What materials are attracted to a magnet - Metals and their processing

What metals are not magnetic and why?

Any child knows that metals are attracted to magnets. After all, they have more than once hung magnets on the metal door of the refrigerator or letters with magnets on a special board. However, if you put a spoon against a magnet, there will be no attraction. But the spoon is also metal, so why does this happen? So, let's find out which metals are not magnetic.

Scientific point of view

To determine which metals are not magnetic, you need to find out how all metals in general can relate to magnets and a magnetic field. With respect to the applied magnetic field, all substances are divided into diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic.

Gram staining technique: preparation, implementation, evaluation of the result

Each atom consists of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons. They move continuously, which creates a magnetic field. The magnetic fields of electrons in one atom can enhance or cancel each other, depending on the direction of their movement. Moreover, the following can be compensated:

Magnetic moments caused by the movement of electrons relative to the nucleus are orbital.
Magnetic moments caused by the rotation of electrons around their axis are spin moments.

If all magnetic moments are equal to zero, the substance is classified as diamagnetic. If only spin moments are compensated - to paramagnets. If the fields are not compensated, use ferromagnets.

Paramagnets and ferromagnets

Let's consider the option when each atom of a substance has its own magnetic field. These fields are multidirectional and compensate each other. If you place a magnet next to such a substance, the fields will be oriented in one direction. The substance will have a magnetic field, a positive and a negative pole.

Then the substance will be attracted to the magnet and can itself become magnetized, that is, it will attract other metal objects. For example, you can magnetize steel clips at home. Each one will have a negative and a positive pole, and you can even hang a whole chain of paper clips on a magnet.

Such substances are called paramagnetic.

Ferromagnets are a small group of substances that are attracted to magnets and are easily magnetized even in a weak field.

Diamagnets

In diamagnetic materials, the magnetic fields inside each atom are compensated. In this case, when a substance is introduced into a magnetic field, the movement of electrons under the influence of the field will be added to the natural movement of electrons. This movement of electrons will cause an additional current, the magnetic field of which will be directed against the external field. Therefore, the diamagnetic material will be weakly repelled from the nearby magnet.

So, if we approach the question from a scientific point of view, which metals are not magnetic, the answer will be – diamagnetic.

Distribution of paramagnets and diamagnets in the periodic table of Mendeleev elements

The magnetic properties of simple substances change periodically with increasing atomic number of the element.

Substances that are not attracted to magnets (diamagnets) are located mainly in short periods - 1, 2, 3. Which metals are not magnetic? These are lithium and beryllium, and sodium, magnesium and aluminum are already classified as paramagnetic.

Substances that are attracted to magnets (paramagnets) are located mainly in the long periods of the Mendeleev periodic system - 4, 5, 6, 7.

However, the last 8 elements in each long period are also diamagnetic.

In addition, three elements are distinguished - carbon, oxygen and tin, the magnetic properties of which are different for different allotropic modifications.

In addition, there are 25 more chemical elements whose magnetic properties could not be established due to their radioactivity and rapid decay or the complexity of synthesis.

The magnetic properties of lanthanides and actinides (all of which are metals) change irregularly. Among them there are para- and diamagnetic materials.

There are special magnetically ordered substances - chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, the properties of which change irregularly.

What metals are not magnetic: list

There are only 9 ferromagnets, that is, metals that are highly magnetic, in nature. These are iron, cobalt, nickel, their alloys and compounds, as well as six lanthanide metals: gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and thulium.

Metals that are attracted only to very strong magnets (paramagnetic): aluminum, copper, platinum, uranium.

Since in everyday life there are no such large magnets that would attract a paramagnetic material, and also no lanthanide metals are found, we can safely say that all metals except iron, cobalt, nickel and their alloys will not be attracted to magnets.

So, what metals are not magnetic to a magnet:

paramagnetic materials: aluminum, platinum, chromium, magnesium, tungsten;
diamagnetic materials: copper, gold, silver, zinc, mercury, cadmium, zirconium.

In general, we can say that ferrous metals are attracted to a magnet, non-ferrous metals are not.

If we talk about alloys, then iron alloys are magnetic. These primarily include steel and cast iron. Precious coins can also be attracted to a magnet, since they are not made of pure non-ferrous metal, but of an alloy that may contain a small amount of ferromagnetic material. But jewelry made of pure non-ferrous metal will not be attracted to a magnet.

What metals do not rust and are not magnetic? These are ordinary food grade stainless steel, gold and silver items.

Source: https://1Ku.ru/obrazovanie/33778-kakie-metally-ne-magnitjatsja-i-pochemu/

What metals are magnetic - Metals and their processing

Typically, powerful magnets are designed to find precious metals. A search magnet reacts to gold and silver quite strongly, and although it is difficult to find them in their pure form, its power is enough to pick up jewelry and coins from the ground. The main goal of all search engines is treasures, expensive coins, and sometimes just ferrous metal.

The article will describe the structure of the magnet and the basic principle of operation. He will also figure out what exactly can be found with its help and how to find expensive alloys. It will be explained in detail what ferromagnets, paramagnets and diamagnetic materials are. In addition, valuable tips and recommendations will be given that will greatly simplify the search for valuable items.

Search magnet device

This device consists of a steel case, inside of which there is a neodymium magnet. It is made from a rare alloy containing neodymium, iron and boron. This compound has a powerful attractive property. Despite its compactness, it is capable of holding things tens of times its own weight.

To make it easier to get various things, the case is equipped with a special mount. It is screwed into the magnet body via a thread. On top of the fastener there is a fastener in the form of a hook or loop that will hold the cable or rope. This mount has a rigid base that is firmly screwed into the body. The entire structure has a reliable foundation, and in this case, there is no fear in lifting any expensive and heavy thing.

Principle of operation

The search magnet has rather poor functionality. The main task of such an object is to attract as many metal objects as possible. But the device copes with its main task more than well. Thanks to its unique design, it has great strength and is able to hold quite large objects, as well as objects containing gold or silver, which ordinary magnets cannot handle.

This is especially convenient when getting things out of wells, funnels and various pits. It's also good to use this thing underwater. In water, all objects are subject to great resistance, and picking up any object becomes a rather labor-intensive task. But with a neodymium magnet, searching and removing such objects is greatly simplified.

What items can be found

When asked what kinds of things can be found using a search magnet, iron objects, including coins, immediately come to mind. Almost all paramagnetic metals can be found.

Simply put, materials that are attracted to the magnet body, but more on that later. Such coins, or precious metals, can be of great value.

For example, you can find iron coins from the period of Tsarist Russia, as well as many rare Soviet coins.

Powerful magnets can attract metals such as:

aluminum
copper
tin
brass
lead

Most searches are carried out in attics, in various beaches and public places where people can lose things, as well as in wells and pits. In such places they usually find costume jewelry, expensive jewelry, various metal boxes, and sometimes even expensive mobile devices (on the beach). This is what finding things on land is all about.

As for water, you can also find many valuable things, including gold jewelry. Also, thanks to superstitions, a whole fortune of coins can be raised from the bottom. Moreover, there is no need to get coins from city fountains, since there are quite a lot of abandoned wells that no one needs, but they store precious things.

Does a magnet attract gold and silver?

Is it possible to find pure gold or silver with powerful magnets? No, since such metals are diamagnetic, that is, they are not attracted to magnets. But it's not all bad, thanks to all the power of neodymium alloy, it is possible to get some jewelry. Such objects usually have a ligature in them.

This alloy helps precious metals such as gold or silver acquire certain properties. For example, silver jewelry does not darken as much, but gold jewelry is more durable. But the most important thing is that the ligature allows magnetization and makes it possible to find various alloys.

But it is also possible to find pure gold or silver. At the beginning of the article it was said that iron boxes can be found. Typically, jewelry made of gold or silver is stored in such cases. So, walking through an attic or similar places, you can get rich, in the literal sense of the word.

Magnetic properties of various metals

In order to go hunting for valuable metals, you need to know what exactly will be attracted to a magnet. Since metals have different magnetic properties, and some do not have them at all. They can be divided into three groups:

ferromagnets
paramagnets
diamagnetic materials

Ferromagnets are metals with some of the best magnetic properties. Such metals are highly magnetic. These include ferrous metal.

Paramagnetic materials have the usual properties; they are readily attracted to a magnet, but do not have the function of magnetization. These include some alloys of jewelry and several types of non-ferrous metals.

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And finally, diamagnetic materials. Such alloys are extremely difficult to respond to magnetic fields and greatly complicate the search for truly precious things. Diamagnets include gold, silver, aluminum, patina and other metals that even the strongest magnet does not pick up.

Is it possible to find gold with a magnet?

As already discussed earlier, jewelry and coins with gold can be lifted, but it is very problematic.

It is impossible to get pure gold with a magnet.

But if various factors are favorable, such as an iron box or paramagnetic jewelry lying nearby, then there is a chance to find it. Basically, only jewelry containing gold, such as bracelets, earrings and rings, can be caught with a magnet. The best places to search are sandy beaches, wells, and the sea or river bottom where a large number of people swim.

Source: https://magnetline.ru/metally-i-splavy/kakie-metally-magnityatsya.html

Why does a magnet attract iron?

A magnet is a body that has its own magnetic field.
In a magnetic field, there is some effect on external objects that are nearby, the most obvious being the ability of a magnet to attract metal. The magnet and its properties were known to both the ancient Greeks and the Chinese.

They noticed a strange phenomenon: small pieces of iron were attracted to some natural stones. This phenomenon was first called divine and used in rituals, but with the development of natural science it became obvious that the properties were of a completely earthly nature, which was first explained by the physicist from Copenhagen Hans Christian Oersted.

He discovered in 1820 a certain connection between the electric discharge of current and a magnet, which gave rise to the doctrine of electric current and magnetic attraction.

Natural science research

Oersted, conducting experiments with a magnetic needle and a conductor, noticed the following feature: a discharge of energy directed towards the needle instantly acted on it, and it began to deviate.

The arrow always deviated, no matter from which side he approached. French physicist Dominique Francois Arago began repeated experiments with a magnet, taking as a basis a glass tube rewound with a metal thread, and in the middle of this object he installed an iron rod. With the help of electricity, the iron inside began to be sharply magnetized, because of this various keys began to stick, but as soon as the discharge was turned off, the keys immediately fell to the floor. Based on what was happening, a physicist from France, Andre Ampere, developed an accurate description of everything that happened in this experiment.

Magnetic effect

Today it is obvious that the matter is not in miracles, but in a more than unique characteristic of the internal structure of the electronic circuits that form magnets. An electron that constantly rotates around an atom forms the same magnetic field.

Microatoms have a magnetic effect and are in complete equilibrium, but magnets, by their attraction, influence some types of metals, such as: - iron, - nickel, - cobalt. These metals are also called ferromagnets. In close proximity to a magnet, atoms immediately begin to rearrange and form magnetic poles.

Atomic magnetic fields exist in an ordered system; they are also called domains. In this characteristic system there are two poles opposite to each other - north and south.

Application

The north pole of a magnet attracts the south pole, but two identical poles immediately repel each other.
Modern life without magnetic elements is impossible, because they are found in almost all technical devices, including computers, televisions, microphones, and much more. In medicine, magnets are widely used in examinations of internal organs and in magnetic therapy.

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Source: https://www.kakprosto.ru/kak-821401-pochemu-magnit-prityagivaet-zhelezo

Magic properties of a magnet | Trainee

Author of the work:

Rykova Valeria

Project Manager:

Balashova Nadezhda Aleksandrovna

Institution:

MKOU Lovetskaya secondary school

The student conducts individual research and creates a student project on the world around him on the topic “The Magical Properties of a Magnet,” in which he describes theoretical information about magnets and their properties, and considers the possibilities of using a magnet in everyday life.

More details about the work:

In the process of writing an individual research paper on the surrounding world, “The Magical Properties of a Magnet,” an elementary school student collects and analyzes information about the properties of a magnet, conducts a series of experiments to confirm or refute the acquired knowledge, finds out options for using magnets in everyday life, finds out what a magnet is and magnetic force.

The educational project of a 3rd grade elementary school student about a magnet helps to broaden the horizons of schoolchildren and develop their skills in conducting research work, reviews the literature on magnets, defines a magnet, magnetic force and magnetic field, and describes experiments with a magnet at home. The project can be used as a sample when designing a children's project on the world around us.

Introduction1. What do we know about magnets?2. Study of the properties of magnets.3. Studying the use of magnets in people's lives. Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

During labor training lessons we often have to work with scissors and a needle. And then, one day, during one of the labor training lessons, I noticed that a needle was hanging from the scissors. I wondered why this was happening.

For an answer, I turned to the encyclopedia, where I learned that it turns out that this is connected with such concepts as magnetism, magnet. It turns out that there are natural and artificial magnets. Natural magnets occur in nature in the form of deposits of magnetic ores. Artificial magnets are created by humans from ferromagnets (bodies that have the ability to attract objects to themselves).

I wanted to find out what a magnet is, because we often come across them at school during lessons, when we attach something to the board, at home - on refrigerators, in children's construction sets, but what properties it has, and where else it can be used, we don’t know .

Project goal: to study the properties of a magnet and the possibilities of its use.

Project objectives:

study literature about magnets
learn what a magnet and magnetic force are;
find out experimentally what properties a magnet has;
find out how people use magnets in life.

Object of study: I am a magnet.

The subject of the study is the properties of magnets.

Project hypothesis: a magnet is an object that creates a magnetic field, which has many properties and is used not only for attaching to refrigerators, but also for other purposes.

Project methods: literature study, information selection, experiment, practical work, observation, analysis, generalization.

Research stages:

The first stage is preparatory: Visiting the library. Working with information sources.

The second stage is research.

It consisted of:

Learning the definition of what a magnet is.
Studying the properties of magnets
Study of magnet applications.

The third stage - generalization of materials

What do we know about magnets?

Searching for information in the encyclopedia.

Purpose of the study: to find out how magnets appeared

Result.

A magnet is a body that has its own magnetic field.

A magnetic field is the area around a magnet, within which the influence of the magnet on external objects is felt.

Magnetic force is the force with which objects are attracted to a magnet.

Magnet (from Greek - stone from Magnesia - an ancient city in Asia Minor) - a natural magnet - a piece of iron ore that has the property of attracting iron, steel, cobalt, etc. and has its own magnetic field. It has been known to man since ancient times.

An ancient legend tells about a shepherd named Magnus. In search of a sheep, the shepherd went to unfamiliar places, into the mountains. He noticed with amazement that the iron tip of his stick was attracted to the black stone. Moreover, it was necessary to rub the blade of a knife with such a stone, and it itself began to attract iron objects: nails, arrowheads.

It was as if some kind of power, mysterious, of course, flowed into them from a stone brought from the mountains. This stone came to be called the “Magnus Stone” or simply “the magnet.”

Thus, many centuries BC it was known that some stones could attract pieces of iron. This was mentioned in the 6th century BC by the Greek physicist and philosopher Thales. The first scientific study of the properties of a magnet was prescribed in the 13th century by the scientist Peter Peregrinus.

Study of magnet properties

To find out the properties of magnets, we conducted experiments.

Experiment No. 1

“Are all bodies attracted by a magnet?”

The purpose of the experiment: to determine what objects a magnet can attract.

Procedure of the experiment: For this experiment, we took various objects: pen, paper, ruler, metals from the Metal Collection educational set and, in turn, brought a magnet to them.

Result: magnets attract only some metal objects (cast iron, steel), and some metals, paper, plastics, wood do not experience its attraction.

Experiment No. 2

“Can a magnet transmit its force?”

The purpose of the experiment: to find out whether metal objects can be magnetized.

Procedure of the experiment: in this experiment we attached a nail to a magnet and another to it.

Then they carefully detached the magnet from the top nail, and the nails remained fastened for a few more seconds.

Result: magnetic force can pass through objects and substances.

Experiment No. 3

“Are all magnets attracted to each other?”

Goal: Find out whether magnets always attract each other. A magnet has two poles: “north” and “south”

The course of the experiment: for this experiment, we brought magnets to each other, placing them with the same poles - the magnets repelled each other. When we turned one of the magnets with the other pole, the magnets were attracted.

If you take a piece of magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will again have a “north” and a “south” pole. Those with the same poles will repel, and those with different poles will attract.

Result: magnets with the same poles repel, and magnets with different poles attract.

Experiment No. 4

«Can a magnet work through other materials?

Purpose: to determine whether the properties of magnets appear through barriers.

Procedure of the experiment: in this experiment we tried to magnetize a paper clip through paper; steel plate through a glass of water.

After pouring water into a glass and placing a steel plate in it, we tried to remove it using a magnet.

Result: in all experiments the magnet retained its properties.

A magnet can work through paper, water and even glass.

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Experiment No. 5

Do magnets have the same strength?

Purpose: to determine whether the magnets have the same strength?

Procedure of the experiment: for this experiment, I first took three magnets of different sizes and three identical coins. I laid out the magnets in a row on the table, put a ruler on the table and laid out the coins close to it, but at a distance from the magnets. I slowly push the ruler with coins towards the magnets

Result: some coins are attracted to the magnet immediately, others only when they come close to the magnets.

Magnets attract even from a distance. The larger the magnet, the greater the force of attraction and the greater the distance over which the magnet exerts its influence.

To confirm this experiment, I took two magnets: one large, the other small, and paper clips. There were 3 paper clips attached to the small magnet, and 7 to the large one.

Result: Not all magnets are the same, different magnets have different strengths, this strength depends on the size of the magnet.

Studying the use of magnets in people's lives

Goal: Find out where magnets are used.

Progress of the research: searching for information about the use of magnets on the Internet

People learned about magnets a long time ago and began to use its properties for their own purposes. In all branches of life, a magnet is a constant companion.

1. The first device based on the phenomenon of magnetism was the compass. It was invented in China, approximately between the 4th and 6th centuries.

2. Due to the property of magnets to act at a distance and through solutions, they are used in chemical and medical laboratories, where it is necessary to mix sterile substances in small quantities. Magnets are used underwater. Due to their ability to attract objects underwater, magnets are used in the construction and repair of underwater structures. With their help, it is very convenient to secure and lay a cable or keep a tool at hand.

3. Magnets are used for medicinal purposes in the form of patches, bracelets, amulets, because they have a mild analgesic effect, improve mood, treat bone diseases, reduce the excitability of the nervous system and relieve stress.

4.The magnetic method of removing metal particles from the eye is widely used.

5. Magnets surround us everywhere, since all the devices we use in everyday life, one way or another, include magnets - mobile phones, computers, cabinet doors, stereos, electric motors, cars, displays, compasses, toys, a variety of sensors and instruments, research equipment and many other areas.

Conclusion

Our hypothesis was confirmed. After conducting our research, we found out that magnets have many properties:

1. Magnets have the ability to attract objects made of iron or steel. Wood, plastics and paper do not react to magnets.

2. Magnets with the same poles repel, and magnets with different poles attract.

3. Magnetic force can pass through objects and substances.

4. Magnets attract even from a distance. The larger the magnet, the greater the force of attraction and the greater the distance over which the magnet exerts its influence.

5. Not all magnets are the same, different magnets have different strengths, this strength depends on the size of the magnet.

6. A magnet can transfer its properties to other objects, temporarily turning them into magnets;

7. Magnets with like poles repel each other;

There is no area of human activity where magnets are not used.

During our research, we learned a lot of interesting things about magnets:

In 2006, Pierre Proske and his colleagues at the Future Applications Lab in Sweden invented unique magnets that are equipped with 16-character LCD displays and can interact with each other while hanging on the refrigerator. If you hang two or more magnets next to each other, the devices themselves will check the word order and correct grammatical errors, a kind of Word editor for the refrigerator door.

Source: https://obuchonok.ru/node/5913

What metals are attracted to a magnet?

Why does a magnet attract or everything about magnetic fields

Magnets, like the toys stuck to your refrigerator at home or the horseshoes you were shown in school, have several unusual features. First of all, magnets are attracted to iron and steel objects, such as the door of a refrigerator. In addition, they have poles. Bring two magnets closer to each other. The south pole of one magnet will be attracted to the north pole of the other.

The north pole of one magnet repels the north pole of the other. The magnetic field is generated by electric current, that is, by moving electrons. Electrons moving around an atomic nucleus carry a negative charge. The directed movement of charges from one place to another is called electric current. An electric current creates a magnetic field around itself.

This field, with its lines of force, like a loop, covers the path of electric current, like an arch that stands over the road. For example, when a table lamp is turned on and a current flows through the copper wires, that is, the electrons in the wire jump from atom to atom and a weak magnetic field is created around the wire.

In high-voltage transmission lines, the current is much stronger than in a table lamp, so a very strong magnetic field is formed around the wires of such lines. Thus, electricity and magnetism are two sides of the same coin - electromagnetism.

The movement of electrons within each atom creates a tiny magnetic field around it. An electron moving in orbit forms a vortex-like magnetic field. But most of the magnetic field is created not by the movement of the electron in orbit around the nucleus, but by the movement of the atom around its axis, the so-called spin of the electron. Spin characterizes the rotation of an electron around an axis, like the movement of a planet around its axis.

In most materials, such as plastics, the magnetic fields of individual atoms are randomly oriented and cancel each other out. But in materials like iron, the atoms can be oriented so that their magnetic fields add up, so a piece of steel becomes magnetized. Atoms in materials are connected in groups called magnetic domains. The magnetic fields of one individual domain are oriented in one direction.

That is, each domain is a small magnet. Different domains are oriented in a wide variety of directions, that is, randomly, and cancel each other's magnetic fields. Therefore, a steel strip is not a magnet. But if you manage to orient the domains in one direction so that the forces of the magnetic fields combine, then beware! The steel strip will become a powerful magnet and will attract any iron object from a nail to a refrigerator.

Magnetic iron ore mineral is a natural magnet. But still, most magnets are made artificially. What force can force atoms to line up to form one large domain? Place the steel strip in a strong magnetic field. Gradually, one by one, all domains will turn in the direction of the applied magnetic field.

As the domains rotate, they will draw other atoms into this movement, increasing in size, literally swelling. Then the identically oriented domains will connect, and lo and behold, the steel strip has turned into a magnet. You can demonstrate this to your comrades using an ordinary steel nail. Place the nail in the magnetic field of a large neodymium magnet.

Hold it there for a few minutes until the nail domains line up in the desired direction. Once this happens, the nail will briefly become a magnet. With its help you can even pick up fallen pins from the floor.

Why doesn't a magnet attract everything?

In fact, the interaction of a magnet with substances has many more options than just “attracts” or “does not attract.” Iron, nickel, and some alloys are metals that, due to their specific structure, are very strongly attracted by a magnet.

The vast majority of other metals, as well as other substances, also interact with magnetic fields - they are attracted or repelled by magnets, but only thousands and millions of times weaker.

Therefore, in order to notice the attraction of such substances to a magnet, you need to use an extremely strong magnetic field, which you cannot get at home.

But since all substances are attracted to a magnet, the original question can be reformulated as follows: “Why then is iron so strongly attracted by a magnet that manifestations of this are easy to notice in everyday life?” The answer is: it is determined by the structure and bonding of iron atoms. Any substance is composed of atoms connected to each other by their outer electron shells.

It is the electrons of the outer shells that are sensitive to the magnetic field; they determine the magnetism of materials. In most substances, the electrons of neighboring atoms feel the magnetic field “at random” - some repel, others attract, and some generally try to turn the object around.

Therefore, if you take a large piece of a substance, then its average force of interaction with a magnet will be very small.

Iron and metals similar to it have a special feature - the connection between neighboring atoms is such that they sense the magnetic field in a coordinated manner. If a few atoms are tuned to be attracted to a magnet, they will cause all neighboring atoms to do the same. As a result, in a piece of iron all the atoms “want to attract” or “want to repel” at once, and because of this, a very large force of interaction with the magnet is obtained.

What group of metal alloys does magnesium belong to?

A magnet is a body that has its own magnetic field. In a magnetic field, there is some effect on external objects that are nearby, the most obvious being the ability of a magnet to attract metal.

The magnet and its properties were known to both the ancient Greeks and the Chinese. They noticed a strange phenomenon: small pieces of iron were attracted to some natural stones.

He discovered in 1820 a certain connection between the electric discharge of current and a magnet, which gave rise to the doctrine of electric current and magnetic attraction.