Difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Ferrous and non-ferrous are two important classifications of metals. The term ferrous, derived from the Latin ferrum, is used in metallurgy to indicate the presence or absence of iron. Thus, the main difference between ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals is their iron content; Ferrous metals contain iron as a component while non-ferrous metals do not contain iron.
Key areas covered
1. What are Ferrous Metals
- Definition, Properties, Uses
2. What are Non-Ferrous Metals
- Definition, Properties, Uses
3. What is the Difference Between Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
- Comparison of Key Differences
Key terms: alloy, aluminum, brass, corrosion, ferrous, lead, metal, non-ferrous, steel
What are ferrous metals?
Ferrous metal is a metal that contains iron as an element. Ferrous metals are less resistant to corrosion due to the presence of iron; The iron component may oxidize and rust may form on the surface of the metal, resulting in corrosion of the metal.
Although they are less resistant to corrosion, ferrous metals are used in many applications due to their durability and strength. The skyscrapers and longer bridges of the world are made of ferrous metals due to their durability. Most ferrous metals are also magnetic and are used in electrical engineering.
Ferrous metals are cheaper than non-ferrous metals because they can be found all over the world.
Types of Ferrous Metals
- Carbon steel - iron mixed with carbon
- Mild steel - iron mixed with relatively less carbon
- Stainless steel - a mixture of iron and chromium
- Cast iron - very high carbon content with iron
- Wrought iron - almost pure iron
Mild steel is used to build skyscrapers and bridges because of its durability. Stainless steel is resistant to corrosion and does not form rust due to its chromium content. Wrought iron does not actually exist in reality, as all metals can have impurities.
Figure 1: Ferrous metal bridge
What are non-ferrous metals?
Non-ferrous metal refers to any metal that does not contain iron as a component. It can be pure metal or an alloy (a mixture of metals and other elements). Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals due to their dwindling supply.
The properties of non-ferrous metals include light weight, corrosion resistance, high degree of electrical conductivity, etc. These non-ferrous metals are resistant to corrosion due to the absence of iron. Due to their light weight, non-ferrous metals are used in creating aircraft body parts. The main advantage of non-ferrous metals over ferrous metals is their ductility. Most non-ferrous metals are non-magnetic. Therefore, they are used in wiring applications.
Types of non-ferrous metals
- aluminum - This exists as an alloy of aluminum, copper and manganese. Due to its light weight, aluminum is used in aircraft construction.
- Copper - It is a very good electrical conductor and is used in the manufacture of wires.
- lead - This metal is heavy and malleable. This can avoid corrosion in humid environment.
- Brass – Brass is primarily made from copper and zinc. But there may be other metallic or non-metallic components. Used for decorative purposes.
Figure 2: Nickel is also a non-ferrous metal.
Definition
Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron as one of their components.
Non-ferrous metals: Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron.
Compound
Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals essentially contain iron and other metallic or non-metallic elements.
Non-Ferrous Metals: Non-ferrous metals are essentially free of iron and are composed of other metallic components.
Corrosion resistance
Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals are always corrosive, except stainless steel.
Non-ferrous metals: Non-ferrous metals do not cause corrosion.
Magnetic properties
Ferrous metals: Ferrous metals exhibit magnetic properties.
Non-ferrous metals: Non-ferrous metals are not magnetic / they are non-magnetic.
Price
Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals are not that expensive due to increased supply.
Non-ferrous metals: Non-ferrous metals are expensive due to dwindling supply.
Weight
Ferrous Metals: Most ferrous metals are heavy metals.
Non-ferrous metals: Non-ferrous metals are light metals.
Conclusion
All metals can be grouped into two groups as ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals depending on their iron content. Thus, the main difference between ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals is that ferrous metals contain iron as a component whereas non-ferrous metals do not contain iron. These metals also have different properties based on this iron content, as well as different uses based on these properties.
Recommendations:
1. “Ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their use.” Locking metals. N.p., n.d. Web.
Source: https://ru.strephonsays.com/difference-between-ferrous-and-nonferrous-metals
What is the difference between ferrous metallurgy and non-ferrous metallurgy?
Since ancient times, metal has become an indispensable element in human everyday life. Thanks to it, we have the opportunity to use electricity, transport, gadgets and other benefits of civilization. That is why metallurgy can be considered a key industry in every state. Metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that involves a lot of financial, material, energy and human resources.
Modern metallurgy has achieved significant development. Thanks to the achievements of science, we have the opportunity to use not only metals given to us by nature, but also innovative composite materials and alloys. They have improved properties and characteristics.
Classification of types of metallurgy
Smelting metals requires a colossal amount of energy and resources, so most mining enterprises work specifically to meet the needs of metallurgy.
To further study the characteristics of this industry, its main types should be highlighted. Today there are two main industries: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
Chernaya is responsible for the production of iron-based alloys. At the same time, it includes other elements such as chromium and manganese. All other production of products from other metals is called non-ferrous.
The production technology has a similar cycle, regardless of the type of raw material, and consists of several stages listed below:
- Extraction of raw materials and their processing. Most metals are not found in nature in their pure form, but are included in various ores, the processing of which is called beneficiation. During the beneficiation process, ore is crushed into small components, from which metal elements and waste rock are separated during the separation process. Alloys are produced from isolated elements.
- Redistribution The metallurgical limit is the process of manufacturing semi-finished products, which in turn are used to manufacture finished products. During the redistribution process, the composition, structure and properties of the alloys, as well as the state of aggregation, change. Processing processes include rolling and crimping, pipe production, melting and casting.
- Recycling. Most waste from metallurgical production is either disposed of or processed into other useful products. Some of the waste rock and slag is deposited in large open-air storage areas. But today, manufacturers are trying to process by-products as efficiently as possible. Some slags are reprocessed to produce additional products, some are used to produce agricultural fertilizers, but most are used to make building materials that are widely used in everyday life.
Most of the metal produced goes through the rolling stage, that is, the production of semi-finished products for the production of finished products. A similar operation is performed on a special device, which is a system of rotating rollers. Metal is passed between them, which under high pressure changes thickness, width and length.
There are cold and hot rolled products, the differences of which lie in the different temperatures of the processed raw materials. Cold rolling is used for raw materials that have a high level of plasticity, which allows the structure of the metal to be preserved and its physical properties not to change.
The rolling process is not always the final stage in the production of semi-finished products. For example, for iron and steel products, processing methods such as coating or hardening may be used. This improves corrosion resistance, increases strength and reduces wear.
It should be noted that the majority of products produced by the metallurgical industry are steel pipes. In second place are sheet and section metals used in mechanical engineering.
Among the main consumers of products in this area, it is worth highlighting the construction sector, mechanical engineering and metalworking.
At the same time, almost every sphere of the national economy cannot do without the use of metallurgical products, as well as blanks and semi-finished products from them.
Ferrous metallurgy
Ferrous metallurgy is based on the processing of iron, namely the ores in which it is contained. Most iron ores are natural oxides. That is why the first stage of production is the separation of iron from the oxide. Large blast furnaces are used for this. This method of producing cast iron is carried out at temperatures above 1000 degrees.
In this case, the properties of the resulting raw materials directly depend on the temperature of the blast furnace and the melting time. With further processing of cast iron, steel or foundry cast iron is obtained, with the help of which blanks and products are cast.
Source: https://crast.ru/instrumenty/chem-otlichaetsja-chernaja-metallurgija-ot-cvetnoj
How do non-ferrous metals differ from ferrous metals?
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are used in industry for countless thousands of purposes. Many people wonder how they differ in terms of use and purpose.
Non-ferrous metals
They do not contain iron or steel. Examples of non-ferrous metals: copper, nickel, aluminum, brass, lead, tin, zinc. Precious metals also do not contain iron: gold, chromium, tungsten, silver, zirconium, mercury, cobalt, bismuth, cadmium, beryllium.
Iron-free metals are used due to their malleability and versatility. They also have higher corrosion resistance since they do not contain any iron compounds.
Jewelry, electrical wiring, window frames, road signs, electrical fittings, batteries, roofing materials and millions of other items are made from iron-free metal materials.
One of the easiest ways to determine whether a material contains iron is to hold a magnet to it. If the magnet does not stick, then the item is made primarily or entirely of non-ferrous metals such as copper or aluminum. If the magnet stretches slightly but does not stick, it is likely that the element is made of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. If you have scrap, for example, from wiring, you can take it to a non-ferrous metal collection point in Moscow
Black metals
Ferrous is any metal that contains iron or steel. Things like scaffolding, cars, buildings, power tools and more are made from ferrous metals.
Carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, wrought iron, mild steel, and any other types of steel and iron are examples of iron-containing metals.
Stainless steel is not made entirely of iron and steel, but also of nickel and chromium. And wrought iron is made up of almost 100 percent iron.
Iron-containing metals are very strong and durable, and even retain magnetic properties. That is why they are used to manufacture various structures that can resist corrosion while remaining strong and stable. They are used to make everything from skyscrapers to drills.
Large-scale pipelines, cars, trucks, yachts, airplanes, construction and agricultural equipment, engines, industrial containers, railroads, and more common large goods are made from iron-containing metals.
Smaller items include everything from kitchen knives to power tools and electrical appliances.
Source: http://profilgp.ru/chem-cvetnye-metally-otlichajutsja-ot-chernyh
Stainless steel is a non-ferrous or ferrous metal, the composition of stainless steel
Is stainless steel a non-ferrous metal or a ferrous one?
Very often, at scrap metal collection points, people get confused and do not know which metal is stainless steel - non-ferrous or ferrous. The composition of stainless steel can be different, depending on the brand, type and purpose.
So what is stainless steel? What metals does it belong to, ferrous or non-ferrous? This article from the construction magazine samastroyka.ru will examine the composition of stainless steel, its main differences from non-ferrous and ferrous metal.
Stainless steel composition
Stainless steel contains about 20% chromium, it also contains carbon, nickel, cobalt, manganese, sulfur, and, of course, iron. It is precisely because stainless steel contains both non-ferrous and ferrous metals that most often disagreements arise about its involvement in a specific group of metals.
Stainless steel indeed has unique characteristics in its own way. It is highly resistant to corrosion, even in very aggressive environments. There are nickel, chromium, and chromium-nickel types of stainless steel that are durable and resistant to mechanical damage.
Differences between ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Ferrous metals include iron and alloys based on it, steel, for example, or cast iron. All of them have high tensile strength and are widely used both in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures, in the automotive industry, construction, etc.
Non-ferrous metals include copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin and others. A distinctive feature of non-ferrous metals is their lower strength and higher cost than ferrous metals. In addition, the main difference between non-ferrous metal and ferrous metal is the absence of iron in its composition.
There is also a so-called class of precious metals, which, as you might have guessed, includes gold, silver, cobalt, chromium and other metals. Therefore, the main difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals is the presence or absence of iron in their composition.
To check what kind of metal is in front of you, black or non-ferrous, you can use a very ordinary magnet. Just bring it to the metal, and if there is absolutely no attraction, then this means that this is non-ferrous metal.
Stainless steel is a non-ferrous or ferrous metal
As mentioned earlier, stainless steel contains both iron and non-ferrous metals. As a result of this, confusion actually arises, which stainless steel is a non-ferrous or ferrous metal?
Stainless steel is an alloy consisting of non-ferrous and ferrous metals. The almost equal content of iron and non-ferrous metals in the composition of stainless steel does not allow it to be classified as a specific metal, ferrous or non-ferrous.
If we talk about scrap metal collection points, then there they accept stainless steel as non-ferrous metal. This happens because stainless steel contains a large amount of nickel, chromium, and other non-ferrous metals. Therefore, it is more profitable to classify stainless steel scrap as non-ferrous metal than as ferrous scrap.
In addition to the composition, a significant difference can be seen in the prices of ferrous metal and stainless steel. As a rule, the cost of ferrous metal is calculated based on one ton, and for stainless steel, just one kilogram of scrap. As mentioned above, the cost of non-ferrous metals is always more expensive. Therefore, stainless steel costs about half as much as ferrous metal.
Source: https://samastroyka.ru/nerzhaveyka.html
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals - what is the difference?
The use of metals for the manufacture of various types of products for industry, agriculture, medicine and many other industries, as well as for domestic purposes, is not surprising in our time. But perhaps not everyone knows how groups of metals such as ferrous and non-ferrous differ from each other.
Let's try to figure this out.
Black metals
Ferrous metals are those that contain steel and iron. Ferrous metals are used to make rails for railroads, pipes for transporting oil and gas, metal scaffolding, anchors for boats, nails, needles, springs and much more.
Stainless steel, carbon steel, cast iron, mild steel, wrought iron are examples of ferrous metals. Wrought iron is almost 100% iron. Stainless steel, for example, consists not only of iron and steel, but also of chromium and nickel.
Ferrous metals containing iron are very durable and strong. They also retain magnetic properties. They are used for the manufacture of products and structures that must be consistently strong and have anti-corrosion properties. Ferrous metals are used in the manufacture of almost everything, from multi-story buildings, cars, engines, to a small screw.
Non-ferrous metals
Non-ferrous metals do not contain steel and iron. This group of metals includes: aluminum and copper, nickel and lead, zinc and tin, brass and gold, silver and platinum, as well as many others that do not contain iron.
Such metals are more versatile in use. They are much more resistant to corrosion than ferrous metals and are more malleable.
Electrical wiring, aircraft, jewelry, window frame profiles, batteries, road signs, roofing materials and millions of other products, objects and structures are made of non-ferrous metals and their compounds.
There is a very simple and accessible way for everyone to determine the content of iron impurities in the material under study. You just need to bring a magnet to it. If the material is not attracted to the magnet, then it consists entirely or with a high percentage of non-ferrous metals. If the material is attracted to a magnet, then it definitely contains a large percentage of iron.
Source: https://zumim.com/chernyie-i-tsvetnyie-metallyi-v-chyom-otlichie.html
Metal materials, alloys: non-ferrous and ferrous metals
All metal materials can be divided into two groups.
Technically pure metals are metals that contain, in addition to a chemically pure element, other elements in small quantities.
Alloys
Alloys are complex materials produced by fusing one metal with other metals or non-metals.
Alloys can be given a wide variety of properties. Therefore, in technology, especially in mechanical engineering, they have found greater use than technically pure metals.
The most common metal materials in industry are alloys of iron and carbon - steel and cast iron. Such alloys are called ferrous metals.
In addition, non-ferrous metals are widely used in technology:
- copper,
- aluminum,
- magnesium,
- nickel,
- zinc,
- tin,
- lead
- and mainly their alloys.
By producing alloys with different quantitative ratios of elements, it is possible to give them different properties necessary for the normal operation of a part or structure.
In addition, there is another way to obtain the necessary properties - this is to change the state or structure (structure) of a metal or alloy using various methods.
So, for example, iron under ordinary, normal conditions is a metal with pronounced magnetic properties; iron products are attracted to a magnet. However, if iron is heated to a temperature above 768°, it will lose completely its magnetic properties and will regain them as soon as the temperature drops below 768°.
It is possible to influence the state of a metal or alloy in such a way that its newly acquired properties are retained for a long time.
For example, by forging or rolling copper at room temperature, its strength can be increased by about 2–2.5 times.
Copper will retain these properties until we subject it to heating to temperatures above 270°.
With the help of a special heat treatment of the alloy, called thermal treatment, which will be discussed in detail below, it is possible to change the structure of the alloy, as a result of which its qualities will greatly change.
§
Source: http://www.Conatem.ru/tehnologiya_metallov/metallicheskie-materialy-splavy-cvetnye-i-chernye-metally.html
Stainless steel is a ferrous or non-ferrous metal
- 1 Is stainless steel a non-ferrous metal or a ferrous one?
- 2 What affects the price of stainless steel, how to determine stainless steel
- 3 Stainless steel scrap - types, descriptions and prices
- 4 Stainless steel – non-ferrous or ferrous metal?
- 5 How do non-ferrous metals differ from ferrous metals?
- 5.1 Non-ferrous metals
- 5.2 Ferrous metals
- 6 Black steel - classifications, characteristics, application
- 7 Ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Use, application of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are...
- 8 Stainless steel | Reception of scrap non-ferrous and ferrous metals in Moscow and the region
- 9 Black
- 10 Stainless steel grades - classification, interpretation
- 11 Ferrous metals
- 11.1 Classification of ferrous metals
- 11.2 Types of ferrous metals
- 12 Ferrous and non-ferrous metals - what is the difference?
- 12.1 Ferrous metals
- 12.2 Non-ferrous metals
Very often, when our clients are faced with the need to hand over stainless steel, they wonder: is stainless steel a non-ferrous metal or is it still ferrous? Stainless steel is a material whose composition varies and depends on its type, brand, and purpose.
The alloy contains 12-20% chromium, but may also contain nickel, carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, cobalt, molybdenum.
Disagreements regarding whether stainless steel is a non-ferrous or ferrous metal arise due to the fact that the composition contains both iron and various non-ferrous metals.
Before we tell you in detail what kind of metal stainless steel is, we draw your attention to the fact that the Metal-Snab company accepts stainless steel on favorable terms in Moscow and the Moscow region.
Our prices for receiving stainless steel
Type of stainless steelPrice per kg, rub| Lumps of stainless steel scrap with nickel content from 9.3% to 11% (ns 10%) | 75 |
| Lumps of stainless steel scrap with nickel content from 9.00% to 9.2% (ns 9%) | 60 |
| Lumps of stainless steel scrap with nickel content from 8% to 9% (ns 8%) | 52 |
| Lumps of stainless steel scrap with nickel content from 7% to 8% (ns 7%) | 40 |
Differences between non-ferrous and ferrous metals
Ferrous metals are iron, as well as various iron-based alloys, such as cast iron or steel. They have high tensile strength and are widely used in construction. Ferrous metal products are used:
- in the automotive industry;
- for the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures;
- production of various pipes;
- performing reinforcement.
The easiest way to understand that a metal is black is to hold a magnet close to it. The attraction indicates the iron content in the composition.
Non-ferrous metals are less durable and more expensive. Their main and key difference from black ones is the absence of iron. They are malleable and versatile, these include:
- copper and nickel;
- aluminum and brass;
- zinc and tin.
There is also a class of precious non-ferrous metals - gold, silver, chrome, cobalt.
Thus, we can say that the main difference between non-ferrous and ferrous metal is the presence or absence of iron in the composition.
Stainless steel is an alloy of ferrous and non-ferrous metals
So what is stainless steel? Is stainless steel a non-ferrous metal or a ferrous one? Our answer: neither one nor the other.
Stainless steel is an alloy of ferrous and non-ferrous metal. Due to the almost equal percentage of iron and various non-ferrous metals, this alloy cannot be classified as a specific type.
At scrap metal collection points, stainless steel is usually accepted as non-ferrous metal scrap. Due to the high percentage of chromium and nickel and other non-ferrous metals, stainless steel scrap simply cannot be classified as ferrous scrap, even if it contains iron.
The prices for ferrous metal and stainless steel differ primarily in that the price of ferrous metal is calculated per 1 ton, and the price of stainless steel per 1 kilogram. Non-ferrous metals have a higher value, so stainless steel scrap is about half as expensive as ferrous scrap metal.
It is impossible to unambiguously compare the demand for stainless steel and ferrous metals, since they have different areas of application. Stainless steel is used in cases where the structure must be highly resistant to corrosion and various aggressive environments.
Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/nerzhaveyka-eto-chernyy-ili-tsvetnoy-metall/
How to identify non-ferrous metal?
Today, many owners of private houses are trying to make the most of their own capabilities. We are talking about organizing a workshop. The presence of even a primitive lathe will allow you to produce a wide variety of parts for a wide variety of purposes. In any case, repairing garden equipment or even your own car will become much easier.
Meanwhile, savings can be achieved by purchasing metal raw materials on the most favorable terms. Today on the Internet you can find the most attractive prices for aluminum rods. Many people purchase metal for further use at scrap metal sites. Here the question arises - how to distinguish ferrous metal from non-ferrous metal?
The actual difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Surveys show that the average person cannot answer this question. The essence of the answer lies in the composition of the metals.
Ferrous metals contain an admixture of iron. Therefore, ferrous metal can be determined using an ordinary magnet. If it sticks to a metal part or workpiece, we can say with confidence that it is made of ferrous metal.
However, there are exceptions to any rule. Nickel also attracts a magnet, although it is considered exclusively non-ferrous metals. Additionally, the magnet rule does not apply to some metal alloys.
These include stainless steel.
Non-ferrous metals that are not magnetic
These can safely be attributed to:
- aluminum;
- copper;
- brass;
- bronze
However, there is an easier way to identify ferrous metal. If you purchase metal at a dealer (reception point), it is very likely that it is located in the open air.
We are talking about the fact that the metal is affected by precipitation. This means that it is in no way protected from corrosion. Consequently, ferrous metals immediately begin to become covered with rust.
Source: http://euroelectrica.ru/kak-opredelit-tsvetnoy-metall/
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Use, application of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are
Metals surround us always and everywhere. Today it is an integral part of many things that we use every day. It is enough just to look around the room you are in to understand that this is really the case.
Since school, we know that all these mineral materials are divided into two large groups - ferrous and non-ferrous metals. We have to find out which of them belong to which group. What non-ferrous metals exist on our planet?
What is ferrous metal
The category of “ferrous metals” includes iron and all its alloys that currently exist. In its pure form, iron is found only in research laboratories. Mainly it was steel.
This type of metal is formed by combining iron with carbon and adding additional elements that give the resulting metal certain properties necessary in a particular production (for example, magnetic).
Cast iron and steel
As a rule, ferrous metals undergo several standard phases in production: the extraction of ore and its processing in a blast furnace. After this, cast iron is obtained, from which any types of steel and iron alloys are subsequently obtained. The latter are more often used in heavy industry. In contrast, non-ferrous metals are a softer substance with slightly different properties; they are used in a different area.
The composition of cast iron includes 93% iron and about 3-5% carbon, plus residual elements in small quantities. This material is rarely used for production because it is brittle. It can be found in the manufacture of certain types of pipes, valves or valves. But the majority of the pig iron produced (more than 90%) is processed into steel.
The main types of steel that are made from iron are: carbon and low-carbon (hardened) steel, stainless steel, ferrite-chromium, chrome, martensitic-chromium, chrome-vanadium, alloy, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum and manganese steel.
Iron ores
In its pure form, this element of the periodic table is found in fairly small quantities in the earth's crust (only 5.5%). But there is a lot of it in various iron ores.
The most significant deposits (reserves amount to more than 30 trillion tons) are layers of ferruginous quartzites, which are more than two billion years old. They are distributed mainly in places such as South and North America, Africa, India and western Australia.
Another large group of metals, unlike the previous one, has softer properties, they are more ductile, have thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to corrosion and many others.
Non-ferrous metals are the combined name for all metals and their alloys, with the exception of iron. They can also be called “non-iron metals,” which would be quite fair.
Non-ferrous metals are:
— gold, silver, platinum (precious metals);
— aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, beryllium (light);
- copper, tin, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel (heavy);
— niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, tungsten (refractory);
— indium, gallium, thallium (scattered);
— scandium, yttrium and all lanthanides (rare earths);
- radium, technetium, actinium, polonium, thorium, francium, uranium and transuranium elements (radioactive).
History of non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metals today are actively used in mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, construction and many other areas of production. Thanks to scientific and technological progress, the scope of application of this material is constantly expanding, and metal extraction technologies continue to improve.
Over time, the use of non-ferrous metals increased, which led to the discovery of new elements and names. More and more metals began to be used in production. At the beginning of the 20th century, about 15 names were used, and after 50 years - twice as many. Today, more than 70 different metals are used, which is the majority of those currently known.
The increase in the level of demand for heavy non-ferrous metals was due to the growing needs of the military industry (for the production of ammunition), but the light group was used in the aerospace industry.
Since ancient times, the noble group has been massively used for the manufacture of jewelry and ornaments. In the 90s of the 20th century, 78% of gold, 36% of platinum and 15% of silver were used precisely for these purposes. If we take other areas where noble non-ferrous metals are used, they are electronic production (gold contacts in devices), automobile production (about 43% platinum), and silver was used to make film and photographic materials.
Features of non-ferrous metals
Each of the metals in this group has properties that largely determine its membership in it. This also determines the use of non-ferrous metals in many areas of industry.
So, for example, most of them have high heat capacity and thermal conductivity, which gives them the ability to quickly cool after welding. There is a downside to this: when working with metals such as magnesium and copper, you need to heat them up just before welding, and you need to use strong heat sources during the process to keep them from cooling.
Another characteristic property is a decrease in mechanical properties. In view of this, it is necessary to work with them carefully to avoid deformation.
Non-ferrous metals actively react with gases during heating. Titanium, molybdenum and tantalum clearly demonstrate this property.
This group of metals can be used for a long time, but they need to be protected from oxygen, which destroys metals. For this purpose, the conductors are, for example, coated with a protective varnish. The metal is first subjected to a two-layer priming procedure.
Copper ores
This type of ore is the most common in the “non-ferrous” category. This metal also has the widest range of uses: construction, industrial energy, aircraft manufacturing, medicine, production of efficient heat exchangers and many others.
The locations of copper deposits are also varied. Today, great importance is attached to poor disseminated ores (porphyred type), which are mined in volcanic craters. The chemical element was formed from a hot solution that came from magma chambers. A large reserve of such ore is located in North and South America.
Source: https://FB.ru/article/225967/chernyie-i-tsvetnyie-metallyi-ispolzovanie-primenenie-tsvetnyih-metallov-tsvetnyie-metallyi---eto
Metallurgy
Since ancient times, metal has become an indispensable element in human everyday life. Thanks to it, we have the opportunity to use electricity, transport, gadgets and other benefits of civilization. That is why metallurgy can be considered a key industry in every state. Metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that involves a lot of financial, material, energy and human resources.
Metallurgy
Modern metallurgy has achieved significant development. Thanks to the achievements of science, we have the opportunity to use not only metals given to us by nature, but also innovative composite materials and alloys. They have improved properties and characteristics.
Non-ferrous metallurgy
The production of such products is not much different from ferrous metallurgy technologies. The non-ferrous metallurgy cycle also consists of ore beneficiation, metal smelting, conversion and rolling. But in some cases, refining of metals can also be used, that is, purification of the primary product from impurities.
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Purification of non-ferrous metal ore is a more difficult task, since it contains much more foreign impurities, including other useful components. As in ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous by-products are widely used in the processing industry, especially in chemical production.
Two sub-sectors should be distinguished: metallurgy of heavy and light metals. The principle of this division is based on the different properties of the non-ferrous metals being processed. The production of heavy metals requires significantly less energy.
Sometimes a third group, the so-called rare earth metals, is isolated. This name is due to the fact that previously such elements were poorly studied and were rarely found in natural conditions. Although in fact their quantity is not inferior to many heavy or light non-ferrous metals. They are usually used in the production of high-tech devices.
Products from this industry are widely used in mechanical engineering, aerospace, chemical industry and instrument making.
Mining metallurgy
This is an area of industry responsible for extracting valuable metals from ores, smelting the resulting raw materials and obtaining the finished product. The separation of metal from waste rock and other slags can be carried out by chemical, electrolytic or physical action.
The task of this branch of metallurgy is to optimize the process of isolating pure metal, high-quality separation of useful components from waste rock and minimizing losses.
Metals are used for various purposes, both for the manufacture of various jewelry and costume jewelry, and in high-tech areas. For example, in the construction of high-precision instruments, modern gadgets, computers and other electrical appliances. And also in the space sector, aircraft manufacturing, and other areas where special properties are required that only valuable metals have.
It should be noted that previously metallurgy focused strictly on the processing of mined raw materials. But recently, due to the fact that metals are not a renewable resource, the problem of processing secondary raw materials has become acute.
Ore mining
Non-ferrous and ferrous metals are subject to recycling. Therefore, manufacturers try to collect and recycle end-of-life metal products as efficiently and fully as possible.
The scrap metal market is constantly growing, and therefore the number of large and small recycling enterprises is growing. Their task is to clean metals from accompanying materials and then remelt them.
To preserve the high-quality structure and properties, recyclable materials are melted together with freshly mined raw materials.
Further development is impossible only with the use of natural resources, the quantity of which is constantly decreasing. Therefore, the main task today can be considered the processing of recyclable materials and the search for analogues that can fully replace metals.
The development of metallurgy is directly related to the intellectual development of humanity and its needs. Since new technologies require improved properties and characteristics from existing metals, as well as the creation of innovative alloys that have no analogues before.
Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/metallurgiya.html
Ferrous metals, their properties, features and what is worth knowing
Kashtanovy lane 8/14 51100 Magdalinovka village
Nikolaenko Dmitrij
Ferrous metals, their properties, features and what is worth knowing Ferrous metals, their properties, features and what is worth knowing ( 1 vote, average: 5 out of 5)
Metals are divided into non-ferrous and ferrous. Ferrous metals , in essence, are iron that contains varying amounts of carbon, as well as different crystal lattice. Ferrous metals include steel and cast iron, which in turn have a fairly large number of main classes. In the production of cast irons and steels of various types, ferrous metals extracted from metal ores are used.
In the metal economy, ferrous metals account for more than 90%, indicating their wide distribution. The percentage of carbon determines what properties the material will acquire—cast iron or steel. To improve the quality of ferrous metal, alloying additives (other metals and alloys, as well as chemical elements) are used, which improve the properties of the alloys and give them the desired shade of characteristics depending on its application.
Common alloying additives are:
- copper;
- silicon;
- chromium;
- nickel.
Classification of ferrous metals
In most cases, the classification of ferrous metals is based on the division of elements according to their chemical composition and properties . alloying elements are determined by iron and its alloy.
In turn, a certain percentage of carbon in the alloy indicates whether it is cast iron or steel. Thus, cast iron contains more than 1.7% carbon, and steel contains from 0.2 to 1.7% carbon.
Classification of ferrous metals involves division into the following classes:
- iron metals;
- refractory;
- uranium;
- alkaline earth;
- rare earths.
Also, the classification of ferrous metals implies the separation of alloyed and unalloyed steels, which are also called carbon steels. Carbon steels include steels in which carbon is the main component, and impurities do not have much effect on the properties of the metal.
Alloyed steels have one or more alloyed elements, which have a huge impact on the properties of steel. /Alloy steels are very widely used for the manufacture of critical parts that bear heavy loads, experience different temperatures, and strong frictional effects.
The use of such steel is widespread in mechanical engineering, tractor manufacturing, heavy industry and other areas.
Types of ferrous metals
Types of ferrous metals made from steel have many uses. However, all types are different and have their own purpose and area of application. Also, various types of ferrous metals , in particular steel, after undergoing heat treatment, acquire distinctive properties.
Many alloys lend themselves well to rolling, pressing, and casting successfully. Others are soft enough to be processed by hand. Such types of ferrous metals as stainless steel, having the necessary alloying elements, have very high resistance to corrosion, great hardness and strength.
This type of steel is successfully used in the food industry, medicine, for the manufacture of household items, for the production of turbines, etc. Another type of ferrous metal is cast iron. Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon and its content is higher than in steel.
Since cast iron has good casting properties, it is mainly used for cast parts. Cast iron is divided into types:
- Foundry cast iron;
- Pig iron;
- Anti-friction cast iron;
- Ductile iron;
- Low alloy cast iron;
- High alloy cast iron;
- Nodular cast iron;
- Cast iron with vermicular graphite for castings.
Foundry cast iron is used for casting; flake graphite contributes well to this. Malleable - has remarkable ductility, can be forged well, which is where the name comes from. Certain types of ferrous metal , for example, nodular graphite cast iron, due to its spherical structure, are used in the manufacture of parts of very high quality.
More articles from this section: Low-carbon steel and its main characteristics
Low-carbon steel is an alloy that does not contain alloying elements and has
( 1 vote, average: 4 out of 5) Steel
Steel, as one of the most common metals today
( 1 vote, average: 5 out of 5) Alloy steel
Alloy steel is a steel that contains various alloying
( 1 vote, average: 4 out of 5) Cast iron
Cast iron is an iron-carbon alloy. Percentage of carbon content (C) in
( 1 vote, average: 4 out of 5) Grades of high-alloy cast iron
All grades of high-alloy cast iron have their own characteristic features, therefore they are used
( 1 vote, average: 5 out of 5) Anti-friction cast iron, its properties, features, varieties and technical characteristics
Anti-friction cast iron is a casting iron that is used in critical
( 1 vote, average: 4 out of 5) High alloy cast irons
High alloy cast irons have very high physical and chemical properties due to
( 1 vote, average: 4 out of 5) Medium carbon steel, grades, properties and features of the alloy
Medium carbon steel is steel that does not contain alloying elements
( 1 vote, average: 4 out of 5)
Source: https://metallsmaster.ru/chernye-metally/
Difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals
It is impossible to imagine the modern world without the use of metals, because this material accompanies us in all areas of life: dishes, cars, household appliances, electronics and much more. Their share is 75% of all existing elements on earth. As you know, all metals are divided into groups - ferrous and non-ferrous, which are used both in pure form and in the form of alloys with other metals.
Thus, ferrous metals are those that contain iron, both in pure form and in the form of alloys (steel, cast iron), which differ in the amount of carbon they contain. Colored ones, in turn, do not contain natural iron. They are diverse in their chemical composition (copper, zinc, lead, titanium, etc.). This group received its specific name because of the shade of copper, the main non-ferrous metal.
Properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Metals are substances that are unique in nature because they have a set of properties that distinguish them from other elements. All these characteristics are divided into groups:
a) strength - the perception of metals of the loads placed on it without violating its integrity;
b) hardness – resistance to the penetration of harder material (applying a hole with a hammer using a center punch);
c) elasticity – restoration of shape after eliminating the factor influencing its change;
d) viscosity - the ability to absorb energy received during impact;
e) plasticity – change in shape without loss of integrity when exposed to external forces;
a) malleability - in parallel with plasticity, a property that allows one to obtain a new shape by impacting the metal;
b) corrosion resistance;
c) fluidity - the ability to fill casting molds in a molten state, resulting in dense castings.
d) weldability - the property, manifested in a molten or plastic state, to connect with other elements, including;
e) machinability - the ability to be processed using cutting tools.
Technical characteristics that distinguish ferrous metals from non-ferrous ones
The properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals determine the features of their use in different areas of life. It is impossible to say with a 100% guarantee which of the groups is the best, because when comparing, differences in characteristics are noted, both positive and negative:
- Corrosion resistance – non-ferrous metals, unlike ferrous ones, do not contain iron, therefore they retain their natural properties much longer. An example of this is the Buddha statues located in Nepal, which are several thousand years old. Thus, products made of non-ferrous metals do not rust;
- The depth of influence of the external environment - non-ferrous metals under the influence of moisture and oxygen only lose color (copper can turn green or black, zinc can turn white), and ferrous metals are susceptible to penetration of the destructive process inside;
- Adhesive ability – ferrous metals can be easily painted or coated with protective agents, unlike non-ferrous ones;
- Scope of application (ferrous metals - mechanical engineering, construction, non-ferrous metals - chemical light, food industry, metallurgy, electrical industry);
- Difficulty of extraction – extraction of non-ferrous metals is more labor-intensive, which affects their price;
- Natural reserves - the volume of natural deposits of ferrous metals far exceeds non-ferrous metals, which worries the development of the chemical industry, and therefore pushes us to solve the problem of obtaining materials with properties similar to non-ferrous metals.
Source: https://kcm.in.ua/razlichie-chernyx-i-cvetnyx-metallov/
What are the types of non-ferrous metals - Metalist's Handbook
Metals surround us always and everywhere. Today it is an integral part of many things that we use every day. It is enough just to look around the room you are in to understand that this is really the case.
Since school, we know that all these mineral materials are divided into two large groups - ferrous and non-ferrous metals. We have to find out which of them belong to which group. What non-ferrous metals exist on our planet?
What are non-ferrous metals
Another large group of metals, unlike the previous one, has softer properties, they are more ductile, have thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to corrosion and many others.
Non-ferrous metals are the combined name for all metals and their alloys, with the exception of iron. They can also be called “non-iron metals,” which would be quite fair.
Non-ferrous metals are:
— gold, silver, platinum (precious metals);
— aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, beryllium (light);
- copper, tin, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel (heavy);
— niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, tungsten (refractory);
— indium, gallium, thallium (scattered);
— scandium, yttrium and all lanthanides (rare earths);
- radium, technetium, actinium, polonium, thorium, francium, uranium and transuranium elements (radioactive).
Types of scrap metal: ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals
The official classification of metal waste is extensive and multi-stage. It takes into account numerous characteristics by which or the combination of which this or that scrap metal belongs to a certain type, group, class, category.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWdrLxCCu20
In the usual practice adopted in relations between organizations that procure secondary metals and deliverers, types of scrap metal are categorized more simply, which ensures optimal mutual understanding and a transparent system of purchase prices when making delivery/reception transactions.
Types of scrap metal: separation according to main characteristics
When classifying scrap metal as one type or another, the following characteristics are primarily taken into account:
- chemical composition;
- physical structure;
- origin;
- mass and dimensional characteristics of fragments;
- degree of purity;
- quality indicators.
The basis of any classification is the division of secondary metals into ferrous and non-ferrous.
The first category includes metals and iron-based alloys - steel and cast iron.
The second is much more extensive, and combines numerous non-magnetic metals and their alloys.
“Stainless” steels stand somewhat apart: in some cases they are classified as ferrous metals, sometimes (some grades with a high content of alloying elements) as non-ferrous.
Scrap of noble (precious) metals also occupies a special place.
Types of scrap metal (table by group)
| Scrap ferrous metals | Scrap of non-ferrous metals and alloys | Scrap of noble (precious) metals |
| Cast ironSteelStainless alloys with low alloying elements | AluminumCopperBronzeBrassLeadZincNickel-containing alloysMagnesiumRare metal scrapSemiconductor scrapOthers | GoldSilverPlatinumOther |
Types of ferrous metal scrap
This includes items made from steel, cast iron and stainless alloys with low additive content.
The categorization of this recyclable material is regulated by the requirements of GOST 2787-75.
Classification principles:
- According to carbon content, 2 classes are defined - steel, cast iron;
- based on the presence or absence of alloying additives, 2 classes have been established (carbon, alloyed); the latter, in turn, are divided by the state standard into 67 groups depending on the types and percentage of alloying elements.
- According to quality criteria, there is a division into 28 categories.
Another principle for categorizing this type of waste is dimensional, mass and geometric parameters.
Thus, one of the most common categories 3A includes pieces of metal with maximum dimensions of 1500x500x500 mm, weighing from 1 to 600 kg, and a number of others; 5A is oversized waste; category 12A combines industrial and household batch grade scrap, 13A is wire and fittings.
Other types of ferrous scrap are also standardized according to these criteria.
Of particular importance is the division depending on origin:
- recycled products and their parts (parts of machines and building structures, rails, pipes, fittings, household items, etc.);
- industrial (waste from foundry and metalworking industries - shavings, trimmings, scrap, defective parts);
- stale metal (not used, which has lost its original performance properties as a result of long-term storage and is subject to recycling).
Separately, groups are determined by contamination indicator (the amount of foreign, including non-metallic, impurities).
Types of non-ferrous metal scrap
It includes numerous items made of metals that do not belong to the first category, except for precious ones.
The categorization of this recyclable material is regulated by the requirements of GOST 1639-2009.
The main types of non-ferrous metal scrap are:
- aluminum;
- copper;
- bronze;
- brass;
- lead;
- zinc and TsAM;
- nickel-containing alloys;
- magnesium;
- rare metal scrap;
- semiconductor scrap.
Among the listed types, aluminum predominates quantitatively.
The state standard establishes 32 types of waste, but in common practice it is customary to distinguish some, among which the most common are:
- food;
- electrotechnical;
- profile;
- offset.
When sorting at collection points, car wheels and radiators are usually also separated.
A special place is occupied by shavings and drink cans.
Other aluminum belongs to the conventional “mix” category, i.e. contains parts and fragments of different composition, geometry and size.
It should be noted that the name can sometimes confuse the sender; Thus, the usual pots, bowls, mugs, and milk flasks belong to the “food” category, but frying pans have nothing to do with it.
Among copper items, one should highlight cable copper, wire (from the windings of transformers and electric motors), electrical parts (terminals, conductive clamps, shoes, etc.), a special category of “shine” and some others; Waste of different quality and structure belongs to the “mix” category.
Among bronze and brass products, plumbing fixtures (taps, mixers, their fasteners), car radiators, fittings, and household items predominate.
Metalworking waste from industries using these materials stands separately.
It is sometimes easy for an inexperienced deliverer to make a mistake: often products made from other metals look like they contain copper; For example, aluminum wires coated with copper, zinc faucets that look like brass, and even lamps or door handles made of ferrous metal that imitate bronze due to electroplating are widespread.
Scrap lead includes cable protective sheathing, battery plates, balancing weights, as well as the so-called “self-melt”, which are homogeneous shapeless or hand-molded pieces.
Often, at non-ferrous metal collection points, batteries are accepted in their entirety, both drained and filled.
There are certain features in the categorization of other types of non-ferrous metal scrap.
Types of precious metal scrap
This category includes:
- jewelry, put out of use for various reasons, and its fragments;
- elements of silver-zinc batteries, catalysts, chemical equipment and other devices containing precious metals;
- parts and elements of radio-electronic devices;
- some other products.
The procedure for receiving and storing precious metal scrap differs significantly from the usual due to the need to ensure its proper accounting and proper storage conditions.
Source: https://metall-priem.ru/blog/vidy-metalloloma.html
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals: properties and varieties
Metals are present in almost every area of human activity. This is a material for equipment, machines, devices, the list goes on and on. They are divided into two groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals. All metals have a granular structure; this can only be noticed with the naked eye at a fresh fracture site or with the help of a microscope.
Ferrous metals, varieties
Ferrous metals are more widely distributed than non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are an alloy of carbon and iron. As a rule, there is little carbon in the alloy.
In addition to these two main components, ferrous metals may contain the following additives:
- manganese;
- silicon;
- sulfur;
- phosphorus.
To achieve maximum quality, ferrous metals contain additives: chromium, nickel, copper and silicon.
Therefore, it is better to abandon such an expensive option and choose something else, especially since, for example, composite pools have a lot of advantages and do not have the disadvantages that more massive structures have. It must be admitted that in the West they have been using fiberglass for the manufacture of swimming pools for a long time and this is a completely justified step that has a lot of advantages.
Ferrous metals are divided into steel and cast iron. Steels contain carbon from 0.02 to 2.14%. Typical properties of steel include high strength, toughness, hardness, ductility, and good weldability.
Steels are widely used in many industries, in particular in mechanical engineering. Steel is processed by cutting, casting and pressing.
By adding chromium, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium to steel, the chemical, strength, mechanical and physical properties of steel are improved.
Cast iron has a higher carbon content - 2.14%. The most common cast irons in industry contain from 2.4 to 3.8% carbon. Cast iron is characterized by brittleness, low plastic deformation, poor weldability, but good casting properties.
As a rule, cast iron products are produced by casting and processed by cutting, but rolling is also possible. Drums, elevator loads and much more are made from cast iron.
Non-ferrous metals, varieties
As stated above, non-ferrous metals are less common. Firstly, there are fewer reserves of non-ferrous metals in nature, and secondly, they are not strong enough. In addition, non-ferrous metals must be subjected to a complex smelting process, which is unprofitable. At the same time, it is impossible to refuse to use them due to their properties.
In their pure form, non-ferrous metals are used extremely rarely; alloys are mainly used, which have excellent properties, for example, an alloy of aluminum and copper has high thermal and electrical conductivity. This makes it possible to use it for radiators, refrigeration units and so on.
Non-ferrous metals are divided into groups:
- heavy (lead, tin, copper, zinc, nickel);
- light (aluminum, lithium, titanium, sodium, magnesium, etc.);
- refractory (molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, etc.
);
- rare earths (lanthanum, scandium, yttrium, promethium, cerium, lanthanides);
- noble (silver, platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium);
- radioactive (uranium, radium, thorium, actinium, plutonium, etc.
);
- scattered (indium, rhenium, selenium, tellurium, thallium, hafnium, germanium).
Alloys obtained from metals are divided into light metal alloys, heavy metal alloys, and so on.
Copper is an indispensable ingredient for the manufacture of wire and evaporators. The well-known color of copper is a guarantee of the authenticity of such goods. It has good malleability and corrosion resistance.
Brass is yellow in color and is used to make sheets, strips and strips, and other small parts. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, hence the color.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals have different properties and purposes, but each of them is irreplaceable. Humanity cannot live without metals, since there is no alternative to them in terms of strength and wear resistance.
Metals and their alloys
Source: http://kamzmk.ru/chernye-i-cvetnye-metally-svojstva-i-raznovidnosti.shtml
