What are the hallmarks of white gold?

How to test white gold at home

White gold is a type of jewelry gold that has a silvery-white color due to an alloy of gold with silver, palladium, platinum or nickel. Sometimes it is coated with a thin layer of rhodium.

White gold has a cool, “metallic” tint and has a very shiny, almost polished surface. Therefore, jewelry made from this metal cannot be confused with classic silver, which has a slight warmish tint. However, if a silver product is plated with rhodium, it is no longer possible to visually distinguish between the two metals.

Due to the fact that white gold does not have such a characteristic shade as its red and yellow varieties, it is very difficult to distinguish even a crude fake by eye.

How to check the authenticity of white gold by sample

The smartest thing you can do when planning to purchase white gold jewelry is to purchase it from a reputable jewelry store. All products in such a salon comply with Russian GOST standards and have the necessary hallmark markings.

The hallmark stamped on white gold products can be easily distinguished from hallmarks on other precious metals. It is affixed in the form of a girl in a kokoshnik, enclosed in a circle, and a sample of metal, enclosed in a rectangle. The second option combines the hallmark with the hallmark.

Options for antique and foreign samples can be found in special catalogues.

For white gold items, fineness up to 750 units is acceptable. If the sample is higher than this value, they are trying to sell you silver.

How to distinguish white gold from a fake by its physical properties

If you have any doubts about the authenticity of the product, you can check its properties.

First of all, it's weight. The gold product is very heavy, but does not react to magnets. Some metals are also not magnetic, but they are much lighter in weight. The only metal that is “indifferent” to a magnet and has a similar weight to gold is lead. But lead is a very soft metal. That is, a crude fake will either be suspiciously light, or will react to a magnet, or will be easily scratched.

You can distinguish gold from ordinary silver, if you have difficulty identifying metal by shades, by running the jewelry over paper. Unplated silver will leave a gray mark. If the silver is rhodium-plated, it is impossible to distinguish it from gold by its appearance. But silver is much softer and scratches more easily. You can easily bend a protruding part of a silver item or scratch it.

We recommend reading: Where were treasures hidden in old houses?

How to test white gold at home using improvised means

Another option to verify the authenticity of the jewelry is to use homemade reagents.

White gold can be tested with iodine in the same way as silver, but with the opposite effect. On a gold product, unlike a silver one, absolutely no stains from iodine should remain.

Using vinegar, ammonia, or a lapis pencil (sold in a pharmacy) will give similar results.

These methods are not very successful, as they will give a false result if a thin layer of white gold or rhodium plating is simply applied to the product.

Finally

So, the easiest way to distinguish white gold from a fake if there is no hallmark on the product is by its physical properties. Gold will be heavy, almost identical in weight to lead, but will not react to a magnet and will be very difficult to scratch. If at the same time you cannot easily bend the protruding parts of the jewelry, it is highly likely that it really is white gold.

We recommend reading: How to find gold with a metal detector?

Chemical methods are not very suitable in this case, since white gold is visually indistinguishable from rhodium-plated silver and the silver product will give false results.

Doubts may be raised not by the metal itself, but by its composition, that is, whether the gold content corresponds to what is stated in the sample. In this case, you won’t be able to decide on your own; you need to turn to a jeweler for expertise.

Source: http://inzoloto.ru/precious-metalls/beloe-zoloto

How to distinguish silver from white gold at home | SOKOLOV Magazine

You can only find pure gold in laboratory conditions, and you won’t find silver completely without impurities during the day: these two metals are too soft and capricious, which, believe me, would unpleasantly surprise you with their “anti-properties.”

To increase strength and wear resistance, so-called white gold uses an alloy - an admixture of silver, platinum, palladium, zinc or an acceptable amount of nickel. And copper is added to silver - otherwise your “pure” silver ring would fall apart before your eyes literally after the first wear.

Judge for yourself: silver is so soft and ductile that just 1 gram of it = as much as 2 kilometers of wire!

Appearances are deceptive? At first glance, the products of both silver and white gold are very similar, but if you know these simple rules, it becomes clear what kind of precious metal is in front of you, and the help of a professional jeweler may not be needed at all. And although we recommend turning to him, curiosity is not a vice, and sometimes it is a defense against the tricks of scammers

Source: https://sokolov.ru/blog/about-jewelry/precious-metals/silver-white-gold/

White gold samples

Gold, as you know, can be not only the usual yellow color with a characteristic reflection, but also white, which, unknowingly, can be visually mistaken for silver. Meanwhile, the sample of white gold will always indicate the true value of the jewelry or simply the metal in your hands.

About the history of white alloy

Gold has been a popular metal among jewelers and lovers of beautiful and stylish things since ancient times, but one variety of it, white gold, has gained particular fame and has become in great demand. This happened relatively – in the thirties of the last XX century.

The beauty of this unusual color of gold so captivated jewelry lovers that in a short period of time, white gold not only displaced other metals, such as silver, from the shelves, but also became a real trend. If before this time stones such as diamonds and pearls were set in silver frames, then with the advent of white gold it became the basis for many jewelry with stones.

Today, owners of jewelry made from this metal can boast of not just a beautiful thing, but also excellent, refined jewelry taste. Sophistication and beauty are all definitions associated with this type of gold.

Kinds

Jewelry is in demand in any economic situation, so the sample is important for those who buy jewelry to save and increase money. It should be borne in mind that jewelry made from this metal varies significantly in price categories. The cost just depends on what grade of white gold a particular piece of jewelry is.

Many people who are not appraisers or jewelers often only know that a product should be hallmarked, but what it is remains a secret.

In fact, this concept means nothing more than the amount of gold itself or other precious metal contained in one gram of the alloy.

There is one more concept that is important for determining the cost of finished jewelry - ligature. This word hides a certain number of additives included in gold for the production of jewelry.

Existing white alloy samples

Many people believe that white gold is platinum or silver, but in fact it is an alloy of real gold and (usually) silver, which gives it its unusual color and bright shine.

It has been known since school days that it is impossible to produce jewelry and other things from gold without impurities, since this precious metal is too plastic and soft.

A gold ring without “additives” can be crushed like plasticine, so other metals in gold jewelry are a necessary measure to ensure quality. Actually, these are metal additives that determine what the sample will be, as well as the shade of the decoration.

The secrets of obtaining color directly depend on the addition of metals, that is, on the ligature, so for a silver shade they use:

• Platinum;
• Palladium;
• Zinc;
• Nickel;
• Copper;
• Bronze;
• Silver.

The addition of nickel and silver to the composition determines the finished jewelry in the “economy” category. Average price category and luxury option - jewelry with the addition of platinum and palladium.

Existing gold samples in Russia and types of their hallmarks.

For those who do not know what standard white gold is on sale, let us immediately clarify that its quality markings are similar to those of yellow gold. The most popular in Russia are:

• Sample 375 – contains 37.5% gold and silver, nickel or zinc;
• Sample 500 – contains 50% gold and silver or copper;
• Sample 585 – contains 58.5% gold and palladium, nickel, silver or copper;
• Sample 750 – contains 75% gold and platinum, palladium or silver;
• Sample 958 – contains 96% gold, virtually no additives are used.

Each of the samples has its own characteristics, so 375 - the actual sample is nothing more than costume jewelry. The most expensive in terms of cost is 750 sample, since filigree jewelry is made from this material. 985 standard is not used for making jewelry, but is used to create inserts due to its special softness.

Gold in its pure form is found only in bars! However, in Japan there are master jewelers who produce incredible jewelry without the addition of other metals, but such products are understandably fragile.

Another name for a sample is a stamp. Its presence also indicates the quality of the product. A special state-level unit, the Assay Chamber, is responsible for setting the hallmark and mark. Meanwhile, in Turkey this process is the personal responsibility of the manufacturer. Therefore, the standard of a white gold product is an important indicator of the quality of jewelry made in our country, but not in Turkey or Egypt.

White precious metal – nobility or simplicity?

It is believed that this type of precious metal can be both an “economy” option and an indicator of chic and luxury. It all depends on the very additives that are used in the product.

It is quite simple to distinguish “status” - “economy” alloys do not use precious metals as alloys. The ligature addition in this case is nickel. It is important to remember that nickel can cause allergic reactions.

It is for this reason that its content is strictly regulated - restrictions apply, including in European countries.

It is very interesting that it is impossible to avoid nickel in the process of producing gold jewelry, since it has unique chemical properties - it is harder than palladium, polishes quickly and retains the beautiful appearance of the products. It is nickel that allows you to create unusual designer jewelry, unique and elegant. It is easy to understand that a product contains nickel - it usually has a yellowish tint.

The nobility of the alloy is determined by the content of palladium and/or platinum in it. These metals cost no less than gold itself, so there can be no doubt about the quality. Platinum determines the very light shade that makes gold “white”. In addition, it is platinum that provides the necessary strength.

Properties inherent in white gold

They can be different and are determined only by what is included in the ligature. Gold is used in various states:

• Hard;
• Soft;
• Molten.

The hard version is ideal for jewelry work, the soft version is ideal for creating bases, and the liquid version is good for coating.

Due to its attractive appearance, white gold and diamonds are the most common combination that is in demand, both in the form of finished products in stores and in individual orders for craftsmen.

It is believed that the frame favorably emphasizes the shine of the stones installed in the jewelry, since it does not distort their natural color. This is why wedding rings are made from white gold.

Whatever the standard of white gold, it goes well with other versions of this metal, especially yellow. White and rose gold in one product looks beautiful and unique. Such an alloy allows craftsmen to show imagination and ingenuity, embody their ideas, and create real modern masterpieces.

It is not surprising that gold in this color scheme finds its application in any direction of production - from classics to modern solutions and bold experiments. The price of such products includes not only the cost of the precious stones used in them and the material itself, but also, of course, the work of the jewelers. Hence it is clear why the cost can be very different - from affordable for students to exorbitant and fantastically high, available only to the most respectable and wealthy public.

How to distinguish white gold from silver?

This question is relevant for those who are not completely accustomed to trusting even samples on a product. Externally, metals are practically indistinguishable, but even non-professionals can recognize a fake. Knowing these secrets will help reduce the flow of counterfeit items that are presented as particularly valuable items, but are actually made from silver, the price of which is much lower.

The main testing methods are visual inspection of the sample, the shine of the product, as well as chemical analyzes of density, hardness, resistance to acids and alkalis, and checking the reaction to iodine.

Any product, including those made of white gold, must have a hallmark. If the numbers on it are “925”, this means that it is either silver or simply a fake. White gold has only two samples - 585 or 750, if it is jewelry with precious stones.

Real white gold shines especially brightly, but silver can also be plated with rhodium, so the visual method of verification is not 100% guaranteed. Therefore, for your own peace of mind, it is better to use several methods of testing gold for authenticity.

Gold differs from silver metal in density. However, without special scales and knowledge, it is difficult to apply this verification method. Special tables will help you calculate the density.

In addition, silver is much softer than gold, which is why it can leave a mark on paper. Also, the color of gold is “warmer” visually. Gold is absolutely not afraid of acids and alkalis.

To check, you need to briefly hold the product or a piece of metal in a glass of vinegar; if it is made of gold, nothing bad will happen.

Source: http://golden-inform.ru/proby/belogo-zolota/

White gold - what is it, is it worth buying?

For a very long time people have been familiar with the yellow metal with amazing properties. Is this gold. They worshiped him, prayed to him, went to war, killed him. Now gold is used as a means of accumulation and savings, making jewelry, and in industry.

In its pure form, gold is used for investment, but alloys with other metals have made it possible to create interesting compositions. In the process of alloying, rose gold, green, black, and white appeared. The latter is preferred by jewelers to create products from precious stones.

White gold shows the beauty of diamonds and brilliants better than other metals, their natural purity and depth. Platinum is added to regular gold to give it a white color. Just one tenth gives an amazing white color. Since platinum is a rather expensive and refractory metal, jewelers use manganese, nickel, and palladium. For its chemical and aesthetic properties, white gold is very popular all over the world. It is considered an alternative to boring yellow gold.

What is white gold?

It is an alloy containing gold and other components that give gold its white color, such as platinum, palladium, silver, and nickel. The additional metals are called "ligature". All alloy percentages are regulated in Russia by the established GOST 30649-99.

On the shelves of jewelry stores you can find items made of 585 and 750 white gold. It is especially popular among jewelers due to its properties - gold is more durable, so precious stones can be fixed in it more reliably.

Several types of gold can be used in one product, but it is white that will frame the stone. In addition to its properties, the popularity of gold is associated with fashion trends.

Products made from white gold are considered more noble and refined, which emphasizes the status of a person and his condition.

Types of gold

Due to the alloy of certain metals, jewelers have identified several types of gold:

• Yellow gold. Its alloy contains copper and silver. The shade depends on their number. If in the USSR they added more copper and the products received a reddish tint, then in Europe they preferred to add more silver to get a delicate yellow color. The most popular alloys are 585 and 750 samples.
• Green gold. It contains silver and rubidium. It is used for making jewelry and has a beautiful aesthetic appearance. However, its strength is low, so it is not particularly popular.
• Black gold. The alloy has a black color due to the fact that it contains cobalt, chromium, rhodium, and ruthenium. The surface is artificially oxidized to give it a black color.
• Pink gold. The color is obtained due to the presence of copper. The shade will depend on the proportion of copper. With an equal share, the color turns reddish. This alloy was a priority in the Soviet Union. In Europe, red gold was not welcomed, even though it had a harder composition than yellow. For these properties, red and rose gold is used to make thin openwork products
• White gold. This is an alloy of yellow gold and white metal: manganese, palladium, platinum, nickel. Nickel was used for many years until medical research showed that nickel causes an allergic reaction when it comes into contact with skin. Because of this, from January 2000 the EU introduced a standard limiting the use of nickel in gold products. Due to its characteristics, nickel remains irreplaceable in some cases. It can be polished well and is harder than palladium. Palladium is close in cost to gold, but is more durable. Platinum gives the ideal white color and noble shine to gold. Together with platinum, white gold has the highest cost and excellent characteristics. It is worth noting that even if the alloy contains all of these metals without rhodium coating, the product will not be bright white. It has a perfect white color, which gives the product whiteness and increased durability. Rhodium also protects the skin from contact with nickel, which is found in white gold.

Thus, of all types, white gold is the most durable and aesthetically pleasing. It is ideal for products with precious stones, as it emphasizes their natural purity.

White gold jewelry: is it worth buying?

Pure gold is not used to make jewelry. It is so soft that a ring made of pure gold can be deformed with a simple handshake. To make products, other metals are added to gold to improve its properties. The ligature is determined according to GOST.

For several years now there has been a concept that white gold is nobler than yellow gold. It is worth noting here that the nobleness of a metal depends on its fineness, and not on its color. The higher the purity, the greater the proportion of gold.

White gold comes in 585 and 750 samples and is divided into noble and ignoble. The difference between them is simple: in base metal there are no other precious metals except gold. Most often it is diluted with nickel, which can cause an allergic reaction on the skin.

Sometimes nickel is replaced with palladium, but it is inferior in properties.

The soft metal cannot support complex geometric shapes and its color has a yellowish tint. True, when such a product is coated with rhodium, it will have an even white color.

Noble white gold eliminates allergic reactions, since platinum and palladium are already added to it. Platinum is the ideal component for creating noble white gold. It gives a touch of natural nobility and strength.

In terms of cost, products made from such an alloy have the highest cost. White gold with platinum is used to create products with precious stones, especially diamonds and diamonds.

The pallor of gold highlights the transparency of the stone and emphasizes its beauty and lunar shine.

Jewelry designers use white gold to create products in combination with other metals, which is much more original than their yellow gold counterparts. They emphasize the style and luxury of their owner and have been the rage of fashion and a model of luxurious life for several years.

White gold is truly universal. It suits any clothing, any skin type, hair or eye color, which cannot be said about yellow gold. As befits a true jewel, white gold is not loud or vulgar. It is cool and majestic, for which it is sought after by the richest people.

Advantages and disadvantages of white gold

The advantages include:

• Beautiful aesthetic appearance.
• Presence of noble metals (platinum, palladium).
• It is a fashion trend and is in demand by consumers.
• More durable, which allows you to mount precious stones more securely.
• Ideally combined with all precious stones.

Flaws:

• Counterfeits are common. It is impossible to determine the composition of white gold by eye, so a cheap “ignoble” analogue can be sold for an expensive product.
• Externally it looks like silver. If a product made of silver and gold is plated with rhodium, it will be impossible to distinguish them. Only a specialist can give a reliable answer after a chemical test.
• If the composition contains a large proportion of nickel, it can cause an allergic reaction.

Thus, if you want to purchase a white gold product, you should do it in an official jewelry store, having first examined the certificates. Otherwise, you can buy “base” metal, which will clearly have worse aesthetic properties.

White gold is more capricious than yellow gold, and therefore requires careful handling. You need to periodically take it to a jeweler to correct the rhodium layer.

You should also protect it from aggressive chemicals and not come into contact with tap water that contains bleach.

Source: https://investor100.ru/beloe-zoloto-chto-eto-stoit-li-pokupat/

White gold samples - what are they?

What could be more beautiful than the luxurious, cold shine of diamonds cut in white gold, shining with its whiteness? It is no coincidence that most jewelers prefer to work with this precious metal. It has a number of advantages compared to yellow gold, and the fineness of white gold has its own values.

What types of white gold are there?

The quality of any gold product is determined by its fineness, that is, the amount of gold content in the alloy. As is known, there are no products made from pure precious metal.

 In order to answer the question of what a sample looks like, you should know that in our country the metric system is used, which is expressed in numbers, while in Western countries it is the carat system. All markings are established only by law.

If you examine the sample, you will notice that the Russian stamp depicts the face of a woman, while the Ukrainian stamp depicts a trident or a chestnut leaf. The numbers themselves are placed next to the image.

All gold jewelry with a white tint is marked with 375, 500, 585 and 750 hallmarks.

375 white gold is one of the lowest grades. The alloy components in it are: zinc, silver or nickel. Gold contains only 37.5%; the remaining metals are present in the amount of 62.5%. Due to these ligatures, the shade will be clean and luminous. Its main advantage is low cost with very high strength.

Less commonly, you can find white gold whose alloy composition contains 50% pure precious metal. As a rule, 500 standard is used successfully only abroad, but in Russia jewelers use such an alloy extremely rarely for work. The main reason is that silver 7.1% and copper 42.9% are used as additional metals, which negatively affects the white color, it turns out a little dull, with a red tint, and it is also very difficult to work with.

The most common precious alloy is 585. It turns out bright with a characteristic white glow. The composition of 585 sample may vary slightly. So, silver, copper, palladium or platinum can be added to it. For example, a piece may contain 58.5% pure gold, 25% silver and 16.5% palladium. Or 58.5% gold, 4% zinc, 12.5% ​​nickel and 25% copper. Other ratios are also acceptable. One thing will remain constant in these options - the percentage of pure gold will always be 58.5.

Sample 750 marking belongs to the “premium” category. Despite the high pure gold content of 75%, only 10% palladium and 8% platinum are needed to make it dazzling white. In total, 6 grades of this noble alloy are accepted in the international standard.

For example, the composition of the 750 standard will include 75% pure gold, 9.5% silver and 16% palladium. This precious metal is in great demand among professionals due to its characteristics. Soft to process, it allows you to make very complex jewelry. It is no coincidence that this type of white gold is used by such famous jewelry houses as Cartier and Tiffany. The price for 750 standard will be much higher than other alloys.

Read more about the hallmark here.

The history of white gold and its advantages

For a long time, yellow gold was at the peak of popularity, representing luxury and wealth. Everything changed at the end of the 19th century, when technologists conducted a series of experiments with the newly discovered metals from the precious group: rhodium, osmium and palladium.

It was found that the alloy (elements introduced into the alloy) does not affect the quality of the products and the sample itself. By adding other components, you can get metal of various shades: white, pink, green, blue, purple and even black.

In the 20-30s of the 20th century, white gold, an alloy of a pure component with other precious elements, became very popular. Products made from it quickly replaced expensive platinum, which was quite difficult for craftsmen to work with because of its strength and refractoriness.

White gold has become a great alternative. More and more jewelers began to give preference to this noble metal, since it very advantageously emphasizes diamonds and pearls in jewelry, due to its unusual “lunar” radiance, highlights some of the stone’s flaws and brings its advantages to the fore.

In addition, it is easy to work with and looks great in combination with a yellow tint, which creates great possibilities for the imagination of jewelers. Another undoubted advantage is that it is ideal for absolutely everyone.

White metal jewelry looks elegant and noble, ideal for those who prefer sophistication and restraint in jewelry.

Why is white gold white?

The color of the decoration becomes silver, with a charming cold tint. The shade can vary from yellowish to bluish - this depends on the additional components introduced into the metal.

In addition to pure precious metal, white gold can contain nickel, zinc, palladium, platinum and silver, and the proportions of these elements will differ.

The addition of these metals not only gives a noble white shine, but also increases the strength and wear resistance of the product. If platinum is added to the alloy, the product made from it will be dazzlingly white, and its strength also increases significantly. The price for white gold with the addition of platinum will be the highest.

Palladium also adds a refined white color to the metal, with an almost imperceptible yellow tint; it is successfully used in the production of precious metal, however, a little less often, since it is quite refractory, which makes work difficult.

Nickel is most often used as a component in the alloy. It bleaches gold perfectly, differing only in a slightly dull shine, with a slight yellowish tint, and besides, its cost is much cheaper than platinum and palladium. Unfortunately, this metal has its drawbacks. This composition is contraindicated for people prone to nickel allergies. Many European countries have banned its use for making white gold.

Often, in order for white gold to acquire a luxurious, shining hue, a thin layer of rhodium is applied to it. Also, this metal, which belongs to the platinum group, acts as a protective material; it is very hard and protects the product from scratches and damage.

The disadvantage of such a coating is that it wears off over time, there may be several reasons for this: frequent wearing, contact with water and detergents.

To eliminate this and return the jewelry to its original appearance, simply contact a jewelry workshop to re-apply rhodium.

How to distinguish white gold from silver

Externally, products made from these two metals can be very similar. To determine what they are made of, you must first pay attention to the sample. For silver, as a rule, it is 925; white gold has a different standard. In addition, products made from this metal are not as bright and are more susceptible to damage and scratches.

What is the price of jewelry products

Several important factors influence the cost:

• what additional metals are included in the composition;
• what percentage of pure gold does it contain;
• What is the fineness of white gold?
• Product parameters (weight, execution technique, etc.)

If we take the average parameters, then the price of this precious alloy is per 1 gram. ranges from 2100 to 3500 rubles.

Whatever jewelry you choose, it is important to treat it with care and, if necessary, polish it in a jewelry workshop no more than once a year. A new layer of metal can be applied to items coated with rhodium if it has worn off, and then your favorite rings, earrings, bracelets and pendants will continue to delight themselves with their “lunar” noble radiance.

Source: http://lombardyinfo.ru/stati/proby-belogo-zolota.html

White gold: how it is made, why it is called that, what composition and unique properties it has

Today, white gold is one of the most popular materials in the jewelry industry. This was not always the case: it became fashionable about a hundred years ago, when yellow jewelry began to be considered vulgar and gave way to products of cooler shades. Few could afford them, so such jewelry indicated the high position of their owner.

Alloy composition

Gold in its pure form always has a yellow tint, so you cannot get white without impurities. White gold is not a specific type, but an alloy that can have different compositions. Nickel, platinum and palladium give it its characteristic color. They can be found in different proportions - the price of the product will depend on this.

Some people assume that white gold comes from the addition of silver, but in reality it is added very rarely and in small proportions. It dulls the decoration and deprives it of shine, which is considered a negative characteristic.

The combination of different elements in an alloy is called a master alloy. The composition of the white gold alloy may include the following metals:

• platinum;
• palladium;
• zinc;
• nickel;
• silver;
• bronze and others.

The most expensive alloy is made with platinum and palladium - only well-off people can purchase jewelry from it. But there are other, cheaper varieties - for example, with silver and nickel. However, you should wear such jewelry with caution: nickel may cause an allergic reaction. If the skin in contact with the metal becomes inflamed and red, it is best to discard this product or purchase a more expensive equivalent.

One of the most popular variations of white gold is 585. It includes the traditional 58.5% pure gold, and the remaining elements are copper (no more than 34%) and silver (no more than 7.5%). This alloy is practical because, thanks to the high content of precious metals, it does not fade over time, and copper gives it additional strength, which allows you to use the jewelry for many years.

It is a favorite material and highly prized, so it is not surprising that it is associated with wealth and costliness, although it does not always command a high price. This is also indicated by the famous paraphrase: in a figurative sense, cotton is usually called white gold, showing its value and significance.

Manufacturing process

White gold is made in two main ways. The more expensive alloy, obtained with the addition of platinum, does not require additional processing, so its manufacturing scheme is simple:

1. In industrial conditions, pure gold is melted, which happens quickly, because its melting point is low.
2. Then the ligature is prepared. Metals that will later be included in the alloy are carefully measured so that their content strictly corresponds to the standard. They are also melted and then mixed until a homogeneous mass is formed.
3. The most difficult stage is the last one, where you need to mix the ligature and gold. In this case, all necessary conditions must be observed, otherwise the product will be of poor quality.

This is where the production of the expensive version ends, but with the cheap one everything is somewhat more complicated. It contains nickel, which not only can be an allergen, but also affects the color of the product in a negative way. Therefore, such jewelry is not produced in its natural form. As a rule, they are coated on top with rhodium, an extremely expensive metal that is part of the platinum group. This procedure is called rhodium plating.

After such treatment, the owner of the jewelry will not come into contact with nickel, but with rhodium, so allergies are excluded. Sometimes this metal is included in an alloy, then the coating is made of ruthenium, which is part of the same platinum group, but is more common and has a lower price.

However, rhodium-plated products have disadvantages, and the main one is the coating that gradually wears off. It is best not to wear them every day, putting them on only for the most special moments. This way the original look will last longer.

Various shades

Depending on the added metals and their proportions, white gold of different shades is obtained:

• to get the classic white color, an alloy of 14% palladium, 7% silver and 4% nickel is used, sometimes not irradiated;
• a high silver content - usually 25% - gives the product a green tint;
• to obtain an alloy with a yellow tint, 15% silver and 10% copper are added to it;
• a more saturated red color is given by a high copper content - 21% - with a lower proportion of silver - 4%;
• gold of an exotic bluish or black hue can be obtained using complex technological processes involving rhodium, which significantly increases the price of the final product.

There are a lot of variations, which allows you to combine them with various precious stones to create unique jewelry. However, the traditional white color is most valued.

Metal samples

When talking about the quality of jewelry, the standard of the metal from which it is made is usually mentioned, but not everyone understands what exactly this term means. The hallmark (or hallmark) shows the gold content of the alloy. The most common is 585, which contains 58.5% gold.

Since all high-quality products have a certain standard, it is easy to guess that nothing can be made from pure gold without impurities. This is true: although this metal is popular and highly valued, it is not so easy to work with. It is too soft and pliable and easily deformed even in everyday conditions. Therefore, jewelry made from it in its pure form would be fragile and short-lived.

There are many samples of gold , but here are the most famous ones, which are easy to find for sale in any jewelry store:

• 375 - due to the low content of gold itself (37.5%), products on which this sample is applied are considered the least valuable. They usually contain a considerable proportion of nickel, which can cause certain problems. There are other varieties of 375 standard, which use an alloy made of more precious metals. A definite advantage of such jewelry is their price: they are accessible to almost all segments of the population.
• 500 is a rare standard in which the gold part is exactly half. It is not often used for several reasons. Firstly, the high proportions of silver and copper included in the composition give the alloy shades that are not very pleasing to the eye. Secondly, the very structure of the material is such that it is difficult to work with. It will most likely not be possible to cast something cute and elegant out of it.
• 585 is the most commonly used grade with 58.5% gold. It has become so widespread due to the successful combination of a pleasant appearance and the possibility of long-term use.
• 750 is the highest standard for white gold and, accordingly, the most expensive. It contains 75% pure aurum, which makes such jewelry particularly fragile and vulnerable to any external influences. Those who acquire them should remember that they require careful care. This alloy is very highly valued and therefore is found in the collections of famous jewelry manufacturers: Bulgari, Tiffany and others.

How to spot a fake

When purchasing expensive jewelry, you always want to be sure that white gold is the real material and not a cheap imitation. There are several simple ways to check what elements a piece of jewelry is made of.

The first thing to do is check the hallmark to see if it is present and looks right. However, this method is not the most effective these days, when it is not so difficult to fake markings. Even if it exists, it could well have been stamped using special equipment.

To understand whether sellers are selling cheaper silver for white gold, you need to take a closer look at it. Despite the admixtures of metals with cold undertones, the color of gold will still be overall warm. If nothing of the kind is noticeable and only cool shades are visible in the color scheme, most likely it is silver.

There is a more reliable way to check: run the product across a sheet of white paper. Silver jewelry will leave a noticeable mark on it, while gold jewelry will leave the sheet clean.

Another simple way to distinguish fake gold from real gold is to buy a lapis pencil at the pharmacy, moisten it in water and run it over the metal. If the alloy is genuine, there will be no traces left on it.

Real gold jewelry can be placed in vinegar for a while and it will not change in appearance, which cannot be said about a fake - its color will change.

Another chemical reaction that can be easily done at home requires the use of iodine. You need to drop a minimal amount of this substance onto the surface of the gold and wipe it off immediately. If the jewelry is genuine, it will look the same as before, but a small mark will remain on the fake one.

Finally, a method that does not always work in the modern world involves using a magnet. Precious metals are not attracted to it, so a reaction to it means there is an impurity in the composition. However, nickel, which is quite often used to create the alloy, reacts to a magnet. But still, its percentage is usually low, and the product should not be attracted quickly and strongly. If this happens, it is highly likely to be a fake.

Advantages and disadvantages

Whether it is worth buying products made from this metal and why, everyone will decide for themselves. But it is still necessary to note some features that can influence the choice in one direction or another.

Products made from precious metals delight their owners with unique properties that allow them to wear such jewelry for many years and even pass it on from generation to generation. If the alloy contains platinum, the advantages of use will be felt especially well, since both this metal and gold do not react with alkalis and acids. Thanks to this, the item will last a long time and will be slightly susceptible to corrosion.

In addition, this combination of metals has high strength and wear resistance. The owner will have little chance of scratching the jewelry , breaking off a piece from it, or otherwise mechanically damaging it. Water and air, which constantly affect jewelry, will also not have a significant effect on the condition of the jewelry.

But there are also disadvantages that you should remember when choosing. When buying a variation containing platinum, you will have to spend a lot of money, because such an alloy is even more expensive than regular gold. It is best to purchase such things in specialized jewelry stores designed for respectable clients, so as not to stumble upon a fake.

If the choice fell on a less expensive rhodium-plated product, it is worth remembering that the outer layer will thin out over time, and the type of decoration will change. This coating can always be updated by contacting a jeweler, but this will cost additional money.

Use Cases

White metal is so popular precisely because it has virtually no restrictions on its use. Jewelry made from it can be of any size and shape and still look great.

Earrings, rings, bracelets, necklaces, chains and other accessories of any complexity are made from it. It goes well with any precious stones, but diamonds or moonstone look especially elegant when framed with it.

Both men and women of any age can wear such jewelry. It is also suitable for small children who are just beginning to form their preferences. And if some more traditional options - for example, gold in the usual yellow shade - may become outdated over time , then the stylish white color will never go out of fashion.

Source: https://zolotogid.ru/metally/beloe-zoloto/

Features and advantages of white gold hallmark

Many people still do not understand what white gold is and how it differs from platinum, silver and other metals of a similar color. In addition, an interesting question is why the price of white gold is always slightly more expensive than its yellow counterparts.

Alloy advantages

Let's start with the fact that white gold is a fashion trend that came to us from Europe. Jewelry in the former USSR was always reddish in color because copper was added to the gold alloy. And in Western countries, jewelers preferred silver. Therefore, white gold has a more noble and discreet shade. In addition, it is a rewarding material for jewelry.

The alloy is easy to forge and holds its shape for several years. In addition to the beautiful appearance of jewelry, it is easy for jewelers to set diamonds, sapphires, rubies or emeralds in them, making the product unique and expensive.

Diamonds and other jewelry can most often be found on white gold. It is believed that it will hold the load more firmly. And also with its appearance it complements the stone and exquisitely shades it with the help of the play of light.

There are different types of white gold. The alloy consists of alloys from:

• platinum is the most expensive option;
• palladium;
• nickel;
• zinc;
• silver is a commonly used metal.

It is these ligatures that are responsible for the strength of the product and its service life. Silver is most often used, since other metals increase the price of jewelry.

Among them, nickel is the only one that can cause allergies. In addition, it gives the jewelry a yellow tint, so when adding nickel, the product needs to be rhodium plated. Nowadays, nickel is practically not added to the alloy. But the rumor that white gold turns yellow over the years is justified only if the alloy contains this metal. In other cases, this is not true.

Another advantage of white gold is its wear resistance. It is practically not scratched. And the myth that white gold turns yellow over time is currently irrelevant. It retains its appearance over the years without changes, is not damaged, and does not turn black. Therefore, jewelry lasts more than one generation.

The price of the products depends on what standard of white gold was used. Most often it is either 585 or 750, which corresponds to 14 and 18 carats. You can calculate and convert measurement systems using formulas.

Other samples of this gold are also sold, and jewelry can also be made to order, having calculated the cost in advance.

The higher the content of the alloy and foreign metals, the cheaper the product will cost. The only exception is the alloy with platinum.

This is the most expensive metal, so such a product, even of low standard, will be more expensive.

Remember that compliance with all standards is the responsibility of the jeweler. Don’t be afraid to demand certificates confirming the quality of the product. This way you will protect yourself from counterfeiting.

Many fakes made from this alloy are imported into the CIS countries from abroad. Their quality level should be the same, but in practice they are always slightly inferior to their domestic counterparts.

Differences between metals

White gold differs from platinum in its color shade and chemical properties. The main thing to understand is that platinum is an independent metal, and white gold is an alloy of several metals. Platinum does not cause allergies. But 585 standard, which contains nickel, may well give such an effect.

In addition, platinum is a very durable metal that is difficult to melt. Therefore, products are most often manufactured without small parts. Platinum can also have its own hallmark, since pure products are too expensive.

It is impossible for a non-professional to distinguish products by appearance. Therefore, you will have to ask the seller for certificates, and also pay attention to the stamp - it is located on the inside of the product. Moreover, clarify whether it concerns only platinum, or whether it is a sample of white gold.

The differences between white gold and silver are also very difficult to find. Sometimes the gold alloy can be more shiny. But if the silver product is plated with rhodium, then this testing option is not suitable. White gold jewelry can also be plated with rhodium. So there is no way to figure it out visually; it all depends on the honesty of the jeweler.

White gold is truly at the peak of its popularity. It suits buyers both in price and service life. Such products are suitable for absolutely all age categories. You can give jewelry for any occasion, from a wedding to a birthday. White gold looks harmonious with any color of skin, hair, eyes. Jewelry is also complemented with precious stones, which pleases buyers and adds zest to the product.

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Source: https://DedPodaril.com/zoloto/tipy/beloe-zoloto-proba.html

White gold samples: what are they?

Today, many people prefer to wear gold jewelry. One of the most popular and expensive metals used for making jewelry is white gold alloy. When buying jewelry, many cannot understand what is the difference between white and yellow metals? After all, the sample of white gold is no different from the sample of yellow gold.

Gold jewelry has always been considered an indicator of wealth. Wealthy citizens often choose jewelry made from the colorless variety of this precious metal. Today, the composition of gold has undergone changes. Gold without impurities is not used, as it is too soft a metal.

In order for its properties to become hard, a part of another metal is added to the composition of gold. Impurities such as silver and nickel are added to colorless metal alloys, and for yellow gold, an admixture of copper and silver is used. Some options may use palladium and platinum, but the addition of these metals significantly increases the price of jewelry.

When purchasing gold jewelry, it is worth considering the fact that the hallmark number of white gold cannot be higher than 750. In order for this metal to acquire a white tint, it is necessary to add at least 18% of an admixture of the same white metal. After adding a ligature to a common precious alloy, it acquires the necessary hardness for creating jewelry masterpieces. The white variety has a unique shine similar to that of diamonds or platinum.

How did this alloy come about?

In the first half of the 20th century, many European jewelry lovers fell in love with this metal for its color, which looked ideal in combination with pearls and diamonds. At that time, silver alloys were often used, but silver was not of very good quality, so high society chose jewelry products made from white precious metal with the addition of nickel. But it turned out that the latter causes allergic reactions and is not suitable for jewelry making.

In our country, an admixture of copper was added to the composition, which gave the jewelry a reddish tint and did not look decent. This type of precious metal in Russia is still produced today with low-quality silver alloys. Such products, which have a purity of 375 and 500, should be treated with caution .

Strengths and advantages

With the admixture of high-quality metals, a more noble composition is obtained, suitable for making jewelry. This metal is easy to process and retains its shape for a long time.

Not only the beauty of the white appearance of the precious metal helps to make a product unique, but also the fact that many types of precious stones can be set in it very easily. It is in combination with colorless gold that products with stones are most often found.

The noble metal harmoniously sets off the jewelry stone with its light. Several types of metal give gold an attractive white hue:

• silver;
• platinum;
• palladium;
• zinc;
• nickel.

Source: https://kamen.guru/metall/probyi-belogo-zolota

White gold hallmarks: 375, 500, 585, 750, 958

We are all already accustomed to gold jewelry that people wear everywhere. However, one of the most amazing and unusual alloys used for jewelry production today is the so-called white gold. The hallmarks of white gold are no different from the usual, familiar yellow metal, and correspond to the content of precious material in the final product. Let's see what types of white aurum exist.

Gold items have always been a sign of wealth and belonging to the highest strata of society. Nowadays, such jewelry also symbolizes the wealth of its wearer, but their appearance has undergone significant changes. Due to the fact that ordinary pure gold is a very soft metal, to give it hardness, various alloys are added to jewelry alloys, which transfer some of their properties to the material.

How to get white gold

For white gold, the alloy (impurity) most often is nickel and silver, while in traditional yellow gold silver and copper are used. In exceptional cases, platinum or palladium is used as an alloying additive, however, due to their high price, such additives increase the cost of the final alloy.

If you are planning to buy jewelry made of high-grade metal, then it is worth remembering: there is no white gold with an aurum content higher than 750 - this is explained by technological features.

To give the material a white color, it is necessary to add at least 18% of the alloying white metal, therefore 958 white gold is a myth whose existence is not possible.

As a result of fusion, the final material receives the necessary hardness and becomes suitable for the production of real works of jewelry. This metal also has a very beautiful, “cold” shine, which can only be compared to the reflections on platinum and diamonds.

History of white jewelry alloy

At the beginning of the twentieth century, fashionistas around the world appreciated the new alloy containing gold. The main argument was the color, which was ideal for framing diamonds and pearls. Previously, silver was used for these purposes, but in aristocratic circles, cheaper silver was not valued as jewelry. Therefore, the alloy of gold and nickel quickly gained recognition and popularity.

Later it turned out that nickel has a strong allergic effect, and therefore is completely unsuitable for use in jewelry. It was successfully replaced by a ligature in the form of silver and palladium. But in our country, nickel is still used to this day, especially in low grades - 375 and 500. Therefore, jewelry made from such materials should be treated with caution.

What tests are there?

Fineness is the quantitative ratio of the precious metal in the alloy to alloying additives. For example, 585 standard means that 1000 grams of the alloy contains 585 grams of pure gold, and the rest is silver, copper, nickel, palladium or other alloys.

Wedding ring 375 white gold

White gold is recognized as a traditional material for jewelry, which means standard samples are used for it - in accordance with international standards. The following main types of samples are used in Russia:

• 375 – only 37.5% gold. The rest is silver, nickel or zinc. This alloy is not very popular, as it quickly loses its luster and becomes dull.
• 500 standard contains exactly half of the precious metal. The rest is copper and silver. Such a compound is difficult to cast, and therefore this sample is not very popular among jewelers.
• 585 is the main standard for jewelry. Thanks to additives, this material is strong enough to be used for everyday wear. In the USSR there was a 583 sample, which was abandoned for the sake of global standardization.
• 750 standard gold is high-quality gold, from which all famous jewelers in the world make their exquisite jewelry. Allows you to create thin and delicate products intended for celebrations and parties, but if used every day there is a risk of damaging the surface.
• 958 standard – 95.8% pure precious metal. A very soft and malleable material used in jewelry design, but not suitable as a base for a product.

These are all basic samples, and others are not used in our country, but abroad - please. Turkey is especially famous for this, where they will supply you with absolutely any sample on any product to order - this process is not controlled by anyone.

Hallmarking of precious metals is a mandatory procedure in Russia, and all products have an hallmark - a woman in a kokoshnik, turned to the right and looking at the numbers indicating the content of the precious metal.

How to avoid falling into scammers' networks?

Thanks to the popularity of white gold, a new type of jewelry scam has emerged. Gullible buyers are offered to buy inexpensively a product made of white metal, with an assay mark and an embossed hallmark - 925.

People, delighted at the low price and the presence of a state hallmark, buy jewelry. But later it turns out that 925 is silver, not white gold.

Therefore, always contact only serious jewelry stores, and do not hesitate to demand certificates confirming the quality of the products - every self-respecting seller should have them.

You should not try to save money by buying jewelry second-hand or at pawn shops - this can result in the loss of all your savings. Be careful, and then your white gold will delight you with its metallic shine for many years!

Coin catalog

All existing coins can be found in our database using a convenient search.

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Sample of white gold: properties of gold, designation and interpretation of samples

Gold fineness is a property that tells about the quality of gold, determines its cost and value. Since the composition of the alloys may differ, the samples may vary.

White gold has a hallmark identical to yellow gold, since the light-colored metal is one of the varieties of traditional yellow gold.

The marks and their numbering apply equally to all shades. The differences are only in the composition of the impurities included in the alloy. So what markings are inherent in white metal? What is the best purity of white gold?

Methods for obtaining white gold

White gold begins its history at the beginning of the 20th century. It was then that most fashionistas around the world began to give preference to an alloy of gold and nickel, which resulted in a new metal that was an excellent complement to emeralds and diamonds.

However, the allergenic properties of nickel forced it to be replaced with palladium and silver.

In our country, nickel is still added to alloys to make white gold. There is especially a lot of it in samples 375 and 500 (the lowest). Therefore, you should choose products from such material very carefully.

As noted above, the base for white gold is usually silver and nickel. They give the metal a noble light shade. Manufacturers can also add palladium or platinum to the alloy.

But such a composition will significantly increase the cost of the final jewelry.

Therefore, it is important to remember that 958 white gold is a myth, since to obtain the required color, the alloy includes at least 18% of the alloying metal of a white hue.

Modern technologies for the production of precious materials provide white gold with increased strength, necessary for the manufacture of the most elegant jewelry.

You may be interested in: Which gold is more expensive: white or yellow?

Properties of white gold

The distinctive features of this metal are of several types and differ in that one or another component included in the alloy determines the individual quality of white gold, which is used in hard, soft or molten states.

The solid consistency is ideal for jewelry work; the base of the future jewelry is created from soft gold, and the process is completed with a finishing coating of a liquid substance.

Ideally combined with diamonds, white gold in jewelry is very popular and in demand. First of all, this is due to the fact that a light frame does not drown out the shine of the stones, but, on the contrary, favorably emphasizes their natural beauty. For this quality, white gold is widely used in the manufacture of wedding rings.

The white color of gold goes perfectly with other shades of this metal. A wonderful tandem is white and pink shades in one product. And the juxtaposition of yellow gold with white will not leave anyone indifferent.

The original design of jewelry and the creation of masterpieces of jewelry art include in the cost of the finished product not only the price of the material, but also the services of master jewelers and development designers.

Samples

Any person who buys jewelry based on white gold is interested in the question of what grade is on it. If you know the features of the hallmark on gold, its distinctive aspects, advantages and disadvantages, then you can safely go to a jewelry store and be confident in the correctness of your future choice.

Sample 375

This marking is considered to be the most base. The final brilliant and iridescent white color of the metal is given by compounds of silver, zinc or nickel included in the alloys.

There is very little gold base of the highest quality in sample 375, namely 37.5%. Everything else is a ligature, the function of which is to impart color and lasting strength.

The main advantages of 375 standard are its inexpensive price, high-quality strength, and the disadvantages are the high nickel content and its negative effect on the human body. Therefore, people who are hypersensitive to external irritants should be careful when buying and wearing metal of this quality.

Sample 500

It is quite rare to find on sale. Primarily due to the copper and silver contained in the alloy, which gives the final ingot an unsightly yellow tint.

Another reason for the rarity of 500 is its terrible casting qualities, which create difficulties for craftsmen when working with this type of marking.

Sample 585

White gold of this standard is the most popular among jewelers. Its characteristics are irreplaceable from the practical and aesthetic aspects of the final product. Jewelry made from this alloy is not afraid of daily wear, it will not fade or lose shape over time.

The composition of the 585 alloy may vary depending on what final qualities the manufacturer wants to achieve from the metal. This includes copper, silver, nickel, palladium, and very rarely platinum.

However, most craftsmen unanimously vote for an alloy made of the most noble metal and palladium. The shade of this mixture is white and shiny.

585 white gold is the “golden mean”, which is in greatest demand among buyers due to the ratio of low price and excellent quality.

Sample 750

Such markings speak for themselves. This means that the product is made of 75% pure gold. The remaining 25% comes from the alloy - silver, platinum or palladium.

The softness of gold of this standard is an excellent material for making the finest details for jewelry. It allows you to make the product more elegant, beautiful, and delicate.

Cartier, Tiffany, Bulgari work with 750 grade metal.

The only drawback of such marking is its softness and pliability, and therefore the products should be treated with special care and precision so as not to damage them.

Sample 925: what does it mean?

Today in the jewelry market there are a large number of unscrupulous sellers who mislead the buyer by offering to purchase a product of one of the highest gold standards, namely 925. A hallmark with such markings is inherent only in silver, but scammers do not hesitate to put hallmarks on gold jewelry. selling them at many times higher prices.

In our country, only the following stamps are used to mark gold jewelry: 375, 500, 583, 585, 750, 958, 999.

White gold is marked only with the first five, since 958 and 999 samples have the highest percentage of noble base, and the absence of an additional alloy does not make it possible to achieve the desired white shade.

You may be interested in: What does the mark on gold jewelry mean?

Therefore, the hallmark of white gold 925 and 958 simply does not exist.

You can find gold in its pure form only in bars. Unique craftsmen working with such metal are not uncommon in Japan. They create original jewelry that is very fragile in structure.

White gold is a product that you should not skimp on in pursuit of an attractive price. When buying jewelry in a store, you need to pay special attention to its color.

It is better to put aside a dull product immediately. Do not hesitate to ask the seller questions regarding the properties of the metal from which the jewelry is made. Then the joy of the purchase will bring pleasant satisfaction.

Source: http://VseoZolote.ru/interesno/kakaya-proba-u-belogo-zolota.html

White gold - samples and their characteristics from 375 to 958, choose the golden mean

Many people on forums on the World Wide Web have repeatedly asked the question “what is the purity of white gold?” This article was written in order to clarify absolutely everything that previously caused dilemmas about white gold.

In this article you will find answers to: “What types of white gold exist?”, “What is 585 white gold?”, “When did white gold first appear?” and many, many others.

White gold became popular all over the world not so long ago, only at the beginning of the last century. But it gained its popularity very, very quickly, simply displacing almost all of its competitors from the market.

It was from white gold that various jewelry began to be made, and it was used to frame various precious stones, in particular diamonds.

Nowadays, white gold jewelry is a very good indicator of a person’s wealth and excellent taste.

Now it’s worth talking about the white gold sample and what it is. In a sense, this is what is used to determine the quality of gold. Since alloys are very different, the samples also differ from each other. In total, white gold has five different hallmarks, let’s look at them in a little more detail:

Types of white gold samples

1. Let's start with the lowest standard - this is (375) three hundred and seventy-five, its alloy contains thirty-seven and a half percent gold. Jewelry of this type is considered the most common costume jewelry, but it is also quite cheap.
2. The second test is (500) five hundredth, as you understand, it contains exactly fifty percent gold. Everything else is alloys of various metals.

   Products with such a sample have a slight yellowish tint.

3. Third sample - (585) five hundred eighty-fifth, gold content - fifty-eight and a half percent. A kind of “golden mean” among all samples, since it is not very expensive, and the products turn out very beautiful.

4. Penultimate test - (750) seven hundred and fiftieth, it contains about seventy-five percent pure gold. In addition to gold, the alloy also contains platinum, silver and palladium. This alloy is one of the most expensive and some of the best jewelry is made from it.

   Jewelry made from this alloy retains its original appearance for a very long time, which is good news. There is also regular gold of the same quality, read about 750 gold.

5. Well, the last test - (958) nine hundred fifty-eighth. The most expensive alloy, since it contains almost ninety-six percent gold.

   Not everyone can afford jewelry of such a high standard. But the price is justified by the amazing quality of the products, which look simply great. It is also worth noting the fact that very little jewelry is made from it, but there are a huge number of different inserts.

"Golden mean"

It’s also worth answering one more question: what standard of white gold would be best?” Here you can give a definite answer - five hundred and eighty-five. It combines the best characteristics of other samples, and also has a very, very affordable price. So this is truly the best choice.  

It is also worth following one more important piece of advice - always look at the appearance of the gold product, pay attention to ensure that it is not dull. When purchasing, be sure to ask the seller whether the gold from which the jewelry you purchased is made tarnishes in the air, this is important.

Source: http://GoldInside.ru/probyi-blagorodnyih-metallov/kakaya-proba-u-belogo-zolota.html