At what temperature does tin melt - Metals and their processing

Melting point of tin and lead:

Tin is one of the most studied metals by man. It was discovered in prehistoric times. Already ancient man knew what the melting point of tin was, the physical and chemical properties of this metal and the range of its use in everyday life. The alloy of tin and copper is man's first attempt at metallurgy, the first artificial metal compound created by human hands.

Tin in nature

The most important natural compounds are cassiterite, which includes tin oxide, and stannin (tin pyrite). In ancient times, this metal was mined in open mines, but in the modern world there are practically no open deposits of tin left. On an industrial scale, it is smelted from ores containing about 1% of this substance. Thus, to obtain 1 kg of pure tin, you need to process a hundredweight of ore.

Uses of tin

One of the most well-known uses of tin is soldering. The low melting point allows soldering at home. For soldering, this metal is sold in the form of small rods with a diameter of up to 10 mm. Quite often, alloys with various additives are offered - with lead, silver, copper, indium and others. The melting point of tin and lead is lower than that of pure tin, so the soldering process is faster.

Due to its physical characteristics, this metal can be stored in liquid form under normal conditions. The low melting point of tin allows the metallic liquid to be sealed into glass ampoules for laboratory or other research.

Tin smelting

Tin is quite easy to melt in large quantities and cast into a mold of graphite or any other material. The average melting point of tin does not exceed 240°C. The basic requirements for material for molds are as follows:

the substance should not be wetted with liquid tin;
the material must withstand temperatures of 250°C without collapsing or changing its shape.

Molten metal is capable of oxidizing in open air, and the solid is quite resistant to oxygen corrosion. Sometimes this property is used to apply a metal layer to tin products. But unlike zinc coating, tin coating does not provide the product with electrochemical protection - in the event of a scratch, corrosion will more quickly corrode the surface with a tin coating rather than with a zinc coating.

Tin for soldering

The melting temperature depends on the amount and composition of impurities in the rod. You can find out what the melting point of tin is from the table of the most common alloys.

Three-component alloys based on lead, silver and tin have proven themselves well in electrical engineering. The percentage of impurities in solder varies: standards for additives have not yet been developed. All manufacturers agree on one thing - the tin content in the alloy should not be less than 95%. The melting point of tin solder in this composition ranges from 217-221° C.

To improve the characteristics of the solder, a small amount of antimony is introduced into it. This composition is used for soldering radio components in the most critical areas.

Alloys containing silver have proven themselves well. The presence of this noble metal improves the technical characteristics of the finished product and increases its service life. Alloys with a high silver content are used in various communications and industrial equipment.

Zinc-containing alloys are not very common. The reason for this dislike is the increased chemical activity of zinc.

Due to its interaction with the environment, zinc-containing compounds are destroyed quite quickly, and in addition, when working with them, it is necessary to use active fluxes. Solder pastes containing this additive are not intended for long-term storage.

The melting point of tin for soldering with zinc content is quite high. For example, the well-known compound Sn91Zn9 melts at a temperature of 200°C.

Tin and lead

Like tin, lead in the form of alloys and additives has been used by humans since time immemorial. This inexpensive and abundant metal has properties that improve the quality of solder and its performance.

Solders that contain lead are called lead-containing solders. Lead compounds are very harmful to health, so the use of compounds of this metal is very limited.

In the past, the widespread use of lead solders was due to the good performance characteristics of the alloy and its low processing temperature. The melting point of tin and lead does not exceed 190°C.

Despite strict restrictions, lead solders are widely used in certain industries, such as defense manufacturing and the nuclear power sector.

Using Pure Tin

The semiconductor industry uses solders with a high content of pure tin, in which there are 999,999 atoms of pure metal per atom of foreign metal. The melting point of tin in its pure form is 240°C.

But in everyday conditions, such solders are not in demand: the fact is that when the temperature drops, this metal transforms its structure, gray spots appear on the surface of the product - the so-called tin plague.

Additions of various components change this temperature and give tin alloys greater stability.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/215514/new_temperatura-plavleniya-olova-i-svintsa

Melting point of tin, industrial use

Tin is one of the metals of antiquity that can preserve the smell and taste of drinks. A light metal, silvery-white, one of the few that man began to use in prehistoric times. It was discovered before iron, and the alloy of copper and tin is most likely the first “artificial” material created by man.

Description of metal

Tin is a rare metal, found in small quantities in ores and sands, and is especially common in layers raised from the ocean floor. It ranks 47th in abundance among metals in the earth's crust.

To obtain it, ores are used whose content of this metal is about 0.1%. First, the ore is enriched (by magnetic separation or gravity flotation). Thus, the tin content increases to 40–70% . Then the concentrate is fired in oxygen to remove arsenic and sulfur impurities. The material thus obtained is reduced in electric furnaces using aluminum or coal.

About 40% of the world's tin production goes into the production of tin cans. The rest is used in metallurgy to produce various alloys. The most famous alloy is bronze, consisting of tin and copper. And only 7% of tin produced in the world is used in the form of chemical compounds.

Recycling and use

Recycling also takes place, with most of the metal coming from old tin cans, in which it is used as a coating. Due to the fact that this metal may contain impurities, which over time can pass into the product in a tin can, the content of tin and other elements in the production of food cans is strictly standardized.

According to sanitary standards, the content of foreign impurities in tin intended for tinning a tin can should not exceed 0.14% , and the amount of lead should not exceed 0.04%. But still, for preventive purposes, special varnishes are used that protect the metal from decomposition under the influence of organic acids, sugar, and salt.

Each jar contains approximately 0.5 g of this metal. But if you multiply this seemingly small number by the scale of production, you get tens of tons. In developed countries, the share of “recycled” tin in production is approximately 1/3 of total consumption.

Alloys and some features of tin

The use of tin alloys is common as antifriction materials, that is, materials that have a low coefficient of friction, or that can reduce the coefficient of friction of other materials. Using antifriction materials, you can significantly increase the life of mechanisms and machines by reducing friction losses.

Another interesting feature of tin (the so-called white) is its ability to increase its volume by 25.6% when the temperature drops to 13.2°C . In this case, the so-called gray tin is formed. When the temperature reaches -33°C, the metal cracks and becomes powder. If gray and white metal come into contact, “contamination” of the white will occur. The combination of such phenomena is called the “tin plague.”

Various tin-based alloys are used in electrical engineering in the manufacture of electrical capacitors. In capacitors, staniol is actively used: almost pure metal in the form of thin sheets.

Melting temperature

Tin has become widespread as a solder. Here, metal with impurities is used, called light alloy solders. This is due to the relatively low melting point of 231.93 °C . In different cases, the amount of certain additives differs.

It is also appropriate here to recall lead as the main component used in solder.

Lead is an extremely soft metal with a light gray color. It has corrosion resistance to a variety of reagents, as well as high ductility. Due to this, as well as its low melting point (327 °C), it is widely used for the manufacture of insulating sheaths of electrical cables. Another characteristic feature of lead is its ability to absorb X-rays, which is why it is used as protective screens.

Do not forget that various lead compounds, as well as fumes from molten lead, are poisonous. Work with such material should take place in specially equipped ventilated chambers. Lead compounds, like lead itself, can also enter the body through the skin , so after working with it you need to wash your hands thoroughly.

Lead is used in soft tin-lead solders.

Here is a list of the main solder standards.

POS. - 90. Melting point 220 ° C.
POS. - 61. Melting point 191 ° C.
POS. - 40. Melting point 235 ° C.
POS. - 33. Melting point 247 ° C.
POS. — 25. Melting point 260 ° C.
POS. — 15. Melting point 280 ° C.

Where the numbers in the name are the percentage of tin. The remainder is lead and/or other impurities to give the solder certain, necessary characteristics.

Tin-lead solders are widely used industries. To impart different properties to the solder, additional components are introduced, such as antimony or zinc.

The prevalence of these two components in low-melting solders is determined by their melting point:

Tin. Melting point - 231.93 ° C.
Lead. Melting point - 327.46 ° C.

Tin is one of the most important metals in a wide variety of industries, convenient and easy to use precisely because of its softness and ease of working with it.

Source: https://elektro.guru/osnovy-elektrotehniki/temperatura-plavleniya-olova-primenenie-v-promyshlennosti.html

Melting point of lead and tin, characteristics of metals, melting point tables

Lead is a low-melting metal, so melting it is quite easy, even without special equipment. The main thing you need to know is what is the melting point of lead. The choice of container in which the melting will take place depends on this. For lead, an ordinary tin can is suitable, since the tin for it is made of steel, which melts at a temperature several times higher than that of the metal being smelted.

Lead and its properties

The dirty gray color of this metal is the result of the fact that an oxide film forms on its surface in a short time in the atmosphere. It is this that gives such a nondescript appearance to lead.

However, if you run a file over the surface of the metal several times, a shiny surface with a bluish tint will become visible under a thin layer of oxide film. This is a very soft and heavy material, it is almost one and a half times heavier than steel.

The density of lead is 11.34 g/cc, and the density of iron is 7.80 g/cc.

Lead was discovered in ancient times around 4000 - 4500 BC. In modern industry, it is obtained mainly by metallurgical methods from lead ores and concentrates.

Lead has a low melting point - only 327 °C, and a boiling point - 1749 °C. It is necessary to take into account the toxicity of lead vapor and the fact that this chemical element is poorly excreted from the body. The more molten lead is heated, the more it evaporates. Therefore, the room in which the melting takes place must be well ventilated.

It is due to its low melting point that lead is used in the manufacture of soft solders together with tin.

Tin Characteristics

Melts at 232 °C, boils at 2600 °C, perfectly alloys with various metals, and, due to its high ductility, can be forged well. Soldering tin is used as solder because it wets metals well. Industrial production of tin is much more difficult than lead, so it is much more expensive.

Unlike lead, tin looks much more attractive. This silvery-white metal is safe for human health. Tin is often used to cover the surfaces of metal products in places where they come into contact with food: dishes, tin plates, food foil and others.

However, tin dust and fumes can cause hazardous effects on the human body if inhaled. In addition to the production of food containers, tin is widely used in various solders and other alloys, for example, in antifriction and bearing alloys.

This material is much lighter than lead, its density is 7.3 g/cc.

Tin is polymorphic, meaning it can exist in various modifications depending on temperature. At temperatures below 13 °C, white tin (β-modification) turns into gray tin (α-modification). As a result of this phase transition, the shiny pewter pieces crumble into a gray powder. Moreover, upon contact with the powder, white tin becomes infected with it and turns into gray. This phenomenon was called the " tin plague ".

According to some reports, it was the main reason for the death of Robert Scott's expedition to the South Pole. Kerosene, stored in intermediate warehouses, leaked from canisters sealed at the seams with tin, which crumbled into powder in the frosts of the Antarctic. Thus, the expedition members were left almost without fuel.

Soldering alloys

Solders are classified according to various characteristics: degree of melting during soldering, manufacturing method, base metal, ability to flux, etc. Based on melting temperature, solders are:

Light alloy, melts at less than 145 °C.
Soft, melts at temperatures from 145 °C to 400 °C.
Solid, melting point above 400 °C.

Light alloys are used for soldering materials critical to overheating, such brands as Newton's alloy, Guthrie's alloy, Wood's alloy, POSV 32−15−53 can be mentioned.

Soft ones are used for tinning and soldering seams of dishes, electrical equipment, printed circuit boards, and heat exchanger tubes. The most common of them are tin-lead (see Table 1).

Hard solders provide high joint strength and are used for soldering load-bearing structures. These solders include copper-zinc (PMC-36, PMC-48, PMC-54), silver (PSr72, PSr70, PSr50, PSr50Kd, PSr12M) and others.

Tin-lead solders

An alloy of tin and lead with a tin content of 10 to 90% is called POS solder . The following designations of brands of such solders can be given:

POS40 - contains 40% tin, the rest is lead, melts at 235 degrees, used in industry for tinning and soldering electrical equipment, galvanized steel products;
POS90 - 90% tin, 10% lead, melts at 222 degrees, has found its application in the manufacture of tableware and medical equipment;
POSSU 30−0.5 - 30% tin, 0.5% - antimony, the rest is lead, becomes liquid at 255 degrees, is used for tinning and soldering zinc sheets, ordinary and stainless steel, wires, radiators.

Depending on the percentage of tin and lead, the melting temperature of different brands of solder changes.

Melting metals

Melting is the process of a substance changing from a solid to a liquid state. Unlike alloys, in pure metals melting and solidification (crystallization) occurs at a constant, strictly defined temperature. It distinguishes between metals:

low-melting , melts at temperatures up to 600 °C;
medium-melting - from 600 °C to 1600 °C;
refractory - over 1600 °C.

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Table 2 indicates at what temperature lead melts, at what temperature tin and other metals melt.

Melting temperatures of metals (in °C). table 2

Source: https://chebo.biz/stroyka-i-remont/plavka-svintsa-i-olova-temperatury-plavleniya-metallov.html

Melting point of tin: properties of the element and its scope of application

All metals have their own special properties and characteristics. Many of us know from school that every metal has its own melting point. In a thermodynamic process, the crystal lattice in metals is destroyed, and they pass from a solid state to a liquid state.

Metals are divided into groups depending on their melting point - light, medium and refractory. Tin belongs to the first group of fusible metals, but we will try to find out at what temperature this rare chemical element melts.

Tin

The rare metal tin ranks 50th and belongs to the main subgroup of group IV in the table of the fifth period. Its mass is 118.710, in its pure form it appears as a silvery-white metal, soft, ductile and malleable, it is highly resistant to corrosion. The rare element is ranked 47th in distribution in the earth's crust.

The main deposits in the world are located in the countries of Southeast Asia - China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. There are also large deposits in South America and Australia. On the territory of Russia, there are reserves of tin ore in Chukotka, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, and Yakutia.

A little history

This rare metal became familiar to people even before our era, since it was mentioned in the Bible. It was inaccessible to people, so it was very expensive ; tin products are rare among the products of archaeological excavations of Ancient Rome and Greece.

It began to be used in the Bronze Age; tin at that time was a strategic metal, since it was part of bronze products. The recipe for the alloy of copper and tin has been preserved to this day, but now they have begun to add aluminum, lead and silicon. The resulting alloy was very hard, cast well, and was easy to forge and machine. At that distant time, bronze was considered the most durable metal known to people of that time.

Jewelry and dishes were made from this alloy, but it was very expensive. Much of the long period of development of society since the discovery of tin is associated with the rare element.

Properties of tin, its melting point

In nature, a rare metal can be found in two forms - in rocks and minerals. Most often, the element is found in the form of tin stone - an oxide compound. Previously, it was smelted from ore that was found in the upper layers of the earth's crust. Nowadays, such minerals have practically disappeared, so the process of mining tin has become much more difficult.

Until the moment when the metal enters the smelting department, ore and placers that contain tin undergo an enrichment process. After this, the concentrate is sent to kilns and only then melted.
The rare element has a low melting point; the melting process begins at +231.9°C; at a temperature of +231.0°C the metal remains solid. Even when cooled, it bends easily, and when heated it becomes pliable like plasticine. The boiling process of tin begins when the temperature is many times higher than the melting point - 2630 ° C.
The element comes in white and gray colors; it acquires a darker color when it turns into a powder state; in powder, the density of the element is much lower than when it is in a solid state.

During the smelting process, slags, fluxes, and additives are used in order to obtain the desired grade and quality of metal. Its low melting point made it a strategically important metal. It can easily participate in the formation of alloys with other materials due to its low melting point. Ultimately, alloys are easily processed, then they participate in the connection of structural units and parts with a good sealed seam.

Applications of tin

This element is often used as a protective layer in the nuclear industry.
It is also used in the glass industry as a glass polish ; it is poured in a liquid state into a container with a melt.
The printing industry uses an alloy of tin with antimony and lead to create printed type.
Tin is rolled into foil; the element is used in the production of pipes and various parts to give them anti-corrosion resistance, because tin does not rust.
The rare element conducts heat well; for example, it is often used in the production of cans. You can store food in such containers for a long time, since tin is a non-toxic element. The dishes are not subject to destruction for a long period of time.
It is also used in the weaving industry, but only as metal salts . It is mainly used in the production of natural silk and for printing on calico fabric.
The element has also found application in medicine, for example, in dentistry for reinforcing certain types of fillings. The rare metal is present even in the human body; its lack can negatively affect growth, for this reason it begins to slow down.

Conclusion

Today, tin is used in many industries, since the metal has a number of unique properties . Thousands of years later, the rare chemical element is still in demand both in its pure form and in alloys with other metals.

Source: https://stanok.guru/cvetnye-metally-i-splavy/olovo/pri-kakoy-temperature-proishodit-process-plavleniya-olova.html

At what temperature does tin melt: chemical element and its properties, boiling and melting points, color

Tin is a soft, silvery-white metal. It is so malleable and pliable that its sheets a thousandth of a millimeter thick can be rolled into a tube. This material is called tin paper. In D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table of elements, this element corresponds to number 50, atomic weight 118.69 and the sign “Sn” (from the Latin stannum). There are 10 known stable isotopes. The metal is obtained mainly from the mineral cassiterite, which is tin dioxide.

The metal alloyed with lead is mainly used for soldering. It is also used as an anti-corrosion coating for food steel containers as it is non-toxic. Composites containing tin are used as fungicides, paints, toothpaste (SnF2) and ceramics.

Element history

This element was discovered in 1854 by Halus Pelegrin. However, its use began long before this date in the Middle East and Balkans around 2000 BC. During that era, bronze (an alloy of tin and copper) was discovered, which gave its name to the Bronze Age. They made weapons and tools from bronze, which were more effective than stone and bone.

In ancient times, the production of bronze led to the development of trade between different countries. There are also references to this metal in the Old Testament. Thus, in Mesopotamia they made bronze weapons, and in Ancient Rome they coated the inner surface of copper vessels with tin to increase their corrosion resistance.

General properties of tin

All the properties of this metal can be divided into two large groups: physical and chemical.

physical characteristics

It is a silvery, malleable metal that oxidizes easily at ambient temperatures, causing the color of tin to change to dark gray.

If you bend a plate of this metal, you can hear a characteristic sound, the so-called “tin cry,” which arises due to friction between its constituent crystals.

One of its pronounced characteristics is a sharp deterioration in mechanical properties under certain conditions, called “tin plague”: below a temperature of -18 ° C, the metal is destroyed, and it begins to look like a gray powder.

Pure tin has two allotropic modifications: gray and white. The gray modification has a cubic crystal structure, is a semiconductor, is very brittle, has low density and is stable at temperatures below 13.2 °C. The white allotropic modification has a tetragonal crystal structure, conducts electricity well and is stable at temperatures above 13.2 °C.

Metal melts at a relatively low temperature of 232 °C (for comparison: iron melts at 1535 °C). In this case, it is necessary to understand, when answering the question at what temperature tin melts, that it is its white allotropic modification that melts. Despite the low melting point, the metal boils at a relatively high temperature of 2602 °C (iron boils at 2750 °C).

Chemical properties

The most important mineral is cassiterite, SnO2. However, ore deposits with a high percentage of this mineral are currently unknown. Most of the world's cassiterite is mined from low-quality sediment deposits.

It is from this mineral that tin is obtained on an industrial scale. To do this, cassiterite is crushed to obtain its concentrate, and then it is smelted along with coke, quartz and lime in a blast furnace.

After this, the castings in the form of blocks undergo final cleaning to remove impurities of bismuth, copper and iron.

The chemical element tin reacts well with both strong acids and strong bases, but is relatively inert in neutral solutions. It is subject to corrosion in the presence of oxidizing environments; in the absence of oxygen, the metal practically does not corrode. During oxidation, a dense oxide film is formed on the surface of the metal, which protects the rest of it from further oxidation.

If an acidic environment is formed when salts are dissolved in water, then tin reacts in the presence of oxidizing agents or air. These salts include chlorides, for example, aluminum and iron. Most non-aqueous liquids, such as oils and alcohols, have little or no reaction with tin. Tin itself and its simple inorganic salts are not toxic, however, some organic composites are toxic.

Tin(II) oxide, SnO is a black-blue crystal that dissolves in acids and bases. It is used to produce salts in electroforming and glass production.

Tin(IV) oxide, SnO2 is a white dust that is insoluble in acids. It is used as an indispensable component for coloring pink, yellow and brown ceramics, as well as dielectrics and refractory alloys.

It is an important agent in polishing marble and other decorative stones.

Tin(II) chloride, SnCl2 is the main ingredient in stannous acid for soldering. Tin(IV) chloride, SnCl4 is used as a chemical ingredient to add weight to silk fabric, as well as to stabilize some perfumes and color stabilize soaps, and SnF2, which is white in color and soluble in water, is used as an additive in toothpastes.

Organic chemical compounds based on this element are those in which at least one tin-hydrogen bond, Sn-H, is present, and in which the metal exhibits an oxidation state of +4. Organic compounds that have found their application in industry have the following chemical formulas:

R4Sn;
R3SnX;
R2SnX2;
RSnX3.

Here R is an organic group, for example, methyl, ethyl, butyl and others, and X is an inorganic element, for example, chlorine, oxygen, flor and others.

Tin-based alloys

Tin-based alloys are also known as white metals and typically contain copper, antimony and lead. Alloys have different mechanical properties depending on their composition.

Tin-lead alloys have found commercial use in a wide range of compositions. Thus, 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead correspond to a eutectic composition, the solidification degree of which is 183 °C.

Alloys with a different ratio of these metals melt and crystallize over a wide temperature range when there is an equilibrium between the solid and liquid phases. With such crystallization, solid segregations begin to form in the melt, which lead to the formation of various structures.

An alloy of eutectic composition, since it has the lowest melting point, is used as a fuse against overheating of electronic components.

There are also alloys in which, in addition to the indicated metals, there is a small amount of antimony (up to 2.5%). The main problem with alloys based on tin and lead is their negative impact on the environment, so recently their substitutes have been developed that do not use lead, for example, alloys with silver and copper.

Alloys of tin, lead and antimony are used for decorative ornaments, and some alloys of tin, copper and antimony are used as a lubricant to reduce friction in bearings due to their antifriction properties. In addition to the above alloys, tin is used in bronze alloys and in alloys with titanium and zirconium.

Using the element and its connections

All areas of human production in which this element is directly or indirectly used are listed below:

Protection against corrosion and mechanical impact of steels and other metals, for example, in the production of cans;
Reducing the fragility of glass, as well as in the production of mirrors;
In chased patterns on various dishes;
Use in fungicides, paints, toothpastes and various pigments.
When producing various alloys, for example bronze.
For low temperature or soft soldering;
Contains lead in the production of metal sheets for musical instruments;
In the production of labels for various products;
In alloys that protect electrical devices and electronic microcircuits from overheating;
In the ceramic industry for the production of enamels as a matting agent.
In capsules for sealing wine bottles. The production of such capsules expanded after the ban on the use of lead in the food industry.

Effects of exposure to tin compounds

The activity of compounds with this element, one way or another, affects both the human body and the environment.

On human health

As already mentioned, the most dangerous to human health are organic chemical compounds of tin. These substances are widely used in industry, for example, in the production of paints, plastics and agricultural pesticides. In addition, the production volumes of organic compounds with this metal are constantly growing, despite the fact that the consequences of poisoning with them are known.

The effects of these substances on humans are varied, it all depends on the type of compound and on the individual characteristics of the body. The danger of a compound correlates with the length of the bond between the metal and the hydrogen; the longer the bond, the less dangerous the compound. In this regard, the most dangerous organic substance is considered to be a tin compound with three ethyl groups, the hydrogen bonds of which are relatively short.

These substances can enter the human body through food, airborne droplets, or simply touching them. The following effects of organic tin compounds on the human body are known:

If you are in a room containing vapors of this metal, severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract, skin and eyes;
Headaches, stomach pain and lack of appetite;
Nausea and vomiting;
Problems with urination;
Heavy sweating and shortness of breath.

The following effects can lead to more serious consequences:

Depression;
Liver problems;
Immune system dysfunction;
Damage to cell chromosomes and lack of red cells in the blood;
Brain damage (sleep disturbances, headaches, memory loss, irritability).

On the environment

Both tin atoms and the metal itself in a pure state are not toxic to any organism on earth, in turn, almost all compounds with this element of an organic nature are harmful.

These compounds can remain in the environment for long periods of time. They are quite stable and practically do not decompose under the influence of microorganisms, due to their strong hydrogen bonds.

No matter how small the concentrations of this metal compounds in soil and water are, in view of the above, they are constantly growing.

Organotin compounds are known to cause great harm to aquatic ecosystems as they are toxic to fungi, algae and phytoplankton.

Phytoplankton is an important part of the aquatic ecosystem, since it produces oxygen for all other living organisms in this system, and is also an important part in the food chain.

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The toxicity of tin compounds varies among living things, for example, tributyl tin is poisonous to fish and fungi, while the most toxic compound to phytoplankton is triphenol tin.

It is also known that organic compounds of this element have a negative effect on the growth and reproductive function of animals and disrupt the functioning of enzymes. Such compounds accumulate mainly in the upper layers of soil and water.

Source: https://obrabotkametalla.info/splavy/temperatura-plavleniya-olova

At what temperature does soldering tin melt?

To connect various metal elements together, a special alloy called solder is often used.

The low melting point of solders (a table with this indicator can be found in various methodological literature) allows them to be used in everyday life and industry.

It is worth considering that not all metals can be joined together by soldering. Let's look at the types of solder, its composition and some other features in more detail.

Basic properties of the alloy

When considering the temperature at which tin melts for soldering, it should be borne in mind that not only this indicator is taken into account. The materials used for soldering are characterized by the following properties:

Wettability. To ensure a high-quality connection, the alloy used must have a high wettability index. This concept means increasing the reliability of the connection between molecules of solid materials. At a high index under consideration, the molten substance disperses over the surface, filling all the cavities.
Electrical conductivity. In most cases, soldering alloys are used to produce various microcircuits. With high electrical conductivity, the resulting connection does not create additional resistance during operation. If the conductivity is too low or the resistance is too high, the contacts created begin to heat up.
Melting temperature. The main criterion when choosing an alloy is that it must melt at a much lower temperature than the metals being joined. In this case, the melting temperature of tin solder will differ significantly from the corresponding indicator of other solder. The same alloy can melt at different temperatures, it all depends on the chemical composition. The presence of impurities causes an increase or decrease in fusibility. The melting point of POS-40 solder is 238 degrees Celsius. There are also refractory solders, which require a special device to heat.

It is important to consider the temperature at which tin-lead or other solder melts. This is due to the fact that when the base material is heated to critical values, the structure is reconstructed and it changes its basic performance qualities.

Types of materials used

The alloys used can consist of various chemicals. The classification is carried out as follows:

Soft or fusible. The most popular compounds are tin and lead, as well as their various types. In order to give special properties to the alloy, various elements are added to its composition. An example is that cadmium and bismuth can be included in the composition to significantly reduce the melting point, for example, to 61 degrees Celsius. It is worth considering that the strength of such alloys is low. This point does not allow obtaining reliable connections; the alloy is only suitable for carrying out work on connecting contacts. It is important to monitor the temperature to which the soldering device heats the alloy. It is not recommended to allow liquid metal to boil, as this may lead to a change in its basic properties.
Solids are represented by two groups of alloys: copper and silver. To absorb a small static load, an alloy of zinc and copper is often used, which allows you to obtain a very high-quality connection. Gold can also be used as solder.

A variety of companies produce solder, for example, Harris Corporation. The release form can be very different: from foil to wire of various sections.

Application of flux

As the temperature of the material increases, graphite may precipitate. Almost no soldering process takes place without the use of flux. Such a chemical substance avoids the formation of oxide, which deteriorates the quality of the resulting compound.

There are quite a large number of varieties of flux:

When using soldering based on tin and lead, a flux based on hydrochloric acid or zinc chloride is often used.
Ammonium chloride or borax can be used as a flux.
With soft alloys, a solution of hydrochloric acid or zinc chloride is often used.

When working with aluminum alloys, many use a flux based on zinc chloride, rosin and tung oil.

In conclusion, we note that the soldering process can take place at very different temperatures. For domestic use, materials are chosen that melt at low temperatures, which allows the use of conventional equipment during operation.

If you wish, you can prepare the solder yourself. However, such a process is very difficult to implement, since it requires precise dosing of all elements, involves heating them to a high temperature and removing harmful impurities.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/pri-kakoy-temperature-plavitsya-olovo-dlya-payki/

Characteristics and properties of tin, its advantages and disadvantages as a building material

Tin is one of the seven oldest metals, that is, known to human civilization. Tin is a component of bronze, an alloy that was so important in the past that the corresponding time period is called the “Bronze Age.”

Nowadays, tin has lost so much importance, but continues to be used. Therefore, today we will consider the concept, features, formula of tin, its technical significance and areas of application, the price for 1 kg of scrap metal and similar nuances.

There is often debate about whether tin is a metal or a non-metal. The chemical element tin - Sn, is placed in the 14th group of D.I. Mendeleev’s table of elements in the 5th period along with carbon, silicon and germanium. This arrangement indicates that the substance is amphoteric: it exhibits both acidic and basic properties.

Molecular weight is 50, that is, the substance belongs to the light category.

This video will tell you about tin as a unique element:

Tin is a light, malleable, ductile white metal with a soft silvery sheen. Over time, the shine on products fades, which, as a rule, is not considered a drawback. The metal is a rare trace element, which makes its extraction difficult.

The use of tin is directly related to its properties:

tin melting point – +231.9 C;
boiling point – 2600 C;
casting temperature is 260–300 C, which determines the excellent malleability of both the metal itself and its alloys;
thermal conductivity at normal temperature – 65.8 W/(m•K);
specific electrical conductivity – 8.69 MS/m;
tensile strength – up to 20 MPa.

All properties of metals are assessed at normal temperature, that is, at 20 C. Accordingly, the data are applicable for that modification of the substance that is stable at this temperature.

Tin is completely non-toxic, does not affect the human body, and therefore is used in the food industry. Using pewter or water pipes won't cause any harm either.

In the human body, the element is found mainly in the bones, where it contributes to the process of normal bone tissue renewal. Tin is a macronutrient: for normal functioning a person needs from 2 to 10 mg per day. In fact, the metal enters the body with food in much larger quantities, but since the intestines are able to absorb no more than 3–5% of the intake, poisoning is impossible.

A lack of macronutrients primarily slows down growth, and also causes hearing loss, baldness, and changes in the composition of bone tissue. But the absorption of tin vapor or dust containing its compounds can lead to poisoning.

Metal properties

Tin is a fragile metal. Of much greater interest to the modern national economy is its high corrosion resistance. Tin coating has long been used to protect metal objects, particularly cans.

Another interesting property is the ability to connect different metals, forming a strong bond that is resistant to external influences. For this purpose, both tin itself is used - in particular, for tinning dishes and household items, and solders - alloys of metal with lead. The alloy is classified as a soft solder and is actively used in electrical and radio engineering.

In terms of its qualities and appearance, the substance is closest to aluminum. In fact, the similarity is very relative. Both metals are lightweight, and both are insensitive to corrosion and weather factors. However, aluminum is unstable to the action of acids and alkalis, even weak ones - acetic acid, for example, while tin reacts only with concentrated strong acids.

Next, we will talk about the interesting advantages and disadvantages of tin, its physical and chemical properties, the production and use of the material.

Advantages and disadvantages

In construction, metal is used very limitedly, since it does not have mechanical strength, resistance to tearing, and so on. Alloys are much more often used.

Advantages:

malleability – important in the manufacture of household items. Dishes, lamps, stands, and decorative items can look incredibly beautiful. At the same time, the forging temperature is low, and, therefore, the price of the product increases slightly;
inertness makes the metal applicable in the food industry, since it does not interact in any way with organic acids or bases;
low melting point facilitates the process of applying metal to the surface and reduces energy losses;
tin and its alloy with lead is the most famous, widespread and affordable soft solder ;
the metal and its alloys are anti-friction . If rotating and contacting parts cannot be made from the substance itself, then tin coating of such a part of the machine significantly reduces friction and, therefore, protects against premature wear.

Flaws:

The conditional disadvantages of metal include its fragility. Tin is completely unsuitable for the production of any parts and components that require resistance to stress;
This is a rare element, its extraction and smelting are quite expensive, so the substance itself turns out to be expensive.

It is quite difficult to say exactly how much 1 kg of tin costs, since the cost of metals is constantly changing.

A specialist will tell you what to do if the tin does not stick in the video below:

Metals are homogeneous in structure, but different structures can exist at different temperatures. Moreover, the phases differ markedly from each other in properties.

The best known is the β-modification of the metal, since it is this modification that is present at a temperature of 20 C. It becomes stable at 13.2 C, and it is its properties - thermal conductivity, boiling point - that are given as properties of the metal.
However, at temperatures below 13.2 C, the substance transforms into the α-modification, the so-called gray tin. The α-modification has a different crystal lattice, the substance has a lower density, is not plastic and is not malleable.

The transition from the β-modification to the α- is accompanied by a change in volume due to the difference in density, and this leads to the destruction of the tin product. The phenomenon is known as the "tin plague". This feature greatly limits the scope of application of the metal.

In the temperature range from 161 to 232 C there is a γ phase. However, its properties are of interest only to specialists.

In nature, tin occurs in rocks as a trace element, but can also have mineral forms. The most famous of the latter is cassiterite, a metal oxide, as well as stanine, tin pyrite - its compound with sulfur. Other minerals are also being developed.

Production of material

A profitable business is the development of ore with a tin content of 0.1%. In fact, deposits are exploited where the ore is even poorer - up to 0.01%. Mineral extraction is carried out using different methods depending on the nature of the deposit - alluvial or primary.

The basis of the placer deposit is sand. The essence of mining comes down to washing the sand and concentrating the ore mineral. Development of the main one is more complicated, since it involves the construction and operation of mines.

The tin mineral concentrate is transported to a non-ferrous metal smelting plant. Here the concentrate is enriched again, then crushed and washed.
The ore concentrate obtained in this way is reduced in special furnaces. The process is repeated at least 2 times, since the slag after complete recovery contains too much substance.
At the last stage, rough tin is refined - purified from impurities using a thermal or electrolytic method.

The resulting material is used for its intended purpose.

The main property that determines the area of use of the metal is its corrosion resistance. Moreover, tin is not only itself insensitive to chemically aggressive substances, but also imparts this feature to most alloys.

More than 50% of all metal produced in the world is used to produce tin plate, that is, a sheet, or more often, an object made of steel, coated with a thin layer of tin. This technology was first used to protect cans and is still used today.
Tin can be rolled out, so thin-walled pipes are made from it. Their domestic use, however, is very limited, since such products do not tolerate low temperatures.
But plumbing fixtures, fittings and other accessories are very popular and known to everyone. The material is hygienic, has lower thermal conductivity than steel, for example, therefore it is actively used in the manufacture of bathtubs and washbasins.
Tin is used to make dishes, small household and decorative items, and jewelry. The reason for this is the excellent malleability and beautiful soft color of tin metal.
A very large proportion of the substance is used to produce alloys. The first place is, of course, occupied by the production of bronze. The latter ideally combines strength and corrosion resistance, which makes it a very popular decorative and construction material.
Solders are no less famous and popular. Moreover, in this case, tin can be used independently - for dishes, for example, and as part of an alloy.
Tin is a tonally resonant metal. Both bronze and an alloy of metal with lead were and are used in the manufacture of musical instruments. Bronze bells have been known since very ancient times. Organ pipes are made from an alloy with lead. Moreover, it is its quantity in the alloy that determines the tone of the product.

Tin is a light and fragile metal, but it has excellent corrosion resistance and malleability. It is these properties that determine the use of tin.

This video will tell you how to melt tin at home:

Source: http://stroyres.net/metallicheskie/vidyi/tsvetnyie/olovo/harakteristiki-preimushhestva-i-nedostatki.html

Melting point of lead

Lead is a silvery-gray substance with a blue tint. In Mendeleev's periodic table of elements, the metal occupies 82nd place. Lead is designated by the abbreviation Pb (Latin: Plumbum).

Historical information

The chemical element has been known to people since ancient times. One of the first methods of metal extraction mastered by man was the smelting of lead. The first archaeological finds confirming this were lead beads found from the times of Çatalhöyük (modern Turkey). The items date back to 6400 BC.

The oldest lead figurine of a girl in long clothes was excavated in Egypt. It dates back to the time of the first dynasty of the pharaohs (3000 BC).

Lead pipes made up the ancient Roman water supply system. In the Ancient Roman Empire, up to 80 thousand tons of this metal were smelted annually. In Rus', since ancient times, lead has been used as roofing for cathedrals and churches.

Since time immemorial, the low melting point of lead has made it possible to obtain the metal and manufacture products of any shape from it.

Note! Over the course of 20 years, the Industrial Revolution since 1840 has raised the volume of annual lead smelting in the world from 100 to 250 thousand tons per year.

origin of name

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The Latin name of the metal Plumbum comes from the English expression plumber (plumber), which shows a connection with the lead water supply of Ancient Rome. Among the Slavic peoples there are such names as olivo, olevo and volava. In the Baltic countries, the name of the metal is more similar to the Russian name - swins and svinas.

Being in nature

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Plumbum is usually not found in its pure form. It is found in more than 100 different minerals in the form of intermetallic agglomerates. Lead is present in uranium and thorium veins. Large accumulations of lead-zinc ores have been discovered and are being developed in Transbaikalia and the Primorsky region. Lead is mined in various deposits in the Urals and Norilsk.

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The largest deposit with a high content of lead is located in the uranium ores of the Kohistan Ladakh arc (northern Pakistan).

Receipt

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The raw materials for lead extraction are rocks that include helenite. The heavy metal smelting process consists of several phases. From the initial raw material, a concentrate containing from 40 to 70 percent plumbum is isolated by flotation. Next, manufacturers take different paths.

One of the ways to transform the product into werkbley (blank lead) is smelting using the regeneration method. Another method is that the metal is restored from the oxide by melting the raw material in a water jacket heater.

The resulting werkley containing 90% lead is purified from copper. Then arsenic and antimony are removed by alkaline refining. Then silver and zinc are isolated. The effects of magnesium and calcium exclude bismuth. As a result, lead with a purity of 99.8% is obtained.

Global lead production based on research by international organizations for 2005

Country of originVolume, kilotons

Countries of Europe	2220
China	1430
Russian Federation	1120
South Korea	650
Kazakhstan	570
Ukraine	410

Technological properties and characteristics

The characteristics of the metal can be represented by the list:

Lead density and mass;
Lead smelting temperature;
Mechanical properties;
Corrosion resistance.

Lead density and mass

The density of the metal is 11342 kg/m3. This means that a metric cube of lead weighs 11.342 tons. Its large specific gravity allows it to be used as payloads in various devices.

Lead smelting temperature

Molten metal in its pure form has a temperature of about 400 degrees. In this state, lead has fluid properties. The casting qualities make it possible to pour lead in a liquid state into molds of complex configurations.

The metal boils when heated to 1750 degrees. During boiling, volatile fumes arise in the form of lead dust and oxide vapors, which can cause severe poisoning to the human body.

Mechanical properties

The chemical element has softness and ductility, which allows cold rolling to achieve the state of thin foil. Cold deformation does not affect the change in mechanical properties.

Corrosion resistance

The chemical inertness of the element is close to that of noble metals. In the air, plumbum practically does not corrode. The rapidly forming oxide film on the surface of lead puts an insurmountable barrier to corrosion processes.

Aggressive environments for lead are hydrogen sulfide, coal anhydrite and sulfuric acid. Under their influence, the metal is actively destroyed.

Application areas of lead alloys

Lead compounds are divided into high-alloy and low-alloy alloys. The former are formed by adding a large number of chemical elements that provide high strength, abrasion resistance and low shrinkage at a lower melting point.

Low alloy lead compounds are produced by small inclusions of substances such as tin, antimony, copper and cadmium. This achieves increased resistance of the alloy to corrosion processes in a polluted atmosphere, inorganic acidic environment.

The alloys are used in acid and alkaline batteries, as shells for both high-power and low-voltage cables. Compounds of antimony or copper with lead are used for the production of pipelines, sheet lining of various devices and protective mats against radiation damage.

Home and industrial methods

Without tin-lead solders (PLS), the existence of such an industry as radio engineering is impossible. Many industrial products contain POS coatings.

Melt preparation and pouring

In industrial conditions, the melt is prepared in special crucibles, which are placed in electric furnaces (equipment equipped with electronic measuring equipment that maintains the desired melting mode).

In radio engineering production, special heating baths are used to prepare solder for printed circuit boards of radio circuits.

In workshops and at home, solder is melted with a soldering iron tip. To prepare a large volume of molten metal, it is placed in a copper vessel on an electric stove. The alloy in the form of scrap is loaded into the melting bath gradually, as the next layer of metal melts.

Fishing varnishes

Avid fishermen at home cast fishing sinkers and spoons by pouring molten tin into clay molds. The spoons are then coated with waterproof varnishes.

Interesting. Fishing varnish is used to protect against the appearance of oxides on various figurines and other products.

Methods for getting rid of oxide

When exposed to air, lead products become covered with an oxide film. This is the result of the ionic interaction of oxygen and lead atoms. The oxide becomes not only protection against an aggressive environment, but also a barrier to electric current.

Important! Mechanical cleaning will not bring the desired result. The film will recover quite quickly. Sunflower oil, graphite grease or varnish can help get rid of oxides.

At home, the product is placed in a vessel with sunflower oil for about five minutes. After which it is removed from the vessel and allowed to dry.

In industrial conditions, graphite lubricant is used. The lead surface treated with the product retains its shiny appearance for a long time.

Safety precautions

When working with molten metal, special care must be taken. In addition to the fact that liquid lead can cause burns to the skin, it will also burn through clothing and floor coverings, and also cause a fire.

If water gets into a boiling alloy, metal splashes will fly out in all directions. Therefore, the worker must be equipped with protective clothing, a mask, gloves, special glasses and a hat. Be sure to have a first aid kit and fire extinguisher nearby.

Source: https://amperof.ru/elektroenergia/temperatura-plavleniya-svinca.html

Melting point of tin-lead alloy

Zinc has a close-packed hexagonal structure with lattice parameters a = 0.26595 nm, c = 0.49368 nm. Zinc does not undergo allotropic transformations. Melting point 419°C. Density at room temperature is 7.14 g/cm3. Zinc has fairly good corrosion resistance in atmospheric conditions and in fresh water and therefore is widely used for protective coatings of roofing iron and products made from it (buckets, tanks).

Zinc, like all metals with a hexagonal structure, has a pronounced anisotropy of properties. This is manifested in the difference in mechanical and physical properties in different directions in crystals and in deformed semi-finished products, in which a texture appears during deformation. When zinc in the metal is deformed, sliding occurs along the basal plane.

In this case, the crystals are rotated so that the basal plane becomes parallel to the direction of the main deformation.

The main natural impurities in zinc are lead, iron, cadmium, and tin. Lead is practically insoluble in solid zinc. These metals form two immiscible liquids up to a temperature of 798°C. The state diagram of the zinc-lead system is similar to the diagram shown in Fig. 20. The monotectic reaction takes place at 418°C. At a temperature of 318°C, a eutectic reaction occurs and the liquid decomposes into almost pure metals.

When zinc-lead alloys are rapidly cooled, it is possible to obtain a uniform distribution of lead in the form of rounded inclusions along the grain boundaries. Lead, in the absence of other impurities, does not reduce the ductility of zinc, however, having an electrical potential that is very different from the potential of zinc, it increases the susceptibility of zinc to corrosion. This property is used in the process of making printing clichés, for which zinc containing about 1% Pb is used.

Such a metal dissolves very easily in acid, and this is precisely what the creation of a drawing on a cliché is based on.

The admixture of iron increases the hardness of zinc and delays the recrystallization process. Even with a very low iron content (less than 0.001%) a brittle phase is formed in zinc in the form of the FeZn7 compound.

Tin is a harmful impurity, since practically not dissolving in zinc, it forms a low-melting eutectic with it (198 ° C), which, deposited along the grain boundaries, makes it impossible to process under pressure at elevated temperatures, causing hot brittleness.

When tin and lead are combined, an even more fusible eutectic is formed (150°C).

The bulk of pure zinc in the form of sheets is spent on the manufacture of small-sized direct current sources. In addition to the mentioned zinc alloy with 1% Pb, its alloys with aluminum (3.5 - 4.5%), copper (0.5 - 3.5%) and magnesium (0.1%) are widely used. These alloys, designated TsAM, are intended for the production of shaped castings by injection molding.

They are fairly low-melting, fluid, and under injection molding conditions they produce castings that do not require additional surface treatment. From the aluminum-zinc phase diagram (see Fig.

57) it follows that alloys containing up to 5% Al should crystallize with the formation of primary crystals of a solid solution of aluminum in zinc and the eutectic α1 + Zn, and the α1 phase at a temperature of 275 ° C should decompose into α + Zn. However, this eutectoid decomposition does not have time to occur during the cooling process and occurs during the operation of products at 20 - 100°C.

As a result, products made from zinc-aluminum alloys slowly change their size (“grow”), which is completely unacceptable. A small addition of magnesium almost completely suppresses eutectoid decomposition and makes castings dimensionally stable.

Wrought zinc alloys are also alloyed with aluminum (up to 15%), copper (up to 5%) and magnesium (0.03%). These alloys have mechanical properties close to those of brass, but are much cheaper. Thus, the alloy TsAM10-5 (10% A1, 5% Cu, 0.05% Mg) has the following mechanical properties: σв = 300÷400 MPa, δ = 12÷8%, НВ (95 - 100).

Unfortunately, all zinc alloys quickly corrode in air and therefore require corrosion protection. The most common protective and decorative chrome plating of products made of zinc alloys. Thousandths of a percent of impurities of tin, lead and cadmium cause very rapid destruction of zinc alloys due to intergranular corrosion, especially in a humid atmosphere at 50 - 90 ° C.

Tin, lead and their alloys

Tin melts at 232°C and has two modifications: the β-modification (white tin), stable above 13°C with a body-centered tetragonal lattice, and the α-modification with a diamond-type cubic lattice (gray tin). The transition of white tin to gray is accompanied by a large change in volume, so that the metal disintegrates into powder. This phenomenon is called the “tin plague”.

Due to the tendency of tin to supercool, the spontaneous transition to α-tin occurs at very low temperatures (-20÷-30°C). However, the transformation that has begun occurs at higher temperatures, so tin products must be protected from frost. The purer the tin, the more susceptible it is to the plague. Impurities of bismuth and antimony, and to a lesser extent lead and cadmium, retard allotropic transformation.

It is enough to add 0.5% bismuth or antimony to tin to reduce the transformation rate to almost zero and make white tin absolutely stable.

Source: https://master-kleit.ru/origami/temperatura-plavlenija-splava-olova-i-svinca/

At what temperature does tin melt and crystallize?

One of the very first metals discovered in antiquity was tin. It has a silvery-white color with a small mass. Dishes made from it perfectly retain the smell and taste of drinks.

This metal was used much earlier than iron was subsequently discovered, and its alloy with copper (bronze) is the first alloy substance created by man.

This happened due to the fact that the melting point of tin is very low, which made it possible to process the metal even at the inception of metallurgy.

Properties and features of tin

Tin alloys have a low coefficient of friction, which is why they are used in a variety of antifriction materials. In addition, they can impart this property to other substances. This significantly extends the service life of mechanisms and machines, significantly reducing friction losses. An interesting feature of this material is its volume increase by 25.6% at a temperature of + 13.2 °C. This metal is called gray.

When the temperature drops to – 33.0 °C, the substance crystallizes and turns into a powder state. When gray and white tin interact, properties are transferred to the white metal. A variety of tin alloys are widely used in the electrical industry.

There is a clear answer to the question at what temperature tin melts: + 231.9 °C or 505.1 kelvin. This is very convenient for radio amateurs, because parts at this temperature can be soldered without any problems even at home.

The melting point at which tin becomes liquid is low, which makes it easier to use.

This substance is of great interest due to its good corrosion resistance. Tin coating is the oldest way to protect a variety of metal objects, including cans. In addition, this element has the property of combining many metals, giving them resistance to external influences.

This is used for tinning various dishes and other household utensils, as well as for electrical technicians. Tin-lead alloys are soft components, which is convenient when soldering radio components. These solders may have different numbers of components and corresponding designations.

For example, pos-61 means that the tin component is 61%, and the lead component is 39%.

The human body contains tin substances in the bones, where they help renew bone tissue. For normal functioning, the body needs to receive about 2-10 mg of metal per day every day. This macronutrient is contained in the food we eat, but only up to 5% of the total incoming amount is absorbed.

Application and recycling

The main advantage that determines the scope of application of the tin substance is its high resistance to corrosion. It transfers this property to other metals participating in the alloy. This ability to resist chemically aggressive substances makes the material very valuable in protecting steel products. The thinnest layer covers almost half of all steel sheet produced.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKZBAqnGoZ4

This metal is used in the production of thin-walled pipes, which are used exclusively at positive temperatures. A limitation of the scope of application is the low crystallization temperature of tin.

Household products contain tin in plumbing fixtures, various fittings and other accessories. The material is highly hygienic, has a low melting point of tin, and also has very low thermal conductivity compared to steel.

Due to these characteristics, it is actively used for the manufacture of washbasins and bathtubs.

This substance is present in household dishes, jewelry, as well as small decorative and household items. This is due to the good melting of the material at low temperatures, malleability and soft color. Bronze alloys have excellent strength as well as high corrosion resistance. This makes bronze an excellent building and decorative material.

In addition to solders, which are convenient to melt at home and in industrial production, alloys are even used for the production of musical instruments. Church bells and organ pipes are cast from various alloys. The tone of the products depends on the number of constituent elements. The low solidification temperature of the material and ease of processing make it possible to produce unique musical products.

Old tin cans are used for recycling. They have a protective tin coating with some impurities. Their quantity for food packaging is strictly limited. The value of the tin composition when tinning a tin can should not exceed 0.14%, and for lead this figure is 0.04%.

For health safety, special varnishes are additionally used that protect the metal base from destruction under the influence of salt, sugar, and organic acids. The average jar contains about 0.5 g of the tin component. On a global scale, this is a very impressive figure.

The share of this recycled raw material in developed countries reaches 30%.

Tin is used in almost all areas of modern production. Millennia after its discovery, the metal remains a sought-after substance with a wide range of unique properties.