How to distinguish tin from lead - Metals and their processing

Features of tin and lead based alloys

Over the years, man has been extracting new metals and using them to create compounds that have new parameters. An alloy of tin and lead is used in various industries.

History of discovery

Before talking about the production of the alloy, you need to understand where its main components came from. Based on archaeological finds, historians have established that lead first appeared 6 thousand years ago. It was contained in silver ores.

The noble metal was used to make jewelry, dishes, and cutlery. Lead was considered a waste product and therefore was not used. However, gradually people noticed the properties of this material. Today it is used in production:

alloys;
batteries;
structures protecting against radioactive radiation;
coloring compositions, solders for radio electronics;
protective sheath for wires.

This material is used in the automotive industry.

Tin appeared about 3500 years ago. It was originally used to make cutlery. In modern industry, this material is used to create cans. This began in 1810, when people learned to store food using metal containers. Tin is used in the manufacture of radiators for cars and bearings.

Tin is often used to make parts for industrial equipment. This is due to its increased hardness and strength. Compounds of this metal with lead are used to create bearings, since the mixture is considered wear-resistant.

Composition and structure

Compounds often contain not only two main components, but also alloying additives. The main one is antimony. The compound may contain up to 15% of this substance. Other alloying additives are silver, cadmium and bismuth. Silver and antimony act in the same way. They are added when it is necessary to increase the melting temperature of the material. If it is necessary to make the mixture less refractory, it is saturated with bismuth and cadmium.

When it is necessary to create a wear-resistant material that will withstand constant friction, the mixture is supplemented with copper. Due to the variety of alloying additives that can be used in the production of tin and lead alloys, the compounds are used in various industrial areas.

Properties and markings

Finished alloys based on tin and lead have a number of properties that make the compound unique:

Melting point - up to 500 degrees Celsius, depending on the percentage of alloying additives.
High wear resistance.
Oxidation resistance is higher than that of pure materials.

There are two types of lead compounds: babbitts and solders. The first ones are designated by the letter “B”. Next, the letters of the alloying additives, the percentage of the main substance, and the number of additional components are indicated.

Classification

Particularly common are alloys of tin and lead, called babbitts. They can be divided into several groups:

Tin - designated as B83, B89. Contains antimony and lead. Tin acts as a base. Used in the manufacture of bearings for industrial equipment. However, the base metal is considered expensive, so cheaper analogues are often used.
Lead - designated as B16. Lead-based alloys are considered more advantageous analogues of tin compounds. Their high wear resistance allows them to be used to make parts for machine tools and moving mechanisms.
Calcium - solid particles that make up this alloy are a compound of calcium and lead. Tin acts as an additional component.

Areas of application

Tin alloys were previously used to make dishes and cutlery. Nowadays they are much more often used to create cans. From this material, in combination with other components, solders are made, which come in several types:

Low-melting - melting point does not exceed 150 degrees Celsius.
Medium melting - become liquid when heated from 200 to 500 degrees.
Refractory - melts at temperatures above 1100 degrees.

Another area of application for alloys is the production of friction-resistant parts.

Tin-lead solder

Features of production and processing

Consumable raw materials are obtained from ore. For example, to obtain 1 kilogram of pure material, it is necessary to process 100 kg of ore. Both materials melt at low temperatures. To manufacture the alloy, the following features must be taken into account:

When making a casting mold, you must use a material that is not susceptible to wetting by molten consumable metals.
The mold must withstand heating at temperatures above 250 degrees.
Molten metals quickly oxidize when exposed to the environment. Solid metal is protected from oxidation.

When it comes to making solder, antimony is added to the compound. Some craftsmen add silver. It has the following features:

Silver protects the material from rust formation.
Due to the addition of noble metal, the price tag for finished solder increases, but its functionality expands.

There are solders with added zinc. However, they are rarely used. Zinc actively reacts to environmental factors. It begins to collapse, which leads to a violation of the integrity of the product. It is better to use a mixture of antimony, tin and lead. This solder is used to solder radio components, contacts, and wires. By changing components, craftsmen achieve the desired characteristics from a consumable. We must not forget about the use of flux.

The alloy of tin and lead has special characteristics.
They change after adding alloying components. Ready-made compounds are used for the manufacture of solders, wear-resistant parts, dishes, cutlery, and cans. Preparation of lead-tin alloy

Features of tin and lead based alloys Link to main publication

Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/olova-i-svintsa

How to distinguish aluminum from lead

How can you determine which metal?

Iron is colorless, magnetic and rusts. Aluminum is whitish in color, not magnetic, oxidizes with a white coating. Copper has a reddish tint; when oxidized, it darkens and becomes covered with a green coating. Do not magnetize. When burning, the flame is greenish.

Bronze is yellowish in color, almost does not oxidize, and does not rot. Stainless steel - no color (or grayish), not magnetic or maybe.

Magnesium has a silvery-white hue, is not magnetic, has a slightly sweet smell, and when burning the flame is bright white (flammable).

Titanium - grayish tint, not magnetic..

You can somehow determine it by the color of the flame when burning. But which color belongs to whom? Steel is somehow determined on sandpaper by the shape and color of the sparks..

How can we determine that this is an alloy and not a (relatively) pure material?

Who has information by definition - Share.

How can you determine which metal?

Bronze is yellowish in color, almost does not oxidize, and does not rot. Stainless steel - no color (or grayish), not magnetic or maybe.

Magnesium has a silvery-white hue, is not magnetic, has a slightly sweet smell, and when burning the flame is bright white (flammable).

Titanium - grayish tint, not magnetic..

You can somehow determine it by the color of the flame when burning. But which color belongs to whom? Steel is somehow determined on sandpaper by the shape and color of the sparks..

How can we determine that this is an alloy and not a (relatively) pure material?

Who has information by definition - Share.

Pure metals are not used in mechanical engineering, are they? If only silver, gold or palladium is used in the contact coating, and all construction materials are alloys. Even copper in conductors.

Boiling steel can be identified by sparks on the circle - rare long, orange lines. High carbon ones will give a rich bunch of light sparks with *stars* at the end. The more carbon there is in the steel, the lighter the color of the sparks, and the more *stars* there are. Tool steels will produce short, broken beams of sparks with *stars*.

One of the most “bearded” jokes from chemistry students: “Aluminum is like iron, only light.” But seriously, periodic element No. 13 is the lightest metal that can exist in its pure form in the air atmosphere. Relative chemical inertness is ensured by a thin film consisting of oxide and hydroxide, which passivates the surface and prevents further reaction with atmospheric oxygen or weak solutions of alkalis and acids.

Where can you find aluminum scrap?

Aluminum pans, cutlery, familiar from childhood, and even chocolate foil are not a complete list of products that are made of aluminum. During the Soviet era, the price of aluminum products did not correspond in any way to its real value, which formed the erroneous opinion that this material was cheap.

In any garage or shed there will be dozens of aluminum items: window fittings, old aluminum radiators, bicycle parts, camp kettles and pots, cable remnants - the list goes on for a long time. Due to the mismanagement of the 80-90s, even whole ingots of commercial aluminum can be found in industrial landfills.

This metal is of strategic importance for the national economy. Industrial production is carried out by melt electrolysis, which is associated with huge energy costs.

Recycling recycled materials is much cheaper (energy savings of up to 75%, reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere - up to 90%), in addition, this metal can be melted down many times without deteriorating its physical properties. Aluminum scrap is purchased without restrictions at almost all scrap metal collection points and is much more expensive than ferrous metal scrap.

After receiving, further sorting is carried out, after which the secondary raw materials are classified and assigned a class, group and grade. The total number of varieties of aluminum secondary raw materials exceeds 20 items.

Physics and chemistry of matter

It is known from a school chemistry course that aluminum is a silver-white with low density and high thermal and electrical conductivity. In air it becomes covered with a protective film, which easily dissolves in hot solutions of alkalis and acids; some of its compounds have amphoteric properties. Even on the basis of such superficial information, several ways can be proposed to distinguish aluminum from other metals.

The main difference from stainless steel, iron, tin, lead and other metals most often sold for scrap is its low density, which can be determined at home. To do this, you will need a measuring cylinder and a kitchen scale with a weighing accuracy of up to 1 gram.

The technique is simple and does not require special knowledge: we lower a pre-weighed part from the material under study into a graduated cylinder filled with water, and note the change in the position of the liquid meniscus. Next, we divide the mass of the part by its volume, equal to the difference in the water level in the cylinder, and get the density.

If the result is a value close to 2.7 g/ml, then with a high degree of probability the part is made of aluminum.

In classical chemistry, a qualitative reaction for aluminum is a test with hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide. If you dissolve an aluminum sample in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid and then add ordinary ammonia, a precipitate of Al(OH)3↓ will form.

Attention: the reaction is accompanied by rapid gas formation (hydrogen release), so safety precautions must be observed (safety glasses, gloves, apron).

The simplest way to distinguish aluminum from iron is a magnetic test: aluminum parts will not be attracted to a magnet.

However, this effect is a necessary but not sufficient confirmation that the sample under study is made of aluminum, since both aluminum alloys and some non-ferrous metals have paramagnetic properties.

The following shows an experiment with a magnet on a pendulum and a sheet of aluminum (in the absence of magnetism, the pendulum would not stop in the middle and, due to its energy, would continue to oscillate).

Source: https://crast.ru/instrumenty/kak-otlichit-aljuminij-ot-svinca

Tin and lead, alloy: properties and name

It is best to begin the description of this topic with tin and lead separately. Lead, tin and alloys made from this material have certain properties that are determined by their initial state.

General description of tin

It is important to note here that there are two types of these raw materials. The first type is called white tin, and is the β-modification of this substance. The second type is the α modification, which is better known as gray tin. When moving from one modification to another, namely from white to gray, a strong change in the volume of the substance occurs, as a process such as the dispersion of the metal into powder occurs.

This property is commonly called tin plague. It is also important to note here that one of the most negative properties of tin is its tendency to freeze. In other words, at temperatures from -20 to +30 degrees Celsius, a spontaneous transition from one state to another can begin. In addition, the transition will continue even if the temperature is increased, but after the process has begun.

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Because of this, raw materials have to be stored in places with fairly high temperatures.

Properties of tin and lead

It is worth saying that tin, lead and alloys made from these materials have quite a few common properties. For example, the purer the tin, the higher the chance that it will be affected by the plague. Lead, in turn, does not undergo allotropic transformations at all.

However, it is also worth noting that additional substances are used to slow down this kind of transformation in tin. The materials that performed best were bismuth and antimony. The addition of these substances in a volume of 0.5% will reduce the rate of allotropic transformation to almost 0, which means that white tin can be considered completely stable. It can also be noted here that to a lesser extent, but still, an alloy of tin and lead is used for the same purpose.

If we talk about the properties of lead, then it has a higher melting point - 327 degrees Celsius - than tin - 232 degrees. The density of lead at room temperature is 11.34 g/cm3.

Characteristics of Tin and Lead

It’s worth starting with the fact that recrystallization of cold-worked tin-lead and alloys occurs at a temperature that is considered below room temperature. For this reason, their processing process is of the hot type.

The general indicator was resistance to corrosion under atmospheric conditions. However, a slight difference lies in the resistance to corrosion under the influence of minor substances.

For example, lead shows itself best when interacting with concentrated compounds of certain acids - sulfuric, phosphoric, etc. Tin, in turn, best resists solutions of food acids. The scope of application of these substances individually also differs.

Tin is widely used for tinning tin, while lead has found its application for lining equipment for sulfuric acid production.

Alloy systems

Here it is important to start with the fact that an alloy of tin and lead is an even more fusible material than separately. Such mixtures are most widely used as solders, for the manufacture of typographic fonts, casting fuses, etc. A system such as “tin-lead” belongs to the eutectic type group.

An important property of all materials belonging to this category is that their melting temperature ranges from 120 to 190 degrees Celsius. In addition, there are groups of ternary eutectics. An example is the alloy system of tin, lead, zinc. The melting temperature of such materials drops even lower, and its limit is 92-96 degrees Celsius.

If you add a fourth component to the alloy, the melting temperature will drop to 70 degrees. If we talk about using an alloy of tin and lead as solder, then most often up to 2% of a substance such as antimony is introduced into their composition. This is done in order to improve the spreadability of the solder.

It is worth noting here that the melting temperature can be adjusted by the tin/lead ratio. The most fusible raw material melts at 190 degrees.

Babbitts

We have already figured out what the alloy of tin and lead is called - it is a eutectic. This group of substances with this composition is most widespread in the production of bearing alloys, which are called “babbitts”. This material is used as a filler for bearing shells. The most important thing here is to choose the right material so that it can easily be worn into the shaft.

At first glance, it seems that a mass of tin and lead alloys with various solders is an excellent solution. However, in reality this is not entirely true. Such materials turned out to be too soft, and the coefficient of friction between the shaft and such a liner was high. In other words, during operation they became too hot, which is why low-melting metals began to “stick” to the shaft. To avoid this drawback, small amounts of more solid substances began to be added.

In this way, a material was obtained that is both soft and hard.

Composition of the substance

In order to achieve such a substance, which has exactly the opposite characteristics, the following substances were used. The most important thing is that they lie immediately in the two-phase region α+β. β-phase crystals are enriched with solder such as antimony. They act as hard, brittle substances. α-phase crystals, in turn, are a soft and plastic base.

In order to avoid such disadvantages as the melting of solid crystals and their floating, another component is added to the mixture - copper. Thus, from a piece of an alloy of lead and tin with the addition of some other substances, it is possible to create a bearing material called Babbitt, which combines two opposing qualities - hardness and softness. The classic and most widespread product of this brand is the Babbitt B83.

The composition of this alloy is as follows: 83% Sn; 11% Sb; 6% Cu.

Alternative

It is worth saying that from the point of view of economy, tin-based babbits are very unprofitable, since this material costs quite a lot. In addition, tin itself is considered a scarce substance.

For these two reasons, alternative bearings based on lead, antimony and copper were developed. In this composition, antimony crystals act as a solid base. The soft base is a direct alloy of lead and antimony.

Copper is used here in the same way as lead in the previous composition, that is, to prevent the floating of solid base crystals.

However, it is also worth mentioning the disadvantages here. The lead-antimony eutectic is not as ductile as the tin phase. Therefore, parts made in this way suffer from rapid wear. To compensate for this disadvantage, you still have to add a certain amount of tin. The use of ternary eutectics of the zinc-tin-lead alloy is not very common.

Source: https://autogear.ru/article/367861/olovo-i-svinets-splav-svoystva-i-nazvanie/

Melting point of tin and lead:

Tin is one of the most studied metals by man. It was discovered in prehistoric times. Already ancient man knew what the melting point of tin was, the physical and chemical properties of this metal and the range of its use in everyday life. The alloy of tin and copper is man's first attempt at metallurgy, the first artificial metal compound created by human hands.

Tin in nature

The most important natural compounds are cassiterite, which includes tin oxide, and stannin (tin pyrite). In ancient times, this metal was mined in open mines, but in the modern world there are practically no open deposits of tin left. On an industrial scale, it is smelted from ores containing about 1% of this substance. Thus, to obtain 1 kg of pure tin, you need to process a hundredweight of ore.

Uses of tin

One of the most well-known uses of tin is soldering. The low melting point allows soldering at home. For soldering, this metal is sold in the form of small rods with a diameter of up to 10 mm. Quite often, alloys with various additives are offered - with lead, silver, copper, indium and others. The melting point of tin and lead is lower than that of pure tin, so the soldering process is faster.

Due to its physical characteristics, this metal can be stored in liquid form under normal conditions. The low melting point of tin allows the metallic liquid to be sealed into glass ampoules for laboratory or other research.

Tin smelting

Tin is quite easy to melt in large quantities and cast into a mold of graphite or any other material. The average melting point of tin does not exceed 240°C. The basic requirements for material for molds are as follows:

the substance should not be wetted with liquid tin;
the material must withstand temperatures of 250°C without collapsing or changing its shape.

Molten metal is capable of oxidizing in open air, and the solid is quite resistant to oxygen corrosion. Sometimes this property is used to apply a metal layer to tin products. But unlike zinc coating, tin coating does not provide the product with electrochemical protection - in the event of a scratch, corrosion will more quickly corrode the surface with a tin coating rather than with a zinc coating.

Tin for soldering

The melting temperature depends on the amount and composition of impurities in the rod. You can find out what the melting point of tin is from the table of the most common alloys.

Three-component alloys based on lead, silver and tin have proven themselves well in electrical engineering. The percentage of impurities in solder varies: standards for additives have not yet been developed. All manufacturers agree on one thing - the tin content in the alloy should not be less than 95%. The melting point of tin solder in this composition ranges from 217-221° C.

To improve the characteristics of the solder, a small amount of antimony is introduced into it. This composition is used for soldering radio components in the most critical areas.

Alloys containing silver have proven themselves well. The presence of this noble metal improves the technical characteristics of the finished product and increases its service life. Alloys with a high silver content are used in various communications and industrial equipment.

Zinc-containing alloys are not very common. The reason for this dislike is the increased chemical activity of zinc.

Due to its interaction with the environment, zinc-containing compounds are destroyed quite quickly, and in addition, when working with them, it is necessary to use active fluxes. Solder pastes containing this additive are not intended for long-term storage.

The melting point of tin for soldering with zinc content is quite high. For example, the well-known compound Sn91Zn9 melts at a temperature of 200°C.

Tin and lead

Like tin, lead in the form of alloys and additives has been used by humans since time immemorial. This inexpensive and abundant metal has properties that improve the quality of solder and its performance.

Solders that contain lead are called lead-containing solders. Lead compounds are very harmful to health, so the use of compounds of this metal is very limited.

In the past, the widespread use of lead solders was due to the good performance characteristics of the alloy and its low processing temperature. The melting point of tin and lead does not exceed 190°C.

Despite strict restrictions, lead solders are widely used in certain industries, such as defense manufacturing and the nuclear power sector.

Using Pure Tin

The semiconductor industry uses solders with a high content of pure tin, in which there are 999,999 atoms of pure metal per atom of foreign metal. The melting point of tin in its pure form is 240°C.

But in everyday conditions, such solders are not in demand: the fact is that when the temperature drops, this metal transforms its structure, gray spots appear on the surface of the product - the so-called tin plague.

Additions of various components change this temperature and give tin alloys greater stability.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/215514/new_temperatura-plavleniya-olova-i-svintsa

Tin-lead solder: what is the difference between PIC alloy and why is it made on the basis of tin?

Lead-tin solders are widely used in radio electronics for soldering various microcircuits. Achieving high-quality results with their use becomes possible only when the master is well versed in the soldering process and understands the basic rules of operation and selection of solders.

Beginning radio amateurs often ask themselves: which solder is best to choose in this particular case, and what properties they have. This article will help you solve the problem.

1 Lead-tin solders
2 Composition
3 Purpose
4 Properties
5 Summary

Lead-tin solders

Lead-tin solders are divided into soft and hard. The former are fusible and are widely used in working with radio equipment. Their melting point is in the range of 300–450 degrees.

Compositions of lead-tin solders.

This type of alloy is characterized by lower hardness compared to refractory options, however, they are the ones most often used in the installation of microcircuits.

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The composition of soft options is a combination of two elements: lead and tin. Alloying elements can also be added. such impurities are insignificant. They are introduced to impart certain properties to the compound, such as ductility, strength, and so on.

Why are they made from tin? The fact is that stanum is the best material for soldering. It has a number of advantages. These include high conductivity and excellent wetting. However, there are also disadvantages, for example, it is susceptible to the phenomenon of tin plague, the formation of intermetallic surfaces, etc.

You can avoid such problems by adding plumbum, copper, silver, and gold. If the first element is absent in the composition, then the alloy is called lead-free. It is safer for the master. In practice, solders containing lead and designated by the letters “POS” are most often used.

Compound

As noted above, lead solder usually contains Sn and Pb. The percentage amount of the first element is indicated by the numbers behind the letters. For example, POS-40 contains forty percent of stanum, and POS-60 contains sixty. It is worth noting that POS-60 and 61 have the same composition, but are labeled differently.

Many people often do not pay due attention to the composition of the alloy when soldering. Nevertheless, this point is very important, because it determines the installation characteristics and the quality of the work performed.

Purpose

Depending on the content of a particular material, alloys have different areas of application.

POS-90 is used in the repair of food utensils and medical supplies. It contains a small amount of plumbum, a material toxic to humans.

POS-40 is most often used when working with electrical devices and parts made of galvanized iron. Also serves as a basis for repairing brass and copper pipelines. This connection can replace POS 18 solder, used for the same purposes.

Alloys with 30% stanum content are excellent for the cable industry, tinning and zinc soldering.

Properties

As noted earlier, there is a division of solders into two categories depending on the melting point. Soft or fusible are alloys that melt at less than 450 °C. It is worth noting that they are not necessarily made of tin. Gallium, bismuth, cadmium, and indium can be used here.

However, often not one, but a mixture of several elements is used. This is necessary to give the alloy the necessary characteristics and parameters. The most common are POS.

Solder chart for aluminum soldering.

Thus, by picking up a wire, trying to bend it and estimating its weight, you can determine with certain accuracy the content of stanum or plumbum in it.

Depending on the concentration of tin, several dozen alloys are distinguished, produced in accordance with the state standard - GOST.

When it comes to properties, they are mainly determined by the tin content. It has two polymorphic modifications. White – with a tetragonal crystal lattice, gray – with a cubic lattice. The transition from one modification to another is accompanied by the release of heat, that is, the reaction is exothermic.

This transformation also leads to an increase in volume, accompanied by destruction with the formation of gray powder. This process is called “tin plague”.

The speed of transformation of the white modification into gray is low. This process limits the use of pure stanum in soldering. In this regard, various chemical elements are added to prevent this transition.

It is also known that such characteristics of tin as strength and hardness are increased by adding nickel, copper, magnesium, and zinc. But the presence of bismuth and zinc will increase wettability and lower the melting point.

POSs cannot be strengthened by cold hardening. Unlike pure stanum, alloys with lead after deformation have less hardness and strength than cast ones.

As a result, by combining different impurity concentration options, it is possible to achieve the desired alloy parameters that are best suited for each specific task.

Bottom line

Solders are indispensable when performing soldering work. They are widely used in various areas of human activity: from large industries to small workshops.

Installation of microcircuits, repair of pipelines, connection of copper and brass parts is carried out using this material. The most common solders are based on tin and lead, and are labeled as PIC.

Source: https://tutsvarka.ru/vidy/pripoj-olovyanno-svintsovyj

What are the signs by which you can identify fake Elf oil?

Elf oil is chosen by many motorists. The question of how to distinguish an original from a fake arises for almost everyone, because a product that is popular and in demand among car owners is often counterfeited.

The name "Elf" is a proprietary trade name of one of the product lines manufactured by Total. Synthetic and semi-synthetic oils labeled “Elf” are sold in stores in one hundred and thirteen countries. It is in demand not only among amateurs, but also among professionals.

Why choose Elf?

Motor oil of this series is used for vehicle maintenance at the following competitions:

WSR Renault.
Open endurance racing.
WSBK and WSS Kawasaki.
Dakar Rally.
Moto GP Series.

Total is a partner of a large alliance of Renault, Mitsubishi, and Nissan companies. In other words, these giants of the global auto industry use Total products, including the Elf line.

What should you pay attention to?

It is not without reason that the original Elf oil is popular, although it is quite expensive. Its use completely pays off. The distinctive properties of the oil are an extremely low percentage of phosphorus and sulfur with other components, and low sulfate ash content.

These compositional features significantly reduce friction of parts, which prevents their wear, and in addition, reduces fuel consumption. But of course, fake oil does not have such characteristics.

When purchasing a product, you need to pay attention to the following nuances:

price;
appearance;
markings and other information;
oil characteristics.

Of course, a rare seller will allow you to open the canister before paying for it. Therefore, before you evaluate the characteristics of the product, you will have to buy it.

Where to buy?

Paradoxically, few motorists know that the Total company has opened an official website for Russians who prefer products from the Elf series. His address is www.elf-lub.ru.

It presents a complete catalog of products with this trade name, useful information, and an online selection service for technical equipment. In addition, there is a store on the site. Although it does not yet sell products directly from the manufacturer, it provides links to stores of official distributors.

Of course, you can purchase real oil not only at retail outlets presented on the official website. But this should be done in large chain stores that care about their reputation. As a rule, they work directly with manufacturers. In small stores that don't have a lot of turnover, it doesn't hurt to be careful when purchasing.

What amount should I aim for?

The price of original synthetic motor oil cannot be too low. For example, if the price tag indicates a figure of 500-600 rubles for a five-liter canister, then it is counterfeit.

The average cost of a 5 liter canister is 1700-2600 rubles. The prices of four-liter and liter canisters are slightly lower. But a 1 liter canister does not cost less than 800 rubles.

Appearance

It will not be difficult to recognize a crudely made counterfeit; small details will give away the fake.

Canister parts	Original	Falsification
Lid	Under the lower thin ribbed rim is a relatively wide polished protective rim. The top edge is rounded, the lid itself is black and shiny.	The lid ends with a ribbed rim and does not have a protective strip, or, conversely, lacks a ribbed rim. The upper edges are flattened, the lid looks like a washer and lacks shine.
Bottom	A ribbed tape of three stripes, quite wide, is poured onto the plastic.	The tape is missing or narrow, with flat elements.

The color of the plastic canister is deep blue with a glossy finish. If the canister is a different shade, for example, purple or blue, the one on display is an imitation.

Markings and information on the label

You can determine if it is counterfeit by reading the information on the label on the back of the canister.

The original has an easily readable barcode, the digital signature on which corresponds to the country of manufacture of the specific canister. On the side of the barcode strip there is a miniature square sticker that can be read by mobile devices. If this is not the case, the store offers an imitation.

Real oil does not have the phrase “Best Performances” on the back of the label. On the original, the date of manufacture is indicated at the bottom, on the plastic, under the front label, in light ink. Imitation manufacturers use black ink and often mark the canister on the bottom or back.

ELF oil - how to distinguish a fake from the original?

Oil characteristics

The differences between the original and the counterfeit are noticeable even to a novice car enthusiast.

"Elf" is characterized by the following:

Color and clarity similar to cognac.
Homogeneous structure, absence of delamination, sediment, inclusions.
Flexibility.

It is simply impossible to spill the oil; it is viscous and pours slowly. Counterfeits are usually characterized by the following qualities:

dark color;
lack of transparency;
presence of delaminations;
precipitation;
cloudiness;
the consistency is too thick or, conversely, liquid.

Counterfeit products often contain impurities and inclusions that look like “floating spots,” reminiscent of “amoebas.” When stratification occurs in low-grade synthetic mixtures, a gray precipitate is formed. The smell of imitation is specific, corrosive and pungent. The original is characterized by a neutral odor.

Source: https://originalpoddelka.ru/tehnika/motornoe-maslo-elf/

How to distinguish tin from aluminum

Copper mineral

A metal that has a pinkish-red color and a melting point of 1083 ° C is called copper. It is not typical for this chemical element to contain polymorphic compounds. Its crystallization occurs in a face-centered lattice. Moisture and carbon dioxide have a slow effect, the substance becomes green after being covered with film. This coating serves as protection for the copper against corrosion.

Where are copper and its alloys used? In technology at low temperatures, copper and its alloys act as traditional materials. Just like for silver, a chemical element, it is essential to have high mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, and to have corrosion resistance.

The mechanical and technological properties of such an element as copper-based alloys are disrupted under the influence of harmful impurities such as sulfur and oxygen, bismuth and lead.

Basic technological processes for obtaining metal:

1. To enrich ore, the flotation method is used, through which the compounds of copper and waste rock are wetted. A suspension with a flotation agent is prepared separately and combined with crushed ore.

Fir oil can be used as a flotation agent, due to which a film is formed on the surface of ore particles. Bubbles collect on the surface of the ore, they appear from blowing with air, then foam forms.

Waste rock that has not been wetted with oil sinks to the bottom. Up to 30% of copper is in the collected and dried foam - concentrate.

Brass

Based on copper, a double or multicomponent alloy is obtained - brass, softer and lighter than steel. It alloys the main ingredient – zinc. Unlike copper, the metal has more strength, resistance to corrosion, and better machinability, like iron and steel.

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A chemical element like aluminum can be easily cut or poured. Brass contains up to 45% zinc, but there is no silver or iron. The more metal is in the composition, the less durable it becomes. Copper-based alloys do not contain alloying ingredients greater than 7-9%.

The technological characteristic of a metal consists of casting and deformable substances. Shaped castings are made from these elements; they look like pigs.

Simple elements are made from deformable brass. Wire, rods, strips, tapes, pipes, sheets, and other rolled and pressed products are considered semi-finished brass products, reminiscent of aluminum products. In general, metal is also used in chemical engineering, as bronze is widely used.

A little about bronze

Bronze

Bronze is an alloy of copper to which tin, manganese, aluminum, lead, silicon, and beryllium are added, which is not found in steel. Bronze, like silver, is resistant to corrosion, has high anti-friction and good casting properties, and can be easily processed by cutting. To improve the mechanical characteristics, as well as give special properties to the metal - bronze, nickel, iron, zinc, titanium, and phosphorus are used for alloying.

Chemical composition and mechanical properties of some bronzes

If manganese is added to a chemical element, the element becomes resistant to corrosion; when nickel is added, bronze becomes more ductile. To make the product strong, like steel, it is recommended to add a little iron. Improves the casting properties of the zinc element. With the help of lead, bronze will become more workable.

Alloy – nickel and copper

A copper-nickel alloy is a compound in which the base is copper and the alloying element is nickel; no aluminum or lead was found. Mainly used in electrical and structural alloys.

A compound consisting of copper, nickel and aluminum is commonly called kuniali. Its main elements are nickel - 6-13%, a little aluminum - 1.5-3%, the rest is copper. Unlike silver, this product undergoes heat treatment. Parts that have increased strength are made from metal, these include electrical products, as well as springs, just like they are made from steel.

The product, which is an alloy of copper with zinc and nickel, has an unusual name - nickel silver. Its composition contains nickel - 15%, zinc - 20%, the rest of the composition belongs to copper, and there is no lead. The metal, unlike steel, has a pleasant white color, which is close to the color of silver. The chemical element, like bronze, withstands atmospheric corrosion well; it serves as an integral part of instrument making, as well as in the production of watches.

Nickel silver is often used as a construction material

To make thermocouples, they use a special thermoelectrode alloy called copel. The composition of the chemical element includes nickel and copper (43%), as well as manganese (0.5%).

Manganese bronze - manganin

An alloy that has a high electrical resistivity is called manganin. This product consists of manganese, which makes up 12%, and copper and nickel, which account for 3%; no silver or iron was found. In the manufacture of electric heating devices, in contrast to aluminum and steel, copper and bronze are used more often.

An important advantage of metals such as copper and bronze is that it is used in the electrical industry. The metal is widely used in the manufacture of electrical wires. The purer the chemical product, the higher its advantage. The conductivity of electricity will drop by 10% if 0.02% aluminum is found in copper.

In a certain area of production, products made from copper, steel and silver are considered the best materials. Mechanical parts of production equipment cannot be made of any other metal, aluminum or iron. In addition to copper and steel, bronze is highly valued in the modern world. But the alloy of copper and tin is considered a durable metal that retains its ductility.

Source: http://ooo-asteko.ru/kak-otlichit-olovo-ot-alyuminiya/

How to distinguish tin from aluminum - Metalist's Handbook

Difference from duralumin

It is quite difficult for an ignorant person to identify these materials at first glance; the most accurate result can only be obtained in a chemical laboratory. A preliminary conclusion can be made using the advice shared by experts on professional forums.

In a pair of aluminum/duralumin, the first will emit a high-pitched ringing sound upon impact, does not break when bent, and after removing the chips, the surface shines like silver (by the way, it is almost impossible to confuse these metals, since silver has a much higher specific gravity).

When fractured, aluminum produces a fine-grained structure; When drilling, the chips come off easily and do not stick to the drill.

The differences can also be determined using chemical methods. If the test sample is placed in a solution of nitric acid, and after some time (2-3 hours) it is neutralized with an alkali solution (regular baking soda will also do), then in the case of pure aluminum a translucent white precipitate will form, and copper in duralumin will give the precipitate a bluish tint.

Difference from TsAM

Difficulties in identifying these materials arise quite often, since TsAM - alloys of three metals (zinc, aluminum, copper) are very similar in appearance to pure metal. A reliable method of determination is using hydrogen peroxide, a 20% solution of sodium sulfide or a 10% solution of copper sulfide: when applying a few drops of any of the above reagents to a sharpened surface (fresh cut), the aluminum will remain silvery-white, and the TsAM will darken.

Difference from stainless steel

You can distinguish these materials at home in just a few minutes. First of all, you should pay attention to the external differences: the aluminum surface feels rougher and more matte to the touch, stainless steel always shines well, even if the sample is not polished. Stainless steel is also not attracted by a magnet, but products made from it are significantly heavier than aluminum (the density is at least three times higher).

Next, we do a “knife” test - a mark will remain on the surface of the aluminum, but stainless steel, due to its high hardness, will remain undamaged. You can also run the piece over white paper: an aluminum sample will leave a gray mark, while a stainless steel mark will remain colorless. Metalworking specialists offer another simple method - cutting the sample with a grinder.

Stainless steel will produce a lot of sparks; aluminum will not produce sparks.

Difference from other non-ferrous metals

Despite the fact that the properties of metals are basically identical, each element has its own distinctive features that can easily distinguish metal from aluminum.

Thus, copper has a bright reddish tint, gold has a yellow color, lead has a very high density and fragility, tin has high ductility, silver has a bright shine, iron and its alloys have magnetic properties.

If necessary, reliable information can be found in special reference literature or on professional thematic forums.

It is worth noting that all of the above methods are only estimates and approximate: the exact chemical composition of scrap metal will be determined by specialists from an accredited laboratory. All questions on the topic of aluminum scrap will be answered by specialists from metal collection points.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/kak-otlichit-olovo-ot-alyuminiya/

Features of aluminum

Why is aluminum so valuable? This is a pure metal classified as non-ferrous. It is lightweight, durable, has a good degree of deformation, and is resistant to aggressive environments and corrosion.

All of the listed advantages allow it to be used in a variety of areas from industry and construction (except for industries where high-strength structures are manufactured) to domestic use.

The demand for the valuable metal is great, so it is important to know how to accurately distinguish it from other similar metal alloys.

In addition to all the above properties of its older brother, the transition metal has:

high degree of strength;
long service life;
plasticity;
high hardness.

It accumulates fatigue properties more slowly and is resistant to cracking.

The disadvantage of products made of duralumin is susceptibility to corrosion, which can be prevented by anodizing, applying a thin layer of paints and varnishes, aluminum.

The choice between the two metals depends on the end use. We pay tribute to their advantages, but also foresee their disadvantages. The domestic sector leaves the choice to aluminum, while the industrial sector votes for the strength that duralumin has.

Naturally, the question arises of how to distinguish aluminum from duralumin. It is almost impossible to determine by eye which metal is which. The chemical laboratory will give you the exact answer. But experts on the forums have their own opinion on this matter.

Follow the markings.
The color of the alloy is steel gray.
Scratches leave clear marks.
A ringing sound is heard from the impact.
During processing, the chips will break without ductility.
The structure of the alloy is fine-crystalline.

You can determine the type of material by conducting an experiment. Apply a drop of sodium hydroxide to duralumin and aluminum samples for 10 minutes. After removing the substance, we learn about the metal from the resulting stains: the dark one is duralumin.

If you place a piece of aluminum in an acid with added alkali, it will dissolve, forming a white powdery precipitate. In the experiment with duralumin, blue copper granules will be present.

Unlike aluminum, the main characteristics of the alloy are lack of ductility, brittleness and hardness.

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Everything can be learned by comparison; examine the parts of two samples several times, pick them up and compare the weight. Such familiarity will help you subsequently simply recognize metals.

Silumin - a twofold relationship

Products made from silumin, an aluminum-based alloy with the addition of silicon, literally flooded the market. Why does it attract the buyer and how to distinguish aluminum from silumin?

Advantages of silumin

Of course, this alloy of two materials has its “fans”. They call the following positive features of silumin:

light in weight;
highly durable;
resistant to wear and corrosion;
cheap price.

Cons of silumin

Silumin products should be treated with caution, unlike aluminum ones. in silumin, aluminum production waste, silumin-containing alloys, and metal powder do not have an exact proportion. It cannot be called high quality, since the manufacturer produces cheap products under the name of some brand.

The disadvantages of the alloy include:

design flaws;
they are unsuitable for food products;
dangerous to health.

You can distinguish silumin from aluminum visually. The products have a glossy smooth gray surface.

Today, public dissatisfaction with plumbing products continues to grow due to the heterogeneous structure of the material with numerous internal stresses and voids. After 3-5 months, the water tap turns into dust, and the rotary steel ball rusts.

Bimetal and aluminum using radiators as an example

When replacing heating radiators, many are faced with the choice of which material to choose for the new design. Cast iron batteries are a thing of the past; manufacturers offer aluminum, steel and bimetallic ones. While steel is easily recognizable in appearance, the problem with aluminum and bimetallic structures is that you can’t tell the difference by eye. Moreover, the latter option is in greatest demand. In the store there is a chance not to buy a fake, but how to distinguish bimetal from aluminum at the market?

Visual recognition will not provide accurate results to the consumer. Both the aluminum and bimetallic systems have external fins made of aluminum. And it’s impossible to visually determine the weight of one section.

For reference: the aluminum section weighs 1–1.6 kg, the bimetallic radiator “compartment” weighs 1.5–2 kg.

You can use the “old-fashioned” method and arm yourself with a neodymium magnet, which has greater power.

Preliminary test. Place the magnet first on the steel, then on the aluminum radiator. The magnetic tester will attract the first option to the surface. The effect will be weaker for a bimetallic radiator. Its steel tubes are located under a diamagnetic material - aluminum. With a powerful neodymium magnet, it is possible to catch the attraction.

It is more difficult when the coolant tubes are made of copper, which, like aluminum, is impervious to the magnetic field.