What is the weight of the reinforcement

Reinforcement weight table

Reinforcement is an integral part of any construction process when it comes to high-strength concrete structures. Reinforcement is used both in the construction of foundations and in the construction of heavy loaded floors.

You can also often find less massive structures in partitions and in certain types of finishing work.

The reinforcement, or more precisely the steel from which it is made, is subject to special requirements, which are standardized by GOST, and each reinforcing steel is used strictly depending on the load prescribed by the standards and external conditions.

Reinforcement parameters and weight

Each enterprise that deals with steel rolling complies with certain technical conditions that the fittings must comply with. First of all, this concerns weight. The reinforcement weight table can be used for various purposes - both to calculate transport costs and to calculate the load that the reinforced structure will exert. The table shows the main parameters for the most common types of reinforcing bars.

The weight of reinforcing steel is calculated by multiplying the total length of all rods by the weight of one linear meter; this is why such tables exist.

How many meters are there in a kilogram and how many kilograms are in a meter?

Naturally, whenever this table is needed, it will not be at hand. Therefore, in order to accurately calculate how many kilograms are in a meter of reinforcement, you need to proceed from the volume of the material. Calculating the weight of reinforcement along its length can only be done when we know its diameter exactly.

For an accurate calculation, we use a simple formula - 1m*(3.14*D*D/4). Thus, by calculating the volume of the reinforcement, you can easily find out its weight. To do this, you need to know the specific gravity of steel, which, according to reference books, is 7,850 kg/m³. Length by weight is calculated in the same way. Knowing the specific gravity of steel and the diameter of the reinforcement, you can easily operate with both the length and weight of the rod.

Application of reinforcing steel

Reinforcement, in principle, is a system of interconnected rods, which, when interacting with the concrete mixture, give the final product sufficient strength and rigidity. Reinforcement systems take on all the tensile, bending and compressive loads that a reinforced concrete structure must withstand.

Basically, periodic reinforcing steel is used in the construction of foundations, and is also often used in the construction of buildings by constructing walls by pouring permanent wall formwork with concrete mixture. For such construction, special types of concrete are used, but the requirements for reinforcing steel are the same. They are approved according to GOST 5781-82, and are observed by all metallurgical enterprises.

Dependence of the weight of reinforcement on various factors

As we have already found out, it is necessary to know the weight of the reinforcement during calculations that are carried out to determine the load that the reinforced structure will exert on other elements, or on the soil, if the calculations concern the construction of foundations. Also, construction engineers calculate the reinforcement coefficient of a structure based on the weight of the reinforcement and its volume, so parameters such as:

1. Diameter of fittings.
2.  Weight per linear meter of reinforcement.
3.  Volume of fittings.
4. The ratio of the volume of reinforcement to the volume of concrete.
5.  Reinforcing steel grade.

Vital to know in engineering calculations.

Reinforcing steel grade

The weight of any reinforcement is presented in the table that we have posted on the page, and the weight of a linear meter of reinforcement depends on its diameter. GOST clearly defines the standard size of diameters, which we presented in the table. This table also shows the class of steel from which the reinforcement itself is made.

The weight of a linear meter of reinforcement depends not only on the diameter, but also on the shape of the surface of the reinforcing rod or reinforcing wire. The profile can be either smooth or corrugated. The corrugated profile of the reinforcement is necessary in order to improve the adhesion of steel to the concrete mixture, as well as to give additional strength to the reinforcing rod or wire. Depending on the production technology of reinforcing steel, it is divided into three types:

• hot rolled;
• cold rolled;
• cold drawn wire.

It is noteworthy that the mass of a linear meter of hot-rolled steel does not depend on the basic mechanical characteristics it possesses. These characteristics are called steel classes and are designated by the letter A and a digital index.

Imported steel brands are similar in performance, but have slightly different markings and a higher price, so they are used extremely rarely.

Source: https://stroydetali.com/tablica-vesov-armatury_/

Hot rolled reinforcement. Weight per linear meter of steel rod

The dependence of the mass of reinforcement on the density of steel is obvious, but to simplify the calculations, there are also correspondence tables.

So that you don’t have any difficulties when calculating this expensive material, let’s figure out how much it needs to be used during construction.

When constructing monolithic reinforced concrete structures, steel reinforcement is used, the weight of which may vary per linear meter due to the unequal thickness of the metal rods. Let's look at how to control their consumption step by step.

How to find out the volume of reinforcement?

In drawings and diagrams of steel frames and meshes, designers indicate the weight and length of each assembly element and ultimately summarize the costs of materials in calculations. These design values ​​are relied upon both when drawing up estimate documentation, and when contractors purchase reinforcement, the weight of a linear meter does not change due to humidity, corrosion or other technical conditions.

All these errors are already taken into account to the maximum in the table values. For example, according to the table, the weight of a linear meter of 10 mm reinforcement is 0.617 kg, but small inaccuracies are possible - per ton, according to the standards, they should be no more than ±5-6%.

But these figures assume a confluence of the most unfavorable circumstances, so they try not to allow deviations of more than ±2-3% and prevent possible speculation.

Hot rolled reinforcement. Weight of a linear meter of material.

Calculation of the amount of reinforcement in fact

You can easily calculate the weight of the reinforcement based only on the length and diameter of the rods, since the density of steel is well known and is 7850 kg/m3. For example, the following condition: reinforcement 12, the weight of a linear meter is unknown, but its length in all frames is 100 m.

We calculate the area of ​​a circle with a radius of 6 mm, multiply by the height (that is, the length of the rods) and by the density of the material from which they are made. When calculating, we neglect the ribbing of the reinforcement. As a result we get: πR2×100×ρSTEEL=3.14×0.0062×100×7850=88.74 kg. After checking the table, we will make sure that the calculation is correct.

At 100 meters of material, the deviation was only 0.06 kg, which easily fits into the maximum measurement error of ±3%.

Control of material consumption on a construction site

In any business, including such as the sale of rolled metal, everyone knows each other very well; accordingly, it is better to ask the foreman who will supervise the work on the construction site about the integrity of the sellers in your city. This specialist knows thoroughly where and why steel reinforcement is used; the weight of a linear meter of this structural material will also not be news to him.

Therefore, do not forget to remind him to collect all receipts and invoices for rolled metal. After all, armed with drawings that indicate the length of the reinforcement of each welded mesh and frame, you can jointly take a fascinating tour of the building under construction and make sure that something has not rolled in the process, or just make sure that the materials are used optimally.

The result of such mutually beneficial cooperation will be a perfectly executed building and your mutual satisfaction.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/138695/goryachekatanaya-armatura-ves-pogonnogo-metra-stalnogo-sterjnya

ᐉ Opoura - grape variety

For good growth and development, the vineyard needs support that will hold the bushes tightly and prevent the vine from sagging. The support greatly affects the health of the grapes, thanks to it there is good air exchange between the branches , in addition, the plants receive the necessary amount of light. It is not necessary to buy an expensive trellis. Such designs are quite easy to make with your own hands from available materials.

We will tell you how to properly set up a vineyard on a summer cottage and how to properly make supports from wood, profile pipes, polypropylene pipes, what wire to use and show photos of various structures. In our separate article you can learn how to make a decorative trellis for grapes.

Setting up a dacha - choosing a location

A grape trellis is not a temporary installation. With the right approach, it will serve you for many years. Therefore, it is necessary to take care in advance about choosing a place for its location.

When choosing a place for grapes, consider the following important points:

• The area should be well lit by the sun during the day.
• The rows of the vineyard should be directed from the northern part of the garden to the southern.
• The distance between rows should be at least 2 meters.

More details about choosing a site on the site can be found in a separate article.

What type of construction is appropriate, taking into account the characteristics of the variety?

Most often, winegrowers use two types of trellises:

1. Single-plane - vertically located pillars are connected to each other by a horizontally stretched wire that holds the vine.
2. Two-plane - consist of two single-plane supports, which are installed side by side or connected to each other in the form of the letter V.

A simple support is suitable for those gardeners who do not intend to grow a lot of grapes. If you are planning a large number of bushes, give preference to a two-plane trellis.

The variety of grapes grown on the trellis is also of no small importance; the planting scheme must be taken into account in accordance with the chosen variety. If you choose the wrong support, you may not achieve a good harvest or even lose the vineyard.

Single-plane trellises cannot support heavy weight, so they are preferably used for:

Trellis for grapes

• Covering grapes.
• Young vineyard.
• Low and medium-growing varieties.

Double-plane trellises are usually made from metal parts and are suitable for:

• Young vineyard.
• Tall varieties that have many shoots (for example, “long-awaited”, “Veles” or “Moldova”).
• Uncovered varieties.

The first option is suitable for beginner winegrowers who do not intend to grow a lot of grape bushes.

Two-plane trellises can be built according to drawings on their site by gardeners who have experience in growing grapes and are ready to process a large number of vines and harvest a large harvest.

If for some reason ordinary trellises do not suit you, you can make an arch. Learn more about how to make an arch with your own hands in a separate article.

What material should I use?

The structure of the grape support can be made from various materials: wood, metal or plastic pipes. Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Tree

Wooden stands have the most decorative appearance, making them very popular among gardeners. But unfortunately, they are short-lived. As a rule, after 5-7 years the part located in the ground begins to rot.

Pros:

• Environmental friendliness of the material.
• Availability of material and tools for its fastening.
• Ease of operation.
• Decorative design.
• Cheapness.

Minuses:

• The material is susceptible to rot and mold.
• Short service life (up to 7 years).
• Requires annual protective treatment.

To extend the life of a wooden trellis, it is necessary to choose hard wood species, for example: oak, ash, chestnut. It is also necessary to treat the underground part of the support: soak it in a 5% solution of copper sulfate for 3 days, and then treat it with liquid resin or kerosene.

Metal

Metal supports are more practical and durable; they are usually built using metal pipes from 6 cm in diameter. When designing a support, you need to take into account that the main load goes to the outer pillars, so for them you need to choose pipes of a larger diameter than the intermediate supports.

Supports for grapes

Pros:

• Long service life (more than 50 years).
• Withstands a lot of weight.
• Does not deform in strong winds.

Minuses:

• To assemble the structure, you need a welding machine and the ability to use it.
• Once every 5 years, the structure requires anti-corrosion treatment.
• High price.
• Difficult to manufacture.
• The weight of the structure makes it difficult for one person to assemble such a trellis.

Plastic

The grape support can also be made from plastic pipes. This material is lightweight, durable and bends easily.

Pros:

• Not afraid of unfavorable factors: moisture, frost, rot, corrosion, etc.
• Long service life (several decades).
• Quick installation with sealed, permanent connections.
• Availability of material.

Minuses:

• To carry out the work you need a special soldering iron.
• A little experience working with plastic and a soldering iron is desirable.
• Not suitable for high supports and supporting plants with large masses.
• Does not perform a decorative function.

For transverse rows of all types of trellises, thick copper or aluminum wire (3-4 mm in diameter) is used.

It has also recently become popular to make trellises from fiberglass reinforcement, because... This material is relatively inexpensive and accessible, and it has also shown resistance to corrosion.

Instructions for building a single-plane rack with your own hands

The single-plane trellis design is the most popular among gardeners. It is easy to manufacture, does not require special knowledge and skills, and all materials are available and inexpensive. Based on the availability of materials and the variety that is planned to be planted, they choose which support to make and how to build it.

Related article: Bouchale grape variety

Made of wood

The following shows how to properly make a support for grapes from wood and how it looks in the photo.

To assemble one section of the structure you will need:

• 4 wooden posts.
• 15 m thick wire.
• 4 crossbars 40-50 cm each.
• Cement.

How to make wooden stands for grapes? They must be manufactured and installed in this order:

• Dig holes according to the diameter of the pillars.
• The depth of the holes is 80 cm.
• The distance between the pits is 40-50 cm.
• Place a 20 cm layer of sand at the bottom of the recesses.
• Install thrust bearings at the base of the pillars so they will stand stronger.
• Install the logs and cement the foundation.
• Install crossbars at the top and bottom; they will support the structure.
• Make holes in the posts and tie the wire.
• The first row is 40 cm from the ground.
• The next ones are at a distance of 45 to 50 cm from each other.
• The last row is tied 5 cm from the top crossbar.

From plastic pipes

A single-plane support made of plastic pipes is made similarly to a wooden one.

How to properly install a trellis made of plastic pipes? To connect the pillars and the top crossbar, you can use angles for plastic pipes, so the structure will be airtight. Fastening is also done with glue or self-tapping screws.

Trellis for grapes made of plastic pipes

Plastic pipes are a flexible material that can support not very large vines. To enhance strength, the support is made of reinforcement. To do this, reinforcement is installed in the prepared holes, and pipes are threaded onto it.

Rows of wire are tightly wound around poles or tied into holes previously made in the pipes.

The most suitable varieties for growing on supports made of plastic pipes are low-growing varieties such as “Timur”, “Jupiter”, “Rusbol” and “Century”.

How to make a two-plane support with photos

The most durable and reliable support for grapes is obtained if it is made from metal parts such as pipes. It will allow you to grow a large harvest of grapes.

• 4 metal pipes, 40-50 mm in diameter, 2-2.5 meters long.
• 2 top bars, 130 cm long.
• 2 upper horizontal supports 2-3 meters long.
• Wire 30 mm.
• Small stones or crushed stone.
• Cement.
• Welding machine.

How to make a two-plane trellis in the country:

• Weld two triangles from pipes that will become end supports.
• Dig the triangles in at an angle downward to a depth of 80 cm.
• Compact the holes and fill them with small stones or crushed stone.
• Fill with cement.
• After the cement mortar has hardened, connect the triangles with horizontal bridges.
• Weld or screw a thick wire to the support.
• The first row of wire is attached at a distance of 20 cm from the ground.
• The second one is 30 cm from the previous one.
• The distance between subsequent rows of wire is 40 cm.

DIY grape trellises

Possible manufacturing errors

When organizing a vineyard, you need to think through various details, choose a location, type of trellis and grape variety.

Possible mistakes:

• The space is not organized correctly, the vines interfere with other plants or the trees create a shadow for the grapes.
• There is too much space between rows that is difficult to use in other ways.
• There is too little space between the rows, resulting in inconvenient processing of the vine.
• A small distance between plants results in the bushes interfering with each other, and poor air exchange contributes to diseases.
• The wrong type of trellis was chosen for a particular variety - a vigorous one is not suitable for a single-plane trellis, and a covering one is not suitable for a two-plane one.
• If the drawing is not made and the dimensions are not selected, the trellis may not be installed correctly.
• Pre-treatment of materials, wood from fungus, metal from rust, has not been done, which significantly reduces the service life of the support.
• The supports are too high, they are problematic to maintain, and it is difficult to prune the vines and harvest the crop.

Anyone can make a beautiful, functional trellis for grapes. The main thing is to choose the right plot of land and material for support. When choosing the type of support, take into account the variety of grapes that you plan to grow on it. Don’t forget to take care of the trellis every year, trim the vines, clean the supports from dirt and dust, treat them with anti-corrosion (for metal) and antifungal (for wood) preparations.

Source: https://roza-zanoza.ru/vse-pro-vinograd/opoura-sort-vinograda.html