What are ferrous metals?

What is ore, its formation in nature and application

A car, a telephone, even a refrigerator - all this equipment is made of iron, the production of which is a very complex process. The main raw materials for obtaining this valuable material are minerals, which contain particles of the necessary metal.

In simple words, it is a rock containing alloys. There is a huge amount of this resource in the world, the methods of processing it and obtaining minerals from it can be very diverse, but it all starts in the mines.

What mining ore is, how it is mined and processed will be discussed in this article.

Ore classification

Ore is a mineral from which various forms of metals are extracted. There are two types found in nature: black and colored. The latter, in turn, is divided into heavy and light alloys, as well as precious metals. Silver, gold, platinum - they are also mined in the form of stones, and acquire their appearance after processing at enterprises.

The economic value of a resource is determined by the presence of its main constituent element. There are rich, as they are also called, fatty and poor minerals.

Classification of fossil ores by metal content.

Iron	Copper	Aluminum	Gold
Poor	Rich	Poor	Rich	Poor	Rich	Poor	Rich
26%	>50%	0,5 – 1%	>3%	20 – 25%	40 – 60%	1%	7,7%

The properties are also determined by the main constituent component. Some of them are magnetic, while others are completely inert.

Not many people know that the meaning of the word “ore” comes from “raũdas”, red. This is due to the color of iron oxide, which was present in large quantities in the rock.

Ferrous metal ores

Iron is one of the most common elements on earth. For production, a mineral is used that contains more than 25% of raw materials. Developing poorer breeds will not pay off, so they are not used.

The most common fossils:

• Magnetic iron ore;
• Hematite;
• Ferrous quartzite.

The largest reserves are located in South Africa, India, North and South America, and Australia. World deposits, according to experts, may be about 800 billion tons, of which 200 billion tons are confirmed. Perhaps there are many more minerals hidden in the ground that people have no idea about.

Iron ore differs from each other in the way it originates. There are three types of occurrence of iron in rocks. The first is sedimentary. The divalent iron that was in the water bonded with oxygen, turning into a dense compound and settling to the bottom. Thus, iron ore was formed. It is found even in places where the seas dried up millions of years ago. Such ore contains a very high amount of the metal component, but, as a rule, its quality is quite low.

Source: https://geomix.ru/blog/minerals/ruda/

Scrap metal categories

We live in an age of resource austerity. That is why modern production tries to minimize their costs. For this purpose, new technologies and techniques are being developed, the production and release process is being improved.

One such method is resource recycling. It allows you not only to reduce costs, but also to give a second life to materials. Today, a large number of them are processed, but scrap metal occupies the first place. By collecting metal, great savings in human labor are achieved and the energy intensity of the production process is significantly reduced. The fact is that when melting scrap metal, 1.4 times less energy is used than when processing ore.

It is worth noting that in addition to economic benefits, recycling scrap metal also has environmental benefits.

Types of ferrous scrap

With the growing popularity of scrap metal, there is a need for its classification. Scrap metal is divided into subgroups, depending on the type of metal that predominates in its composition:

• Iron scrap (oversized scrap, oversized scrap, shavings, small waste, worn-out items, etc.)

• Cast iron scrap (shavings, castings, etc.)

• Stainless steel scrap (metalworking waste, containers, shavings, etc.)

It’s worth mentioning separately about stainless steel, because... this metal can be classified as either ferrous scrap or non-ferrous, in this case it all depends on the brand of the specific sample, called “stainless steel”.

There are also grades of ferrous scrap metal , depending on their chemical composition:

• Carbon (steel). Steel without impurities

• Alloy. Steels containing impurities (alloyed)

Categories of ferrous scrap metal

GOST 2787-85 provides for the classification of scrap metal into categories :

• 1A – lump metal, intended for processing in smelters. Undesirable: wire. Involves large-sized scrap

• 2A – scrap in small pieces. Maximum dimensions of a piece 65x25x25 cm

• 2B – alloy steel scrap in small pieces. Maximum dimensions 65x25x25. Includes the ability to accept large pieces, but provides for their preliminary processing (trimming)

• 3A – exclusively steel scrap. The maximum dimensions are 1.6x0.5x0.6 m. The weight of the piece should be in the range from 1 to 600 kg. This category also includes pipes with a diameter of no more than 150 mm with a wall of 4 mm or more. The pipes must be cut lengthwise and flattened

• 3AB – steel scrap and alloyed. Same requirements as for category 3A, except for pipes. Here the diameter should not exceed 150 mm and have a minimum wall thickness of 10 mm. Undesirable: truck axles, hollow machine shafts

• 3AR – rail scrap. Includes rails (no more than 2 m), railway spikes and bolts. T-profiles are possible, weighing no more than 60 kg and length no more than 2 m

• 4A – small industrial scrap. Includes bolts, nuts, washers, nails, nuts, etc. up to 0.3kg

• 4B – small alloy steel scrap. Same requirements as for 4A

• 5A, 5B – steel and alloy scrap, respectively. Oversized pieces weighing up to 5 kg. Includes steel scrap

• 6A – steel drain shavings. Collected into briquettes weighing up to 1 t

• 6B – waste of alloy steels in the form of drain chips. Collected into briquettes weighing up to 1 t

• 7A, 7B – steel and alloy jointed shavings. Weight of briquettes no more than 1 t

• 8A – small industrial waste. Includes steel chips. Sorted into packages weighing up to 10 kg. Dimensions no more than 50x50x50 cm

• 9A - the same requirements as for category 8A. The weight of the packages should not exceed 50 kg. Size no more than 5x5x5 m

• 10A – steel production waste in any form. Packaged in bags. Minimum weight 40 kg

• 11A – scrap of high-quality metals. Includes pipes of any diameter, rolled products and strips

• 12A, 12B – household and industrial scrap. Packaged in bags weighing no more than 40 kg. No size restrictions

• 13A, 13B – wire and steel ropes. Collected in skeins. The diameter of the skein is no more than 150 cm, and the weight does not exceed 15 kg

• 14A, 14B – steel and alloy shavings fractured. The presence of lump metal elements is excluded

• 15A, 15B – steel and alloy drain shavings collected in bags. Maximum weight no more than 50 kg

• 16A, 16B – grade of ferrous metal scrap , having the shape of vine-shaped shavings. This implies subsequent melting in furnaces. No weight limit

• 17A, 17B – cast iron scrap. Packaged in briquettes weighing up to 20 kg. There are no dimensional restrictions

• 18A, 18B – cast iron and metal waste

• 19A – waste generated after casting cast iron with a high fluorine content

• 20A – cast iron lump scrap. Subsequent remelting is implied. Has no restrictions on dimensions and weight

• 21A – cast iron waste of the second category. Cast iron scrap in the form of pallets is possible. No restrictions

• 22A – cast iron waste of the third category. Also has no restrictions. Involves subsequent melting in furnaces

• 23A – chips in briquettes. Weight up to 20 kg. There are no size restrictions

• 24A – cast iron shavings. This means clean cast iron drain chips without pieces of scrap. Packaged in briquettes

• 25A, 25B – lump scrap. Includes galvanized and enameled metal

• 26A, 26B - an attachment that has no dimensions

• 27A – cast iron and steel scale. Has no restrictions on configuration and size

• 28A – slag from smelting furnaces. There are no size requirements. Weight no more than 100 kg

• 5B22 – manganese steels. Scrap of any kind (chips, pieces, etc.)

Index B, next to the category number, indicates that the group belongs to alloyed scrap metal. Each category excludes the presence of third-party metals in the recycled materials.

Conclusion

All material and classification of scrap ferrous metals according to GOST 2787-85. General concepts and points are given here. More detailed information and examples can be found in the original GOST.

It is worth noting that the standard requires the delivery of recycled ferrous metals in sorted form. It is not permitted to supply units and machines handed over for processing in unsorted form.

Using classification, you can quickly determine the type of scrap metal being delivered and speed up the process of sorting it.

Source: http://xlom.ru/vidy-metalloloma/kategorii-metalloloma/

Ferrous metals: basic concepts and classification

Metal can be called, without exaggeration, the basis of human civilization. Today it is almost impossible to find an industry in which it is not used. As a result, ore reserves in deposits across the planet are rapidly depleting, so recycling is not just a business, but a necessity. According to statistics, of all metals used in the economy, 90% are ferrous metals.

What is ferrous scrap metal

As the name suggests, scrap is any metal waste - from shavings to household products and cars. If a product can no longer be useful or is simply no longer needed, it can be recycled.  

Ferrous scrap metal is those products that consist of iron and its alloys. Sometimes they are not found in pure form, but with the addition of manganese or chromium.

The price of ferrous metal from processors is lower than that of non-ferrous metal, but given the weight of many products, you can earn quite a lot from selling them.

Classification of ferrous scrap

It is obvious that different products have different compositions and, accordingly, different physical properties. Companies that accept ferrous metal not only purchase it, but also sort and process it. In this way, the company can reach more potential customers.

Classification of ferrous metal scrap is carried out according to the standard reflected in GOST 2787-75.

According to it, all recycled metal is divided into 2 classes and 28 types:

types 1–16 belong to the steel class;

types 17-24 belong to the cast iron class;

species 25-28 do not belong to a specific class.

There are also categories that are determined by the presence of foreign elements in the composition. There are two of them:

Category “B” includes all materials with alloying additives: silicon, aluminum, manganese, molybdenum, copper, nickel, chromium, vanadium, tungsten and others  

Category “A” includes carbon steels, cast irons (white, gray and malleable) and additives.

Metals of category “B” are divided into 68 groups depending on what elements were used for alloying.

As a result of this classification, each type of scrap metal is assigned a unique code (for example, 22A - Oversized cast iron scrap, 3A - Oversized steel scrap).

The price of delivered scrap is determined based on its composition and weight. One of the most popular is ferrous metal under the designation 3A, since it does not require preparation. Very often, as a result of processing, scrap of one type produces another, usually more expensive.

The delivery of scrap metal solves several problems:

• It allows a person to get rid of unnecessary and often large items that take up extra space in the apartment. As a rule, these are old bathtubs, radiators or doors. They are difficult to dispose of on your own due to their large volume and weight, so calling a team with special equipment in this case will come in handy;
• it allows the processing company to make a profit, since buyers purchase processed material in large quantities at a price that allows the company to recoup the cost of scrap and all related work;   
• This helps producers save on the cost of purchasing ore from mines that are often located a considerable distance away and have limited output of raw material. Purchasing recyclable materials allows you to reduce costs several times;
• From the point of view of the entire economic system, the delivery of scrap metal allows us to reduce the consumption of limited resources and preserve existing deposits.

Source: https://planetaloma.ru/o-kompanii/stati/chernye-metally-ponyatiya-klassifikaciya

What is ferrous metal?

Frequently recycled and therefore widespread and in demand is scrap ferrous metal. In each locality you can find several points that collect and utilize ferrous scrap metal for further processing as secondary raw materials. Recycling helped solve the problem of the rapid depletion of the earth's resources and made metal production cheaper, while providing an opportunity for the common man to earn money.

What is ferrous metal and what types exist

Scrap metal is the name given to metal that is no longer suitable for human use. As for ferrous scrap metal, it is usually called metal waste, which mostly contains iron and alloys. Classification of ferrous metals takes into account the following points:

• depending on the level of carbon content;
• depending on whether the composition contains elements that improve the appearance and properties of the product;
• based on quality, which is influenced by many factors.

As for the types of ferrous metal, they can be counted on one hand. Which species belong to it can be found out from the following list:

• cast iron. Without Soviet-made cast iron products, it is extremely difficult to imagine landfills and scrap metal collection points. It is practically the main one that is handed over for recycling. Very often these are household items such as bathtubs, radiators, etc. cast iron can be white, gray, malleable and high-strength;
• scrap steel. The so-called “stainless steel” is rated especially highly by collection points. This is steel of a certain composition that does not corrode. It is divided into chromium (with the addition of chromium), duralumin (with an admixture of aluminum), molybdenum and others. What is most often brought to scrap metal points are pieces of fittings, wire, machine mechanisms;

Recycling is important both for the environment and the conservation of natural resources, and for the prosperity of the metallurgy industry in general. In this case, the amount of waste is sharply reduced, and energy savings, on the contrary, increase.

Benefits for businesses and residents

The benefits for processing and manufacturing enterprises from recycled materials are simply colossal. Due to cheaper production, the enterprise almost always remains in the black. In addition, this significantly reduces the price of finished products.

As for the population, in addition to clean ecology and reducing the number of landfills, there is an opportunity for additional income. Which is very useful in our difficult times.

Where are recycled ferrous metals used?

First of all, it is worth noting that the scope of application of recycled scrap metals is quite wide precisely because recycling is much cheaper than manufacturing from ore and requires less time. Most large and small enterprises have long abandoned ore mining in favor of a cheaper and less expensive method of processing recyclable materials.

As for manufacturing from ferrous metal, it is possible to make anything from it. The scope of application of the material is quite extensive. Ferrous metal is used in agriculture, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, aircraft and rocketry. Its popularity is due to its high strength, versatility and low cost.

In conclusion, it is worth saying that such a resource as iron is important both for the well-being of processing enterprises and for ordinary people, for whom donating metal is a way to earn extra money.

Source: https://anexmetall.ru/articles/chto-takoe-chermet/

Types of metal, characteristics of the mechanical properties of metal - Metal warehouse "UMP" - sale of rolled metal wholesale and retail

Metal products are quite popular in any field of activity, because metal has properties such as high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, strength, availability and versatility, and many others.

Of the known chemical elements, 83 are metals , which can be used as the main material for the production of steel, and for their finishing and work to improve quality characteristics.

Metals are divided into two main groups - non-ferrous and ferrous metals; each group has unique properties, both external and qualitative.

Types of ferrous metals

Ferrous metals are dark in color (from dark gray to black), polymorphic, have high density, high melting point and high level of hardness.

Ferrous metals are divided into separate groups according to their characteristics:

1. Ferrous metals (ferromagnets) - these include iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese. Nickel, manganese and cobalt are used as additives to iron alloys. They are used as bases for certain alloys, similar to high-alloy steels.
2. Refractory metals are used both as a base and as additives to alloy steels. Their melting point is higher than that of iron, +1539 degrees;
3. Uranium metals (actinides) are often used in nuclear energy;
4. REM (rare earth metals) , these include laptan, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, etc. Each of these metals has unique physical properties; they are used as additives to alloys of other metals. In nature, they form a mixture that is difficult to separate into individual metals, so in the metallurgical industry they use the whole mixture. Called mischmetal, it contains 40-45% Ce and other rare earth metals. Such mixed alloys include didymium (an alloy based on neodymium and praseodymium), ferrocerium (cenium and iron based) and others.
5. Alkaline earth metals , they are used only in rare special cases (coolants in nuclear reactors).

The use of metals has its roots in those times when there was no metallurgy yet, but metals such as silver and gold were already used, since they are found in nature in their pure form and specialized methods and equipment are not needed to extract them. Then they began to use such metals.

Like tin, lead, iron. Most metals were discovered in the 19th century.

According to statistics, today the most common metal in metallurgy is iron, due to its properties: affordable cost, high level of mechanical properties, possibility of mass production, prevalence in nature.

Types of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metals are also used in the metallurgical industry.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into three main types:

1. Light metals , the main characteristic of which is a low level of density. These include magnesium, beryllium, aluminum. Products made from such metals have significantly less weight than, for example, ferrous metal products.
2. Noble (expensive) metals - gold, silver, platinum, rhodium, osmium, etc. They are quite strong and have a high level of corrosion resistance, but they are expensive, so they are used in very rare cases in the metallurgical industry.
3. Low-melting metals - cadmium, zinc, mercury, tin, lead, antimony, gallium, etc.

Characteristics of mechanical properties of metals

A very important point in using any type of metal in production is its mechanical properties. These characteristics mean the behavior of the metal under the influence of applied external mechanical forces. These include:

• Metal resistance to deformation;
• Plastic;
• Viscosity;
• Temperature resistance;
• The ability not to collapse in the presence of cracks.

When assessing the mechanical properties of a metal, there are criteria that are divided into groups:

• Criteria determined regardless of the design features and nature of the service of the product. Evaluation according to such criteria is carried out by stretching, compression, bending of the metal, as well as its hardness and impact bending with a notch.
• The criteria for the structural strength of metal materials, which are in the greatest correlation with the service properties of a given product, characterize the performance of the material under operating conditions. Such criteria include the reliability of the metal, namely toughness, durability, etc. The metal is tested using statistical and dynamic methods. An important point is the resistance to fracture in the presence of cracks, since they, under load on the metal, greatly change its behavior, since they are stress concentrators. Also, criteria of this type include properties that directly affect the durability of the metal - corrosion resistance, wear resistance, strength, etc.
• Criteria for assessing the strength of a structure as a whole. During these tests, the degree of influence of stresses, defects, as well as technologies for manufacturing metal products on the metal is determined.

For the characteristics of the metal, all stages of checking it according to the criteria are important, since basically in all types of production and construction the main task is assigned to the metal, and the material should not be subject to deformation and corrosion.

Rolled metal products are used in all types of production activities: mechanical engineering, light industry, construction, furniture industry, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, etc.

You can buy high-quality rolled metal products from us. The UMP Metal Depot offers a wide range of rolled metal products at an affordable price and on favorable terms. We also provide delivery services convenient for you, and cutting services, which are carried out using modern technologies with a professional approach.

Source: https://ump-m.com/spravochnik/vidy-metalla-xarakteristika-mexanicheskix-svojstv-metalla.html

Ferrous metals (page 1 of 9)

:

1. General characteristics of ferrous metals.2

1.1. Characteristics of the ferrous metallurgy industry. 2

2. Analysis of the global ferrous metals market.4

2.1. Status and forecast for the development of the ferrous metallurgy market based on the results of January. 20104

2.2 State of the Russian market. 7

2.3 Forecast for the global metals market. 8

2.4 Forecast for the Russian market.9

3. Ferrous metals according to HS.13

Conclusion:19

List of references and sources used:20

Application:21

All metals can be divided into two large groups - ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals most often have a dark gray color, high density (except for alkaline earth metals), a high melting point, and relatively high hardness. The most typical metal in this group is iron.

Ferrous metals, in turn, can be divided as follows:

1. Iron metals - iron, cobalt, nickel (the so-called ferromagnets) and manganese, which is similar in properties. Co, Ni, Mu are often used as additives to iron alloys, and also as a base for corresponding alloys, similar in their properties to high-alloy steels.

2. Refractory metals , the melting point of which is higher than iron (i.e. above 1539C). Used as additives to alloy steels, and also as a base for corresponding alloys. These include: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc (technetium), Hf (hafium), Ta (tantalum), W, Re (rhenium).

3. Uranium metals – actinides, which are primarily used in alloys for nuclear energy. These include: Ac (actinium), Th (thorium), U (uranium), Np (neptunium), Pu (plutonium), Bk (berkelium), Cf (californium), Md (mendelevium), No (nobelium), etc. .

4. Rare earth metals (REM) – La(lanthanum), Ce(cerium), Nd(neodymium), Sm(sanarium), Eu(europium), Dy(dysprosium), Lu(lutetium), Y(yttrium), Sc( slandium) and others, grouped under the name lanthanides.

These metals have very similar chemical properties, but quite different physical properties (Typ., etc.). They are used as additives to alloys of other elements. Under natural conditions, they occur together and are difficult to separate into individual elements.

Typically a mixed alloy is used - 40–45% Ce (cerium) and 40–45% all other rare earth metals.

5. Alkaline earth metals - in the free metallic state are not used, except in special cases, for example, coolants in nuclear reactors. Li(lithium), Na, K(potassium), Rb(rubidium), Cs(cesium), Fr(francium), Ca(calcium), Sr(strontium), Ba(barium), Ra(radium).[1]

1.1. Characteristics of the ferrous metallurgy industry

The most important types of ferrous metallurgy products are hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel, steel pipes and metal products.

In terms of production volume of the main types of ferrous metallurgy products (steel, cast iron, iron ore, steel pipes, etc.), our country ranked first in the world. The country had all the necessary resources to develop the industry.

The raw materials used were iron ores, coking coal, refractory materials, metal and non-metallic raw materials for ferroalloys.

The raw material base of ferrous metallurgy included many components (about seven tons of raw materials were consumed per ton of steel).

The production of ferrous metallurgy itself includes the extraction and primary processing of raw materials (concentration), metallurgical limits, and waste disposal. There are three types of metallurgical production:

1. Full cycle production, including all stages of the metallurgical process, i.e. In addition to the preparation of raw materials for smelting, there is iron production (blast furnace), steel production and rolling production.

2. Partial cycle production, represented by steel smelting or cast iron smelting, or rolled products (for example, pipe rolling, rail rolling, etc.).

3. Production of ferroalloys, i.e. cast iron alloys with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, nickel, etc.).

The metallurgical complex plays a major role in the development of the national economy. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the basic branches of heavy industry and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for almost 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in industry.

Metallurgical cargo makes up about 35% of railway freight turnover and the industry consumes 25% of the fuel and energy resources consumed by Russian industry.

Modern large metallurgical enterprises are plants in which, in addition to the production of not only cast iron, steel, and rolled products, there are coke plants, sinter factories, chemical plants producing benzene, ammonia and other chemical products; production of mineral fertilizers, resins, medicines, as well as a variety of building materials - cement, block products, wall panels.

In a market economy, large ferrous metallurgy plants created workshops for the production of household appliances. Large iron and steel plants have their own powerful energy base and water supply.[2]

2.1. Status and forecast for the development of the ferrous metallurgy market based on the results of January. 2010

The post-crisis recovery continues in the global metallurgical industry, a feature of which is the pronounced cyclical nature of changes in prices and demand. At the same time, a number of price and production indicators have already reached 2008 levels, but the seasonal decline, combined with the imbalance of supply and demand, increases the instability of the world and regional markets.

State of the world market

IRON

Ore has more than doubled in price from last year's lows, and current spot prices are 80 percent higher than contract prices for Japanese consumers set for 2009-2010.

Against this background, the three leading exporters of iron ore raw materials (IROR) consider it fair to have at least a 40 percent increase in the cost of supplies under contracts in 2010–2011.

Officially, China and other main consumers of iron ore in Southeast Asia are not ready for such a rise in prices, but some companies agree to accept the conditions of exporters, expecting an even greater increase in the price of raw materials.

World production of DRI (direct reduced iron) in 2009 decreased by 5.65 percent to 53.562 million tons, in December there was an increase of 28.9 percent to 4.902 million tons. The leaders at the end of the year were India /21.035 million tons/, Iran/ 8.203 million tons/, Venezuela /5.508 million tons/, Saudi Arabia /4.623 million tons/ and Mexico /4.203 million tons/. The largest reduction in output volumes was observed in Brazil, Argentina and Canada.

In the US, Steel Dynamics has produced the first batch of DRI, granular iron (“nuggets”), at its Mesabi plant in Minnesota, which will be used as a raw material in its steel plants. The production uses ITmk3 technology developed by Kobe Steel.

Brazil provided 36 percent of world ore exports in 2009. In December, shipments increased by 11.7 percent, the bulk of which came from China, Japan and Germany. Shareholders approved the consolidation of two iron ore subsidiaries of Vale - Mineracao Estrela de Apolo in Minas Gerais and Mineracao Vale Corumba in Mato Grosso do Sul.

In Liberia, a detachment from the Chinese Henan province, as part of a joint exploration project with Beijing China-Union Investment, discovered an ore deposit with probable reserves of 4 billion tons.

In Ukraine in 2009, iron ore production decreased by 8.3 percent to 65.827 million tons, while the output of concentrate decreased by 3.4 percent, to 54.853 million tons, ore - by 8.3 percent to 65.827 million tons, prepared iron ore - by 12.9 percent to 55.28 million tons. Ore exports increased by 27.1 percent to 28.576 million tons.

In Kazakhstan in 2009, ore production increased by 4.2 percent to 22.298 million tons, pellets decreased by 11.1 percent to 6.182 million tons. ENRC in the 4th quarter of 2009 increased pellet production by 104 percent to 2.3 million T.

In the first 9 months of the financial year (from March 21, 2009), Iran increased its exports of ore and concentrates by 63 percent to 6.32 million tons, with 5.8 million tons shipped to China.

In 2009, China increased ore imports by 41.6 percent to 627.78 million tons, in December - by 22 percent to 62.2 million tons. Import supplies account for 70 percent of total iron ore consumption. Ore reserves in Chinese ports increased to 67.42 million tons, incl.

Australian raw materials - 22.23 million tons /33 percent of total reserves/, Brazilian - 18.55 million tons /27.5 percent/, Indian - 14.35 million tons /21.3 percent/.

The development of domestic pellet production led to a decrease in imports of agglomerated raw materials by 22 percent over 10 months of 2009, while over 11 months of 2009, supplies of foreign iron ore increased by 38 percent. At the same time, Hebei Gangtie Group in 2009 increased its ore reserves almost 4 times to 4.4 billion tons.

India in November increased ore exports by 25 percent to 10.66 million tons. Tata Steel and NMDC signed an agreement to acquire and jointly develop an iron ore deposit.

STEEL

Global production at the end of 2009 decreased by 8.27 percent to 1.219715 billion tons. At the same time, China increased production by 13.11 percent to 567.842 million tons, Japan decreased by 26.27 percent to 87.534 million tons, and the USA reduced by 36.44 percent to 58.142 million tons, India - increased by 2.83 percent to 56.608 million tons, Yu.

Korea - decreased by 9.14 percent to 48.598 million tons. In EU countries, production fell by 30 percent to 139.1 million tons. The degree of capacity utilization in the global steel industry, which reached more than 90 percent in mid-2008, in December 2009 was only 71.5 percent, and in the EU and the USA did not exceed 55–65 percent.

Stainless steel production in 2009 amounted to 23.9 million tons.

Source: https://mirznanii.com/a/194694/chernye-metally

Materials Science



Ferrous metals include iron and its alloys (steel and cast iron).

Iron is one of the most common metals in the earth's crust, however, it began to be used later than some other metals, such as gold, copper, tin, lead, zinc. This can be explained by the fact that iron ores bear little resemblance to metal, and this metal is almost never found in its native state.

It was difficult for primitive man to realize that from iron ore it was possible to obtain a metal suitable for making the things he needed, while nuggets of copper, tin and precious metals, although rarely, came into his field of vision.

Of course, the unusual properties of these materials could not go unnoticed even by primitive people.

For this reason, a very long time passed until man learned to extract iron from ores and make cast iron and steel from it and use these metals for his needs. In the modern world, iron ores are among those minerals that no industrially developed country can do without. It is iron ores that serve as raw materials for ferrous metallurgy.

From iron ores, cast iron (carbon content - 2.54%), steel cast iron (1.52.5% carbon), steel (1.50.4% carbon) and pure iron (contains less than 0.4% carbon) are smelted. Steel is most widely used in industry, cast iron and pure iron are much less widely used.

Cast iron is smelted from iron ores in blast furnaces running on coke or coal; steel and iron are melted from cast iron in Bessemer converters, in reverberatory open hearth furnaces, or by other methods.

The importance of ferrous metals and their alloys in the life of human society is extremely great. Hundreds of millions of tons of cast iron and steel are used for the construction of railways, bridges, reinforced concrete buildings, for the production of various machines, electric locomotives, carriages, cars, tractors, ships. All kinds of consumer goods are made from iron. There is no industry or agriculture where iron and its alloys are not used.

There are hundreds of minerals found in nature that contain iron, but only a few of them are iron ore. These are magnetite, hematite, brown iron ore and some others, which form large deposits covering areas of tens and hundreds of square kilometers.

Magnetic iron ore, or magnetite, chemically is a compound of iron oxide and ferric oxide. In nature, it occurs in the form of well-formed crystals, and especially often in the form of solid or granular masses. The color of magnetite is iron-black. A remarkable property of this mineral is magnetism.

In terms of metallic iron content, magnetite is the richest iron ore (it contains up to 72% iron).

Large deposits of magnetite ores in our country are known in the Urals (Mountains Magnitnaya, Vysokaya, Blagodat), on the Kola Peninsula, in a number of regions of Siberia (Mountain Shoria, in the Angara River basin, etc.).

In recent years, large deposits of rich magnetite ores have been discovered and explored in Kazakhstan in the Kustanai region: Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye, Kachkanarskoye and many others.

Hematite, or red iron ore, is more important for ferrous metallurgy than magnetite.
Chemically, hematite is iron oxide. In nature, it forms a number of varieties (crystalline, scaly and dense cryptocrystalline masses). The color of hematite can vary from cherry red to iron black with a strong metallic luster. Hematite ores form huge deposits, especially among the oldest gneisses and metamorphic schists.

Of the total iron ore production in Russia, about 70% comes from hematite ores. The largest deposit of these ores in our country is Krivoy Rog; huge reserves of hematite are also hidden in the area of ​​the Kursk magnetic anomaly. Industrial development of iron ore has already begun here. In Central Kazakhstan, a large Karadzhal deposit of rich hematite ores has been explored and prepared for exploitation, on the basis of which the Karaganda metallurgical plant was built.

An important source of iron is the so-called brown iron ores, or limonites, which received this name because of their characteristic brown color. Chemically, they are a compound of iron oxide and water.

Brown iron ores form continuous dense, spongy and earthy masses, various sintered forms in the form of buds and clusters, as well as pea-shaped masses. These ores are formed from iron compounds that extract surface water from eroding rocks. Brown iron ores are considered industrial ore if they contain at least 30% iron.

The largest deposits of brown iron ores in Russia include: Kerch in Crimea, Baikal and Orsko-Khalilovskoe in the Urals.



A valuable feature of brown iron ores from some Russian deposits is the presence of impurities of vanadium, manganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt and other metals.

Modern technology requires not only ordinary cast iron, iron and steel, but also a metal that has high viscosity, good malleability, high elasticity and other valuable properties.

Steel acquires all these properties if manganese, chromium, titanium, vanadium and some other metals are added to its composition as an impurity.

Along with iron, the group of ferrous metals includes manganese and chromium, since they are mostly used in ferrous metallurgy. Manganese ores are compounds of manganese with oxygen. In nature they occur in the form of black earthy masses. The most important minerals of manganese are pyrolusite, braunite, psilomelane, manganite.

manganese in industrial ores ranges between 1540%.

In addition to ferrous metallurgy, manganese ores are used in the chemical industry, for the manufacture of dry batteries, in ceramics and glass production.
The largest deposits of manganese ores in Russia and neighboring countries are developed in Georgia (Chiatura), Ukraine (Nikopol), the Urals and Kazakhstan.

The only ore of the chromium metal used on an industrial scale, chromium iron ore, or chromite, is similar in appearance to magnetite, but, unlike it, does not have magnetic properties. Chromium is used in the metallurgical and chemical industries. Chromite is used to make refractory materials. Our country has a lot of high-quality chrome ores in the Northern and Southern Urals.

Titanium magnetite ores are also used in ferrous metallurgy, which give steel special strength.

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Non-ferrous metals and alloys



Olympics and tests

Source: http://kat.ru/materialovedenie/6-thernie_metally/index.shtml

Ferrous rolled metal. Types and scope

Rolled metal is used in many modern industries. The leading role in the national economy belongs to ferrous metal products. Rolled ferrous metals consist of steel and cast iron (malleable, gray and high-strength), both in pure form and in the form of ferroalloys made from them. Ferroalloys, in turn, are used to produce high-quality alloy steels.

You can find a large selection of ferrous metal products in the Bsm-Metal online store and order quality goods with delivery to your city.

Types of ferrous metal products

Depending on the type of production, ferrous metal products have several main types.

1.   Long products are special-purpose products. This type includes beams, wire rods, rails, reinforcement and other steel structures.

Beam is a product that has the greatest weight and strength. The beam has found wide application in the construction of bridges and buildings, where it is used as a floor.

Wire rod is a hot-rolled metal used for the production of wire, mesh and lattice.

Rails can be used for railways, trams, cranes and also belong to high-grade ferrous metal products.

The reinforcement is a metal rod 6 - 12 m of varying thickness and coating texture. It can be either smooth or corrugated. Low-alloy and carbon steel are used in the production of fittings. It is resistant to corrosion and extremely durable.

1.   Shaped products are products in which the tangent intersects the cross section at least at one point. Ferrous metal products of this type include special-purpose profiles, as well as channels and angles.

Channels are U-shaped metal structures. They differ from each other in the ratio of the shelves and the degree of inclination of the edges: they can be parallel or inclined inward.

An angle is a metal plate bent at a right angle. Angles are produced in various lengths using different types of steel.

1.   Pipe rolling. The most common rolled ferrous metals are steel and cast iron pipes, seamless and welded. The pipe is slightly inferior in strength to other metal structures, for example, rods, but at the same time it is much more economical and has less weight. The diameter range of steel pipes is large - from 30 mm to 1.28 m, and their length ranges from four linear meters to twelve. Nowadays, the industry produces not only the well-known profile, round pipes, but also pipes with variable cross-sectional sizes, as well as rectangular, square, and oval cross-sections.
2.   Sheet rolling - this concept implies the production of sheets, as well as rolls and strips from rolled ferrous metals. Such sheets are hot-rolled and cold-rolled, pure steel and galvanized.
3.   Stainless steel – production of products and structures from high-quality stainless steel. Such products are varied - meshes, pipes, sheets, wire and much more. All these products have in common an important property – the ability to resist corrosion.
4.   Art rolling - this type of rolled metal has become widespread quite recently, in recent years. Examples of such products are forged and bent rods, structures in the form of “baskets” and other elements of modern design.

Application of ferrous metal products in the national economy

Rolled ferrous metal products have found wide application in almost all spheres of human activity. Among them the following main industries can be identified:

•         various types of construction;
•         mechanical engineering;
•         aviation industry;
•         shipbuilding;
•         Automotive industry.

Construction

In the construction of various houses and architectural structures, mainly products made of cast iron and steel are used. Beams are indispensable for the construction of interfloor ceilings, columns and supports, and for the construction of bridges. Reinforcement is a reliable assistant in strengthening building structures. Maximum strength and service life of a building is achieved through reinforcement - strengthening it with reinforcing bars. Channels are also used for the same purpose.

Pipes are an indispensable material in the construction of pipelines for various purposes. It is through this product that various liquids and mixtures are supplied - water, gas, oil and others. Pipes are the main material for the construction of gas and water pipelines, heating and sewer systems, treatment plant systems and chimneys. Without pipes it is impossible to build a residential building, an office space, an industrial workshop, not to mention a large enterprise - a plant, a factory.

Mechanical engineering

In mechanical engineering and the automotive industry, ferrous metal products are used everywhere. Angles and channels are necessary for the production of main parts; channels are also used when assembling the machine.

Rolled ferrous metals are necessary for the manufacture of steering rods and bearings. For these purposes, high-quality material is used, in the form of special alloys of several metals.

Black sheet metal serves as the basis for the car body and bumpers, and a square for the bottom.

Transport companies choose for their production especially carefully, paying special attention to the quality of rolled metal and its compliance with the necessary international standards.

Aircraft manufacturing

Ferrous metal products have also found their application in the aviation industry. Sheet steel is used in the production of aircraft bodies. Ferrous rolled metal of various alloys is necessary for the manufacture of chassis and engine parts for air transport vehicles.

Shipbuilding

In the shipbuilding industry, rolled ferrous metals have taken pride of place. A corner is used as load-bearing structures, the foundations of the ship’s hull (both internal and external). The reinforcing elements in the structural basis of the vessel are the beam and channel. Welded pipes are necessary for creating internal communications, including those with high pressure - for supplying gas, steam, fuel and water.

Ferrous metal used in shipbuilding often requires special welding or processing.

Ferrous rolled metal products have also found their use in other industrial production - in the chemical and light industries, in instrument making and carriage building, in the production of furniture and household appliances.

Priorities, characteristic qualities

The global role of rolled ferrous metals in the economy and industry is due to a number of its priority features:

•         high performance properties - this type of rolled metal has a significant service life;
•         strength and reliability - ferrous metal products are practically not susceptible to the harmful effects of corrosion or the influence of other negative environmental factors;
•         wear resistance, durability of use.

Ferrous metal products are one of the most popular materials in various areas of industrial construction. Almost all spheres of the economy and production are related to it.

At the present stage, technological processes for the production of ferrous metal products are rapidly developing, becoming more advanced, and the range of manufactured products is rapidly and steadily growing.

Source: https://oxmetall.ru/metalli/chernyj-metalloprokat-vidy-i-oblast-primeneniya

What is ferrous metal

The main category of ferrous metals consists of pure components, mainly alloys. It is these elements that contribute to high performance throughout industrial metallurgy.

The most famous and common in this category is iron. Here on the website you can get acquainted with all the information you are interested in in more detail.

Kinds

This group includes not only iron, but also other types that come nearby. For example, ferrous elements used for industry include:

• silicon;
• manganese impurities;
• phosphorus;
• sulfur elements.

Such components are added to the metal base as a result of the smelting process, as they enter the composition from ores. In some cases, impurities may be specifically included.

Such alloying additives include copper and chromium, silicon and nickel.
Metals included in the ferrous category are known to contain carbon. Depending on the indicators, cast iron and steel components are distinguished.

The most common metal in this category is iron. This element serves as the main component in many alloys belonging to the group of ferrous metals.

In appearance, the iron looks silvery and quite light. The main feature of the substance is that in some cases it is completely unstable.

The disadvantages of such a metal are that it is easily susceptible to corrosion and various deformation processes that occur during oxidation. Such changes are due to the fact that this element has a high ability to enter into various chemical reactions.

Under natural conditions, such a component cannot be found in its pure form. It is quite difficult to use for industrial purposes, since it has enhanced chemical and physical properties.

Iron and alloys

The most surprising thing is that 90% of the ferrous metallurgical industry is occupied by alloys of iron with other elements. As stated above, there are two types: steel and cast iron metals. The properties and qualities of these substances depend on the carbon content in the components.

In this case, the indicators of strength, ductility and fragility change significantly. For example, if a cast iron product comes into contact and falls onto asphalt, it may be immediately damaged.

The only and main element that is used to produce various alloys is carbon. This substance helps to obtain metals belonging to the ferrous category.

We deliver non-ferrous metals for acceptance:

Source: http://glavspec.ru/chto-takoe-chernyiy-metall.html