What is the difference between steel and cast iron

How to distinguish a cast iron valve from a steel one

A valve is a pipeline element that is used to regulate the movement of transported products. It allows you to open and close the pipe lumen, stop and supply steam, gas, water, oil products and other substances.

The mechanism of action is reciprocating. This means that the locking part moves perpendicular to the axis of the working flow. The devices are installed on process and main pipelines of various diameters. The products are used in all industries, including the housing and communal services sector.

The widespread use of fittings in production facilities is explained by:

simple design;
small construction length;
possibility of connecting drives for automatic control;
low hydraulic resistance.

Manufacturers make valves from cast iron and steel. The structure of such products includes the same components, that is, they do not differ structurally from each other. However, the material determines the strength and mechanical properties, manufacturing method, and operational capabilities.

To determine the required modification, you need to look at the markings. Let's look at the example of the 30s41nzh valve, where 30 is the designation of the fittings, c is the steel body (ch is cast iron, nzh is stainless), 41 is the model, nzh is the material of the sealing surfaces.

Cast iron valves: technical characteristics

Depending on the structure of the sealing rings and their location, there are several types of shut-off valves made of cast iron: wedge, gate, parallel, hose.

Most products are full bore. This means that the nominal diameter is as close as possible to the cross-section of the connected pipeline or pipe. Narrowed ones are used less often. They reduce wear on sealing surfaces and reduce torque.

Valid parameters:

working pressure: up to 16 kgf/cm²;
temperature of transported streams: no more than +200⁰C.

Gate valves are produced by casting, which provides them with higher strength and performance characteristics than analogues made by stamping or welding.

High-strength or malleable cast iron is used in the production process. The material has wear resistance, the ability to withstand dynamic and vibration loads, and low temperatures.

Cast iron devices are characterized by fragility. Therefore, they are not used in pipeline systems with increased power. The connection to the pipe is made using flanges.

Steel valves: technical characteristics

The devices are also presented in four versions: wedge, gate, hose, parallel. They differ in the design of the locking organ.

The body of the products is made of steel of different grades. They have greater strength and are easier to machine. Depending on the type of material used, they are characterized by frost resistance, heat resistance and heat resistance.

Steel shut-off valves are used for:

pressure: up to 250 kgf/cm²;
temperature of working streams: from -40 to +565⁰C.

Pipeline elements can withstand more than 2000 opening and closing cycles. Manufactured by stamping and welding. In some cases, they are produced using casting.

The valves are resistant to aggressive and highly aggressive environments. Connection to the pipeline: flange, coupling, welding.

Devices with a small diameter are controlled manually, while devices with a large diameter are equipped with a pneumatic or electric drive. Drives are also installed to automate the management process at facilities located in hard-to-reach places.

Application difference

Gate valves made of cast iron are more corrosion resistant than their low carbon steel counterparts. Therefore, they are used in systems:

heating;
drainage;
water and gas supply;
fire extinguishing

The fragility of these parts prohibits their installation in structures with heavy loads and elevated temperature values of the transported media. To work in such conditions, steel devices are used.

Steel shut-off valves are installed on facilities transporting petroleum products, toxic substances, mineral fertilizers, liquefied gases, flammable and explosive products. They are used in the oil, chemical, oil refining, energy, metallurgical and other industries.

The installation position of the devices on the pipeline is any, and it does not depend on the housing material. The main difference between the products is operational capabilities.

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Source: https://www.arma-prom.ru/kak-otlichit-chugunnuyu-zadvizhku-ot-stalnoy

How to distinguish cast iron from metal - Metalist's Handbook

Among the metals produced in one technological process, some of the most common are steel and cast iron. Despite the fact that one is made as a result of alteration of the other, these metals differ significantly from each other, both in their composition and in their use in the economy.

How steel is made

Steel is an iron-carbon alloy in which the carbon content does not exceed 3.4 percent . The usual figure is in the range of 0.1-2.14% .

It reduces the plastic characteristics of steel, while making it harder and stronger. Alloyed and highly alloyed contain more than 45% iron.

The elasticity of steel determines its demand for the creation of engineering products, primarily power springs and springs, shock absorbers, suspensions, braces and other elastic parts.

Regardless of the forms and operating conditions of the elastic parts of machines, mechanisms and devices, they have a common remarkable quality. It lies in the fact that, despite large shock, periodic and static loads, they have no residual deformation.

Steels are classified according to their purpose, chemical composition, structure and quality. There are many categories of appointments, including the following:

Instrumental.
Structural.
Stainless.
Heat resistant.
Resistant to ultra-low temperatures.

Steels can vary in their carbon content, from low-carbon, in which it is up to 0.25%, to high-carbon with 0.6-2%. Alloyed ones can contain from 4 to 11 or more percent of the corresponding additives. Depending on the content of various impurities, they are classified into steels with ordinary qualities, high-quality and those with especially high qualities.

In its production, the main thing is to reduce to the required level the content of sulfur and phosphorus, which make the metal brittle and brittle. In this case, different methods are used for carbon oxidation, which can be open-hearth, converter and electrothermal.

The open-hearth method requires a lot of thermal energy, which is released when gas or fuel oil is burned. Arc or induction furnaces are heated using electricity. The converter version does not require an external heat source.

Here, molten pig iron is usually separated from impurities by blowing oxygen through it.

The raw materials for steel production are metal, pig iron, and additives that form slag and provide steel alloying. The smelting process itself can be carried out in different ways. It happens that it begins in an open-hearth furnace and ends in an electric one.

Or, in order to obtain steel that is resistant to corrosion, after melting in an electric furnace, it is poured into a converter. In it, it is purged with oxygen and argon to minimize carbon content. Steel melts at a temperature of 1450–1520 °C .

How to get cast iron

An alloy of iron and carbon can also be called cast iron. However, unlike steel, it must contain at least 2.14% carbon, which gives this very hard material high brittleness. At the same time, it becomes less ductile and viscous. Depending on the content of cementite and graphite in it, cast iron can be called white, gray, malleable and high-strength.

The first contains 4.3-6.67% carbon . It is light gray at the break. It is used primarily to produce malleable cast iron using annealing technology. Cast iron is called gray because of the gray color of its fracture due to the presence of graphite in lamellar form and the presence of silicon.

As a result of prolonged annealing of white cast iron, malleable cast iron is obtained. It has increased ductility and toughness, impact resistance and greater strength. Complex parts for machines and mechanisms are made from it.

It is marked with the letters “K” and “H”, after which numbers are placed indicating the tensile strength and relative elongation.

High-strength cast iron is distinguished by the presence of spheroidal graphite, which prevents stress concentration and weakening of the metal base. A laser is used to strengthen it, which makes it possible to obtain critical machine parts of increased strength. For industrial needs, there are various classifications of pig iron, anti-friction, alloy and graphite-containing cast iron. Its melting point is between 1,150 and 1,200 °C.

Cast iron has proven itself to be a versatile, inexpensive and durable material . Complex and massive parts of machines and mechanisms, as well as unique artistic products are made from it. Cast iron decorations and monuments decorate many cities around the world. Fences of ancient buildings, steps in them, and water and sewer pipes skillfully made from it have served people for centuries.

Cast iron hatches cover communication wells on the streets of many settlements. Bathtubs, sinks and sinks, heating radiators made of this material are reliable and durable. Crankshafts and cylinder blocks of internal combustion engines, brake discs and other automobile parts are cast from cast iron.

Typically, cast iron parts undergo additional machining after casting.

What makes them different

Steel and cast iron are materials widely used in industry, transport and construction. Outwardly they are very similar.

However, there are these main differences between them:

Steel is the final product of steelmaking, and cast iron is the raw material for it.
Steel has higher strength and hardness than brittle cast iron.
It contains much less carbon than cast iron.
Steel is heavier than cast iron and has a higher melting point.
Steel can be processed by cutting, rolling, forging, etc.; cast iron products are mainly cast.
Cast iron products are porous and have a thermal conductivity significantly lower than steel
New steel parts have a silver shine, cast iron matte and black.
To give steel special properties, it can be hardened; this is not done with cast iron.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/kak-otlichit-chugun-ot-metalla/

How is cast iron different from steel?

Ferrous metallurgy products are widely used in many sectors of the national economy, and ferrous metal is always in demand in construction and mechanical engineering. Metallurgy has been successfully developing for a long time, thanks to its high technical potential. Cast iron and steel products are most often used in production and in everyday life.

Cast iron and steel both belong to the group of ferrous metals; these materials are alloys of iron and carbon that are unique in their properties. What are the differences between steel and cast iron, their main properties and characteristics?

Steel and its main characteristics

Steel is a deformed alloy of iron with carbon , which is always up to a maximum of 2%, as well as other elements. Carbon is an important component because it gives strength to iron alloys, as well as hardness, thereby reducing softness and ductility. Alloying elements are often added to the alloy, which ultimately results in alloyed and high-alloy steel, when the composition contains at least 45% iron and no more than 2% carbon, the remaining 53% being additives.

Steel is the most important material in many industries; it is used in construction, and as the technical and economic level of the country grows, the scale of steel production also increases. In ancient times, craftsmen used crucible melting to produce cast steel, and this process was low-productivity and labor-intensive, but the steel was of high quality.

Over time, the processes for producing steel changed; the crucible method was replaced by the Bessemer and open-hearth methods of producing steel, which made it possible to establish mass production of cast steel. Then they began to smelt steel in electric furnaces, after which the oxygen-converter process was introduced, which made it possible to obtain especially pure metal. Depending on the number and types of connecting components, steel can be:

Low alloy
Medium alloyed
High alloy

Depending on the carbon content, it is:

Low carbon
Medium carbon
High carbon.

The composition of the metal often includes non-metallic compounds - oxides, phosphides, sulfides; their content differs depending on the quality of the steel; there is a certain classification of quality.

The density of steel is 7700-7900 kg/m3 , and the general characteristics of steel consist of such indicators as strength, hardness, wear resistance and suitability for various types of processing. Compared to cast iron, steel has greater ductility, strength and hardness. Due to its ductility, it is easy to process; steel has a higher thermal conductivity, and its quality is improved by hardening.

Elements such as nickel, chromium and molybdenum are alloying components, each of which gives steel its own characteristics. Thanks to chromium, steel becomes stronger and harder, and its wear resistance increases. Nickel also imparts strength, as well as toughness and hardness, and increases its anti-corrosion properties and hardenability. Silicon reduces viscosity, and manganese improves weldability and hardening properties.

All existing types of steel have a melting point from 1450 to 1520°C and are strong, wear-resistant and deformation-resistant metal alloys.

Cast iron and its main characteristics

The basis for the production of cast iron is also iron and carbon, but unlike steel, it contains more carbon, as well as other impurities in the form of alloying metals. It is fragile and breaks without visible deformation. Carbon here acts as graphite or cementite and, due to the content of other elements, cast iron is divided into the following varieties:

White - where cementite is in the lead in the majority, this material is white at the fracture. This component is fragile and at the same time hard. It is easy to work, which imparts malleability to cast iron.
Gray - in this variety, a large proportion is graphite, due to which the cast iron is ductile. Ready cast iron has a low melting point, is soft, and is easier to cut.
Malleable - achieved by firing white cast iron, it is simmered in special heating furnaces at a temperature of 950-1000 ° C. The inherent hardness and brittleness of white cast iron are reduced; it is not forged, but only becomes more ductile.
High-strength cast iron alloy - it contains nodular graphite, which is formed during crystallization.

The melting point of cast iron depends on the carbon content in it; the more of it there is in the alloy, the lower the temperature, and also its fluidity when heated increases. This makes the metal non-plastic, fluid, and also brittle and difficult to process. Its melting point ranges from 1160 to 1250°C .

Cast iron has higher anti-corrosion properties because it undergoes dry rust during use, this is called chemical corrosion. Wet corrosion also attacks cast iron more slowly than steel. These qualities led to a discovery in metallurgy - steel with a high chromium content began to be smelted. This is where stainless steel came from.

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We draw a conclusion

Based on their numerous characteristics, we can say the following about cast iron and steel, what is their difference:

Steel is stronger and harder than cast iron.
Steel has a higher melting point and is heavier.
The lower percentage of carbon in steel makes it easier to work with, easier to cut, forge and weld.
For this reason, cast iron products can be cast, while steel products can be welded or forged.
Steel products are less porous than cast iron, so they have greater thermal conductivity.
They also differ in color: steel is light and shiny, while cast iron is darker with a matte surface.
The cost of steel is always higher than cast iron materials.

We can conclude that steel and cast iron are united by the content of carbon and iron in them, but their characteristics are different and each of the alloys has its own characteristics.

Source: http://stroymaster-base.ru/instrumenty-i-materialy/chem-chugun-otlichaetsya-ot-stali.html

Cast iron alloy composition: difference from steel, melting point of cast iron and steel

Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. The percentage of iron contained is more than 90%. The amount of carbon ranges from 2.14-6.67%. Thanks to this element, the material has high hardness, but becomes brittle. This entails a deterioration in ductility and ductility. In some types, alloying elements are added to improve characteristics: aluminum, chromium, vanadium, nickel.

Characteristics of types of carbon metal

The iron-carbon diagram shows what cast iron is made of. In addition to iron, carbon is present in the form of graphite and cementite.

The composition of the cast iron alloy has varieties:

White. The carbon present here is in a chemically bound state. The metal is strong, but brittle and therefore difficult to machine. In industry it is used in the form of castings. The properties of the material allow it to be processed with an abrasive wheel. The welding process causes difficulty, since there is a possibility of cracks due to the heterogeneity of the structure. Found application in areas related to dry friction. Has increased heat resistance and wear resistance.
Half-hearted. It has increased fragility, so it is not widely used.
Grey. GOST 1412–85 indicates what percentage of impurities this metal contains: 3.5% carbon, 0.8% manganese, 0.3% phosphorus, 0.12% sulfur and up to 2.5% silicon. The carbon present in the platelet form creates low impact strength. The characteristics of the type indicate that the material works better in compression than in tension. When heated sufficiently, it has good weldability.
Malleable. A ferrite base of this type provides it with high ductility. When broken, it has a black, velvety color. It is obtained from white, which languishes for a long time at a temperature of 800-950 degrees.
Highly durable. The difference from other types is the presence of spherical graphite. It is obtained from gray after adding magnesium to it.

Individual properties of metal

The material is characterized by certain characteristics. These include:

Physical. Values such as specific gravity or expansion coefficient depend on the carbon content of the metal. The material is heavy, so cast iron bathtubs can be made from it.
Thermal. Thermal conductivity allows you to accumulate heat and retain it, distributing it evenly in all directions. This is used in the manufacture of frying pans or radiators for heating.
Mechanical. These characteristics vary depending on the graphite base. The most durable is gray cast iron with a perlite base. A material with a ferrite component is more malleable.

Depending on the presence of impurities, a difference in the properties of the material appears.

These elements include sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, manganese:

Sulfur reduces the fluidity of the metal.
Phosphorus reduces strength, but makes it possible to manufacture products of complex shapes.
Silicon increases the fluidity of the material, lowering its melting point.
Manganese gives strength, but reduces fluidity.

Differences between cast iron and steel

To understand the difference between steel and cast iron, you need to consider their characteristics. A distinctive feature of cast iron is the amount of carbon. Its minimum content is 2.14%. This is the main indicator by which this material can be distinguished from steel.

iron in steel is 45%, and the percentage of carbon is up to 2. To determine the differences by eye, you need to pay attention to the color. Steel is light in color and cast iron is dark.

Only chemical analysis can determine the percentage of impurities. If we compare the melting point of cast iron and steel, then for cast iron it is lower and amounts to 1150-1250 degrees. For steel - around 1500.

To distinguish the material, you need to do the following:

The product is lowered into water and the volume of displaced water is determined. Cast iron has a lower density. It is 7.2 g/cm3. For steel - 7.7−7.9 g/cm3.
A magnet is applied to the surface, which attracts the steel better.
The chips are rubbed using a grinder or file. Then it is collected in paper and wiped on it. Steel will not leave marks.

Pros and cons of the material

Like any material, cast iron has positive and negative sides. Positive qualities include:

a wide variety of conditions.
some types are highly durable;
the ability to maintain temperature for a long time;
environmentally friendly, which allows you to make dishes from it;
resistance to acid-base environment;
high hygiene;
long service life and durability;
harmlessness of the material.

However, there are also disadvantages. These include:

when kept in water for a long time, the surface becomes covered with rust;
high cost of material;
low ductility of gray cast iron;
fragility.

Cast iron is a metal characterized by a high carbon content. Thanks to this, it has qualities that are necessary for industrial and domestic purposes.

Source: https://chebo.biz/stroyka-i-remont/opisanie-sostava-splava-chuguna-i-otlichie-ego-ot-stali.html

6. What is the difference between cast iron and steel in terms of chemical composition, purpose and properties

Answer:

1. Steels and cast irons are alloys of iron and carbon.

In cast iron carbon not less than 14%

2Cast irons are brittle materials, while steels have plastic properties.

3. Steels are deformable and therefore can be used for the manufacture of various parts both by plastic deformation and by cutting. Cast iron practically does not deform plastically; parts are produced by casting.

7. In what cases are cutter reliefs used and why? Provide sketches of the cutter indicating the relief and the formula for its calculation

Answer: Mills wear out along the back surface and are sharpened along it, but for shaped tools this is impractical, since the surface has a complex profile. Therefore, they are backed up, and regrinding occurs along the front surface. The shape of the rear surface should ensure a constant profile during regrinding.

Flaws:

-increased radial runout

-fewer teeth

-more expensive tool

3 relief methods: 1 radial, 2 angular, 3 axial.

Backing amount:

К= *D*tg/ z

1.What are the calculated and actual release cycles for a production line?

Answer:

The actual release cycle determines the time between processing of 2 parts on the line and, accordingly, the line workers. The calculated cycle is always greater than the actual one, which is associated with planned and random stops of equipment in the line.

On continuous production lines with piece-by-piece transmission, the launch and release of products is carried out at the same time interval - cycle ();

calculated is determined by the formula =Fef/V

where Fef is the available (effective) time fund in the planning period, min

B - product production program for this period of time, pcs.

actual is measured (after what time does the part leave the conveyor)

2. List the types of software for computer-aided design systems

Answer: A computer-aided design system (CAD) is a set of tools and methods for carrying out computer-aided design. It consists of several components called technical, mathematical, software, linguistic, information, methodological and organizational support.

CAD hardware is a set of interconnected and interacting technical means designed to perform computer-aided design. CAD software includes mathematical models (MM) of the designed objects, methods and algorithms of design procedures used in computer-aided design.

CAD software combines the actual programs for data processing systems on machine media and the software documentation necessary for operating the program. CAD information support combines all possible data necessary to perform computer-aided design

Database (DB) - the data itself, located in computer storage devices and structured in accordance with the rules adopted in this DB. A database management system (DBMS) is a set of software tools that ensure the functioning of a database. Linguistic support for CAD is represented by a set of languages used to describe computer-aided design procedures and design solutions.

Methodological support for CAD consists of documents characterizing the composition, rules for the selection and operation of computer-aided design tools.

Organizational support for CAD includes regulations, instructions, orders, staffing tables, qualification requirements and other documents regulating the organizational structure of the departments of the design organization and their interaction with a complex of computer-aided design tools

Source: https://studfile.net/preview/4452065/page:18/

Steel and cast iron: what is the difference between the materials

Cast iron and steel are widely used in modern industry. Both materials are obtained by fusing carbon with iron. And although both steel and cast iron have the same components, this does not mean that both materials are identical, have the same properties and purpose.

Difference in iron and steel production

To produce cast iron, iron is alloyed with carbon, part of which in the finished alloy is more than 2%. While in steel the carbon content should not exceed 2%, and the iron content in it should be at least 45%. That is, the difference between the two materials lies primarily in the percentage of iron and carbon.

About types of steel

There are many different types of steel, which differ in the production method, the percentage of connecting elements, structure, etc. There is also a special wear-resistant steel that can easily withstand heavy loads and is therefore a very valuable material.

In particular, Hardox steel is very popular, which can be ordered from MSK Ukraine LLC . Compared to conventional steel, Hardox is approximately 5 times more durable.

It is easy to weld and process, and has a high hardness coefficient.

Comparison of properties of cast iron and steel

Unlike steel, cast iron is not suitable for making items that will constantly be subject to high stress. It is more brittle than steel, but is easier to cast. But welding cast iron parts together is more difficult than steel parts.

One of the valuable properties of cast iron is its ability to retain heat for a long time. This is why cast iron is used to make radiators (although today they are not as popular as in the past).

Once heated, such a battery slowly releases heat into the air, so the temperature in a room with cast iron batteries will be more stable. Steel heats up faster than cast iron, but does not retain heat for as long.

This is explained by the fact that it has higher thermal conductivity compared to cast iron.

Steel is great for making forged products, while cast iron is better used for casting. By the way, cast iron is also known for the fact that it makes excellent utensils for preparing pilaf, porridge, shurpa and other dishes. When cooked in a steel pan, which has high thermal conductivity, they do not turn out as tasty.

*Comment: the editors are not responsible for the content and opinions expressed in articles with the Ⓟ sign.

Source: https://www.epochtimes.com.ua/ru/poleznye-sovety/stal-i-chugun-v-chyom-raznica-mezhdu-materialami-131304

Difference between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

The main difference between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat is that the Bourgeoisie refers to the capitalists who own the means of production and most of the wealth in society , whereas the Proletariat refers to the class of workers who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor in order to survive.

The bourgeoisie and the proletariat are the two main social classes defined by Karl Marx in his theory of Marxism. Membership in these two social groups depends on ownership of the means of production. These two social groups are interdependent on each other; for the Bourgeoisie, the Proletariats are a source of profit, and for the Proletariats, the bourgeoisie is a source of employment.

Overview and main differences
What is the Bourgeoisie
What is the Proletariat
Similarities between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
What is the difference between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
Conclusion

What is the Bourgeoisie?

In Marxism, the bourgeoisie refers to the capitalist class that owns most of society's wealth and means of production. According to Karl Marx, during the Middle Ages, the bourgeoisie consisted of businessmen such as bankers and merchants. Their economic role was similar to the role of an intermediary - between feudal lords and peasants.

Alfred Morgan (1835-1904). Painting "Omnibus to Piccadilly"

However, by the time of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism, the bourgeoisie had become an economically powerful class of people. They owned the means of production, capital, land and property, and also controlled the means of coercion, i.e. legal system and police.

This ownership of production allowed the bourgeois to exploit wage workers, whose only economic means was their labor. Meanwhile, possession of the means of coercion helps the bourgeoisie to suppress the working class and maintain its status quo.

What is the Proletariat?

In Marxism, the proletariat refers to the class of workers who do not own the means of production (no capital or property) and survive by selling their labor.

More precisely, these are hired workers who work in industrial production and whose main income is the sale of their labor. In addition, this class is considered oppressed by the wage system and capitalism.

Because of this, proletariats often live in poverty. However, the proletariat is different in Marxism from the workers, the poor and the lumpenproletariat.

Proletariat

According to Marxist theory, the oppression faced by proletarians gives them political and economic interests, which gives them the opportunity to unite and wrest power from the capitalists. This in turn will create a communist society free of class differences.

Similarities between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

According to Marx, capitalism is based on the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. Proletarians who do not have the means of production use the means of production of others to produce goods and services to earn a living. However, these goods and services become the property of the capitalists who own the means of production. Thus, it is the capitalists who sell goods and services in the market and earn money.

Source: https://raznisa.ru/raznica-mezhdu-burzhuaziej-i-proletariatom/

Difference between cast iron and steel

Cast Iron and Steel are forms of alloy containing Iron and Carbon. An alloy is a pure mixture of metals or a mixture of metals and other elements. Cast iron and steel have proven industrial value and are therefore used as common building materials.

However, they differ in their composition. The main difference between cast iron and steel is that the amount of carbon present in cast iron is very high, whereas the amount of carbon present in steel is controlled.

Because of this difference in composition, they have very different properties from each other.

What is cast iron

Cast iron is an alloy of iron; it contains iron as the base metal along with a percentage of carbon exceeding 2%. Typically, the amount of carbon present varies from 2-4%.

Silicon is also found to be another alloying element in cast iron with a gross percentage of about 1-3% by weight. The presence of these various elements affects the color and quality of the cast iron produced.

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Some other impurities, such as carbide and graphite, can also affect the occurrence of cracks in the metal.

Cast iron has a lower melting point than the iron element. This is because iron contains other substances as impurities. Therefore, it is easy to cast into molds. Casting is a manufacturing technique in which a liquid material is poured into molds and left to harden.

The solidified material is called a "cast" and once solidification is complete, the material can be removed from the mold. Cast iron is a brittle material that is often cheap. It also has a higher level of heat resistance with high heat capacity.

However, electrical and thermal conductivity is relatively low.

What is steel

Steel consists of iron as the main alloy metal with carbon as the main second component with a weight percentage of about 2.1%.

The inclusion of elements such as chromium allows for the production of higher quality steels such as stainless steel. As the name suggests, stainless steel is resistant to corrosion.

This is due to the fact that chromium has a higher oxidation potential, which in turn protects the iron from oxidation when exposed to air and moisture.

Steel has several desirable properties that make it a suitable building material. Steel has relatively high toughness and is difficult to cast because its melting point is higher than cast iron. It is also softer than cast iron. Unlike cast iron, steel does not break easily.

Instead, when crushed, it forms chips and is pliable. Steel has greater tensile strength than cast iron. However, the strength of each material varies depending on the conditions of use. Steel is mainly used for construction, for beams, and also for making utensils.

Definition

Cast iron is an alloy made of iron and carbon with a mass fraction of about 2-4% along with impurities of silicon and carbide.

Steel is primarily made from alloy iron with a controlled amount of carbon at approximately 2%.

Ability to cast

Cast iron is easy to pour because it has a lower melting point.

Steel is harder to play.

Price

Cast iron is cheaper.

Steel is more expensive and often comes in different grades.

fragility

Cast iron breaks easily and cracks where it is dirty.

Steel does not break as easily and is malleable.

Strength

Cast iron has higher compressive strength.

Steel has higher tensile strength.

Image credit:

"Steel_wire_rope.png" by Johann Hemmerl, derivative work: Materials Scientist - Steel_wire_rope.png

Source: https://ru.strephonsays.com/difference-between-cast-iron-and-steel

Thermal conductivity of cast iron and steel

The metallurgical industry products often used in everyday life are cast iron and steel.

Both materials are a unique alloy of iron and carbon.

But the use of identical components in production does not endow the materials with similar properties. Cast iron and steel are two different materials. What are their differences?

articles

To make steel, you need to fuse iron, carbon and impurities. In this case, the carbon content in the mixture should not exceed 2%, and the iron content should not be less than 45%.

The remaining percentage in the mixture can be alloying elements (substances that bind the mixture, for example, molybdenum, nickel, chromium and others). Thanks to carbon, iron acquires strength and extreme hardness.

Without his participation, a viscous and plastic substance would be obtained.

Cast iron

Iron and carbon are also fused together in the production of cast iron. Only the content of the latter in the mixture is more than 2%.

In addition to the listed components, the mixture contains permanent impurities: silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and alloying additives.

Differences

In metallurgy, a fairly large number of varieties of steel are distinguished.

Their classification depends on the amount of one or another component in the mixture.

For example, a high content of binding elements produces high-alloy (more than 11%) steel. In addition there are:

low alloyed – up to 4% binding components;
medium alloyed - up to 11% of connecting elements.

carbon in the alloy also gives its classification to the metal:

low-carbon metal – up to 0.25% C;
medium carbon metal – up to 0.55% C;
high carbon – up to 2% C.

And finally, depending on the content of non-metallic inclusions that are formed as a result of reactions (for example, oxides, phosphides, sulfides), classification is carried out according to physical properties:

especially high quality;
high quality;
quality;
ordinary steel.

This is far from a complete classification of steel. The types are also distinguished by the structure of the material, production method, and so on.

But no matter how the main components are fused, the result is a hard, durable, wear-resistant and deformation-resistant material with a specific gravity of 7.75 (up to 7.9) G/cm3. The melting point of steel is from 1450 to 1520°C.

Unlike steel, cast iron is more fragile; it is distinguished by its ability to collapse without noticeable residual deformations.

In this case, the carbon itself in the alloy is presented in the form of graphite and/or cementite; their shape and, accordingly, quantity determine the types of cast iron:

white - all the necessary carbon is contained in the form of cementite. The material is white when broken. Very hard, but fragile. It can be processed and is mainly used to produce the malleable variety;
gray – carbon in the form of graphite (plastic form). It is soft, easily processed (can be cut) and has a low melting point;
malleable - obtained after prolonged annealing of a white appearance, resulting in the formation of graphite. Heating (over 900°C) and the cooling rate of graphite negatively affect the properties of the material. This makes welding and processing difficult;
high-strength - contains spherical graphite formed as a result of crystallization.

The carbon in the composition determines its melting point (the more it is, the lower the temperature) and the higher the fluidity when heated.

Therefore, cast iron is a fluid, non-plastic, brittle and difficult to process material with a specific gravity of 6.9 (7.3) G/cm3.

Melting point – from 1150 to 1250°C.

Conclusions TheDifference.ru

Steel is stronger and harder than cast iron.
Cast iron is lighter than steel and has a lower melting point.
Due to its lower carbon content, steel is easier to process (welding, cutting, rolling, forging) than cast iron.
For the same reason, cast iron products are made only by casting.
Products made of cast iron are more porous (due to casting) than those made of steel, and therefore their thermal conductivity is much lower.
Typically, art products made from cast iron are black and matte, while those made from steel are light and shiny.
Cast iron has low thermal conductivity, while steel has higher thermal conductivity.
Cast iron is the primary product of ferrous metallurgy, and steel is the final product.
Cast iron is not hardened, but some types of steel must be subjected to a hardening procedure.
Products made of cast iron are only cast, and products made of steel are forged and welded.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/teploprovodnost-chuguna-i-stali/

Cast iron or steel bathtub - what's the difference?

Sometimes visitors to our store share their thoughts about the advantages or disadvantages of products, and in particular, cast iron and steel bathtubs, which they “read about on the Internet.” Since the San Premium store has both types of bathtubs in its assortment, our experts decided to express their opinion on this topic.

Confusion about where buyers' strange thoughts come from can melt away in a matter of minutes if you Google, for example, the phrase “cast iron bathtubs.” On the very first page of search results you can get a link to one of the websites of bathtub sellers with the subtitle “Main advantages of enameled cast-iron bathtubs.”

Next, we will comment on each of these “advantages” and, perhaps, help readers increase their level of awareness when choosing a cast iron or steel bathtub.

Cast iron is a rather brittle material, and it is inappropriate to call it “resistant to deformation”. Some of the cast iron produced from iron ore cannot even be cut, because it crumbles so much. It is usually used as a raw material for steel smelting. Conventionally, we can say that cast iron is one of the stages of producing steel from iron ore. Unless, of course, steel is the goal. But in many cases cast iron is quite suitable for direct use.

The phrase “cast iron of the highest quality” begs the question - what quality? Strength, ductility, carbon content? After all, if you measure the quality of cast iron as the percentage of carbon content, then “highest quality” cast iron with a minimum percentage will approach the composition of steel. With the same success, the relative purity of unfiltered water can be considered its advantage, although filtered water will be even purer.

The fact that the structure of cast iron contains more carbon than steel is manifested in practice by the fact that a vessel made of more brittle cast iron should have thicker walls than its steel counterpart. Thicker cast iron walls with a higher carbon content in the structure are, figuratively speaking, much more “porous” than thin steel ones.

Carbon dispersed in the metal layer creates a certain structure with frequent changes in heat capacity at the micro level, allowing heat to linger longer and sound to dissipate more strongly. Therefore, we essentially agree with this advantage, if we consider the situation that the steel bathtubs are not supplied with soundproofing elements, and these vessels will be used in an unheated room during the cold season.

But even in this case, the question arises: what about the heat that escapes through the surface of the water, bypassing the walls of the bathroom? After all, warmer air will carry upward the heat of the water poured into the bath, no matter what it is made of.

And this heat outflow can be much more significant than the difference between the heat capacity of the walls of a cast iron or steel bath.

By the way, some types of soundproofing sheets suitable for fastening to steel bathtubs can also serve as thermal insulation.

This is a very strange statement, considering that we are talking about enamel bathtubs. For example, the quality and technology of applying enamel to Kaldewei steel bathtubs allows the company’s management to confidently declare a 30-year guarantee for their products.

The managers of the German company Bette are no less confident in the quality of their technologies for coating steel with enamels, guaranteeing three decades of impeccable service for steel bathtubs of this brand.

A 25-year warranty for Jacob Delafon cast iron bathtubs is also an excellent indicator of quality, but the authors of statements about the superiority of cast iron bathtubs apparently do not correlate their words with these facts.

There is a possibility that they are comparing cast iron bathtubs with some kind of bathtub-like objects created from too thin steel with unsuitable enamel coating technology. And if for some reason such a bathtub is deformed, then the enamel coating may lose its integrity. But in this case, the authors could also consider the option of a thin-walled cast iron bathtub, which can be broken along with low-quality enamel.

This is another reason why, when choosing a bathtub, you need to be more attentive to the qualities directly related to the functions of the product. For example, to the thickness of the walls of the bathtub (which can be judged by relative weight). A simple “formula” - find out the name of the material, and rely on a preconceived opinion - with the current level of technology development, it is unlikely to be more reliable than tossing a coin or telling fortunes on coffee grounds.

There are grades of steel with similar and even greater degrees of resistance, but it is not clear who is interested in this “advantage” in a situation where the metal from which the bathtub is made must be hidden under the enamel.

The word “cast iron” can be replaced by the word “steel”, and the indicated advantage will disappear, as if it were simply far-fetched.

Again we are talking about the quality of the enamel, which even among steel bathtub manufacturers can be impeccable.

We have already given an example with warranty periods. It only remains to add that our specialists principledly and carefully select for the assortment of the San-Premium store only those products whose reliability is beyond doubt. Accordingly, various kinds of disputes “which product is better” with this approach lose practical meaning, since if a bathtub is not the best among other bathtubs with similar parameters, then it simply does not fall into the list of products in our store.

And in conclusion of this analytical work on one of the sources that can be used by overly gullible visitors, we present a general description of cast iron, found on the same site:

“Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon and is quite heavy. Although cast iron bathtubs are made thin, the weight of the average product exceeds 100 kg. At the same time, the large weight ensures the stability of the bath during operation.”

Steel also consists of iron and carbon, but it contains less carbon. But it is less fragile, and therefore its walls are made even thinner than cast iron.

But still, a cubic meter of steel weighs approximately 7800 kg, and a cubic meter of cast iron weighs from 6800 to 7300 kg, therefore it is absurd to call cast iron “heavy” in relation to steel. The fact that steel baths are lighter is due to a significantly smaller volume of material than in the case of cast iron.

Well, for stability during operation, modern manufacturers include comfortable, reliable and easily height-adjustable legs in the set of steel bathtubs.

Conclusion: steel and cast iron bathtubs are all iron

Comparing cast iron bathtubs with steel ones, regardless of the conditions and purposes of use, is approximately the same “useful” activity as comparing diesel fuel with gasoline, without taking into account: who, for what, and how they will be used. Therefore, if you need to choose the best bathtub, and there are no measurable parameters by which you can understand that one bathtub is “better” than another, then there is no point in even starting the search. It is enough to buy the first one you come across.

Whether it is a high-tech bathtub with a built-in music center and hydromassage or a simple but high-quality enamel container, in any case, one of them will be “better” than the other in some way. Some people care most about the price, while others care about the brand.

This is not difficult to understand, as is the fact that sellers of bathtubs cannot know more about them than their manufacturers, and experienced buyers of different products can sometimes know more than sellers of one.

But both of them can learn and share knowledge with other people, creating new opportunities and embodying new ideas for a better future.

We wish you success in purchasing a high-quality bathroom, chosen on the basis of acquired knowledge.

Source: https://san-premium.ru/articles/102/chugunnaya-ili-stalnaya-vanna-kakaya-raznitsa/

Cast iron steels. How is cast iron different from steel? Differences between cast iron and steel

Already the first attempt of the USSR national team to become the best on the continent twice in a row was almost crowned with success. The Soviet team successfully passed the selection, which was played out according to the playoff system, confidently defeating Italy (3:1) and Sweden (4:2) on aggregate, without losing a single match.

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Our team started the final part no less confidently – a crushing 3:0 victory over the Hungarian team. But in the final, having exchanged goals with the hosts, the Spaniards, in the opening of the match, the USSR national team missed the decisive goal in the 84th minute.

However, few people could win that match at the Santiago Bernabeu in the presence of 80 thousand spectators, including Francisco Franco. The leaders of the Soviet state decided that ours had lost to the Nazis, as a result of which Konstantin Ivanovich Beskov was fired from his post as coach of the national team.

These were the times in our football when second place on the continent could be regarded as a failure.

Euro 1968

Current champion: Spain.

But the Spanish team failed to qualify for the next tournament. Having taken first place in the qualifying group with the teams of Czechoslovakia, Ireland and Turkey, in the next qualifying stage the Spaniards lost twice 0:1 and 1:2.

Euro 1972

Current champion: Italy.
Result: did not make it to the final stage.

Four years later, the same fate befell the Italian national team. Having confidently won their qualifying group, the Italians lost to the Belgian national team, playing a goalless draw at home and losing away 1:2.

Euro 1976

Current champion: Germany.
Result: 2nd place.

Unlike the Spaniards and Italians, the German national team took part in the final tournament in 1976. In the group, the Germans confidently took first place, without losing a single match, and beat the Spanish national team in the next stage - 1:1 in Madrid and 2:0 in Munich.

In the final part, the German team demonstrated its characteristic strong-willed qualities. Losing to the Yugoslavs 0:2 in the semi-finals, the Germans first equalized the score and scored twice more in extra time. It is noteworthy that the Germans' second goal in the 81st minute was scored by Dieter Müller, who had appeared on the field a minute earlier. He also scored both goals in extra time.

In the final with Czechoslovakia, the score was again 0:2 by the middle of the second half and 2:2 by the final whistle, and this time the Germans scored the second goal in the last minute of the meeting.

True, in extra time the score did not change, and luck smiled on the Czechoslovakian football players in the penalty shootout, where.

Euro 1980

Current champion: Czechoslovakia.
Result: 3rd place.

Four years later, 8 teams qualified for the final tournament, which were divided into two groups, the winners of which directly qualified for the final. Fate brought Czechoslovakia and Germany together in one group, and they met already in the first round.

The German players took revenge with the only goal scored by Rummenigge. A draw with the Dutch team and a victory over Greece was only enough for the reigning European champions to take second place.

And in the match for third place, the Czechoslovakian team defeated the Italian team, which is noteworthy, also in a penalty shootout.

Euro 1984

Current champion: Germany.
Result: did not leave the group.

In the 1984 European Championship, a rare incident occurred when the German national team failed to qualify from the group. Having played 0:0 with Portugal and defeated the Romanians 2:1, the Germans were leading the group.

In the match with the Spanish team, the score was not opened until the last minute, which suited the West German team quite well, but in the 90th minute Maceda still scored the ball against Harald Schumacher, sending the Germans home.

Euro 1988

Current champion: France.
Result: did not make it to the final stage.

The 1984 champions, the French, failed in the qualifying tournament for the next European Championship. In eight meetings, only one victory was won - at home over the Iceland team. And the national teams of the USSR, East Germany and Norway took only one point each. As a result - third place in the group.

In fairness, it should be noted that the French national team was experiencing a generational change - such players as Bossis, Giresse, and, of course, Platini finished playing for the main team of the country.

Euro 1992

Current champion: Holland.
Result: defeat in the semi-finals.

In 1992, the Dutch team was determined to defend the title. There was every reason for this: after the failure at the 1990 World Cup, the team was again led by the legendary Rinus Michels. The main stars of the team: Frank Rijkaard, Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten were at the peak of their careers, reaching the level of the national team.

The Dutch confirmed the seriousness of their claims with their performances in the group, confidently taking first place and defeating the current world champions, the German national team, 3:1. And the game demonstrated by the Dutch aroused the admiration of all fans and specialists. But in the semi-finals, unexpectedly for everyone, they drew with the main sensation of that tournament - and lost to them in a penalty shootout.

Euro 1996

Current champion: Denmark.
Result: did not leave the group.

No one believed that the Danes would defend their title on the fields of Foggy Albion. And so it happened - in the group the Danish team took third place with one victory, one draw and one defeat, behind Portugal and Croatia.

This cannot be called a failure, the Danes performed at their best, and the result four years ago was not even a leap over one’s head, but something much greater.

Euro 2000

Current champion: Germany.
Result: did not leave the group.

And the Germans’ attempt to defend the title in 2000 again ended in failure. Having drawn with the Romanians in the first round, the German team lost to the British, and in the third round they were unexpectedly defeated by the Portuguese team 0:3.

Euro 2004

Current champion: France.
Result: defeat in the quarter finals.

The French national team at the 2004 European Championship started off strong - an incredible 2:1 victory over the English (remember Beckham's missed penalty and Zidane's two goals in stoppage time?), a draw with Croatia and a confident victory over the Swiss team.

However, already in the 1/4 finals, the French attack could not do anything with the Greek team’s defense, and Charisteas was able to hit Barthez’s goal. Later, the Greeks did the same trick with the Czechs and Portuguese and sensationally won the tournament.

Euro 2008

Current champion: Greece.
Result: did not leave the group.

But four years later in Salzburg, Austria, where the Greek team played all three group stage matches, they faced failure. Three defeats, including from the Russian national team, and only one goal scored.

Euro 2012

Current champion: Spain.
Result: champion.

And only in 2012, for the first time in history, the reigning European champion did not resign. The excellent Spanish team won the tournament comfortably, with four wins and two draws, with a goal difference of 12-1.

The apotheosis was the final against Italy, which ended with a score of 4:0 - the largest in the history of European Championship finals.

Only once did the champions hang by a thread - in the series after match penalties in the semi-finals. However, the Spaniards’ nerves turned out to be all right.

Euro 2016

Current champion: Spain.
Result: defeats in the 1/8 finals.

Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe>90%) with carbon (C up to 2.14%).
Steels are widely used in mechanical engineering and construction. Steel differs from cast iron in a lower percentage of carbon and all permanent impurities.
They became softer and more ductile than cast iron.

In addition to iron and carbon, steels and cast iron always contain silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P) and gases - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen (O,N,H). These impurities are called permanent.

In addition to permanent impurities, steels and cast irons may randomly contain other elements, which are called random impurities (from ore, scrap).

Sometimes chemical elements are specially introduced into iron-carbon alloys to change their structure and properties - chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti). Such impurities are called alloying , and the corresponding alloys are called alloyed.

Classification by chemical composition

According to the chemical composition, steels are divided into:
Carbon
Alloyed

Carbon steel is a steel whose properties depend mainly on its carbon content.
Such steels, in turn, are divided into: Low carbon - C

Source: https://kalmius-info.ru/chugunnye-stali-chem-chugun-otlichaetsya-ot-stali-razlichiya-mezhdu-chugunom-i/

How to distinguish cast iron from metal? — Metals, equipment, instructions

What is the visual difference between cast iron and steel?

An uninformed person believes that the main structural material of modern times is iron. Anyone who understands it knows that the word “iron” means iron-carbon alloys - steel and cast iron.

It would seem that these are two completely different materials and they are very easy to distinguish. However, given the wide range of their types and brands, the fine line of difference in the chemical composition of some of them is difficult to determine.

It is important to have additional skills in order to know the answer to the question: what is the difference between cast iron and steel?

Steel

An iron-carbon alloy containing carbon in an amount of not more than 2.14% and iron - not less than 45% is called steel. Its main characteristics:

Smooth, has a silvery color with a characteristic reflection.
Melting within 1450˚С.
Density ranges from 7700 to 7900 kg/m3.
Heat capacity at room temperature: 462 J/(kg˚C).
Low hardness, on average 120-250 HB.
Excellent ductility: the relative elongation coefficient δ for different brands ranges from 5-35%, for most – δ≥20-40%.
Average values of tensile strength for structural materials are 300-450 MPa; for especially strong alloyed ones – 600-800 MPa.
It lends itself well to correction of properties using thermal and chemical-thermal treatment.
It is actively doped with various chemical elements in order to change its properties and purpose.
Qualitatively high indicators of weldability, machinability and cutting.
Characterized by low corrosion resistance.

Steel is the main structural alloy in modern metallurgy, mechanical engineering, instrument making and technology.

Determining origin by type of part

Having examined the detailed characteristics of these alloys, you can confidently use the knowledge of how cast iron differs from steel. Having a metal object in front of you, doubting its origin, it is rational to immediately remember the main distinctive technological properties. So, cast iron is a casting material. It is used to produce simple dishes, massive pipes, housings of machine tools, engines, and large objects of simple configuration.

Parts of all sizes and complexity are made from steel, as forging, stamping, drawing, rolling and other methods of metal forming are used for this purpose. Thus, if there is a question about the origin of the reinforcement, there can be no doubt - it is steel. If you are interested in the origin of a massive cauldron, it is cast iron.

If you need to find out what the engine housing or crankshaft is made of, you should resort to other recognition options, since both options are possible.

Color features and fragility analysis

In order to know how to distinguish cast iron from steel by eye, you need to remember the main visual differences. Cast iron is characterized by a matte gray color and a rougher external texture. Steel is characterized by its special silvery shiny hue and minimal roughness.

Also important knowledge on how to distinguish cast iron from steel visually is information about the ductility of these materials.

If the workpieces or metal objects being examined do not have serious value, you can test them for strength and ductility by applying impact force. Brittle cast iron will crumble into pieces, while steel will only deform.

With more serious crushing loads, cast iron crumbs will turn out to be of small, varied shapes, and pieces of steel will be large, with the correct configuration.

Cut and drill

How to distinguish cast iron from steel at home? It is necessary to obtain fine dust or shavings from it. Since steel has high ductility, its chips also have a tortuous character. Cast iron crumbles, and when drilling, small chips are formed along with dust.

To obtain dust, you can use a file or rasp and slightly sharpen the edge of the part of interest. Examine the resulting fine shavings on your hand or a white sheet of paper. Cast iron contains large amounts of carbon in the form of graphite inclusions. Therefore, when rubbing its dust, a black graphite “trace” remains. In steels, carbon is in a bound state, so mechanical influence on dust does not give any visible results.

Heat and sparkle

How to distinguish cast iron from steel? You need to operate with the necessary equipment and a little patience.

In the first case, you can resort to heating, for example, using a blowtorch, initially wearing special protective clothing and following safety rules at work. The temperature must be increased before the metal begins to melt.

It has already been said that the melting point of cast iron is higher than that of steel. However, this applies mainly to white and pig iron. Regarding all industrial grades, they contain carbon in an amount of no more than 4.3% and melt at 1000-1200˚C.

Thus, it can be melted much faster.

An educational method for obtaining information about how cast iron differs from steel is to use an experimental sample on a grinding machine or under a sharp wheel of a grinding machine. The analysis is carried out according to the characteristics of the sparks. Cast iron is characterized by dim red sparks, while steel is characterized by bright, blinding short rays with a white-yellow tint.

What does it sound like

An interesting feature is how to distinguish cast iron from steel by sound. The two alloys sound different. It is not at all necessary to produce musical accompaniment using existing experimental facilities. But it is necessary to have both samples or have an experienced ear in this matter. Steel is characterized by a higher density, which is reflected in its sound. When you hit it with a metal object, the sound is much louder than in the same situation with cast iron.

In order to know how cast iron differs from steel, you need to have a little knowledge about these materials and some experience. After all, an experienced professional in the field of forging, grinding, milling, drilling, turning, heat treatment or welding, a metallurgist or technician can easily distinguish them from each other, assessing them only visually or by touch.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/272426/chugun-ot-stali-chem-otlichaetsya-vizualno