What is the strongest metal in the world - Metals and their processing

The hardest materials on Earth TOP 10

Each of you knows that diamond remains the standard of hardness today. When determining the mechanical hardness of materials existing on earth, the hardness of diamond is taken as a standard: when measured by the Mohs method - in the form of a surface sample, by the Vickers or Rockwell methods - as an indenter (as a harder body when studying a body with less hardness). Today, there are several materials whose hardness approaches the characteristics of diamond.

In this case, original materials are compared based on their microhardness according to the Vickers method, when the material is considered superhard at values of more than 40 GPa. The hardness of materials can vary depending on the characteristics of the sample synthesis or the direction of the load applied to it.

Fluctuations in hardness values from 70 to 150 GPa are a generally established concept for solid materials, although 115 GPa is considered to be the reference value. Let's look at the 10 hardest materials, other than diamond, that exist in nature.

10. Boron suboxide (B6O) - hardness up to 45 GPa

Boron suboxide has the ability to create grains shaped like icosahedrons. The formed grains are not isolated crystals or varieties of quasicrystals, but are peculiar twin crystals, consisting of two dozen paired tetrahedral crystals.

The insufficient number of oxygen atoms in boron suboxide provides the material with characteristics characteristic of ceramic materials. This substance has the qualities of chemical inertness, increased strength, abrasion resistance with low density, and its single crystals have a hardness of 45 GPa.

10. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) - hardness 48 GPa

Many researchers question whether this material can be classified as a superhard type of material. This is caused by the very unusual mechanical properties of the joint.

The layer-by-layer alternation of different atoms makes this material anisotropic. Therefore, hardness measurements are different in the presence of different types of crystallographic planes. Thus, tests of rhenium diboride at low loads provide a hardness of 48 GPa, and with increasing load the hardness becomes much lower and is approximately 22 GPa.

8. Magnesium aluminum boride (AlMgB14) - hardness up to 51 GPa

The composition is a mixture of aluminum, magnesium, boron with low sliding friction, as well as high hardness. These qualities could be a boon for the production of modern machines and mechanisms that operate without lubrication. But using the material in this variation is still considered prohibitively expensive.

AlMgB14 - special thin films created using pulsed laser deposition, have the ability to have a microhardness of up to 51 GPa.

7. Boron-carbon-silicon - hardness up to 70 GPa

The basis of such a compound provides the alloy with qualities that imply optimal resistance to negative chemical influences and high temperatures. This material is provided with a microhardness of up to 70 GPa.

6. Boron carbide B4C (B12C3) - hardness up to 72 GPa

Another material is boron carbide. The substance began to be used quite actively in various fields of industry almost immediately after its invention in the 18th century.

The microhardness of the material reaches 49 GPa, but it has been proven that this figure can be increased by adding argon ions to the structure of the crystal lattice - up to 72 GPa.

5. Carbon-boron nitride - hardness up to 76 GPa

Researchers and scientists from all over the world have long been trying to synthesize complex superhard materials, with tangible results already achieved. The components of the compound are boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms - similar in size. The qualitative hardness of the material reaches 76 GPa.

4. Nanostructured cubonite - hardness up to 108 GPa

The material is also called kingsongite, borazon or elbor, and also has unique qualities that are successfully used in modern industry. With cubonite hardness values of 80-90 GPa, close to the diamond standard, the force of the Hall-Petch law can cause their significant increase.

This means that as the size of the crystalline grains decreases, the hardness of the material increases - there are certain possibilities for increasing it up to 108 GPa.

3. Wurtzite boron nitride - hardness up to 114 GPa

The wurtzite crystal structure provides high hardness to this material. With local structural modifications, during the application of a particular type of load, the bonds between atoms in the lattice of the substance are redistributed. At this moment, the quality hardness of the material increases by 78%.

2. Lonsdaleite - hardness up to 152 GPa

Lonsdaleite is an allotropic modification of carbon and has a clear similarity to diamond. A solid natural material was discovered in a meteorite crater, formed from graphite, one of the components of the meteorite, but it did not have a record degree of strength.

Scientists proved back in 2009 that the absence of impurities can provide hardness exceeding the hardness of diamond. High hardness values can be achieved in this case, as in the case of wurtzite boron nitride.

1. Fullerite - hardness up to 310 GPa

Polymerized fullerite is considered in our time to be the hardest material known to science. This is a structured molecular crystal, the nodes of which consist of whole molecules rather than individual atoms.

Fullerite has a hardness of up to 310 GPa, and it can scratch a diamond surface like regular plastic. As you can see, diamond is no longer the hardest natural material in the world; harder compounds are available to science.

So far, these are the hardest materials on Earth known to science. It is quite possible that new discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of chemistry/physics will soon await us, which will allow us to achieve higher hardness.

Source: https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/most-superhard-materials/

Expert rating of the 10 strongest dog breeds in the world from professionals

Among the huge number of dog breeds, and there are more than 300 of them, a special group are those that are distinguished by remarkable physical strength. These are the real Hercules of the animal world, powerful, massive, but more often peaceful and friendly. What is she, the strongest dog in the world?

Features of giant rocks

There are some breeds that are traditionally classified as large; they often have extraordinary physical resources and amazing power. The rating includes those breeds that have a large mass, but are not thick. When looking at such an animal, it seems that it is all made of muscles. The height at the withers is from 45 cm, but often strength is measured not by weight and height, but by the pressure of the jaws, which in some representatives is several atmospheres.

Saint Bernards are one of the strongest dogs in the world

The unique power of fighting dogs

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The most powerful dogs are, first of all, representatives of the fighting group, which were specially bred by people to participate in bloody entertainment - dog fighting.

Animals entered the ring, having as opponents not only their own kind, but also larger predators - bears, jaguars, even lions. Often, specially trained people - gladiators - entered into battle with powerful jaws and a bundle of muscles.

And the nobility, watching this cruel action, placed bets. The strength of these breeds is that they have deadly jaws.

Note! A fighting dog is not a synonym for a cruel, uncontrollable animal. The ability to obey is genetically inherent in them; only an irresponsible owner can ruin the pet’s character.

Fighting dogs today

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Despite the fact that classical fights are prohibited, they are held underground, being a good source of income for some categories of people. Therefore, Amstaffs, pit bulls, bull terriers and oriental fighting breeds do not lose their relevance. In a number of countries, for example, in the UK, keeping fighting breeds at home is prohibited by law. If such a dog is discovered, the owner will be seriously fined and the dog will be euthanized.

It is allowed to take any of the “fighters” out for a walk wearing a collar and a strong leather muzzle.

Fighting dogs are an example of how a bad reputation can arise due to the irresponsible attitude of the owner

Top 10 strongest dog breeds

The following is a ranking of the strongest dog breeds in the world. However, it should be remembered that strong does not mean dangerous. What a dog will become depends largely on the owner. If you don’t have experience, then it’s better not to take risks and get yourself a less formidable pet.

Tosa Inu

The largest dog in the world (Tibetan Mastiff)

This is a representative of Japanese fighting dogs, whose appearance can inspire terror. It seems that this dog is eager to fight, because this is exactly why he was bred in the Land of the Rising Sun. But Japanese dog experts are sure that the Tosa Inu is the embodiment of calm and phlegmatic. The main thing is to properly socialize the animal.

Note! Previously, representatives of the breed were faithful companions of the elite of the military world - the proud samurai.

Tibetan mastiff

A handsome man with lush hair, a special chest bark and a huge powerful body - that’s all about him, the Tibetan mastiff. This muscular dog is rare in Russia and generally belongs to a unique breed. Even in Tibet, where the animal was used by the Dalai Lamas to guard temple treasures, the number of animals is limited.

The Mastiff is good-natured, sincerely attached to its owner, understands commands perfectly and is ready to carry them out. But only if he sees it as expedient. Genetically, he has the ability to make independent decisions. He performs his functions very responsibly, copes well with the role of a security guard - not a single thief would dare to get into the housing protected by the Tibetan strongman.

The giant Tibetan mastiff, with all its physical strength, is peaceful and calm

English Mastiff

An ancient breed, whose representatives have repeatedly become winners in various strength categories. For example, the giant Zorb was the largest dog in the world, reaching a height of 156 cm at the withers.

In addition to their impressive size, British Mastiffs are very durable and strong. They tolerate heat and frost well and are able to tirelessly cover impressive distances. These are loyal friends and reliable companions.

But they need a strong owner who will dominate their stubborn disposition.

Irish Wolfhound

Wolfhounds, as the name suggests, were bred specifically to protect sheep flocks from attacks by predators. Therefore, it is not surprising that representatives of the group are among the strongest and bravest dogs. They are ready to go up against a predator that is larger than them and defeat it. They are distinguished by their tall stature, muscular lean body, and sharp mind.

Note! This dog is absolutely not suitable for apartment living because it needs space.

Newfoundland

A massive giant with silky black fur is another of the strongest dogs on the planet, a participant in various dog tops and ratings. In Russia they are known as “divers” and this is no coincidence. Unique interdigital membranes allow these animals to swim well, and they love water fun. They can be used as rescuers, thanks to their physical strength they are able to pull a drowning person out of a pond. And the mind will help them figure out when to do it.

A massive diver is a reliable protector of the owner and his property

Saint Bernard

This is one of the most useful breeds. Smart animals were used to search for people caught in an avalanche. Saint Bernards found and dug out victims, saving hundreds, if not thousands, of lives. Able to work in extreme conditions, stoically endure frost and cold, and can endure severe pain. The task assigned to this strong dog will definitely be completed.

Note! The Saint Bernard is the epitome of canine willpower, but also a wonderful nanny. A formidable dog will never allow himself or a stranger to harm his owner’s child.

Alabai

Also known as the Central Asian Shepherd Dog, SAO. One of the smartest dogs, capable of showing impressive results at any show, leaving rivals far behind. Its ancestors are herding dogs and Tibetan mastiffs. Alabai adopted the best qualities from both. The weight of an adult male reaches 80 kg, and standing on its hind legs, this giant can place its front legs on a person’s shoulders.

Brindis fighting dog

This rare dog belongs to the fighting category. As a rule, she is obedient, but needs iron discipline and training from puppyhood. Not the best choice for a beginner; she needs a strong-willed and experienced owner, only in this case the dog will obey. It has powerful jaws and a low pain threshold, which makes the dog a formidable weapon in the wrong hands.

Doberman Pinscher

Named after its creator, the dog breed is the world's best guard dog. In addition, they bear the title of strong dogs with honor. So smart that they can do the work of sappers, which they did successfully during the Second World War.

An exquisite giant, the Doberman Pinscher appears to be all muscle.

Akita Inu

Another “Japanese” who for a long time was known only in his historical homeland. A smart, albeit headstrong dog with a remarkable appearance needs early socialization, otherwise its rebellious nature will break through and make the owner’s life impossible. Despite the funny nickname “smiling dog,” the Akita has physical strength and is ready to use it at every opportunity.

Beneath the good-natured appearance of the “smiling dog” hides remarkable physical strength

These are just some of the strongest dog breeds in the world. Rottweilers, German and Caucasian shepherds also have good physical characteristics. And various fighting breeds like the Staffordshire Terrier have super-powerful jaws that are ready to compete with any muscle mass. A strong dog in any respect is a great responsibility for the owner, so before getting one, it’s worth figuring out whether the potential owner is ready for responsibility.

Source: https://gafki.ru/sobaki/samaya-silnaya-v-mire.html

The most sonorous metal

The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.

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It is not without reason that archaeologists during excavations find various products and household utensils made of this metal. In the process of evolution, people gradually learned to combine various metals, obtaining increasingly durable alloys suitable for making tools, and later weapons.

Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.

Our rating opens with titanium, a high-strength hard metal that immediately attracted attention. The properties of titanium are:

high specific strength;
resistance to high temperatures;
low density;
corrosion resistance;
mechanical and chemical resistance.

Titanium is used in the military industry, aviation medicine, shipbuilding, and other areas of production.

The most famous element, considered one of the strongest metals in the world, and under normal conditions is a weak radioactive metal. In nature, it is found both in a free state and in acidic sedimentary rocks. It is quite heavy, widely distributed everywhere and has paramagnetic properties, flexibility, malleability, and relative ductility. Uranium is used in many areas of production.

Known as the most refractory metal in existence, it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a solid transitional element of a shiny silver-gray color. It has high strength, excellent refractoriness, and resistance to chemical influences. Due to its properties, it can be forged and drawn into a thin thread. Known as tungsten filament.

Among the representatives of this group, it is considered a high-density transition metal with a silvery-white color. It occurs in nature in its pure form, but is found in molybdenum and copper raw materials.

It is characterized by high hardness and density, and has excellent refractoriness. It has increased strength, which is not lost due to repeated temperature changes. Rhenium is an expensive metal and has a high cost.

Used in modern technology and electronics.

A shiny silver-white metal with a slightly bluish tint, it belongs to the platinum group and is considered one of the strongest metals in the world. Similar to iridium, it has a high atomic density, high strength and hardness.

Since osmium is a platinum metal, it has properties similar to iridium: refractoriness, hardness, brittleness, resistance to mechanical stress, as well as to the influence of aggressive environments.

It has found wide application in surgery, electron microscopy, the chemical industry, rocketry, and electronic equipment.

It belongs to the group of metals and is a light gray element with relative hardness and high toxicity. Due to its unique properties, beryllium is used in a wide variety of production areas:

nuclear energy;
aerospace engineering;
metallurgy;
laser technology;
nuclear energy.

Due to its high hardness, beryllium is used in the production of alloying alloys and refractory materials.

Next on the list of the ten strongest metals in the world is chromium - a hard, high-strength metal of a bluish-white color, resistant to alkalis and acids.

It occurs in nature in its pure form and is widely used in various branches of science, technology and production. Chromium is used to create various alloys that are used in the manufacture of medical and chemical processing equipment.

When combined with iron, it forms an alloy called ferrochrome, which is used in the manufacture of metal-cutting tools.

Tantalum deserves bronze in the ranking, as it is one of the strongest metals in the world. It is a silvery metal with high hardness and atomic density. Due to the formation of an oxide film on its surface, it has a leaden tint.

The distinctive properties of tantalum are high strength, refractoriness, resistance to corrosion, and resistance to aggressive environments. The metal is a fairly ductile metal and can be easily machined. Today tantalum is successfully used:

in the chemical industry;
during the construction of nuclear reactors;
in metallurgical production;
when creating heat-resistant alloys.

The second place in the ranking of the most durable metals in the world is occupied by ruthenium, a silvery metal belonging to the platinum group. Its peculiarity is the presence of living organisms in the muscle tissue.

Valuable properties of ruthenium are high strength, hardness, refractoriness, chemical resistance, and the ability to form complex compounds.

Ruthenium is considered a catalyst for many chemical reactions and acts as a material for the manufacture of electrodes, contacts, and sharp tips.

The most durable metals in the world are led by iridium - a silver-white, hard and refractory metal that belongs to the platinum group. In nature, the high-strength element is extremely rare and is often combined with osmium. Due to its natural hardness, it is difficult to machine and is highly resistant to chemicals. Iridium reacts with great difficulty to exposure to halogens and sodium peroxide.

This metal plays an important role in everyday life. It is added to titanium, chromium and tungsten to improve resistance to acidic environments, used in the manufacture of stationery, and used in jewelry to create jewelry. The cost of iridium remains high due to its limited presence in nature.

Source: https://masakarton.com/samyy-zvonkiy-metall/

Top 10 strongest alcoholic drinks in the world - top 10 rankings from around the world

Since ancient times, people have learned to make drinks containing strong alcohol. Formally, drinks containing more than 20% alcohol are considered strong. These include countless types and varieties of alcohol. For example, vodka, tequila, cognac, whiskey, etc., you can’t list everything. Every year their diversity and quantity increases more and more.

Some alcoholic drinks are drunk neat, others are used only for mixing cocktails. Our ranking presents the strongest alcoholic drinks in the world. The alcohol present in them, in relation to other components, is from 40 to 96%. When drinking alcoholic beverages, you should remember that they pose a threat to health.

Bombay Sapphire Gin (47% ABV)

Bombay sapphire gin is in last place in our ranking of spirits. Gin contains a dozen different components. Including bitter almonds, citrus zest, orris root and of course juniper. None of the gins are made without it. Bombay Sapphire is a British brand that is one of the extremely fortified and expensive drinks among gins.

The Bombay bottle is light blue and rectangular in shape. The alcohol in the bottle is crystal clear, with a strength of 47 degrees. Bombay Sapphire is suitable for direct consumption and for making cocktails. The gin has a pleasant citrus taste with a predominance of juniper. Pieces of ice will add even more piquancy to this drink.

Armagnac Domaine de Jaulin (48.3% ABV)

French Armagnac Domaine de Jaulin, among alcoholic drinks, belongs to the cognac order. Its production began in 1973. It happened in the province of the same name. The Darroze family was involved in the production of Armagnac. For a long time (thirty-seven years), the alcoholic drink was aged in the cellars of the province.

In 2019 it was bottled in glass. The alcohol content in Armagnac is more than 48%. Its aroma is rich and refined. The taste of Domaine de Jaulin combines notes of fruit, vanilla, coffee, and oak. It is recommended to drink Armagnac without eating in order to feel all the richness of its taste. Domaine de Jolin can be diluted with juice, water, soda.

Grappa GRAPPA Agricola Bepi Tosolini (50% strength)

The alcoholic drink Grappa Agricola Bepi Tosolini is produced in Italy. The Tosolini company began its history immediately after the Second World War. Signor Tosolini was among the first to age alcoholic beverages in ash barrels. This trick helped him improve the taste and aroma of the drink. When making Grappa, the grapes themselves, as well as their shoots and seeds, are used.

GRAPPA Agricola Bepi Tosolini is a crystal clear alcohol with a strength of fifty degrees. The aroma of Grappa is a mix of berries mixed with a floral scent. The taste of the drink is pleasant with a long aftertaste.

Glenfarclas whiskey 105 (60% strength)

Glenfarclas 105 whiskey is a popular alcoholic drink. The place of its birth and production is Scotland. Glenfarclas 105 is made using yeast, barley, and water. The alcohol content in its composition is 60%. After each stage of production, quality control is performed. This allows the brand to remain unchanged since the start of its production.

Whiskey is consumed undiluted and added to cocktails. The whiskey is aged in old wooden barrels that used to hold sherry. Thanks to this aging, whiskey develops its own unique taste. Glenfarclas is preferred to drink in England and America.

Snake Venom beer (67.5% ABV)

Scottish beer “Snake Venom” is one of the strongest drinks of this type of alcohol. Snake Venom first appeared on sale in 2013 and immediately won fans. This beer has a very high alcohol content of 67.5%. Beer traditionally contains malt and water.

The high strength of beer is achieved through the use of yeast and freezing during the manufacturing process. “Snake Venom” lives up to its name and has a rich, pungent taste. When drinking Snake Venom, you should take into account its high strength and drink slowly, in small sips.

Georgian Chacha (70% strength)

In the middle of the ranking is Georgian Chacha, the national Georgian alcoholic drink. The raw material for chacha is grapes of certain varieties (Isabella, Rkatsiteli, Kachich). During production, raw materials are frozen once or twice. Sometimes oak barrels are used to age chacha. The Georgian drink has a strength of about 70 degrees and has a fortified taste with a grape aroma.

Bacardi Rum 151 (75.5% ABV)

Rum Bacardi 151 takes fourth place in our ranking. Its strength level is 75.5%, the birthplace of production is South America. It is made by fermenting and distilling molasses with cane syrup. The unusual tart taste of Bacardi 151 is explained by its long aging, about eight years. Not everyone dares to drink rum undiluted; it is mainly used in cocktails.

Bacardi 151 is a transparent amber colored drink. Its taste combines vanilla and oak aromas. Bacardi 151 is a renowned global brand. He won about three hundred awards and titles.

Absinthe Jacques Seneau Black is in an honorable third place in the ranking. Among absinthes, it ranks first in terms of strength. Absinthe is named after Jacques Senault, a master blender from France. This man turned his life into endless wine tasting and was extremely pleased with it. The birthplace of the drink is considered to be Spain, where large-scale production of absinthe was launched. The creation of the drink began in 1956.

Jacques Seneau Black has 85% strength, has a pleasant licorice taste with delicate wormwood-anise inclusions. Jacques Senaux Black is infused with black currant berries. There is no smell of alcohol, although there is a large amount of it in the drink. In its undiluted form, the taste of absinthe is scalding and bitter; not everyone will dare to try it. Used as an ingredient for cocktails.

American liqueur Everclear is the strongest alcoholic drink in this group. It is in second place in our ranking. Regular liqueur has a strength of around 30-40%. The alcohol content in Everclear is 95%, which allowed the liqueur to be included in the Guinness Book. Everclear liqueur is also called "devil's water."

With such a high percentage of alcohol in the drink there is no pronounced alcoholic taste or smell. This quality is very popular among bartenders who mix cocktails. They consider it an ideal product for creating original cocktails. It should not be drunk undiluted, and in thirteen US states the sale of liqueur is strictly prohibited due to its dangerous effect on human health.

Vodka Wratislavia Spirytus (96% strength)

Vodka Bratislava Spiritus is the strongest alcoholic drink in the world. alcohol in regular vodka - no more than 45%. The alcohol content in Wratislavia Spirytus is 96%. The country that invented this strong drink is Poland.

In the production of Bratislava Spiritus, the main raw materials are wheat (cereals) and potatoes. Although in traditional production these components are not mixed with each other.

Depending on such raw materials, Bratislava Spiritus acquires its indescribable flavor.

At the production stage, thorough cleaning occurs, so the vodka has no toxic additives and is distinguished by impeccable transparency. Drinking Wratislavia Spirytus undiluted is unsafe for life. The alcoholic drink is used to make cocktails. When diluted, vodka is an easy-to-drink soft drink.

Source: https://t10p.ru/interesnoe/top-10-samyx-krepkix-alkogolnyx-napitkov-v-mire.html

The lightest metals in the world

Natural materials such as stone and metal are associated with hardness, strength and, usually, greater weight. However, the latter property is nothing more than a stereotype. If you look at the periodic table of Mendeleev and pay attention to the density parameters of metals, it is not difficult to discover that there are specimens much lighter than water. Meanwhile, such chemical compounds and elements are in demand on a production scale.

List of "weightless" metals

Heaviness depends on the density and size of the atoms. The lower the first indicator and the higher the second, the lighter the chemical element. You don't have to be a great chemist to organize applicants into a structured list. It is much more interesting to find out what beneficial properties such metals have and what applications they find in human life.

Lithium

Lithium is the lightest alkali metal. If we compare the molecular weights of Li and H2O, it turns out that the metal is two times lighter than water. The question often arises of where to store this most valuable element, because it easily reacts with oxygen, oxidizing. To do this, experts use paraffin or petroleum ether.

Surprisingly, lithium in its pure form resembles the consistency of butter, so it can be easily cut with a regular kitchen knife.

Initially, the metal was derived from petalitanium. Later, in 1824, chemists began to synthesize lithium in the laboratory. The difficulty of extraction lies in the fact that the Li content in rocks is 21 grams per 1 ton.

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The use of lithium in its pure form is almost impossible. And all because it actively interacts with the environment. More often it is used in the form of alloys with other elements.

In production, such chemical compounds take part in the creation of optical instruments, weapons, and pyrotechnics. Due to its oxidation properties, Li is used in the manufacture of medicines and textiles. It is impossible to imagine electrical appliances without this metal.

And recently its beneficial properties have been appreciated by the aerospace industry.

Lithium deficiency has a detrimental effect on the functioning of the central nervous system. It is recommended for people with Alzheimer's disease and other mental disorders to take medications containing this biologically useful component.

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Potassium

The second place in molecular weight is occupied by element 19 in the periodic table. Like Lithium, it is not found in the form of nuggets due to its increased activity, so potassium is removed from minerals.

It is very soft, has a silver color, and when burned, a violet flame is observed. Potassium interacts with oxygen, acids, and water.

Explosions often even occur, so working with this dangerous metal requires increased attention and the use of protective equipment. If potassium particles get on the skin, they will cause a severe chemical burn.

It should be stored in sealed containers, with the addition of substances that prevent the ingress of oxygen. It could be silicone, mineral oil.

Potassium obtained from rocks in its pure form is used:

For the manufacture of electrodes;
In lamps, photocells.

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In the form of alloys, potassium is used:

When synthesizing superoxide;
In works to determine the age of rocks;
As an indicator in biology and medicine;
As a coolant in reactors.

Potassium is in greatest demand in various types of alloys in medicine. A significant part of drugs, one way or another, is synthesized on the basis of this metal. For example, K iodide, K bromide, K chloride. In addition, it is the basis of fortified complexes aimed at supporting the state of the cardiovascular system and acid-base balance in the body.

Sodium

This inorganic substance is also alkaline and does not occur in nature in its pure form. Contained in minerals: borax, thenardite, halite and others. In laboratory conditions, sodium is obtained using molten table salt. Moreover, as a result of this industrial method, chlorine is also synthesized.

Like lithium and potassium, the metal reacts violently to oxygen, acids, carbon dioxide, and alcohols. May self-ignite if mixed with fluorine or chlorine. When water is added, a small explosion occurs and sodium hydroxide is formed.

In appearance it strongly resembles potassium. It has a silvery color, although it instantly fades in the open air. Among the useful characteristics for industry, excellent conductivity of current and heat is noted.

Sodium boasts the largest difference between boiling and melting points. So, the first process occurs at +883 °C, and the second at +98 °C. This property determines the use of sodium in nuclear reactors, since it can withstand critical temperatures.

In the life of the human body, Na is necessary for normal metabolism. The lack of a useful element leads to neuralgia and problems with the gastrointestinal tract. But an excess promises high blood pressure and swelling.

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Aluminum

The most durable metal among light and non-ferrous metals is aluminum. This element identifies the golden mean, when not only weightless material is required, but also resistant to various types of influences.

The baby rattle is the first product made of aluminum.

This is one of the few chemical elements that is directly involved in the production of everything that makes up modern life. The most popular metal in the world received the title of the most useful in the 20th century. Although, little has changed in XXI. Aluminum alloys (harder than pure metal) are used in construction, cutlery, tools, furniture and much more.

Artificial metal

In 2015, Californian scientists created microlattis. Today it is the lightest metal on Earth; it consists of 99.99% air. However, the element has unique strength due to its special design. This is a plexus of tubes, each of which is equal in size to 0.001 human hair. The amazing properties of microlattis are only just beginning to be fully used in industry.

to the point

Worth sharing!

Source: https://udipedia.net/samye-legkie-metally-v-mire/

The strongest metal in the world

People began to use metal back in ancient times. The most accessible metal in nature and amenable to processing is copper. Copper products in the form of household utensils are found by archaeologists during excavations of ancient settlements. As technological progress grew, man learned to make alloys from various metals, which were useful to him in the manufacture of household items and weapons. This is how the strongest metal in the world appeared.

This unusually beautiful silver-white metal was discovered almost simultaneously at the end of the 18th century by two scientists - the Englishman W. Gregory and the German M. Klaproth. According to one version, titanium got its name in honor of the characters of ancient Greek myths, the mighty Titans; according to another, from Titania, the fairy queen from German mythology, because of its lightness. However, no use was found for it then.

Then in 1925, physicists in Holland were able to isolate pure titanium and discovered its many benefits. These are high indicators of manufacturability, specific strength and resistance to corrosion, very high strength at high temperatures. It also has high anti-corrosion resistance. These fantastic performance immediately attracted engineers and designers.

In 1940, the scientist Krol obtained pure titanium using the magnesium-thermal method, and since then this method has been the main one. The strongest metal on earth is mined in many places in the world - Russia, Ukraine, China, South Africa and others.

Titanium is twice as strong as iron in mechanical terms, and six times stronger than aluminum. Titanium alloys are currently the strongest in the world, and therefore have found application in the military (submarine, missile construction), shipbuilding and aviation industries (on supersonic aircraft).

This metal is also incredibly malleable, so it can be made into any shape - sheets, pipes, wire, tape. Titanium is widely used for the manufacture of medical prostheses (and it is biologically ideally compatible with the tissues of the human body), jewelry, sports equipment, etc.

It is also used in chemical production due to its anti-corrosion properties; this metal does not corrode in an aggressive environment. So, for testing purposes, a titanium plate was placed in sea water, and after 10 years it did not even rust!

Due to its high electrical resistance and non-magnetizing properties, it is widely used in radio electronics, for example, in structural parts of mobile phones. The use of titanium in the field of dentistry is very promising; its ability to fuse with human bone tissue is especially important, which gives strength and solidity in prosthetics. It is widely used in the manufacture of medical instruments.

Uranus

The natural oxidizing properties of uranium were used in antiquity (1st century BC) in the production of yellow glaze in ceramic products. One of the most well-known durable metals in world practice, it is weakly radioactive and is used in the production of nuclear fuel. The 20th century was even called the “age of Uranus.” This metal has paramagnetic properties.

Uranium is 2.5 times heavier than iron, forms many chemical compounds; its alloys with elements such as tin, lead, aluminum, mercury, and iron are used in production.

Tungsten

This is not only the strongest metal in the world, but also a very rare one, which is not even mined anywhere, but was obtained chemically back in 1781 in Sweden. The most temperature-resistant metal in the world. Due to its high refractoriness, it lends itself well to forging, and it can be pulled into a thin thread.

Its best known use is as tungsten filament in light bulbs. Widely used for the production of special instruments (incisors, cutters, surgical) and in jewelry production. Due to its property of not transmitting radioactive rays, it is used to produce containers for storing nuclear waste. Tungsten deposits in Russia are located in Altai, Chukotka, and the North Caucasus.

Rhenium

It got its name in Germany (Rhine River), where it was discovered in 1925; the metal itself is white. It is mined both in its pure form (Kuril Islands) and during the extraction of molybdenum and copper raw materials, but in very small quantities.

The strongest metal on earth is very hard and dense and melts well. Strength is high and does not depend on temperature changes, the disadvantage is high cost, toxic to humans. Used in electronics and aviation industries.

Osmium

The heaviest element, for example, a kilogram of osmium, looks like a ball that easily fits in your hand. It belongs to the platinum group of metals and is several times more expensive than gold. It got its name because of the bad smell during a chemical reaction carried out by the English scientist S. Tennant in 1803.

Externally it looks very beautiful: shiny silver crystals with a blue and cyan tint. It is usually used as an additive to other metals in industry (high-strength ceramic-metal cutters, medical knife blades). Its non-magnetic and durable properties are used in the manufacture of high-precision instruments.

Beryllium

It was obtained by chemist Paul Lebeau at the end of the 19th century. At first, this metal was nicknamed “sweet” because of its candy-like taste. Then it turned out that it has other attractive and original properties, for example, it does not want to enter into any chemical reactions with other elements with rare exceptions (halogen).

The strongest metal in the world is at the same time hard, brittle, light, and also highly toxic. Its exceptional strength (for example, a wire with a diameter of 1 mm can support the weight of a person) is used in laser and space technology, and nuclear energy.

New discoveries

We can go on and on about very strong metals, but technical progress is moving forward. Scientists from California recently announced to the world the emergence of a “liquid metal” (from the word “liquid”), which is stronger than titanium. In addition, it turned out to be super lightweight, flexible and highly durable. Therefore, scientists will have to create and develop ways to use the new metal, and in the future, perhaps, make many more discoveries.

Source: https://topkin.ru/best/nauka/samyiy-krepkiy-metall-v-mire/

How much does the most expensive mobile phone in the world cost?

If you think that the most expensive smartphone in the world right now is the Samsung Galaxy Fold or the iPhone 11 Pro Max in the maximum configuration, then you are very mistaken. Not only the characteristics affect the final cost of the device.

TOP 10 most expensive smartphones in the world

The smartphone has long ceased to be solely a device for communicating with the world. Now it is both a stylish accessory and an indicator of a high level of income. Rich people do not deny themselves the pleasure of purchasing a device for fabulous money in order to show others their wealth.

The high price of some smartphones is due to the choice of materials. Often, gold, diamonds and other riches from the bowels of the Earth are used in production.

Today we offer you to familiarize yourself with the ranking of the most expensive smartphones in the world for 2020. The price tag set for some devices greatly exceeds the cost of a five-room apartment in the center of Moscow. Whether it is necessary to buy such a device - let each person decide for himself. We suggest that you get acquainted with the most expensive devices, studying their characteristics and features of the choice of materials.

Name	Description	Price
Falcon Supernova iPhone 6	A smartphone with a large diamond on the back panel of the case, available in three color variations.	RUB 2.821 billion	★★★★★
iPhone 5 Diamond Black	A device from jeweler Stuart Hughes, made using a large number of diamonds.	RUB 930 million	★★★★★
iPhone 4S Elite Gold	A smartphone made of gold and diamonds, which was owned by the president of a large state.	RUB 583 million	★★★★★
Diamond Rose iPhone 4	An iPhone made of rose gold, the “apple” of which is made of fifty diamonds.	RUB 496 million	★★★★★
iPhone 3GS Supreme	A gold smartphone with diamond accents, which comes in a large chest with expensive finishing.	RUB 198 million	★★★★★
iPhone 3G Kings Button	An iPhone from Peter Aloysson with a large diamond integrated into the Home button.	RUB 155 million	★★★★★
Amosu Call of Diamond iPhone 6	A smartphone made with over 6,000 diamonds.	RUB 154 million	★★★★★
Aston Martin Racing 808	The device is from a famous automobile manufacturer, made in a gold case.	RUB 1.5 million	★★★★★
Savelli Jardin-Secret White Ice	One of the most fashionable smartphones in the world with emerald and diamond inserts.	682 thousand rubles	★★★★★
Lamborghini 88 Tauri	A gadget in a real leather case, designed specifically for the luxury car manufacturer.	372 thousand rubles	★★★★★

1st place – Falcon Supernova iPhone 6 (2.821 billion rubles)

Characteristic	Parameter
Display

Source: https://tarifkin.ru/mobilnye-os/samyj-dorogoj-telefon-v-mire

The strongest metal in the world - Interesting facts

When it comes to the strongest metal in the world, many probably imagine a formidable warrior in armor and with a sword made of Damascus steel. However, steel is far from the strongest metal in the world, since it is produced by alloying iron with carbon and other additives. Titanium is considered the hardest of pure metals !
There are two different versions about the origin of the name of this metal.

Some say that the silver-colored substance was named after the fairy queen Titania (from German mythology). After all, in addition to being a very durable metal, it is also amazingly light. Others are inclined to believe that the metal got its name thanks to the Titans - the strong and powerful children of the Earth goddess Gaia. Be that as it may, both versions look quite beautiful and poetic, and have a right to exist.

Titanium was discovered by two scientists at once: the German M.G. Klaptor and the Englishman W. Gregor. Such a discovery, six years apart, was made at the end of the 18th century, after which the substance was immediately added to the periodic table. There it took the 22nd serial number.

True, due to its fragility, the metal was not used for a long time. Only in 1925, after going through a series of experiments, chemists managed to obtain pure titanium, which became a real breakthrough in the history of mankind. The metal turned out to be very technologically advanced with low density, high specific strength and corrosion resistance, as well as high strength at high temperatures.

In terms of mechanical strength, titanium is six times the strength of aluminum. That is why the list of possible uses of titanium is endless. It is used in medicine for osteoprosthetics, in the military industry (to create the hull of submarines, armor in aviation and nuclear technology). The metal has also proven itself in sports and jewelry, and in the production of mobile phones.

THIS IS INTERESTING: What types of alloys are there?

By the way, in terms of distribution on earth, the strongest metal in the world occupies the tenth position. Its deposits are located in Russia, South Africa, China, Ukraine, Japan, and India.

Although, judging by the latest discoveries in the field of chemistry, over time titanium will have to give the title of super metal to another representative. Not long ago, scientists invented a substance stronger than metal. This is “liquid metal”, or translated – “liquid”. The miracle substance has already proven itself to be stainless and impeccable for casting. And although humanity still has a lot of work to do to learn how to fully use the new metal, perhaps the future will belong to it.

The most interesting:

Source: http://zenun.ru/samyiy-krepkiy-metall-v-mire/

Top 10 strongest metals in the world

The use of metals in everyday life began at the dawn of human development, and the first metal was copper, since it is available in nature and can be easily processed.

Nowadays, experiments continue, thanks to which it is possible to identify the strongest metals in the world.

10
Titanium

Our rating opens with titanium, a high-strength hard metal that immediately attracted attention. The properties of titanium are:

high specific strength;
resistance to high temperatures;
low density;
corrosion resistance;
mechanical and chemical resistance.

Titanium is used in the military industry, aviation medicine, shipbuilding, and other areas of production.

9
Uranus

8
Tungsten

7
Rhenium

Among the representatives of this group, it is considered a high-density transition metal with a silvery-white color. It occurs in nature in its pure form, but is found in molybdenum and copper raw materials. It is characterized by high hardness and density, and has excellent refractoriness. It has increased strength, which is not lost due to repeated temperature changes. Rhenium is an expensive metal and has a high cost. Used in modern technology and electronics.

6
Osmium

Since osmium is a platinum metal, it has properties similar to iridium: refractoriness, hardness, brittleness, resistance to mechanical stress, as well as to the influence of aggressive environments.

It has found wide application in surgery, electron microscopy, the chemical industry, rocketry, and electronic equipment.

5
Beryllium

It belongs to the group of metals and is a light gray element with relative hardness and high toxicity. Due to its unique properties, beryllium is used in a wide variety of production areas:

nuclear energy;
aerospace engineering;
metallurgy;
laser technology;
nuclear energy.

Due to its high hardness, beryllium is used in the production of alloying alloys and refractory materials.

4
Chromium

Next on the list of the ten strongest metals in the world is chromium - a hard, high-strength metal of a bluish-white color, resistant to alkalis and acids.

When combined with iron, it forms an alloy called ferrochrome, which is used in the manufacture of metal-cutting tools.

3
Tantalum

in the chemical industry;
during the construction of nuclear reactors;
in metallurgical production;
when creating heat-resistant alloys.

2
Ruthenium

Valuable properties of ruthenium are high strength, hardness, refractoriness, chemical resistance, and the ability to form complex compounds.

Ruthenium is considered a catalyst for many chemical reactions and acts as a material for the manufacture of electrodes, contacts, and sharp tips.

1
Iridium

The most durable metals in the world are led by iridium - a silver-white, hard and refractory metal that belongs to the platinum group. In nature, the high-strength element is extremely rare and is often combined with osmium. Due to its natural hardness, it is difficult to machine and is highly resistant to chemicals. Iridium reacts with great difficulty to exposure to halogens and sodium peroxide.

published on mirputeshestvij.ru according to the materials top10a.ru

Source: https://mirputeshestvij.ru/priroda/top-10-samye-prochnye-metally-v-mire/

Iridium

So, the strongest metal is iridium. It is obtained by precipitation from the dissolution of platinum in sulfuric acid. After the reaction, the substance becomes black, and later in the process of various compounds it can change color: hence the name, which means “rainbow”. Iridium was discovered in the early 19th century, and since then only two ways have been found to dissolve it: molten lye and sodium peroxide.

Iridium is very rare in nature; its amount in the earth does not exceed 1 in 1,000,000,000. As a result, one ounce of the material costs at least $1,000.

Iridium is widely used in various fields of human activity, especially in medicine. It is used to produce eye prostheses, hearing aids, electrodes for the brain, as well as special capsules that are implanted into cancer tumors.

According to scientists, such a small amount of matter indicates that it is of alien origin, namely, brought by some kind of asteroid.

Ruthenium

Another of the strongest metals in the world, the name of which comes from the name of our country. It was first discovered in the Urals. Or rather, they found platinum there, in which Russian scientists later identified a new metal. This was 200 years ago.

Due to its beauty, ruthenium is often used in jewelry, but not in its pure form, because it is very rare

Ruthenium is a noble metal. It has not only hardness, but also beauty. In terms of hardness, it is only slightly inferior to quartz. But at the same time, it is very fragile, it can easily be crushed into powder or broken by dropping it from a height. In addition, it is the lightest and strongest metal, its density is barely thirteen grams per centimeter cubed.

Despite its poor impact resistance, ruthenium is excellent at resisting high temperatures. To melt it, it must be heated to more than 2300 degrees. If this is done using an electric arc, the substance can go directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid stage.

As part of alloys, its use is extremely wide, even in space mechanics; for example, alloys of the metals ruthenium and platinum were chosen for the manufacture of fuel elements for artificial Earth satellites.

Tantalum

The first on Earth to discover this metal was the Swedish scientist Ekeberg. But the chemist was never able to isolate it in its pure form; difficulties arose with this, which is why it received the name of the Greek hero of myths, Tantalus. Tantalum began to be actively used only during the Second World War.

Tantalum is a hard, durable, silver-colored metal that exhibits little activity at ordinary temperatures, oxidizes only when heated above 280°C, and melts only at almost 3300 Kelvin.

Despite its strength, tantalum is quite ductile, approximately like gold, and working with it is not difficult

Tantalum can be used as a substitute for stainless steels; the service life may differ by as much as twenty years.

Tantalum is also used:

in aviation for the manufacture of heat-resistant parts;
in chemistry as part of anti-corrosion alloys;
in nuclear energy, since it is extremely resistant to cesium vapor;
medicine for the manufacture of implants and prostheses;
in computer technology for the production of superconductors;
in military affairs for various types of projectiles;
in jewelry, since during oxidation it can acquire different shades.

Chromium

This metal is considered biogenic, which means it can have a positive effect on living organisms.
For example, the amount of chromium regulates cholesterol levels. If chromium in the body is less than six milligrams, this leads to a sharp increase in cholesterol in the blood. You can get chromium ions, for example, from pearl barley, duck, liver or beets. Chrome is refractory, does not react to moisture and does not oxidize (only when heated above 600°C).

The metal is actively used to create chrome coatings and dental crowns.

What is the strongest metal in the world?

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Question for experts: What is the strongest metal?

Sincerely, Muhammad Manatov

Best answers

The most beautiful pearl ears:

Chromium is an element of the side subgroup of the sixth group of the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements of Mendeleev D.I., with atomic number 24. Denoted by the symbol Cr (Latin Chromium). The simple substance chromium (CAS number: 7440-47-3) is a hard metal of a bluish-white color.

Chromium is the hardest metal. Chromium is found in nature mainly in the form of chromium iron ore Fe(CrO2)2 (iron chromite).
Ferrochrome is obtained from it by reduction in electric furnaces with coke (carbon): FeO Cr2O3 + 4C → Fe + 2Cr + 4CO

Chromium is a fairly common element; its content in the earth's crust is approximately 0.02% (22nd place).

Titanium - (Latin Titanium; denoted by the symbol Ti) - an element of the secondary subgroup of the fourth group, the fourth period of the periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 22. The simple substance titanium (CAS number: 7440-32-6) - light metal of silvery-white color. Exists in two crystal modifications: α-Ti with a hexagonal close-packed lattice, β-Ti with cubic body-centered packing, α↔β transition temperature 883 °C

Details in the source

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Lead.. . Kills everyone alive

Take 1 kg weights of various metals: iron, gold, silver, platinum. tungsten, titanium, sodium iridium, strontium, cadmium, nickel - in general, everything that the neighbors will give. Stand under the 2nd floor balcony and let your friend throw these weights at you. Whichever weight hits the hardest, the metal is stronger. Verified.

Define what “strong metal” is, without this the question makes no sense.

answer

This video will help you figure it out

Answers from experts

Relatively titanium. But the question is not correct. You can say both steel and duralumin, but regarding what? Each metal has many properties.

If you need a specific answer, call it - Pobedit (80-85 tungsten carbide, the rest cobalt) - this is what concrete drills are made of. Chrome will be drilled without problems.

Of the pure metals, of course, chromium is the hardest. But there is a big question with compositions and alloys. The same hard alloy (tungsten carbides (titanium, tantalum) bonded with cobalt (nickel) has all the signs of a metal - shine, conductivity, etc., but it has a hardness of up to 95 HRA. Chrome can’t hold a candle. If you need a specific answer, call it “Pobedit” (80-85 tungsten carbide, the rest cobalt) - this is what concrete drills are made of. Chrome will be drilled without problems.

It turned out to be a philosophical question. The hardest substance on earth - fullerene (harder than diamond) - I can prove that it is a metal (based on encyclopedic definitions)

Chromium.

Guys, do not confuse the STRENGTH of metal and HARDNESS of metal.
These are completely different characteristics, measured using different methods. Tungsten is not at all the hardest - it is the most infusible.

Fellerene is a spatial modification of carbon, just like diamond. Metals are designated in D.I. Mendeleev's table as metals. Carbon is not a metal. And carbon and diamond and graphite and fullerene produce electricity. current, i.e. conductors, but not metals. Metals form ionic or strongly ionic covalent chemical bonds, carbon does not.

The hardest are iridium, rhenium and tantalum. After them are chromium and beryllium, and after them come titanium, tungsten

And the “softest” among all durable ones is osmium

The hardest metal in the world is iridium

Source: https://dom-voprosov.ru/prochee/kakoj-metall-samyj-krepkij-v-mire

The hardest steel in the world

Metals have been used by man since the dawn of civilization. One of the first known was copper, due to its ease of processing and widespread use. Archaeologists have found thousands of copper items during excavations.

Progress does not stand still, and soon humanity learned to produce durable alloys to make weapons and agricultural tools.

To this day, experiments with metals do not stop, so it has become possible to determine which is the strongest metal in the world.