferrous metals is called non-ferrous metallurgy.
In the Russian Federation there are several non-ferrous metallurgy bases, differing in the geography of light/heavy metals. The titanium-magnesium and aluminum industries deal with light metals, and the tin, nickel-cobalt, lead-zinc and copper industries deal with heavy metals.
Basic metals
Aluminum is a metal characterized by high electrical conductivity, excellent ductility and, at the same time, low mechanical properties. A distinction is made between primary and secondary aluminum.
Copper is the most common non-ferrous metal, possessing excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as ductility. Based on this material, many alloys are created that are widely used in mechanical engineering. This is due to the property of copper to alloy well with other metals.
Another main non-ferrous metal is zinc. At ambient temperatures it is quite brittle, but if it is heated to 100-150 °C, it is remarkably amenable to forging and rolling. Zinc has anti-corrosion properties, but when exposed to alkalis and acids it begins to deteriorate. Its melting point is 419 °C.
Scope of application
The popularity of non-ferrous metals is increasing every year. This is facilitated by the dynamic development of rocket/nuclear technology, aircraft manufacturing, and the chemical industry, where titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, nickel, hafnium, etc. are used as structural materials.
The scope of application of individual metals is quite diverse:
- Copper and alloys based on it are in demand at chemical engineering enterprises. Pipelines and vessels for cryogenic equipment are made from these materials;
- aluminum is in particular demand in the chemical/food industry (all kinds of containers are made from it). In aircraft and shipbuilding, this metal is popular due to its high strength with low density, resistance to corrosion and excellent mechanical properties at temperatures below zero.
Peculiarities
Parts made of non-ferrous metals are produced in various ways. Mechanical processing, welding, and many other technologies can be used here. When choosing one technique or another, you need to take into account the distinctive features of the material being processed.
Magnesium, copper and aluminum are characterized by excellent thermal conductivity and heat capacity, which contribute to the rapid cooling of welding areas. Consequently, in order to weld such a material, powerful heat sources will be required, and perhaps additional heating of the part. Moreover, when heated, the mechanical properties of these metals sharply deteriorate. This makes them more easily destroyed by impacts, and under the influence of their own weight the weld pool may even fail.
When large volumes of non-ferrous alloys are heated, they begin to interact at the chemical level with almost all gases (with the exception of inert ones), and also dissolve atmospheric gases.
In this regard, the most active are refractory metals, such as:
- zirconium and molybdenum;
- tantalum and titanium.
Means of protection
Non-ferrous metals, as noted earlier, are strong, durable and can easily withstand high temperatures. They have only one flaw - these metals corrode when exposed to oxygen.
The most effective way to protect non-ferrous metals from atmospheric corrosion is to apply special paint and varnish coatings. The following products have been developed to protect metal surfaces:
• primer; • dye;
• "3 in 1".
Primer is the main means of combating metal oxidation. Single-layer priming is performed before painting the surface, improving adhesion to the base.
Metal processing is a process involving many nuances, so only experienced professionals who are able to find the right way out of the most unpredictable situations can perform a task of this nature efficiently. By trusting them, you can be sure that they will do everything exactly as the customer requires.
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Source: https://metalloobrabotka-zakazat.ru/article/tsvetnye-metally-primenenie-i-osobennosti-obrabotki/
What types of non-ferrous metals and alloys are there: basic, rare, light, heavy
The leading industry in the economy of our country is metallurgy. For its successful development, a lot of metal is needed. This article will discuss non-ferrous heavy and light metals and their use.
Copper
Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is presented above, are not all used in industry. In this case we are talking about a common heavy metal – copper. It has high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and ductility.
Copper alloys are widely used in industries such as mechanical engineering, and all due to the fact that this heavy metal is well alloyed with others.
Zinc
It also represents non-ferrous metals. The list of names is large. However, not all heavy non-ferrous metals, which include zinc, are used in industry. This metal is fragile.
But if you heat it to one hundred and fifty degrees, it will be forged without problems and rolled with ease.
Zinc has high anti-corrosion properties, but it is susceptible to destruction when exposed to alkali and acid.
Lead
The list of non-ferrous metals would be incomplete without lead. It is gray in color with a hint of blue. The melting point is three hundred twenty-seven degrees. It is heavy and soft. It is hammer forged well and does not harden. It is poured into various shapes. Resistant to acids: hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, nitric.
Brass
These are alloys of copper and zinc with the addition of manganese, lead, aluminum and other metals. The cost of brass is less than copper, but its strength, toughness and corrosion resistance are higher. Brass has good casting properties. Parts are produced from it by stamping, rolling, drawing, and rolling. This metal is used to make shell casings and much more.
Use of non-ferrous metals
Not only the metals themselves, but also their alloys are called non-ferrous. The exception is the so-called “ferrous metal”: iron and, accordingly, its alloys. In European countries, non-ferrous metals are called non-ferrous metals.
Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is quite large, have found wide application in various industries all over the world, including in Russia, where they are the main specialization. They are produced and mined in all regions of the country.
Light and heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is represented by a wide variety of items, constitute a branch of industry called “Metallurgy”. This concept includes the extraction, enrichment of ores, and smelting of both metals and their alloys.
Currently, the non-ferrous metallurgy industry has become widespread. The quality of non-ferrous metals is very high, they are durable and practical, and are used in the construction industry: they are used to decorate buildings and structures. They are used to produce profile metal, wire, tapes, strips, foil, sheets, and rods of various shapes.
Source: https://golden-mask-md.ru/utilizatsiya/kakie-vidy-tsvetnyh-metallov-i-splavov-byvayut-osnovnye-redkie-legkie-tyazhelye-markirovka-i-kategorii-tsvetmeta.html
What metals are called non-ferrous
Non-ferrous metals are a special class of stainless metals and alloys that do not contain iron. This includes tin, copper, zinc, nickel, silver, and gold. Metals are called non-ferrous because each of them has a specific color. They are distinguished by their strength and durability, since they form a protective oxide film on their surface and are resistant to negative environmental factors.
At the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 20 types of non-ferrous metals, and today their number already exceeds 70. Non-ferrous metallurgy is engaged in the extraction, enrichment of ores and smelting of such materials. The production method is high-temperature smelting. Behind each product there is a long and painstaking work - metals are machined and go through forging, welding, pressing, stamping, priming and other processes.
Properties
Non-ferrous metals have high thermal and electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, stability in the temperature range and inertness to aggressive environments. Unlike iron, they do not react to moisture and oxygen, dissolve gases when heated (except for intertwined ones) and easily interact with them.
Groups
Scientists divide non-ferrous metals into several groups:
- Heavy. Tin, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, etc. Extracted from sulfide and oxidized polymetallic ores. World production of metals in this category reaches several million tons per year.
- Lungs. Aluminum, titanium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, beryllium, strontium, barium and other elements in this group have the lowest specific gravity among other non-ferrous metals.
- Noble. Gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium are among the rare precious metals and are characterized by increased resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
- Small ones. Representatives of the group are mercury, cobalt, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, etc. Mined in small quantities along with heavy metals.
- Refractory. Known as the most wear-resistant metals. These include zirconium, vanadium, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and other elements with high density and melting point.
- Rare earths. Represented by 17 silver-white metals: holmium, thulium, scandium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, lutetium, promethium, etc. They have the same chemical properties.
Application
In recent years, the demand for non-ferrous metals has increased sharply. They influence the development of many industries and are widely used in aircraft and mechanical engineering, radio electronics, rocket and nuclear technology, high technology, as well as in everyday life.
Non-ferrous metals are an irreplaceable raw material in the production of rolled metal, large structures and small products.
You can order non-ferrous metals and alloys on our website. The catalog page presents a wide range of products with detailed descriptions and prices. The cost per 1 kg depends on the type of material and varies from 135 to 2200 rubles. We accept funds to the bank account. Read more about the conditions for purchasing non-ferrous metals in Moscow and Russian regions here.
Source: https://moreremonta.info/strojka/kakie-metally-nazyvajut-cvetnymi/
Industry specifics
Non-ferrous metal ores, as mentioned above, contain a small amount of the mined element. Therefore, for a ton of the same copper, up to 100 tons of ore are needed. Due to the large demand for raw materials, non-ferrous metallurgy is, for the most part, located close to its raw material base.
Non-ferrous ores require large amounts of fuel or electricity for their processing. Energy costs reach half of the total costs associated with smelting 1 ton of metal. In this regard, metallurgical enterprises are located in close proximity to electricity producers.
The production of rare metals is mainly based on reduction from compounds. Raw materials come from intermediate stages of ore beneficiation. Due to the small volumes and difficulty of production, laboratories are engaged in obtaining rare metals.
Industry Composition
Types of non-ferrous metallurgy include industries related to the production of certain types of metals. Thus, the following sectors can be distinguished in aggregate:
- copper production;
- aluminum production;
- production of nickel and cobalt;
- tin production;
- lead and zinc production;
- gold mining.
The production of nickel is closely related to the place of extraction of nickel ores, which are located on the Kola Peninsula and in the Norilsk region of Siberia. Many branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are distinguished by multi-stage metallurgical processing of intermediate products.
Non-ferrous metals
On this basis, an integrated approach is effective. This is a raw material for the production of other related metals. Waste recycling is accompanied by the production of materials used not only in other branches of heavy engineering, but also in the chemical and construction industries.
The main stages of obtaining pure copper are the smelting of blister copper and its further refining. Blister copper is mined from ores, and the low concentration of copper in the Ural copper pyrites and its large volumes do not allow the transfer of production facilities from the Urals. The reserves are: cuprous sandstones, copper-molybdenum, copper-nickel ores.
Refining of copper and melting of secondary raw materials is carried out at enterprises that are remote from the sources of mining and primary smelting. They are favored by the low cost of electricity, since up to 5 kW of energy per hour is consumed to produce a ton of copper.
Metallurgical plant
The utilization of sulfur dioxide gases with subsequent processing served as the start for the production of sulfuric acid in the chemical industry. It produces phosphate mineral fertilizers from apatite residues.
Obtaining lead and zinc
The metallurgy of non-ferrous metals such as lead and zinc has complex territorial fragmentation. Ore is mined in the North Caucasus, Transbaikalia, Kuzbass and the Far East. And enrichment and metallurgical processing are carried out not only near ore extraction sites, but also in other territories with developed metallurgy.
Lead and zinc concentrates are rich in chemical elemental base. However, raw materials have different percentages of elements, which is why zinc and lead cannot always be obtained in pure form. Therefore, technological processes in the regions are different:
- In Transbaikalia, only concentrates are obtained.
- Lead and zinc concentrate are produced in the Far East.
- Zinc and lead concentrate are produced in Kuzbass.
- Redistribution is underway in the North Caucasus.
- Zinc is produced in the Urals.
Metallurgy of light metals
The most common light metal is aluminum. Alloys based on it have properties inherent in structural and special steels.
To obtain aluminum, the raw materials are bauxite, alunite, and nepheline. Production is divided into two stages:
- At the first stage, alumina is obtained and a large volume of raw materials is required.
- In the second stage, aluminum is produced using the electrolytic method, which requires inexpensive energy. Therefore, the production stages are located in different territories.
The production of aluminum and alloys is concentrated in industrial centers. Scrap is also supplied here for recycling, which ultimately reduces the cost of the finished product.
Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/tsvetnaya-metallurgiya.html
