How and what is a magnet made from?

Neodymium magnet: what does it mean and what is it made of, how to use

Neodymium magnet is the most powerful and permanent magnet, which contains rare earth neodymium, boron and iron. What is the complete definition of a magnet and its main advantages, what is its strength and what is its principle of operation? More on this later.

What it is

A neodymium magnet is a magnetic element that is composed of neodymium rare earth boron and iron material. It has a crystal structure, tetragonal shape and formula Nd2Fe14B.

Neodymium magnet is the most common type

It was first created by General Motors in 1982. It is the strongest permanent magnetic element, the power of which is several times greater than usual. Equipped with a large magnetic induction of 12,400 gauss.

Note! This is a brittle alloy with the formula NdFeB, as well as a hard nickel-plated protective layer and the corresponding class. It is very popular and comes in various forms.

Full material definition

Advantages

The most common neodymium magnet is one that has an iron oxide alloy, which has good heat resistance, high magnetic permeability and low cost. Equipped with color coding, high coercivity, powerful magnetic field to hold objects suspended, compact size, light weight, affordable and wide range of applications. Has a long service life.

If an ordinary magnet works for 10 years and can be demagnetized, then a neodymium magnet does not lose its properties after 100 years. Another advantage is the shape. This product has a horseshoe shape. It gives the device a long service life. As for the cost, these are expensive products, but the cost is justified by excellent performance and impeccable reliability.

Durability of work as one of the advantages

Force

It is worth pointing out that the strength contained in neodymium magnets is another advantage. She is tall and it is impossible to find a competitor to her. This is a record type of indicator, the increase of which is impossible. Power is generated during manufacturing. Magnetization occurs after the alloy is formed. Thanks to existing technologies, the alloy is magnetized in such a way that the magnet has incredibly high power and this figure reaches a record.

Note! Power is a relative philistine concept. The force is stable, but it is measured using instruments. In this case, the readings depend on the thickness of the surface and cleanliness. The separation angle can have some influence.

Strength as one of the advantages

Life time

The service life of the equipment, if used properly, is 30 years. Due to careless handling, the device may be damaged. The point is the lack of flexibility, as well as brittleness and cracking under heavy load. Falls, impacts, or reduced traction will reduce the life of the equipment. For this reason, it is necessary to avoid falls using parts that come into contact during movements.

Another extremely important point is the irreversible loss of magnetic properties due to heating. Therefore, grinding with cutting or drilling reduces the chain force and may ignite the alloy. If storage and operation are organized correctly, then magnetization is maintained for 10 years.

Long service life

Design

When answering the question of what a neodymium magnet is made of, we can point out that it is a rare earth element that contains an atom with lanthanide or actinide. The classic composition may still contain an additive.

It is used to increase strength with endurance and resistance to high temperatures. Boron is used in small quantities, iron is a binding element. Thanks to this composition, greater adhesion is obtained.

When connecting several ferrite rings, you can separate them with your hands. As for neodymium magnets, this cannot be done.

Composition of magnetic material

How are neodymium magnets magnetized?

The magnetization of neodymium magnets occurs through the interaction of bromine ions, iron and neodymium in a powerful magnetic field. Thanks to such actions, an element is obtained that has a high coercive force and high adhesion power. It also has an extremely long service life in everyday life.

Magnetization of neodymium materials

Principle of operation

A neodymium magnet works very simply. If two magnetic elements are connected and the poles coincide in direction, the magnetic force of the two fields will be enhanced. The result is an overall strong magnetic field. With the reverse arrangement of the magnetized elements, the magnetic field will be suppressed.

Principle of operation

How to use

Neodymium magnetic element is the strongest, exceeding analogues that are based on rare earth metal. In addition, neodymium is capable of maintaining a magnetized structure for a significantly long time. Such equipment can be used in various fields. For example, it is used in the manufacture of over-ear headphones with wind generators, motor wheels and scooters.

Note! Magnets are actively used in industrial, household, and medical fields. They are also used to carry out search work with a metal detector. They can often be found in plumbing fixtures or souvenirs.

Specific examples include the use of magnets in the development of medical devices, magnetic treatment of water, the creation of oil and technological filters, and the formation of actuators with highly sensitive sensors. In addition, they are needed to produce clothes with covers and shoes, and to create advertising, information and navigation materials.

Scope of application of the material

Overall, neodymium is the most powerful permanent magnetic material that has high resistance to demagnetization, attractive power, and a metallic appearance. It has a long service life and consists of boron, iron and a metal of the lanthanide group.

Source: https://rusenergetics.ru/polezno-znat/neodimovykh-magnitakh

How magnets are made for different applications

There are many interesting substances in the world that surprise people with their unique properties and unusualness. And since ancient times, the best minds on the planet could not understand how individual stones and metals could attract or repel each other. Now science has stepped far forward, and free access to any information allows you to understand how magnets are made in a couple of minutes.

A little history

Things that are ordinary for a modern person can have a very complex history. And the magnet is no exception. The special field that is created by different materials caused not only delight, but also surprise among the sages of past eras. At the same time, people have encountered this phenomenon for a very long time. But the active development of the science of the magnetic field began relatively recently, and it was used for economic purposes literally a couple of decades ago.

There are a lot of historical facts that highlight the centuries-old history of a specific field with unique attractive or repulsive properties. The first reliable mention goes back to Ancient Greece, where the region of Magnesia once existed. It was in this geographical region that deposits of the substance that formed such a field were found. Soon the rock was called “stone from Magnisia”.

In addition to the real physical ability to attract iron objects, such stones were also endowed with mystical meaning. They were considered a gift from the gods, capable of scaring away evil spirits, healing fatal diseases and bringing good luck to the home. However, people soon managed to invent the first prototype of a compass, giving the object the shape of a needle that always points north.

A large number of references to the miracle field are present in Chinese chronicles. There, miraculous properties were attributed to the stones, and legends were also dedicated to them. For example, there is a legend about a mystical gate through which people with swords could not pass. Leading modern scientists are of the opinion that these gates were created from rock that attracts metal objects.

Natural and artificial origin

In medieval times and until the end of the 18th century, researchers actively studied the characteristics of rock with a magnetic field. In fact, then people did not know about the existence of other substances that generate this field.

But at the beginning of the 18th century, the famous scientist Arago, and soon Ampere and Seturgeon, managed to invent an object with a magnetic field of artificial origin. It was formed as a result of the supply of electric current, which was a real technological breakthrough.

Soon the technology began to be improved in every possible way, turning metal products into powerful variable magnets.

How stones are mined: features of the procedure and its regulation by law

Today magnets are classified into the following types:

1. Natural or natural.
2. Artificial.

Representatives of the first group are deposits of a special rock. The largest natural magnet ever found weighs 13 kilograms and guarantees an adhesive force of up to 40 kg.

As for artificial magnets, they are iron products that create a field when an electric current is applied to the stitching with the core. However, today there is a special type of magnets that is created by man using advanced technologies.

Main types

In addition, the listed types of magnets may differ in the principle of their operation. So, today the following types are distinguished:

1. Constant.
2. Temporary.
3. Electromagnet.

The first two varieties are characterized by different degrees of magnetization and time of retention of the field within themselves. Its intensity and resistance to external influences is determined by the composition of the material. The latter type does not belong to the group of true magnets, because it works due to the effect of electricity created by the magnetic field around the core.

Permanent and temporary magnets are created from different raw materials. in its quality :

1. Neodymium.
2. Bor.
3. Cobalt.
4. Alnico.
5. Iron.
6. Ferrites.

The materials are carefully crushed and then melted and kept in an oven at high temperatures until they acquire the desired properties. Depending on the type and required characteristics, the appropriate composition and proportions of components are set at the production stage.

Using this technology, the following types of magnets can be obtained:

1. Pressed.
2. Cast.
3. Sintered.

Production process

To create an electromagnet, you need to place a wire winding around a metal core. By changing the dimensions of the core and the length of the wire, you can change the intensity of the field, the amount of energy consumed, as well as the dimensions of the product.

Permanent and temporary magnets can have different field strengths and demonstrate different resistance to environmental influences. Before starting the manufacturing process, the customer needs to determine the composition and shape of the future product, taking into account the scope of application and the cost of services. The necessary components are selected with maximum precision, after which the first production stage begins - smelting.

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During smelting, a specialist immerses all components of the future object into an electric vacuum furnace. After checking the devices for operability, and the composition of the material for compliance with the proportions, the tank can be hermetically sealed.

Then, using powerful pumping equipment, air is pumped out of the chamber, which is necessary to prevent oxidation processes and possible loss of field power. The molten mixture is then poured into the mold, and the operator waits for it to cool completely.

In this way, a special briquette is created that has certain magnetic properties.

At the next stage, the resulting homogeneous mass is crushed using special crushers. Secondary crushing leads to the formation of a powdery consistency with dimensions of several microns. This requirement is necessary for the correct installation of magnetic fields.

Next, the powdery mass is placed in a special device, where it is exposed to mechanical pressure and a magnetic field. Thus, it is pressed into briquettes with the desired size and shape.

When a magnetic field is applied, the magnetized particles receive a one-way direction, which allows the polarity of the future magnet to be equalized. The finished product is packaged in a sealed bag, after which the air is pumped out of it.

Such measures are necessary to prevent oxidation processes and deprivation of magnetic properties.

Then the briquette ends up in a special oven, which is also pre-cleaned of air, and they begin to sinter into a single magnet using high-temperature effects. Ultimately, the product becomes very durable, and the intensity of the magnetic field increases.

Types of refrigerator magnets

There are different applications for magnets, but the most popular is the manufacture of refrigerator magnets. This accessory is in particular demand, because it allows you to increase the recognition of the company or serves as a souvenir from another city, country, or interesting place.

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Magnets available on the market come in a wide variety of shapes and materials. They are created on the basis of vinyl with magnetic properties, ceramic materials, glass, polymer blanks, plastic, gypsum, etc.

If we highlight the most famous varieties that are in demand among a wide audience of buyers, then they should be included .

1. Flat models. They are created on the basis of magnetic vinyl, on top of which there is a picture with or without a laminated coating. They are famous for their special softness, flexibility and resistance to any impact. This type is ideal for creating promotional products.
2. Sunsets. They have a beautiful design and look like an icon. They can have either a rectangular or rounded shape.
3. Resin. They are created on the basis of essential resins and are particularly attractive. Soft and hard magnets are sold on the market, which are an excellent addition to a successful business.

Do-it-yourself subtleties

Having understood the principle of the magnetic field and the basic technological processes for producing magnets, many enthusiasts may want to create such a product at home. Naturally, it will not be possible to create a super-strong magnet from improvised materials, but it is quite possible to make an interesting homemade product that retains the properties of attracting and repelling individual objects. And one such homemade product is a refrigerator magnet.

The simplest and most primitive way to make such accessories is to use magnetic vinyl. It can be purchased at the appropriate store, paying attention to the model with a thickness of 0.4 mm, as well as a glossy or matte finish for an inkjet printer. Next you need to apply a suitable picture to the source material by printing it on a printer. Despite its simplicity, the method has many disadvantages:

1. Buying magnetic vinyl is not a cheap pleasure. At the same time, the small thickness of the product significantly reduces the strength of attraction. Therefore, such magnets are suitable only for private use, because it is unlikely that anyone will want to buy them.
2. The quality of the final product is low, and the product itself cannot boast of a long service life. And the cause of such shortcomings may not be the vinyl magnet itself, but the presence of a color print from the printer.

The second production option involves printing photographs or graphic images on high-quality photo paper, followed by gluing a vinyl magnet with an adhesive base. The picture is additionally laminated and then fixed to a magnetic surface.

Both methods are simple enough to implement at home and do not require specific skills. All you may need for the upcoming work is:

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1. Personal computer or laptop with a pre-installed graphics editor. It is advisable to use Photoshop.
2. Inkjet printer that supports color printing functions.

   It is advisable to give preference to expensive models, since they work much faster and better.

3. Cutting device.

   Being a soft, rubber-like material, vinyl can be easily cut with regular scissors, but to ensure straight edges and proper cutting, it is better to invest in professional cutters.

Interesting Facts

Despite their physical properties, objects that create a magnetic field have always been considered something mysterious, as if from another planet. It’s no wonder why so many legends and interesting facts were born around them. The most popular historical references include:

1. History claims that Queen Cleopatra, considered the most beautiful woman of all time, owned magnetic jewelry in the belief that it could delay aging.
2. Most magnets are made from iron and steel, but the most powerful models are made from nickel alloys, copper, aluminum and cobalt.
3. When heated, an object loses its magnetic properties.
4. Household monitors and cathode ray tube televisions are equipped with an electromagnet to control electrons and send pictures to the screen.
5. It is difficult to imagine modern medicine without the use of different types of magnets. With their help, doctors effectively fight the most complex diseases.
6. Planet Earth is the largest magnet that causes compass needles to move in the desired direction.

In general, the characteristics of the magnetic field and the objects that create it are a truly fascinating topic. And despite the development of science and technology, many properties and facts about such substances are still poorly understood.

Source: https://rocca.ru/nauka-i-obrazovanie/kak-delayut-magnity

Permanent magnets, their description and principle of operation:

Along with pieces of amber electrified by friction, permanent magnets were for ancient people the first material evidence of electromagnetic phenomena (lightning at the dawn of history was definitely attributed to the sphere of manifestation of immaterial forces).

Explaining the nature of ferromagnetism has always occupied the inquisitive minds of scientists, however, even now the physical nature of the permanent magnetization of some substances, both natural and artificially created, has not yet been fully revealed, leaving a considerable field of activity for modern and future researchers.

Traditional materials for permanent magnets

They have been actively used in industry since 1940 with the advent of alnico alloy (AlNiCo). Previously, permanent magnets made of various types of steel were used only in compasses and magnetos. Alnico made it possible to replace electromagnets with them and use them in devices such as motors, generators and loudspeakers.

This penetration into our daily lives received a new impetus with the creation of ferrite magnets, and since then permanent magnets have become commonplace.

The revolution in magnetic materials began around 1970, with the creation of the samarium-cobalt family of hard magnetic materials with previously unheard-of magnetic energy densities.

Then a new generation of rare earth magnets was discovered, based on neodymium, iron and boron, with a much higher magnetic energy density than samarium cobalt (SmCo) and at an expectedly low cost.

These two families of rare earth magnets have such high energy densities that they can not only replace electromagnets, but be used in areas that are inaccessible to them. Examples include the tiny permanent magnet stepper motor in wristwatches and the sound transducers in Walkman-type headphones.

The gradual improvement in the magnetic properties of materials is shown in the diagram below.

Neodymium permanent magnets

They represent the latest and most significant development in this field over the past decades. Their discovery was first announced almost simultaneously at the end of 1983 by metal specialists from Sumitomo and General Motors. They are based on the intermetallic compound NdFeB: an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron. Of these, neodymium is a rare earth element extracted from the mineral monazite.

The enormous interest that these permanent magnets have generated arises because for the first time a new magnetic material has been produced that is not only stronger than the previous generation, but is more economical.

It consists mainly of iron, which is much cheaper than cobalt, and neodymium, which is one of the most common rare earth materials and has more reserves on Earth than lead.

The major rare earth minerals monazite and bastanesite contain five to ten times more neodymium than samarium.

Physical mechanism of permanent magnetization

To explain the functioning of a permanent magnet, we must look inside it down to the atomic scale. Each atom has a set of spins of its electrons, which together form its magnetic moment.

For our purposes, we can consider each atom as a small bar magnet. When a permanent magnet is demagnetized (either by heating it to a high temperature or by an external magnetic field), each atomic moment is oriented randomly (see Fig.

below) and no regularity is observed.

When it is magnetized in a strong magnetic field, all atomic moments are oriented in the direction of the field and, as it were, interlocked with each other (see figure below). This coupling allows the permanent magnet field to be maintained when the external field is removed, and also resists demagnetization when its direction is changed. A measure of the cohesive force of atomic moments is the magnitude of the coercive force of the magnet. More on this later.

In a more in-depth presentation of the magnetization mechanism, one does not operate with the concepts of atomic moments, but uses ideas about miniature (of the order of 0.001 cm) regions inside the magnet, which initially have permanent magnetization, but are randomly oriented in the absence of an external field, so that a strict reader, if desired, can attribute the above physical The mechanism is not related to the magnet as a whole. but to its separate domain.

Induction and magnetization

The atomic moments are summed up and form the magnetic moment of the entire permanent magnet, and its magnetization M shows the magnitude of this moment per unit volume. Magnetic induction B shows that a permanent magnet is the result of an external magnetic force (field strength) H applied during primary magnetization, as well as an internal magnetization M due to the orientation of atomic (or domain) moments. Its value in the general case is given by the formula:

B = µ0 (H + M),

where µ0 is a constant.

In a permanent ring and homogeneous magnet, the field strength H inside it (in the absence of an external field) is equal to zero, since, according to the law of total current, the integral of it along any circle inside such a ring core is equal to:

H∙2πR = iw=0, whence H=0.

Therefore, the magnetization in a ring magnet is:

M = B/µ0.

In an open magnet, for example, in the same ring magnet, but with an air gap of width lzaz in a core of length lser, in the absence of an external field and the same induction B inside the core and in the gap, according to the law of total current, we obtain:

Hser l ser + (1/ µ0)Blzaz = iw=0.

Since B = µ0(Hser + Mser), then, substituting its expression into the previous one, we get:

Hser(l ser + lzaz) + Mser lzaz=0,

or

Hser = ─ Mser lzaz(l ser + lzaz).

In the air gap:

Hzaz = B/µ0,

wherein B is determined by the given Mser and the found Hser.

Magnetization curve

Starting from the unmagnetized state, when H increases from zero, due to the orientation of all atomic moments in the direction of the external field, M and B quickly increase, changing along section “a” of the main magnetization curve (see figure below).

When all atomic moments are equalized, M comes to its saturation value, and a further increase in B occurs solely due to the applied field (section b of the main curve in the figure below).

When the external field decreases to zero, the induction B decreases not along the original path, but along section “c” due to the coupling of atomic moments, tending to maintain them in the same direction. The magnetization curve begins to describe the so-called hysteresis loop.

When H (external field) approaches zero, the induction approaches a residual value determined only by atomic moments:

Br = μ0 (0 + Mg).

After the direction of H changes, H and M act in opposite directions and B decreases (part of the curve “d” in the figure). The value of the field at which B decreases to zero is called the coercive force of the BHC magnet.

When the magnitude of the applied field is large enough to break the cohesion of the atomic moments, they are oriented in the new direction of the field, and the direction of M is reversed. The field value at which this occurs is called the internal coercive force of the permanent magnet MHC.

So, there are two different but related coercive forces associated with a permanent magnet.

The figure below shows the basic demagnetization curves of various materials for permanent magnets. It shows that NdFeB magnets have the highest residual induction Br and coercive force (both total and internal, i.e., determined without taking into account the strength H, only by the magnetization M).

Surface (ampere) currents

The magnetic fields of permanent magnets can be considered as the fields of some associated currents flowing along their surfaces. These currents are called Ampere currents. In the usual sense of the word, there are no currents inside permanent magnets.

However, comparing the magnetic fields of permanent magnets and the fields of currents in coils, the French physicist Ampere suggested that the magnetization of a substance can be explained by the flow of microscopic currents, forming microscopic closed circuits.

And indeed, the analogy between the field of a solenoid and a long cylindrical magnet is almost complete: there is a north and south pole of a permanent magnet and the same poles of the solenoid, and the patterns of force lines of their fields are also very similar (see figure below).

Are there currents inside a magnet?

Let's imagine that the entire volume of a bar permanent magnet (with an arbitrary cross-sectional shape) is filled with microscopic Ampere currents. A cross section of a magnet with such currents is shown in the figure below. Each of them has a magnetic moment. With the same orientation in the direction of the external field, they form a resulting magnetic moment that is different from zero.

It determines the existence of a magnetic field in the apparent absence of ordered movement of charges, in the absence of current through any cross section of the magnet. It is also easy to understand that inside it, the currents of adjacent (contacting) circuits are compensated. Only the currents on the surface of the body, which form the surface current of a permanent magnet, are uncompensated.

Its density turns out to be equal to the magnetization M.

How to get rid of moving contacts

The problem of creating a contactless synchronous machine is known. Its traditional design with electromagnetic excitation from the poles of a rotor with coils involves supplying current to them through movable contacts - slip rings with brushes.

The disadvantages of such a technical solution are well known: they are difficulties in maintenance, low reliability, and large losses in moving contacts, especially when it comes to powerful turbo and hydrogen generators, the excitation circuits of which consume considerable electrical power.

If you make such a generator using permanent magnets, then the contact problem immediately goes away. However, there is a problem of reliable fastening of magnets on a rotating rotor. This is where the experience gained in tractor manufacturing can come in handy. They have long been using an inductor generator with permanent magnets located in rotor slots filled with a low-melting alloy.

Permanent magnet motor

In recent decades, DC motors have become widespread. Such a unit consists of the electric motor itself and an electronic commutator for its armature winding, which performs the functions of a collector.

The electric motor is a synchronous motor with permanent magnets located on the rotor, as in Fig. above, with a stationary armature winding on the stator.

Electronic switch circuitry is an inverter of direct voltage (or current) of the supply network.

The main advantage of such a motor is its non-contact nature. Its specific element is a photo-, induction or Hall rotor position sensor that controls the operation of the inverter.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/203617/new_postoyannyie-magnityi-ih-opisanie-i-printsip-deystviya

How are magnets made?

How are magnets made?

The unique properties of some substances have always surprised people with their unusualness. Particular attention was drawn to the ability of some metals and stones to repel or attract each other. Throughout all eras, this has aroused the interest of sages and the great surprise of ordinary people.

Starting from the 12th – 13th centuries, it began to be actively used in the production of compasses and other innovative inventions. Today you can see the prevalence and variety of magnets in all areas of our lives. Every time we come across another product made from a magnet, we often ask the question: “So how are magnets made?”

Types of magnets

There are several types of magnets:

• Constant;
• Temporary;
• Electromagnet;

The difference between the first two magnets lies in their degree of magnetization and the time they hold the field inside themselves. Depending on the composition, the magnetic field will be weaker or stronger and more resistant to external fields. An electromagnet is not a true magnet, it is just the effect of electricity that creates a magnetic field around a metal core.

Interesting fact : for the first time, research on this substance was carried out by our domestic scientist Peter Peregrin. In 1269, he published the “Book of the Magnet,” which described the unique properties of matter and its interaction with the outside world.

Neodymium

Iron, neodymium, boron, cobalt, samarium, alnico and ferrites are used to produce permanent and temporary magnets. They are crushed in several stages and together melted, baked or pressed to obtain a permanent or temporary magnetic field. Depending on the type of magnets and the required characteristics, the composition and proportions of the components change.

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This production makes it possible to obtain three types of magnets:

• Pressed;
• Cast;
• Sintered;

Making magnets

Electromagnet working principle

Electromagnets are made by winding wire around a metal core. By changing the dimensions of the core and the length of the wire, the power of the field, the amount of electricity consumed and the dimensions of the device change.

Component Selection

Permanent and temporary magnets are produced with different field strengths and resistance to environmental influences. Before production begins, the customer determines the composition and shape of future products depending on the place of application and the high cost of production. All components are selected to the nearest gram and sent to the first stage of production.

Smelting

Electric vacuum furnace

The operator loads all the components of the future magnet into an electric vacuum furnace. After checking the equipment and matching the amount of material, the furnace is closed.

Using a pump, all air is pumped out of the chamber and the melting process is started. Air is removed from the chamber in order to prevent oxidation of iron and possible loss of field power.

The molten mixture is poured into the mold on its own, and the operator waits for it to cool completely. The result is a briquette that already has magnetic properties.

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Grinding

The homogeneous alloy is crushed in special crushers in two stages. As a result of the primary crushing of the briquette, large particles the size of fine crushed stone are obtained. After secondary crushing, a powder with a particle size of several microns is formed. This is necessary in order to correctly set the magnetic fields at the next stage.

Pressing

The powder is loaded into a special apparatus, where, under the influence of a magnetic field and mechanical pressure, it is pressed into briquettes of the required sizes and shapes. When exposed to a magnetic field, the magnetized particles inside the powder are directed in one direction. As a result, the polarity of the future magnet is equalized. The finished briquettes are packed in sealed bags and the air is pumped out from the inside. This is necessary to prevent metal oxidation and loss of magnetic properties.

Sintering

The briquette is placed in a special oven, from which air is removed and all components are sintered into a single magnet under the influence of high temperature. The product gains high strength and increases the power of magnetic fields.

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Completion of production

Ready-made magnets

Magnets can be additionally cut, ground and coated with a protective layer. Finished products undergo quality control, are packaged and sent to the customer.

Interesting fact : the first mine for the production of magnetic ore was built on the magnesia hills in Asia Minor. Many tons of ore were mined from its depths, which were used to produce compasses and other unique tools.

The technology for producing magnets consists of mixing several components and obtaining a product that emits a magnetic field. Depending on the composition and proportions, in each individual case the process will be slightly different. Finished products will be used in various areas of our lives, from large electric motors to souvenirs for the refrigerator.

Source: https://kipmu.ru/kak-delayut-magnity/

Neodymium magnet. History of invention. Where are they used?

The strongest and most powerful permanent magnet currently available for sale is the neodymium magnet. Such magnets have the chemical formula Nd2Fe14B, and have an exceptional magnetic energy density reaching 512 kJ/m3.

If previously samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets were considered the most powerful commercially available, then, starting in 1986, they were gradually replaced by neodymium magnets, which were much more economical in production costs, although with a lower Curie temperature.

With the development of the electronics industry, from the 90s to the present, neodymium magnets have gained great popularity everywhere, and many are still surprised by their remarkable properties, because such a magnet can lift a load thousands of times greater than the weight of the magnet itself.

   Neodymium magnet

It all started when in 1982 the Japanese company Sumitomo Special Metals, working together with the American General Motors on the problem of finding an alternative to expensive samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets, found a neodymium-iron-boron compound, which was patented by General Motors in 1985 In 1986, the Magnequench company was opened, specializing in the production of neodymium magnets and selling raw materials for their manufacture.

Magnequench later became part of Molycorp, USA, and Sumitomo became part of Hitachi Corporation, Japan, and Hitachi now holds more than 600 patents related to the production of neodymium magnets by sintering and licenses numerous facilities around the world.

In the end, China became the leader in the production of neodymium magnets, because this country controls a huge share of the world's rare earth ores.

China produces 50,000 tons of neodymium magnets every year. Meanwhile, one ton of the original ore contains about 700 kg of iron, and neodymium - a maximum of 450 grams.

   Neodymium

For the manufacture of neodymium magnets, powder technology is used, which makes it possible to produce three types of magnets: pressed magnets, cast magnets, and sintered magnets.

Before making magnets, magnetic material is smelted; for this, the initial elements (iron, neodymium, boron) are fused in an induction furnace, then the resulting alloy is crushed, obtaining powder for further stages of the technological process, for working with the powder.

   Characteristics of magnets

Depending on the microstructure of the starting elements, the magnetic properties of the final product may vary to some extent. Often the Nd2Fe14B compound is used directly. It is its structure that gives the maximum magnetocrystalline, uniaxial anisotropy. But more complex chemical reactions are also possible.

Sintered magnetoplasts

They are obtained by pressing neodymium-iron-boron powder, sintering it in an inert or vacuum environment, and then grinding it on a machine until the desired shape is obtained. During the pressing of the powder, it is acted upon by a magnetic field of the required intensity and direction, which sets the magnetization.

Cast magnets

They are obtained using polymers that are mixed with neodymium-iron-boron powder and then extruded into a mold, and here it is possible to obtain any shape, however, the energy of the product is limited to 5 MGE.

Pressed magnetoplasts

They are obtained as follows: the original neodymium-iron-boron powder is mixed with a polymer, then pressed into a shape, heated and magnetized. No additional processing is required, and the energy of pressed magnetoplasts is limited to 10 MGse.

Distinctive properties and technical characteristics

So, neodymium magnets have the following distinctive properties:

• Over 10 years, only 1% of magnetization is lost
• Any sizes and shapes available
• Low Curie temperature (see table above)
• High corrosion resistance
• Maximum remanence
• Maximum coercivity
• Maximum specific magnetic energy

Neodymium magnets are marked as follows, these are the so-called classes of neodymium magnets:

• N35-N52
• 33M-48M
• 30H-45H
• 30SH-42SH
• 30UH-35UH
• 28EH-35EH

Here the number denotes the magnetic energy expressed in MGse (MegaGauss-Oersted), and the letter (brand) is the permissible temperature range:

• N (Normal) – up to 80 degrees Celsius
• M (Medium) – up to 100 degrees Celsius
• H (High) – up to 120 degrees Celsius
• SH (Super High) – up to 150 degrees Celsius
• UH (Ultra High) – up to 180 degrees Celsius
• EH (Extra High) – up to 200 degrees Celsius

Usually, the seller is always ready to provide comprehensive information about the technical characteristics of the neodymium magnets he offers.

Scope of application of neodymium magnets

Neodymium magnets have almost completely replaced ferrite magnets in many applications, including industrial applications, as they are much stronger while being more compact.

Thus, neodymium magnets have found the following applications:

• in computer hard disk drives
• as part of erasing heads of inexpensive equipment
• in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• in magnetic guitar pickups
• in electronic cigarettes
• in door locks
• in loudspeakers and headphones
• in magnetic bearings
• in NMR spectrometers
• in electric motors
• in cordless tools
• in servomotors
• in lifting and compressor engines
• in stepper motors
• in electric power steering
• on hybrid and electric vehicles
• in generators and turbines (direct drive turbines require 600 kg of magnets per megawatt of power, and 31% of this mass is neodymium)

   Neodymium magnet toy

In addition, neodymium magnets with their unique magnetic properties have inspired the creators of toys and jewelry. Everyone knows the neocube magnetic kits and others; various construction sets, various decorative fasteners, etc.

Thus, neodymium magnets are capable of not only solving complex production problems, but also simple, convenient solutions.

Recently, powerful magnets have been actively promoted for use in illegal activities. The advertisement encourages you to buy magnets with which you can use electricity, heat and gas without accounting for the consumed resources with the corresponding meters. Unaccounted use of such resources is illegal, according to the Code of Administrative Offences.

See also on the topic:

   Magnetic motor with permanent magnets. Minato engine.

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Source: https://powercoup.by/kak-eto-ustroeno/neodimovyiy-magnit

How to magnetize metal at home

Judging by numerous reviews, when starting to carry out any work, home craftsmen often encounter one problem - magnetization of tools. According to experts, this property of the metal in some cases significantly helps in work, since the tools become better. For example, using a magnetized screwdriver it is much easier to tighten screws in the most difficult to reach places.

But many are also interested in the other side of the issue. How to demagnetize magnetized metal? This interest is due to the fact that in some cases magnetization is undesirable.

You will find information on how to demagnetize metal at home in this article.

What is the cause of magnetization?

Before you become interested in how to demagnetize metal, you should understand the nature of this phenomenon. According to experts, magnetization is carried out by paramagnets, diamagnets and ferromagnets.

Products based on alloys of iron, nickel and cobalt have their own magnetic field, which is higher than the external one. Tools become magnetized if they are used near electric motors or other emitters.

As a result, they will take away some of the magnetic properties.

About the use of magnetized tools

According to experts, some instruments are deliberately magnetized. These are mainly screwdrivers that are used when repairing mobile phones, computers and various household appliances. Such screwdrivers will become indispensable in situations where you need to tighten a screw, but there is no way to support it with your hands.

It is better not to subject watch instruments to the magnetization procedure, since this can stop their working mechanisms. It is not advisable to work with a magnetized drill or cutter, since small metal particles sticking to the working part of the tool will cause a lot of trouble for the master. Read on to learn how to demagnetize metal.

About the special device

Magnetometers are available especially for this purpose, through which a tool can be both given a magnetic charge and removed. For those who do not know how to demagnetize metal, experts recommend doing the following:

• First you need to determine what voltage the magnetic field is at. This is a very important aspect, since a mistake can lead to the opposite result.
• You also need to measure the voltage on the magnet. It must have the opposite sign.

After these steps, you should touch the magnetometer area to the instrument, as a result of which the latter will be demagnetized.

How to check?

According to experts, the entire work will take no more than 10 seconds. To check the functionality, the magnetized metal must be brought to the screw. This way the master will see at what level of magnetization the tool is. If the result is unsatisfactory, the procedure should be repeated and then checked again.

How to demagnetize metal using an electric motor?

First, the home craftsman should acquire a low-power asynchronous unit. In this case, the magnetization will be reduced by an alternating decaying magnetic field. Before you begin, you need to remove the rotor from the electric motor.

If you need to remove magnetization from tweezers or a drill, then you just need to insert these products into the stator for half a minute. If the stator windings are disconnected from the power supply, the rotation of the magnetic floor will begin to gradually fade away.

According to experts, the remaining magnetization of the tool will be so small that small metal shavings will no longer be able to stick to them.

Alternative option

Judging by numerous reviews, not everyone has the opportunity to get a low-power asynchronous electric motor.

Experts advise such craftsmen who do not know how to demagnetize metal at home to use a step-down transformer field. There must be an air gap inside its core.

You need to insert a magnetized tool into it for half a minute. It happens that the procedure does not produce results. In this case, it should be repeated.

Using a magnet

Often beginners are interested in how to demagnetize metal with a magnet. It is not difficult to cope with this work. The master should acquire an ordinary, but fairly large magnet, preferably round in shape. Similar products are available in speakers. Next, a drill, tweezers or scissors are passed over the surface of the magnet. It can also be any other metal instrument. The distance from the product to the magnet should be minimal.

About working with large batches of parts

There are times when it is necessary to remove magnetization from many metal products. This is possible through the desired temperature.

How to demagnetize metal by heating? According to experts, this will require heating the products to a certain state, which is also called the Curie point. Iron is heated to a temperature of 768 degrees. A ferromagnet will require a higher range.

Upon reaching the desired temperature threshold, spontaneous magnetized domains are formed.

The process goes as follows. First, one part is brought to the Curie point. Next you should cool it. It is important that it is not affected by external magnetic fields (the only exception is the Earth’s magnetic field).

Next, using a sensitive induction meter, the maximum magnetization is assessed. Next, in the control zone at a distance of no more than 2 cm from the part, the range of different values ​​​​obtained by the MF-23 or MF-23M indicator is measured.

Magnetic induction should be +/- 2 mT.

About a homemade device for demagnetization

Judging by numerous reviews, tunnel devices can be used for this purpose. The design of such a device includes a coil connected to the mains. There is a hole inside the coil where the workpiece should be inserted. Demagnetization can be successfully performed using a homemade electromagnet. It is not difficult to make it from some materials and available tools.

The operating principle is to control the current. Magnetization is carried out by constant voltage, and by alternating voltage - the opposite effect. The reels are made from old TVs. It is enough to disassemble it and remove the demagnetization loop in the kinescope. Then it is folded at least twice. It all depends on what diameter the home craftsman needs.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/kak-namagnitit-metall-v-domashnih-usloviyah/

Your own business: making refrigerator magnets. Technology and list of equipment for the production of magnets:

The refrigerator is a rather convenient thing, used not only for its intended purpose, but also as a reminder of very important matters. You just have to write on a small piece of paper what needs to be done in the near future and attach it to the device using simple magnets.

As soon as the appetite is worked up, a piece of paper with a reminder will involuntarily come into view. In this review, we decided to look in more detail at how refrigerator magnets are made. This business idea can become successful for entrepreneurs.

What is the reason for the popularity of magnets?

Perhaps this idea played a significant role in the appearance of decorative souvenirs. This happened back in 1971. Over the entire period of its existence, this product has undergone a fairly large number of changes.

From factory conveyors, their production abruptly turned into small businesses with a fairly small initial contribution.

And if earlier the production of magnets primarily required a press and an enameling device, then in the modern world it is quite easy to make a decorative product for a refrigerator with a computer and a printer at hand.

But it cannot be said that due to this transition the need for souvenirs has decreased, and the production of refrigerator magnets has become less promising. The thing is that the symbols of the era are constantly changing. This entails a demand for certain products in which new symbolic images will be embodied. Accordingly, old products will be thrown away or hidden, and new ones will take their place on the refrigerator door.

Magnet production technologies are constantly being simplified

The time when refrigerator magnets were made using magnetized metal is long gone. Modern equipment has made it possible to apply a very thin layer of ferromagnetic materials to almost any polymer product.

They are capable of maintaining magnetic induction for a fairly long period of time. The backing is usually vinyl. A special coating is applied to another part of this material, onto which a specific image is subsequently glued.

Vinyl is not an expensive material

Based on everything described above, we can say: there is nothing strange in the fact that over time, making refrigerator magnets has become possible at home.

Vinyl for making magnets is a material that is magnetized rubber of various thicknesses. It can be produced not only in rolls, but also in sheets. The cost of one roll reaches 4.3 thousand rubles.

According to many experts, vinyl is an ideal material used for making a variety of magnetic calendars, leaflets, souvenirs and notebooks.

Finding a customer will be easy

Manufacturing magnets as a business has certain requirements. First of all, they relate to the sale of products. But finding customers who can purchase a wholesale batch of magnets is not very difficult. The entire complexity of this process lies in the need to predict this or that corporate event.

Magnets have always been popular at various exhibitions, as they are capable of carrying a certain logo. But even if there is no customer for a wholesale batch, you can always produce single products.

What is needed to produce a magnet?

In order to organize a business, you do not need any specialized equipment for making magnets. You just need a computer. As for software, you need to purchase and install any graphic editor. You will also need an inkjet printer, die cutter and batch laminator. The procedure for manufacturing magnetic products takes place in six steps.

1. You will need to print an image on transparent plastic with hot-melt adhesive, having first mirrored it in the editor.
2. The transparent plastic on which the design is applied must be separated from the substrate and turned over.
3. The resulting material must be passed through a laminator.
4. The backing that protects the adhesive layer should be separated from the sheet.
5. The sheet with the design printed on it will need to be glued onto vinyl.
6. The resulting products must be cut down.

There is nothing complicated in the manufacturing procedure. The images can be absolutely anything. You just have to take into account the fact that instead of paper you need to use a transparent material - plastic.

Based on all of the above, it can be noted that the entire procedure will not require too much free time. But at the same time, you can get magnets with any picture and various shapes. The thickness of such products can reach only one and a half millimeters, but the magnets will be quite strong.

High business profitability

An entrepreneurial idea, the essence of which is the production of magnets, has a profitability of 100 percent. And this is even taking into account the minimum prices that will be set for products. You can make about 8 magnets on one A4 sheet. The cost of such souvenirs will vary from 50 to 100 rubles. The cost of the manufactured magnet will not exceed 40 rubles.

Setting up a magnet manufacturing business is not too difficult. The entrepreneur will not be required to purchase too expensive equipment and invest too much money at the initial stage. Even with the help of a simple computer and printer in modern conditions, you can print a high-quality drawing.

Absence of any competition

It is also worth noting that this entrepreneurial idea will be successful because there is no competition in this field of activity. The market is not saturated with souvenirs of this kind, and in some cities an entrepreneur is even capable of becoming a monopolist. The not very high cost of all products will allow you to make a profit that will significantly exceed all initial costs. That is why this business is considered highly profitable.

To summarize all of the above, it can be noted that for the first time the entrepreneur will need approximately 50 thousand rubles. But this entire amount will be fully paid off in two months, or even earlier.

What is special about acrylic magnets?

Every day you can increasingly see acrylic magnets on many people's refrigerators. They are quite beautiful and original. Therefore, their popularity is understandable. In addition, making acrylic magnets is not too difficult. They consist of only two parts:

1. A body that serves as a blank. The material used is transparent plastic – acrylic.
2. Printing insert.

When creating a magnet, the image is simply inserted into a previously made housing and snaps into place. With the help of prefabricated housings already available, the production of acrylic magnets occurs at a rapid pace.

Production of sunset magnets

The main difference that sunset magnets have is the iron base. The manufacturing technology for magnets of this sample is as follows:

1. Purchase of a specialized machine. It is a not very large press with which you can roll the edges of iron blanks.
2. Printing elements must be available - images, bases, magnetic vinyl and inner insert.

Making sunset magnets also has its downsides. The disadvantages include the high cost and the not very wide range of types and shapes of the magnets that were manufactured.

Positive features include the ability to produce fairly large quantities of goods in a very short period of time and the ease of organizing a business idea. In addition, using the machine you can make not only magnets, but also badges.

The difficulty of making permanent magnets

The manufacturing technology of permanent magnets is very complex. Therefore, it will be difficult to make them at home. For their production, you should use the following materials:

1. Barium and strontium hard magnetic ferrites.
2. NdFeB magnets.
3. Rare earth magnets.
4. Alnico magnets.
5. Polymer permanent magnets.

Advertising activity

In order to attract potential customers and interest them in your products, it is best to create a business card website. In addition, advertisements can be placed on other portals of similar topics. Advertising activities on a large scale are not advisable, since the company will be engaged in wholesale sales. You can also advertise your activities through supermarkets, selling some of the magnets with their help.

Selling magnets can bring quite high profits. Therefore, it makes sense to try hard to ensure that your income is very high.

Source: https://BusinessMan.ru/new-svoj-biznes-izgotovlenie-magnitov-na-xolodilnik.html

Why do magnets demagnetize - Metals and their processing

Employees of the site p-magnit.ru are sometimes asked about how to make a neodymium magnet with your own hands. Let's try to figure out how possible this is, and what the process of producing such products is all about.

So, the devices we sell consist of an alloy that is 70% iron and almost 30% boron. Only a fraction of a percent in its composition is made up of the rare earth metal neodymium, natural deposits of which are extremely rare in nature. Most of them are in China; they are found in only a few other countries, including Russia.

Before making neodymium magnets, manufacturers create molds for them from sand. Then the tray with the molds is doused with gas and subjected to heat treatment, due to which the sand hardens and retains the future outlines of the metal workpiece on its surface. Hot metal will later be placed in these forms, from which, in fact, the necessary products will be obtained.

Now let's directly look at how a neodymium magnet is made. Unlike ferromagnetic products, the metal here is not melted, but sintered from a powder mixture placed in an inert or vacuum environment.

Then the resulting magnetoplast is pressed while simultaneously exposing it to an electromagnetic field of a certain intensity. As you can see, even at the initial stage of production, it is noticeable that the question of how to make neodymium magnets at home sounds inappropriate.

The operations and equipment used are too complex. Creating such conditions at home is hardly possible.

After the workpieces are removed from the molds, they are subjected to mechanical processing - they are carefully polished, then they are fired to improve the coercive force of the products.

Finally, we come to the last steps, which will help to finally answer the question of how neodymium magnets are made. The sintered NdFeB alloy is again machine-finished using a special tool. During operation, a cooling lubricant is used to prevent overheating or ignition of the powder.

A protective coating is applied to the magnets. This is due, firstly, to the fact that sintered metals are quite fragile and need to be strengthened, and, secondly, the metal will be protected from corrosion processes and other environmental influences.

So manufacturers worry in advance about how to make a neodymium magnet stronger and more durable. The coating can be copper, nickel, zinc. In the last phase of the production process, magnetization is applied through a strong magnetic field.

Then they are sent to the warehouse, and from there to customers.

So, after we examined the production process in more or less detail, it became clear that we probably shouldn’t seriously ask the question “how to make a neodymium magnet at home.” After all, this requires not only certain knowledge, but many complex units.

How to completely demagnetize a neodymium magnet

Neodymium magnets are very popular in modern industry and in solving a number of everyday problems. If the buyer (for example) chose strong magnets for delivery in St. Petersburg, but violated the storage or transportation conditions, as a result of which they stuck together, it may be necessary to carry out a demagnetization procedure. The same action may be necessary in other cases when it is necessary for the product to lose its qualities.

The process can be carried out in various ways, including using factory equipment, and it is necessary to decide how to demagnetize a neodymium magnet taking into account your capabilities.

Methods for demagnetizing a magnet

Loss of the ability to attract metal objects can occur both naturally and during a number of actions. Subject to the rules of operation and storage, the qualities of neodymium elements are maintained for 100 years or more, and ferrite analogues continue to attract metal for 8-10 years. Degaussing neodymiums naturally is not practical if the procedure is to be performed on a new item.

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Product heating

This method is used both in industrial and domestic conditions: if the magnet is made of a standard alloy of neodymium with boron and iron, it will lose its properties when placed in water boiling at 80 degrees Celsius or in case of contact with a surface heated to the specified temperature.

If we are talking about a product with increased resistance to thermal shocks, it is unlikely that it will be possible to perform the procedure at home: the demagnetization temperature of neodymium magnets with such properties is 200 degrees Celsius.

To carry out the procedure in such cases, special industrial equipment is used.

Mechanical Actions

Neodymium can lose its qualities as a result of a strong directed impact, for example, an impact: this material has a powder structure that is destroyed when dropped from a height or when exposed to impact equipment. In addition, demagnetization can occur accidentally during the process of drilling or cutting a magnet: this is due to excessive mechanical pressure or an increase in the temperature of the product without forced cooling.

Treatment with external magnetic influence

Most often, if it is possible to use industrial equipment of increased power, another magnet is used, which allows the formation of a field with an induction force of about 4 Tesla. A neodymium magnet is demagnetized in a matter of seconds, so this method, despite its technological complexity, is characterized by the fastest possible result.

How to magnetize demagnetized neodymium

If the demagnetization of an element occurs accidentally, and it is necessary to return the product to its properties, it is impossible to do this at home. Restoring a neodymium magnet requires the use of a product that can create a very powerful field, and this requires the use of professional equipment used to create such items.

Usually, if you need to return the magnetization properties for a specific element, you contact a factory that specializes in the production of such products.

Is there anything I can do to make the magnet stronger?

If neodymium used for household purposes has become demagnetized, often a more appropriate solution would be to purchase a new element. The cost of magnetization work varies depending on the required properties and pricing policy of a particular production.

Application of neodymium magnet

These products are available in various shapes and sizes and are used for the following tasks:

• Creating a clamping effect, fixing metal elements to each other. Using neodymium magnets, you can attach an antenna, license plate, plate, other metal part, device or entire mechanism.
• Filtration of oil systems in cars and other equipment: neodymium magnets allow you to easily and quickly remove metal shavings.
• Creation of magnetic locks and fasteners used in industrial sectors and household purposes.
• Search work related to the search for metal objects (search for treasures, historical values, weapons, mine clearance work, etc.).
• Restoring other magnetic elements: using a neodymium element, you can create a magnetic field that will return the product to its ability to attract metal.
• Deleting information recorded on floppy disks, disks, flash drives and other electronic media for security purposes.
• Creation of devices for universal use (hangers, stirring devices, compasses, etc.).
• Construction of current generators that can be used as experimental models or devices suitable for domestic use.
• Making jewelry: Neodymium can come in different shapes and sizes, and beads made from this material are often given a chrome finish and can be painted in different colors.
• Treatment of water using magnetic influence, as a result of which the formation of scale is reduced, and the liquid itself acquires an improved taste and smell.
• Fuel conditioning, which allows you to reduce fuel consumption for cars and motorcycles.
• Sorting small metal items that need to be removed from a variety of non-metal items.

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Conclusion

Neodymium magnets are products that are widely used in commercial, industrial and household applications, they are characterized by high load capacity, excellent attractive properties and durability.

Before demagnetizing neodymium magnets, it is important to make sure that you have the necessary equipment: this requires either an industrial installation or a device for heating to at least 80 degrees.

Magnetizing products that have lost their quality is rarely advisable, but if necessary, you can order the procedure by contacting the manufacturer.

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Source: https://magnetline.ru/metally-i-splavy/pochemu-magnity-razmagnichivayutsya.html

Making a magnet at home

Man first became acquainted with magnets in ancient times. However, very quickly this natural stone ceased to satisfy people's needs. It was then that the technology for making magnets was developed. Of course, a lot of time has passed since then.

Technology has changed significantly, and now it is possible to make a magnet at home. You don't need any special skills or knowledge to do this. It is enough to have all the necessary materials and tools at hand.

So, making a magnet looks like this.

Soft magnetic materials

All materials capable of magnetization can be divided into soft magnetic and hard magnetic. There is a significant difference between them. Thus, soft magnetic materials do not retain magnetic properties for long.

You can conduct an experiment: run iron bars over a strong magnet several times. As a result, the material will acquire the properties of attracting other metal objects. However, the manufacture of a magnet that constantly possesses these abilities is impossible in this case.

Hard magnetic materials

Such materials are obtained by magnetizing an ordinary piece of iron. In this case, the properties are preserved much longer. However, they completely disappear when the object hits a sufficiently hard surface. Also, the magnetic properties are destroyed if the material is heated to 60 degrees.

Making magnets with your own hands will not take much time and will not require any special expenses. For this you need:

• screwdriver;
• oiled paper;
• fuse;
• switch;
• copper wire;
• the strongest permanent magnet.

Method one

This method is considered the simplest. It is enough to hold a magnetized object several times in one direction against a permanent strong magnet. That's all.

However, it should be taken into account that magnets made using this method do not hold a magnetic field for long and very quickly lose their properties. Such products are suitable only for simple manipulations.

For example, such a magnet can help remove a needle that has fallen out of a crack or tighten bolts, but nothing more. Therefore, this method should not be seriously considered.

Method two

The production of permanent magnets can be carried out in another way. This requires a battery. With its help you can magnetize any suitable material. This is done quite simply and does not require special tools. An electromagnet gives a metal object magnetic properties.

Let's look at an example with a screwdriver. To begin with, the tool should be wrapped in an insulator, and then wound about 300 turns of wire. It is better to use the one that is used for the manufacture of transformers. After this, the wire must be connected to a battery or battery, preferably 5-12 volts. As a result of such manipulations, the electromagnetic field will magnetize the screwdriver.

Method three

Making a magnet may seem like a daunting task. Since the above methods do not guarantee that the properties will be maintained for a long time. A stronger magnet can be created using an inductor coil.

The metal blank must be small, since it will need to be placed inside the coil. After this, you should follow exactly the same procedure as indicated in the previous method. The only difference is that you need to make twice as many turns of wire, that is, 600.

Only in this case can a good magnet be obtained.

Method four

The manufacture of a magnet in this case involves the use of current from the electrical network. This method is quite dangerous, so all manipulations should be performed carefully and carefully. We will need a fuse, without which nothing will work. It must be connected in series with an inductor coil, inside of which there is a metal workpiece.

Of course, when such a design is connected to the network, the fuse will blow. However, during this short period of time, the metal workpiece will have time to charge, since in this case a fairly strong electromagnetic field is created. Here it is worth considering one nuance: the higher the current strength, the stronger the magnet will be. To wind the coil you should use only copper wire.

Finally

Making permanent magnets at home is a fairly simple process. However, you should be careful when using certain schemes.

Neodymium is considered the most powerful permanent magnet. You can make it at home, but this requires a piece of rare earth metal - neodymium. In addition, an alloy of boron and iron is used. Such a workpiece is magnetized in a magnetic field. It is worth noting that such a product has enormous power and loses only 1 percent of its properties over a hundred years.

Source: https://FB.ru/article/193286/izgotovlenie-magnita-v-domashnih-usloviyah

How are neodymium magnets made?

Magnets have long been known to man, and their properties are used to solve certain types of problems. There are a huge number of such products, among which neodymium products stand out.

Magnets of this type have unique properties that are significantly higher than those of conventional products. You can purchase a neodymium magnet cheaply on various websites, where all its main characteristics are immediately indicated.

Main characteristics

Such products are obtained from 3 main components:

Neodymium magnets have much greater attractive force than their counterparts made from other materials. There are several classes of such products that divide products according to their main characteristics.

Magnets of this type are very durable and lose 1% of their power only after 10 years, which makes them practically irreplaceable. The scope of their application is quite wide, from use as metal filters to the production of DVD discs.

Manufacturing method

The manufacturing process of neodymium magnets can be divided into several successive stages:

1. Receiving raw materials. This happens in a special induction furnace, where all components are melted and receive all their basic future properties.
2. At the next stage, the resulting mass is ground into powder.
3. Then the process of manufacturing blanks from the obtained raw materials occurs. Also during this procedure, the direction of the magnetic field is indicated.
4. When the workpieces are ready, they are sintered using a special method at a temperature of about 1000-1100 degrees.
5. The next step is grinding the resulting products. This happens with the help of a special tool. After which all the workpieces are annealed to increase the coercive force.
6. Almost at the very end, all resulting products are subject to magnetization in special installations.
7. The final stage of production is the application of a protective coating to the magnet to protect it from destruction. In most cases, so-called galvanic elements (nickel, copper, etc.) are used for this.

The procedure for producing neodymium magnets is quite complex, allowing you to obtain products with different properties.

In the future they may be used in special ways, but they are all very powerful and are packaged in specific packaging during the manufacturing process to allow them to be optimally transported.

Source: http://domkrat.org/kak-delayut-neodimovyie-magnityi/