Composition and general characteristics of steel: density kg cm3, specific gravity and other technological properties - Machine
The first mentions of steel are contained in Indian sources dating back to approximately 1 millennium BC. e. Steel swords made by Indian craftsmen were stronger and sharper than bronze ones. Steel was processed in the Middle East and Ancient Rome. It was steel swords and armor that helped the Roman legions in their victorious march through the ancient world.
The rebirth of the material occurred in the 19th century, when the open-hearth method of its smelting was developed, which made it possible to obtain alloys of high and stable quality in large quantities. In the 20th century, steel became the main structural material. One of the important characteristics of any material is its density - the mass of a substance per unit volume.
Density of steel
Density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter or tons per cubic meter. The digital density value for these two units of measurement will be the same. The density of the same material at different temperatures changes due to the phenomenon of thermal and volumetric expansion. For most substances, including metals, density decreases with increasing temperature.
Density of structural alloy steel
Structural alloy alloys are used in the production of highly loaded critical structures, including those operating in aggressive environments. The density of grade 30KhGSA is close to the standard value of 7.85 t/m3, the density of low-alloy structural steel for welded structures
Low-alloy alloys have excellent weldability and high corrosion resistance, so they are widely used for critical structures in construction and shipbuilding. The HC of steel in this group ranges from 7.85-7.87 t/m3 and is given in the table:
| Group | Brand | Density |
| low alloy structural | 09G2S | 7,85 |
| high carbon | 70 (VS and OVS) | 7,85 |
| medium carbon | 45 | 7,85 |
| low carbon | 10, 10A, 20, 20A | 7,85 |
| carbon structural | St3sp, St3ps | 7,87 |
Density of structural steel with increased machinability
The specific gravity of 30KhGSA steel used for shafts, axles, and levers is 7.85 t/m3. When heated to 200 ºС it decreases to 7.8. The density of structural bearing steel grade 35ХГ2 is 7.8 t/m3.
The specific gravity of steel 12Х2Н4А, used to create highly loaded gears, piston pins, etc., is 7.84 t/m3 at 20 ºС and decreases to 7.63 when heated to 600 ºС
Density of structural spring steel
Spring-spring alloys have increased elasticity while maintaining high strength and are used for the manufacture of elastic elements of mechanisms - springs, springs, shock absorbers. The density of grade 65G is 7.85 t/m3.
Density of structural carbon quality steel
High-quality structural carbon steel grades 10, 20, 30, 40 has a density of 7.85 t/m3
Density of stainless steel
The density of a substance is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume. Such calculations have already been made for all substances known to man, and metrological services periodically repeat and refine these measurements. In practice, people face another practical task: knowing the material from which the product is made, determine its mass.
The density of a substance is also called specific gravity (or, in everyday life, specific gravity) - that is, the mass of a solid physical body made of a given substance and having a unit volume.
Stainless steel
It should be noted that when using the term “mass”, in 99% of cases people are dealing with weight - the force of attraction of the physical body to the Earth.
The fact is that to determine body weight in a strict physical sense, sophisticated equipment is required, available only in the largest scientific centers.
For practical use, in most cases, conventional, more or less accurate scales using the Earth's gravity and springs, or levers and standard weights, or piezoelements are sufficient.
In practice, to calculate the weight of a linear or square meter of rolled metal, the specific gravity, or density of the material from which it is made, is used. In reference books on the assortment of rolled metal, among the main characteristics of each grade, the mass of a linear or square meter and the density value used in the calculations must be indicated.
In most cases, calculations based on the mass of a linear or square meter are sufficient for practical applications. Raw materials and components are purchased with a certain standardized stock, and before shipment to the consumer, the product is weighed on scales for accurate settlements between contractors.
However, you need to understand that the data in the directory is calculated based on the standard density of steel, most often it is 7.85 t/m3. At the same time, the actual density of a particular steel grade depends on the composition and specific amount of additives and can range from 7.6 to 8.8 t/m3.
This can give an error of up to 10% up or down for a product made from a very light or, conversely, very heavy alloy. For a small amount of metal the difference will be small and can be neglected. However, for complex products that use large volumes of metal, more accurate calculations will be required.
The mass will be needed when creating an application for the purchase of metal. Based on the density of a given alloy, an adjustment is made to the reference values of the mass of one linear or square meter, and then the already specified value is used in the calculations.
How to calculate P or perform 1 meter mass adjustment?
The practical method for determining density is quite simple and is known to us from a school physics course. A sample of material is lowered into a measuring container filled with water to a certain level. The water level rises to a certain height. The volume of displaced water is equal to the volume of the sample. The mass of the sample is determined by weighing on an accurate balance. Density will be equal to the ratio of mass and volume.
To adjust the mass of a linear or square meter, you need to divide the value from the reference book by the density from the reference book and multiply the result by the measured density of the sample material. The corrected value will be obtained.
If similar calculations are expected to be repeated, then it will be more convenient to calculate a correction factor equal to the ratio of the standard density and the density of the sample, and then apply it in the calculations.
Density of 12Х18Н10Т and some stainless steels
Grade 12×18N10T is one of the most widely used stainless steels. The density for it and several popular brands in production is given in the table, the brands are arranged in order of increasing density. The third column shows the density adjustment factor relative to the standard value of 7.85:
| steel grade | Density t/m3 | Correction factor |
| 08Х22Н6Т15Х28 | 7,60 | 0,97 |
| 08Х1312Х17 | 7,70 | 0,98 |
| 04Х18Н1008Х18Н12Б12Х18Н10Т17Х18Н9 | 7,90 | 1,01 |
| 08Х18Н12Т10Х23Н18 | 7,95 | 1,01 |
| 06ХН28МДТ08ХН28МДТ | 7,96 | 1,01 |
| 10Х17Н13М2Т | 8,00 | 1,02 |
| 08Х17Н15М3Т | 8,10 | 1,03 |
Density of other steels and alloys
The specific gravity of steel of other groups is given in the table:
| Steel type | Brand | Density |
| cryogenic stainless structural | 12Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| heat-resistant stainless steel corrosion-resistant | 08Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| stamped instrumental | X12MF | 7,7 |
| stamped instrumental | 5ХНМ | 7,8 |
| low-carbon electrical (Armco) | A and E; EA; EAA | 7,8 |
| chromium | 15ХА | 7,74 |
| chrome-aluminium-molybdenum nitrided | 38ХМУА | 7,71 |
| chromium-manganese-silicon | 25ХГСА | 7,85 |
| chrome vanadium | 30ХГСА; 20ХН3А | 7,85 |
Steel - concept and its characteristics
Steel is the most common material for the manufacture of structures, parts, mechanisms and tools.
Steels include all alloys of iron and carbon, and the share of iron must be at least 45%, and the share of carbon - less than 2.14 percent.
Carbon, lining up in the molecular structures of iron, increases strength and hardness, but makes the alloy less ductile and malleable. In addition to carbon, the alloy contains metals and non-metals.
The most important characteristics of the alloy include:
- shear modulus;
- elastic modulus;
- density;
- linear expansion coefficient.
Different areas of application of materials require them to have different physical and chemical properties. For example, steel alloys with a high modulus of elasticity are used for the production of springs and spring-type shock absorbers. These properties are purposefully changed as a result of the addition of various additives.
Melting steel
The density of steel, or HC steel, is one of the most important characteristics of the alloy. Based on it, the designer calculates the weight of the part and the total weight of the product, logistics organizes the purchase and delivery of raw materials, blanks and finished products, economists determine the cost. The weight of steel is determined as the product of density and volume.
Steel classification
Depending on the proportion of non-metallic impurities determined by the method of smelting a given grade, steel alloys are divided into:
- especially high quality;
- high quality;
- ordinary quality.
Based on their chemical composition, alloys are also divided into alloyed and carbon.
Carbon steels
Used primarily for the production of welded structures and contains from 0.25 to 2.14 percent carbon. Within the group, they are further divided into subgroups, and also according to the percentage of carbon:
- high carbon (0.6-2.14);
- medium carbon (0.3-0.55);
- low carbon (below 0.25).
They also include silicon and manganese as additives. In addition to useful, purposefully introduced additives, the alloy may also contain harmful impurities that negatively affect its physicochemical properties:
- phosphorus reduces ductility when heated and increases brittleness when cooled;
- sulfur leads to the formation of microcracks.
Low carbon steel
Other impurities may also be present in the alloy.
Alloy steel
In order for the alloy to acquire the required properties during melting, useful additives or alloying elements are added to it, most often metals such as aluminum, molybdenum, chromium, manganese, nickel, vanadium and others.
The properties of the alloy change quite significantly: the alloy acquires resistance to corrosion, special strength, high malleability, increased or decreased electrical conductivity, etc. An alloy with such additives is called alloy steel.
Based on the percentage of alloying additives, they are divided into three groups:
- highly alloyed – over 11;
- medium alloyed – from 4 to 11;
- low alloy – less than 4.
By area of application, steel alloys are divided into:
- tool - high-strength alloys are used for the manufacture of tools, dies, cutters, drills and cutters;
- structural - used for the production of bodies and components of vehicles, machine tools, building structures;
- special. This group includes alloys with increased resistance to acidic and alkaline environments, radiation, stainless alloys, electrical materials, etc.
Alloy steel
Some additives and treatments increase the density of the material, while others reduce it, for example:
| Processing method or additive | Density change |
| carbon | is decreasing |
| chrome, aluminum, manganese | is decreasing |
| cobalt, tungsten, copper | growing |
| drawing | grows within three percent |
Source: https://regionvtormet.ru/okrashivanie/sostav-i-obshhie-harakteristiki-stali-plotnost-kg-sm3-udelnyj-ves-i-drugie-tehnologicheski-svojstva.html
Density of steel
The first mentions of steel are contained in Indian sources dating back to approximately 1 millennium BC. e. Steel swords made by Indian craftsmen were stronger and sharper than bronze ones. Steel was processed in the Middle East and Ancient Rome. It was steel swords and armor that helped the Roman legions in their victorious march through the ancient world.
The rebirth of the material occurred in the 19th century, when the open-hearth method of its smelting was developed, which made it possible to obtain alloys of high and stable quality in large quantities. In the 20th century, steel became the main structural material. One of the important characteristics of any material is its density - the mass of a substance per unit volume.
Density of steel
Density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter or tons per cubic meter. The digital density value for these two units of measurement will be the same. The density of the same material at different temperatures changes due to the phenomenon of thermal and volumetric expansion. For most substances, including metals, density decreases with increasing temperature.
Weight of 1 m3 of steel – Specific gravity of steel St3. How much does it weigh ? What is the mass?
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Weight of 1 cubic meter (1 m3, cube, cubic meter) of steel (stainless, acid-resistant, scale-resistant and heat-resistant):
Name Brand / designation Weight, kg| Nickel-chrome steel | EI 418 | 8510 |
| Chrome-manganese-nickel steel | Х13Н4Г9 (ЭИ100) | 8500 |
| Chrome steel | 1X13 (EZh1) | 7750 |
| 2X13 (EZh2) | 7700 | |
| 3X13 (EZh3) | 7700 | |
| 4X14 (EZh4) | 7700 | |
| X17 (EZh17) | 7700 | |
| X18 (EI229) | 7750 | |
| X25 (EI181) | 7550 | |
| X27 (Zh27) | 7550 | |
| X28 (EZh27) | 7550 | |
| Chrome-nickel steel | 0Х18Н9 (ЭЯ0) | 7850 |
| 1Х18Н9 (ЭЯ1) | 7850 | |
| 2Х18Н9 (ЭЯ2) | 7850 | |
| X17N2 (EI268) | 7750 | |
| EI307 | 7700 | |
| EI334 | 8400 | |
| Х23Н18(ЭИ417) | 7900 | |
| Chrome-silicon-molybdenum steel | EI107 | 7620 |
| Chrome-nickel-tungsten steel | EI69 | 8000 |
| Chrome-nickel-tungsten steel with silicon | EI240 | 8000 |
| Х25Н20С2 (ЭИ283) | 7700 | |
| Chromium-nickel-silicon steel | EI72 | 8000 |
| Chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel | EI400 | 7900 |
| Chromium-nickel-molybdenum-titanium steel | EI432 | 7950 |
| Chrome-nickel-niobium steel | Х18Н11Б (EI398 and EI402) | 7900 |
| Ya1NB | 7850-7950 | |
| Chrome-nickel-titanium steel | 1Х18Н9Т (ЭЯ1Т) | 8000 |
| Chrome-manganese-nickel steel | Х13НЧГ9 (ЭИ100) | 8500 |
| Other special steel | EI401 | 7900 |
| EI418 | 8510 | |
| EI434 | 8130 | |
| EI435 | 8510 | |
| EI437 | 8200 | |
| EI415 | 7850 |
Weight of 1 cubic meter (1 m3, cube, cubic meter) of steel (carbon, alloy):
Name Brand / designation Weight, kg| High carbon steel | 70 (VS, OVS) | 7850 |
| Medium carbon steel | 45 | 7850 |
| Low carbon steel | 10, 10A | 7850 |
| 20, 20A | 7850 | |
| Low-carbon electrical steel (Armco type iron) | A, E, EA, EAA | 7800 |
| Medium carbon steel for shaped casting | L45 (45-5516) | 7850 |
| Steel for shaped castings | L35HGSA | 7750 |
| Low manganese steel for shaped castings | L40G2 | 7800 |
| Nickel steel | 13N5A | 7800 |
| Chrome steel | 15ХА | 7740 |
| Chromium-aluminum-molybdenum steel, nitrided | 38ХМУА | 7650 |
| Chrome-manganese-silicon steel | 25ХГСА | 7850 |
| 30ХГСА | 7850 | |
| Chrome vanadium steel | 20ХН3А | 7850 |
| 40HFA | 7800 | |
| 50HFA | 7800 | |
| Chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel | 40ХНМА | 7850 |
| Chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel (tungsten) | 18ХНВА (18ХНМА) | 7850 |
| Chrome-nickel-tungsten steel | 25HNVA | 7850 |
| Chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel | EI355 | 7800 |
| Chrome-molybdenum steel | 35HMFA | 7800 |
wikimassa.org
Specific gravity of stainless steel 12x18n10t - sovetskyfilm.ru
“Stainless” in engineering usage refers to a fairly large group of steel grades, which includes several groups of steels with specific properties that are not limited to rust resistance alone.
For example, the most common grades of stainless steel, such as 12Х18Н10Т and 12Х18Н12Т, belong by purpose simultaneously to corrosion-resistant steels, heat-resistant, cryogenic and structural steels, and in terms of chemical composition, respectively, to groups of steels with the addition of chromium, nickel and titanium.
To perform certain types of work, it is necessary to take into account the quality characteristics of materials. Stainless steel, as one of the most popular types of rolled metal, has different chemical composition, mechanical and other properties, which determine its practical use.
Methods for calculating the weight of stainless metal
To calculate the specific gravity of stainless steel, a standard formula is used. The ratio between the mass and volume of stainless steel metal will be its specific gravity.
In turn, to calculate the mass of rolled products, the available specific gravity value is multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the rolled products and by its length.
Let's look at specific examples of calculating the weight of stainless steel:
Example 1. Calculate the weight of circles with a diameter of 50 mm made of steel 12Х18Н10Т, 4 meters long, in the amount of 120 pieces.
Let's find the cross-sectional area of the circle S = πR 2 means S = 3.1415 2.5 2 = 19.625 cm 2
Let's find the mass of one rod, knowing that the specific gravity of the 12Х18Н10Т brand = 7.9 g/cm 3
M = 1&.6259middot;4009middot;7.9 = 62.015 kg
Total weight of all rods M = 62.015 120 = 7441.8 kg
Example 2. Calculate the weight of a pipe with a diameter of 60 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm made of steel 08X13, 6 meters long, in the amount of 42 pieces.
Let's find the cross-sectional area of the pipe, to do this we determine the cross-sectional area of the pipe as if it were a circle and subtract the area of the internal empty space
Source: https://martand.ru/raznoe/ves-1-m3-stali-udelnyj-ves-stali-st3-skolko-vesit-kakaya-massa.html
Products – Tekhmashholding – group of companies, official website
- Steel is a deformable alloy of a small amount of carbon (up to 2%) with iron and other elements. This is one of the most common materials used in almost all industries. They are classified according to steel grades, which differ in structure, various mechanical and various physical properties, as well as chemical composition. Below is a table of the weight of 1 m2 of steel, the most common grades in g/cm3: Weight of popular types of steel: alloy, carbon, die, spring and others
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- plasticity - resistance to significant deformations without destruction during the manufacture of structures and at points of overload during their operation;
- viscosity - the ability to absorb the forces of external force influences, preventing the expansion of gaps;
- crack resistance;
- hardness;
- elasticity;
- cold resistance;
- heat resistance.
- low-carbon - up to 0.3%;
- medium carbon - 0.3−0.7%;
- high-carbon - from 0.7%.
- molybdenum;
- tungsten;
- chrome;
- aluminum;
- nickel;
- barium;
- vanadium;
- thallium;
- manganese;
- silicon.
- low alloyed - up to 2.5%;
- medium alloyed - 2.5−10%;
- highly alloyed - from 10%.
- Alloys of ordinary quality are smelted in converters using oxygen or huge open-hearth furnaces and, according to their chemical structure, are classified as medium-carbon with a carbon content of up to 0.6%. Average workmanship classifies alloys as cheap materials with low mechanical characteristics compared to other categories. The presence of sulfur - up to 0.06%, phosphorus - up to 0.07%. The following brands of similar steel are known: St5kp, StO.
- High-quality steels are smelted by analogy in converters or furnaces, but in compliance with more stringent requirements for the structure of the charge, methods of melting and casting. Based on their chemical composition, carbon or alloy materials are distinguished. Sulfur is contained in an amount of no more than 0.04%, phosphorus - up to 0.03%. Famous brands - 20kp, 08kp.
- High-quality steels can be remelted, mainly in electric furnaces with electroslag remelting or other technological methods that ensure high purity. non-metallic additives are represented by the presence of sulfur in a volume of up to 0.04%, phosphorus - up to 0.03%, as well as the absence of gas impurities. Due to this, mechanical performance increases. Common brands are 15Х2МА, 20А.
- Thanks to electroslag remelting, especially high-quality alloys are effectively purified from oxides and sulfides. This category of steel is produced only alloyed. It is produced using electric furnaces using electrometallurgy methods. sulfur - less than 0.01%, phosphorus - 0.025%. Well-known brands - 20ХГНТР-Ш, 18ХГ-Ш.
- Construction - low-alloy and carbon, of ordinary quality. One of the main technical properties is high weldability. Brands: S390K, S440D, S255.
- Steels for cold stamping are high-quality low-carbon grades 08kp, 08Yu in the form of rolled sheets.
- Ball bearings are high-carbon steel grades with the addition of chromium, they have high strength and wear-resistant characteristics (ШХ15, ШХ9).
- Improved steels are with medium carbon content (grades - 35, 45, 50), chromium (40X, 50X), chromium with boron (ZOHRA), silicon and manganese, nickel, nickel and molybdenum. With the help of thermal hardening and high tempering, the mechanical characteristics of alloys are increased.
- Automatic - alloys with the addition of sulfur, tellurium, selenium and lead, which leads to the creation of brittle microchips and reduces friction between the cutter and metal chips. They are used in the mass production of studs, nuts, and screws on automatic metalworking machines. Steel grades: A12, A20, A40G, AS11.
- Cementable - low-carbon (15, 25) and alloyed alloys (15Х, 15ХФ, 20ХН, 12ХНЗА). They are used for the production of parts subject to surface overstress and carrying dynamic additional loads.
- High-strength - medium-carbon alloy steels (3ОХГСН2А, OZN18K9M5T, 04KHIN9M2D2TYU), which, through selection of the chemical structure and heat treatment, have a tensile strength that is 2 times higher than that of simple structural steels.
- Spring springs are carbon steels of grades 65, 70 and alloys alloyed with silicon, chromium, tungsten, manganese, vanadium and boron, which helps to increase their elastic limit (50ХГС, 60С2, 60С2ХФА, 55ХГР). They have long lasting elasticity and the ability to resist deformation and fatigue.
- Wear-resistant - used in the production of parts operated in an environment of abrasive contact, high pressure and collisions (110G13L).
- Heat-resistant, heat-resistant - steels with a small amount of carbon (0.1-0.45%), as well as alloyed with silicon, chromium, nickel, cobalt and other components. The structure of the alloy necessarily contains manganese and nickel, the latter guarantees the necessary increase in the limit of long-term corrosion strength with a slight increase in the yield strength and short-term resistance. They are used in the production of valve, gas turbine and steam turbine parts of various mechanisms and pipes.
- high hardness;
- heat resistance;
- wear resistance;
- hardenability
- 12Х18Н10Т, stainless steel structural cryogenic - 7.9;
- 08Х18Н10Т, stainless steel, corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant - 7.9;
- 09G2S, structural low-alloy - 7.85:
- 10,20,30,40, structural carbon quality - 7.85;
- St3sp, St3ps, structural carbon - 7.87;
- 5ХНМ, tool stamping - 7.8;
- X12MF, tool stamping - 7.7;
- 65 G, structural spring-spring - 7.85;
- 30KhGSA, structural alloy - 7.85.
- perlite;
- cementite;
- ferrite;
- austenite.
- Aluminum : added in concentrations close to 1% to increase the hardness of the alloy, and at concentrations less than 0.008% as an antioxidant for heat-resistant materials.
- Boron : at low concentrations (0.001-0.006%) increases the hardenability of the material without reducing its ability to be machined. It is used in low quality materials, for example, in the production of plows and wire, ensuring its hardness and malleability. Also used as nitrogen traps in iron crystal structure.
- Cobalt . Reduces hardenability and leads to strengthening of the material and an increase in its hardness at high temperatures. Also increases magnetic properties. Used in heat-resistant materials.
- Chromium : due to the formation of carbides, it gives steel strength and resistance to high temperatures, increases corrosion resistance, increases the depth of formation of carbides and nitrides during thermochemical processing, is used as a hard stainless coating for axles, pistons, and so on.
- Molybdenum increases hardness and corrosion resistance for austenitic materials.
- Nitrogen is added to facilitate the formation of austenite.
- Nickel makes austenite stable at room temperature, increasing the hardness of the material. Used in heat-resistant alloys.
- Lead forms small globular formations that increase the machinability of steel. This element provides lubrication of the material at a percentage of 0.15% to 0.30%.
- Silicon increases the hardenability and oxidation resistance of the material.
- Titanium stabilizes the alloy at high temperatures and increases its resistance to oxidation.
- Tungsten forms stable and very hard carbides with iron that remain stable at high temperatures, 14-18% of this element creates a cutting steel that can be applied at three times the speed of conventional carbon steel.
- Vanadium increases the material's oxidation resistance and forms complex carbides with iron, which increase fatigue resistance.
- Niobium imparts hardness, ductility and malleability to the alloy. Used in structural materials and automation.
- The volumetric weight of steel, that is, the mass of 1 m³, is 7850 kg. The density of steel g cm3 is therefore 7.85.
- Depending on the temperature, the material can be bent, stretched and melted.
- The melting point depends on the type of alloy and the percentage of additives. Thus, pure iron melts at a temperature of 1510 °C, in turn, steel has a melting point equal to 1375 °C, which increases as the percentage of carbon and other elements in it increases (the exception is eutectics, which melt at lower temperatures). High-speed steel melts at a temperature of 1650 °C.
- The material boils at a temperature of 3000 °C.
- It is a deformation-resistant material whose hardness increases with the addition of other elements.
- It has relative malleability (it can be used to produce thin threads by drawing - wire), as well as ductility (you can produce flat metal sheets 0.12-0.50 mm thick - tin, which is usually coated with tin to prevent oxidation).
- Before using thermal treatment, the alloy undergoes mechanical processing.
- Some composites have shape memory and deform by an amount exceeding the yield strength.
- The hardness of steel varies between the hardness of iron and the hardness of structures that are obtained through thermal and chemical processes. Among them, the best known is hardening, which is applied to materials with a high carbon content. The high surface hardness of steel allows it to be used as a cutting tool. To obtain this characteristic, which is maintained at high temperatures, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium are added to the steel. The hardness of metal is measured using Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell.
- Has good casting properties.
- The ability to corrode is one of the main disadvantages of steel, since oxidized iron expands in volume and leads to cracks on the surface, which in turn further accelerates the process of destruction. Traditionally, metal was protected from corrosion using various surface treatments. In addition, some steel compounds are resistant to oxidation, such as stainless steel materials.
- It has high electrical conductivity, which does not vary much depending on the composition of the alloy. In overhead power lines, aluminum conductors are most often used, which are covered with a steel jacket. The latter provides the necessary mechanical strength to the wires, and also contributes to their cheaper production.
- Used to produce artificial permanent magnets because magnetized steel does not lose its magnetic ability up to a certain temperature. In this case, the ferrite structure of steel has magnetic properties, while the austenite structure is not magnetic. To stabilize the ferrite structure, steel-based magnets usually contain about 10% nickel and chromium.
- With increasing temperature, a product made of this material increases its length. Therefore, if there are degrees of freedom in a particular structure, then thermal expansion is not a problem, but if such degrees of freedom do not exist, then the expansion of the steel will lead to additional stresses that must be taken into account. The coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is close to that of concrete. This fact makes it possible to use them together in structures of various types; this material is called reinforced concrete.
- It is a non-flammable material, but its fundamental mechanical properties quickly deteriorate when exposed to open flame.
| Steel type | Brand | Specific gravity (g/cm3) |
| cryogenic stainless structural | 12Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| heat-resistant stainless steel corrosion-resistant | 08Х18Н10Т | 7,9 |
| low alloy structural | 09G2S | 7,85 |
| high-quality structural carbon | 10,20,30,40 | 7,85 |
| carbon structural | St3sp, St3ps | 7,87 |
| stamped instrumental | X12MF | 7,7 |
| spring-spring structural | 65G | 7,85 |
| stamped instrumental | 5ХНМ | 7,8 |
| alloy structural | 30ХГСА | 7,85 |
| high carbon steel | 70 (VS and OVS) | 7,85 |
| medium carbon steel | 45 | 7,85 |
| low carbon steel | 10 and 10A; 20 and 20A | 7,85 |
| low-carbon electrical steel (Armco) | A and E; EA; EAA | 7,8 |
| chromium steel | 15ХА | 7,74 |
| chrome-aluminum-molybdenum steel nitrided | 38ХМУА | 7,65 |
| chromium-manganese-silicon steel | 25ХГСА | 7,85 |
| chrome vanadium steel | 30ХГСА; 20ХН3А | 7,85 |
Since there are a huge number of steel grades (about 1500), we presented only the specific gravity of steel of the most common grades. More detailed information about the weight of 1 m2 of steel can be found in other articles on our website. Based on the characteristics of steel, the following can be distinguished: density, linear expansion coefficient, elasticity and shear moduli. Based on their chemical composition, they are divided into alloyed and carbon. In the latter, along with carbon and the addition of iron, manganese (0.1 - 1.0%) and silicon (up to 0.4%) are also added. To add special properties, harmful impurities are added to steel: phosphorus - imparts brittleness at low temperatures, and when heated to certain temperatures, reduces ductility; sulfur – forms small cracks (red brittleness) at high temperatures. The specific gravity of steel is calculated using the following formula: y=P/V, where P is the weight of a homogeneous body, V is the volume of the connection. The resulting parameter is constant and works only when the steel has an absolutely dense state and a non-porous structure. According to the reference book of physical properties and materials, it has been established that the weight of 1 m2 of steel is identical to the density of steel, which is equal to 7.85 g/cm3. This parameter changes like this:
| Steel processing/Admixture | Changes compared to the standard 7.85 g/cm3 |
| carbon | specific gravity decreases |
| chrome, aluminum, manganese | specific gravity decreases |
| cobalt, tungsten, copper | specific gravity increases |
| drawing deformation | the specific gravity increases, but not more than 2-3% |
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Density tables for metals and alloys
All metals have certain physical and mechanical properties, which, in fact, determine their specific gravity. To determine how suitable a particular alloy of ferrous or stainless steel is for production, the specific gravity of rolled metal is calculated. All metal products that have the same volume, but are made from different metals, for example, iron, brass or aluminum, have different mass, which is directly dependent on its volume. In other words, the ratio of the volume of the alloy to its mass—specific density (kg/m3)—is a constant value that will be characteristic of a given substance. The density of the alloy is calculated using a special formula and is directly related to the calculation of the specific gravity of the metal. The specific gravity of a metal is the ratio of the weight of a homogeneous body of this substance to the volume of the metal, i.e. this is density, in reference books it is measured in kg/m3 or g/cm3. From here you can calculate the formula for finding out the weight of a metal. To find this, you need to multiply the reference density value by the volume. The table shows the densities of non-ferrous metals and ferrous iron. The table is divided into groups of metals and alloys, where under each name the grade according to GOST and the corresponding density in g/cm3 are indicated, depending on the melting point. To determine the physical value of specific density in kg/m3, you need to multiply the tabulated value in g/cm3 by 1000. For example, this way you can find out what the density of iron is - 7850 kg/m3. The most typical ferrous metal is iron. The density value of 7.85 g/cm3 can be considered the specific gravity of iron-based ferrous metal. Ferrous metals in the table include iron, manganese, titanium, nickel, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, and ferrous alloys based on them, for example, stainless steel (density 7.7-8.0 g/cm3), black steel ( density 7.85 g/cm3) is mainly used by manufacturers of metal structures in Ukraine, cast iron (density 7.0-7.3 g/cm3). The remaining metals are considered non-ferrous, as well as alloys based on them. Non-ferrous metals in the table include the following types: - light - magnesium, aluminum; - noble metals (precious) - platinum, gold, silver and semi-precious copper; - fusible metals - zinc, tin, lead.
| Name of metal | Chemical designation | Atomic weight | Melting point, °C | Specific gravity, g/cc |
| Zinc | Zn | 65,37 | 419,5 | 7,13 |
| Aluminum | Al | 26,9815 | 659 | 2,69808 |
| Lead | Pb | 207,19 | 327,4 | 11,337 |
| Tin (Tin) | Sn | 118,69 | 231,9 | 7,29 |
| Copper | Cu | 63,54 | 1083 | 8,96 |
| Titanium | Ti | 47,90 | 1668 | 4,505 |
| Nickel | Ni | 58,71 | 1455 | 8,91 |
| Magnesium (Magnesium) | Mg | 24 | 650 | 1,74 |
| Vanadium | V | 6 | 1900 | 6,11 |
| Tungsten (Wolframium) | W | 184 | 3422 | 19,3 |
| Chrome (Chromium) | Cr | 51,996 | 1765 | 7,19 |
| Molybdenum | Mo | 92 | 2622 | 10,22 |
| Silver (Argentum) | Ag | 107,9 | 1000 | 10,5 |
| Tantalum | Ta | 180 | 3269 | 16,65 |
| Iron | Fe | 55,85 | 1535 | 7,85 |
| Gold (Aurum) | Au | 197 | 1095 | 19,32 |
| Platinum | Pt | 194,8 | 1760 | 21,45 |
Table of specific gravity of metal alloys
The specific gravity of metals is most often determined in laboratory conditions, but in their pure form they are very rarely used in construction. Alloys of non-ferrous metals and alloys of ferrous metals, which are divided into light and heavy based on specific gravity, are much more often used. Light alloys are actively used by modern industry because of their high strength and good high-temperature mechanical properties. The main metals of such alloys are titanium, aluminum, magnesium and beryllium. But alloys based on magnesium and aluminum cannot be used in aggressive environments and at high temperatures. Heavy alloys are based on copper, tin, zinc, and lead. Among the heavy alloys, bronze (an alloy of copper with aluminum, an alloy of copper with tin, manganese or iron) and brass (an alloy of zinc and copper) are used in many industries. Architectural parts and sanitary fittings are produced from these grades of alloys. The reference table below shows the main quality characteristics and specific gravity of the most common metal alloys. The list provides data on the density of the main metal alloys at an ambient temperature of 20°C.
| List of metal alloys | Density of alloys(kg/m3) |
| Admiralty Brass - Admiralty Brass (30% zinc, and 1% tin) | 8525 |
| Aluminum bronze - Aluminum Bronze (3-10% aluminum) | 7700 — 8700 |
| Babbitt – Antifriction metal | 9130 -10600 |
| Beryllium bronze (beryllium copper) - Beryllium Copper | 8100 — 8250 |
| Delta metal - Delta metal | 8600 |
| Yellow Brass - Yellow Brass | 8470 |
| Phosphorous bronzes – Bronze – phosphorous | 8780 — 8920 |
| Regular bronzes - Bronze (8-14% Sn) | 7400 — 8900 |
| Inconel | 8497 |
| Incoloy | 8027 |
| Wrought Iron | 7750 |
| Red brass (low zinc) - Red Brass | 8746 |
| Brass, casting – Brass – casting | 8400 — 8700 |
| Brass, rolled – Brass – rolled and drawn | 8430 — 8730 |
Source: https://pellete.ru/stal/udelnyj-ves-stali-kg-m3.html
How much does a cube of steel weigh?
The theoretical mass of a linear meter of rolled sheet metal is calculated based on reference information according to GOST or using a simple geometric formula ρу = ρ a s, (kg/m)
ρ - steel density 7850 kg/m 3
Specific volume is the volume per unit weight of a given substance. Dimension: m 3 / kg The reciprocal of the specific volume is the specific gravity. Dimension: kg/m 3
In addition to the specific volume, the state of the body can be characterized by molar volume = specific volume x μ, where μ is the molecular weight of the substance.
Methods for experimental determination of specific volumes of substances
Various methods are used: a method based on weighing, a pycnometer method, a hydrometer method and others, depending on the state of aggregation of the substance under study, pressure and temperature, as well as the possible conditions of the experiment.
Determination of metal specific gravity
The body under test is first weighed in the air, let its weight be = g1, and then immersed in water.
Due to the loss in weight of the object (according to Archimedes' law), the scale pan to which the body is suspended rises. To bring the scales to the equilibrium position, it is necessary to put some weight - g2. Body specific gravity = g1 : g2
The body under test can have any shape, but it must not be too small (so that, in comparison with its weight, the weight of the thread used for hanging can be neglected).
Example: A piece of high-speed steel weighs g1 = 450 g Additional weight g2 = 55 g
Specific gravity ϒ = g1/g2 = 450/55 = 8.3 g/cm3
Weight of 1 cubic meter (1 m 3, cube, cubic meter) of steel (stainless, acid-resistant, scale-resistant and heat-resistant):
Name Brand / designation Weight, kg| Nickel-chrome steel | EI 418 | 8510 |
| Chrome-manganese-nickel steel | Х13Н4Г9 (ЭИ100) | 8500 |
| Chrome steel | 1X13 (EZh1) | 7750 |
| 2X13 (EZh2) | 7700 | |
| 3X13 (EZh3) | 7700 | |
| 4X14 (EZh4) | 7700 | |
| X17 (EZh17) | 7700 | |
| X18 (EI229) | 7750 | |
| X25 (EI181) | 7550 | |
| X27 (Zh27) | 7550 | |
| X28 (EZh27) | 7550 | |
| Chrome-nickel steel | 0Х18Н9 (ЭЯ0) | 7850 |
| 1Х18Н9 (ЭЯ1) | 7850 | |
| 2Х18Н9 (ЭЯ2) | 7850 | |
| X17N2 (EI268) | 7750 | |
| EI307 | 7700 | |
| EI334 | 8400 | |
| Х23Н18(ЭИ417) | 7900 | |
| Chrome-silicon-molybdenum steel | EI107 | 7620 |
| Chrome-nickel-tungsten steel | EI69 | 8000 |
| Chrome-nickel-tungsten steel with silicon | EI240 | 8000 |
| Х25Н20С2 (ЭИ283) | 7700 | |
| Chromium-nickel-silicon steel | EI72 | 8000 |
| Chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel | EI400 | 7900 |
| Chromium-nickel-molybdenum-titanium steel | EI432 | 7950 |
| Chrome-nickel-niobium steel | Х18Н11Б (EI398 and EI402) | 7900 |
| Ya1NB | 7850-7950 | |
| Chrome-nickel-titanium steel | 1Х18Н9Т (ЭЯ1Т) | 8000 |
| Chrome-manganese-nickel steel | Х13НЧГ9 (ЭИ100) | 8500 |
| Other special steel | EI401 | 7900 |
| EI418 | 8510 | |
| EI434 | 8130 | |
| EI435 | 8510 | |
| EI437 | 8200 | |
| EI415 | 7850 |
Source: https://MyTooling.ru/instrumenty/skolko-vesit-kub-metalla-stal
Specific gravity of steel
Specific gravity of steel of some grades in kg/m3
| 10 | 7830 | ||
| 20 | 7823 | 40ХН | 7867 |
| 30 | 7817 | 12ХН2, | } |
| 40 | 7815 | 12 X H3A, | } 7880 |
| 50 | 7812 | 20ХНЗА | } |
| 60, 70 | 7810 | ZOHNZ | 7830 |
| 30 G | 7812 | 30ХНВА | 7900 |
| 40G, 60G | 7810 | ШХ15 | 7812 |
| 15X | 7827 | 1X13 | 7750 |
| 30X, 35X, | }7820 | X17 | 7720 |
| 45Х, 50Х | Х18Н9 | 7960 | |
| 40ХС | 7735 | U10 | 7810 |
| 25SG, | 7800 | U12 | 7790 |
| 35SG | |||
| 40HFA | 7810 | P18 | 8690 |
| Note. The specific gravity of steel of various grades can be approximately determined by changing the specific gravity of pure iron (7880) by a value proportional to the amount in % of the alloying component present in the steel in accordance with the correction values given below for 1% impurity [plus sign ( + ) - sp. weight increases, minus sign (-) - beat. weight decreases]. | |||
| Component | Correction for 1% component content | Valid up to component content in % not more than | |
| Carbon | — 112 | 1,2 | |
| Manganese | — 16 | 2,0 | |
| Silicon | — 68 | 5,5 | |
| Copper | + 31 | 1,5 | |
| Nickel | + 2 | 7.0 | |
| Cobalt | + 6 | 7,0 | |
| Chromium | — 21 | 3,0 | |
| Tungsten | + 56 | 15,0 | |
| Aluminum | — 155 | 4,5 |
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Specific gravity of steel: characteristics of a physical quantity, its values for different types of alloy
Steel is a wrought alloy of a small amount of carbon (less than 2%) with iron and other chemical elements. This is a widely used material used in almost all industrial sectors. The specific gravity of steel is determined by its type, which is formed according to the purpose and chemical components of the metal alloy.
Classification and properties of steels
Steel has many properties as it is a structural material. The main one is strength: the alloy is able to withstand sufficient stress under operating conditions. Other characteristics include:
Steels are classified according to their microstructure, content of chemical elements, type and method of manufacture, and area of application. Each classification includes many points that characterize this material.
Chemical composition
Based on their chemical composition, alloys are divided into carbon and alloyed. The former are classified according to the percentage of carbon they contain:
The technological parameters of the metal are improved by alloying. Alloys that, in addition to natural ferroimpurities, contain elements introduced for a specific purpose are called alloyed. Typically, steel is enriched with the following chemical elements:
A more significant improvement in the properties of the alloy is achieved with an integrated approach to alloying. Alloy alloys are classified according to their chemical structure. Depending on the percentage of added elements, the following compositions are distinguished:
Structural features
In accordance with the microstructure, alloys and steels obtained by annealing are divided into carbide or ledeburite, ferritic, hypereutectoid, hypoeutectoid, and austenitic. Under normal conditions, pearlitic, martensitic, and austenitic materials are produced.
Pearlitic are represented by carbon and alloyed samples with a small alloying fraction, martensitic - with a higher content of similar components. The highest percentage of additional components is found in austenitic steels.
impurities
Based on quality, namely, development technology and the presence of additives, metals are divided into four categories. There are steels of ordinary (regular) quality, high-quality, high-quality, and especially high-quality:
Division by application
Since the cost of steel is relatively small, and the scale of production, on the contrary, reaches very large values, the scope of application of the material is vast and diverse. Based on their application, steels and their alloys are divided into structural, tool, and steels with special physical and chemical characteristics. Structural steels are divided into the following types.
According to application, tool alloys are divided into alloys for cutting and measuring tools, and die alloys. In the production of cutting tools, they resort to the use of carbon, tool, alloy, and high-speed alloys.
The presence of carbon in carbon tool alloys is 0.65−1.32%, common grades are U7, U13, U7A, U13A. Alloys with small proportions of alloying components are conventionally classified in this category, since they have slight differences.
Alloyed tool steels have from 1 to 3% impurities in their chemical structure. Brands 9ХС, ХВГС are widely used for the manufacture of countersinks, drills of large diameters, milling cutters, ХВГ (broaches, reamers). Cutting tools operating at high speeds are made of high-speed steels with high heat resistance. The most used brands are R9, R6M5, R9F5, RYUK5F5.
In the production of measuring instruments, the brands U8−12, X, 12X1, KhVG, Kh12F1 are used. The alloys have hardness, wear resistance and stability of linear parameters. Measuring instrument scales, rulers and staples are made from sheet steel 15. The alloys are subjected to preliminary heat treatment, which improves the quality of mechanical characteristics. Criteria for die steels:
Specific gravity indicators
The physical value of the density or specific gravity of steel is 7.8 g per 1 cm³ of volume. There is a special calculator to calculate the specific gravity of rolled metal. Specific gravity of common species, in grams per cubic centimeter:
Aluminum, manganese, carbon, chromium tend to reduce the density of alloys. Cobalt, nickel, tungsten and copper, on the contrary, can increase it.
Source: https://obrabotkametalla.info/stal/klassifikaciya-i-udelnyj-ves-stali
Composition and general characteristics of steel: density kg cm3, specific gravity and other technological properties
The term "steel" is used in metallurgy and refers to a mixture of iron and carbon , the amount of which varies from 0.03% to 2.14% by weight.
If the carbon content in iron exceeds the specified upper limit, then the material loses its malleable properties and can only be worked with by casting.
Steel should not be confused with iron, which is a hard and relatively ductile metal with an atomic diameter of 2.48 angstroms, a melting point of 1535 °C and a boiling point of 2740 °C.
Carbon, on the other hand, is a nonmetal with an atomic diameter of 1.54 angstroms, soft and brittle in most of its allotropes (diamond is the exception).
The diffusion of this element in the crystal structure of iron is possible due to the difference in their atomic diameters. As a result of such diffusion, this material is formed.
The main difference between iron and steel is the percentage of carbon, which was indicated above. The material may have a different microstructure depending on a particular temperature. It can occur in the following structures (see the iron-carbon phase diagram for more information):
The material retains the properties of iron in its pure state, but the addition of carbon and other elements, both metals and non-metals, improves its physical and chemical properties.
There are many types of steel depending on the elements added to it. The group of carbon steels consists of materials in which carbon is the only additive. Other specialty materials get their names from their basic functions and properties, which are determined by their structure and the additional elements added, such as silicon, cementitious, stainless, structural alloys and so on.
As a rule, all materials with additives are combined under one name - special steels, which differ from ordinary carbon steels, and the latter serve as the base material for the production of special materials. Such diversity of this material in its characteristics and properties has led to the fact that steel began to be called “an alloy of iron and another substance that increases its hardness.”
Metal components
The two main components of steel are found in abundance in nature, which favors its production on a large scale. The variety of properties and availability of this material makes it suitable for industries such as mechanical engineering, tool making, building construction, contributing to the industrialization of society.
Despite its density (the specific gravity of steel kg m3 is 7850, that is, the mass of steel with a volume of 1 m³ is equal to 7850 kilograms, for comparison, the density of aluminum is 2700 kg/m3) it is used in all sectors of industry, including aeronautics. The reasons for its such varied use are both its pliability and at the same time hardness, and its relatively low cost.
Additives and their characteristics
A special classification of steels determines the presence of a specific element in its composition and its percentage by weight. Elements are added to the alloy in order to give it specific properties, for example, increasing its mechanical endurance, hardness, wear resistance, melting ability, and others. Below is a list of the most common additives and the effects they cause.
Impurities in the alloy
Impurities are elements that are undesirable in steel. They are contained in the material itself and enter it as a result of smelting, as they are contained in combustible fuels and minerals. It is necessary to reduce their content, since they deteriorate the properties of the alloy. In the case where their removal from the composition of the material is impossible or expensive, then they try to reduce their percentage to a minimum.
Sulfur: its content is limited to 0.04%. The element forms sulfides together with iron, which, in turn, together with austenite form a eutectic with a low melting point. Sulfides are released at grain boundaries. sulfur sharply limits the possibility of thermal and mechanical processing of materials at medium and high temperatures, since it leads to destruction of the material along grain boundaries.
Manganese additives allow you to control the sulfur content of materials. Manganese has a greater affinity with sulfur than iron, so instead of iron sulfide, manganese sulfide is formed, which has a high melting point and good plastic properties. The concentration of manganese must be five times greater than the concentration of sulfur to provide a positive effect. Manganese also increases the machinability of steels.
Phosphorus: the maximum limit for its content in the alloy is 0.04%. Phosphorus is harmful because it dissolves in ferrite, thereby reducing its ductility. Iron phosphide, together with austenite and cementite, forms a brittle eutectic with a relatively low melting point. The release of iron phosphide at grain boundaries makes the material brittle.
It is very difficult to determine the specific physical and mechanical properties of steel, since the number of its types is varied due to different compositions and heat treatments, which allow the creation of materials with a wide variety of chemical and mechanical characteristics.
This diversity has led to the fact that the production of these materials and their processing began to be separated into a separate branch of metallurgy - ferrous metallurgy, which differs from non-ferrous metallurgy. However, general properties for steel can be given; they are presented in the list below.
Source: https://tokar.guru/metally/stal/svoystva-stali-udelnyy-ves-plotnost-kg-sm3-i-drugie.html
