Where and how is copper used?

The healing properties of copper - Without hospitals

In ancient times, it was believed that the therapeutic effect of copper was primarily associated with its direct analgesic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Russian peasants applied nickels to sore places, and this was the most effective in the treatment of radiculitis, polyarthritis and sore throat.

Aristotle also wrote that applying copper to a bruise prevents bruising and that copper treats swelling, and that when treating ulcers, copper plates should be applied.

In Ancient Greece, copper was used to treat deafness and inflammation of the tonsils. In France, hearing disorders are still treated with copper.

In the old days, doctors noted that people wearing a copper cross were less likely than others to contract cholera during epidemics. To prevent rickets, children were given copper bracelets.

Copper plays a key role in the metabolism of all living organisms, starting from the simplest cell. It is part of several dozen biological catalysts - enzymes. Life is impossible without them. That is why biologists have nicknamed copper “the metal of life.” Directly or indirectly, copper is involved in most metabolic processes and is their main regulator.

The slightest lack of copper in the body can cause many diseases. Here is a far from complete list of them:

The formation of hemoglobin is impossible without copper ions. Therefore, one of the main functions of copper is hematopoietic.

The truly medicinal properties of copper in our country began to be studied by engineer N.M. Safonova since 1958. And since 1975, doctors began to use copper and silver discs in the treatment of various diseases.

On February 19, 1982, Safonova spoke at the Institute of Balneology summarizing the results of her work: “

Application of copper reduces temperature, relieves pain, has a hemostatic effect, is a strong bactericidal agent, activates water and mineral metabolism, improves sleep, calms the central nervous system, activates the action of insulin in the blood, and enhances leukocyte functions.

Copper application resolves benign tumors (breast lumps, uterine fibroids, mastitis, etc.

), cures tuberculosis, all inflammatory processes in the body (chronic otitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, inflammation of the bladder, inflammation of the kidneys, lungs, sinusitis, infectious arthritis, kidney stones, cholecystitis, polyarthritis, diabetes, skin diseases, etc.) .

Cures radiculitis, follicular conjunctivitis, injuries of various origins, the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, thrombophlebitis), improves post-infarction condition, gastroenterological diseases (i.e.

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, gastritis, colitis).

Copper application restores hearing, relieves tinnitus, cures tendovaginitis, postoperative hernias, hemorrhoids, cold abscesses, improves postoperative conditions, and treats rheumatoid arthritis.”

In medical treatment, coins issued before 1961 are used (which, by the way, also contain aluminum, which is involved in the formation of bone tissue) and red copper plates 50 mm wide and 10 mm thick. To obtain a greater effect, before use they must be heated over a fire, cooled and cleaned with sandpaper.

Discs prepared in this way are applied to painful areas for a period of 6 hours to 3 days. The discs are fixed to the skin with adhesive tape. Copper can simply be bandaged to the sore spot. If the application site is found inaccurately, the copper under the bandage will move to the right place.

(From a chemical point of view, this is explained by a violation of the biological potential under the influence of the disease, which is leveled out under the influence of copper).

After removing the plates, wash the skin underneath with warm water and soap. As a rule, the course lasts from 3 to 20 days.

However, medical therapy does not help everyone. There is a simple way to determine whether this treatment method is right for you or not. To do this, you need to apply a copper coin or disk to the skin. If copper adheres well to the skin and stays on it for a long time, then it is suitable for you as a healing agent.

Copper appliques

Copper plates have an anesthetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effect. Copper salts formed in the body are extremely toxic to fungi, measles bacteria, cholera, and some viruses.

The plate application method can be used to treat people of any age and pregnant women. The metal is applied for several days, then a break is taken for two weeks, then applied again.

For headaches, apply a 5-kopeck copper coin to the most painful place (on the forehead, temples or back of the head); As a rule, the pain goes away within 15-25 minutes.

If the throat hurts, the tonsils are inflamed, the upper respiratory tract, coins or plates are applied to the neck in the tonsil area at night. The throat is tied with a warm scarf or scarf.

For pain after a broken bone, it is very good to use copper coins before 1961.

If there is a bruise, you need to put coins on it.

As a result of bruised legs, thrombophlebitis often occurs. To avoid them, you need to put copper coins in your shoe under your stocking (or sock).

Applying copper plates and coins to postoperative scars promotes rapid resorption of adhesions, normalizes muscle activity, and eliminates postoperative hernias.

Copper is good for treating varicose veins. The coins should “stick” to your foot, and you should wear them until they begin to roll under your heel.

For pain in the shoulders, you need to take a woolen rag, soak it in gasoline, place it on the sore spot, and press firmly on top with a heated copper plate, plate or large coin. Do this procedure for three days, and the pain will disappear.

Copper cures deafness. To do this, one two-kopeck coin needs to be stuck on the convex bone behind the ear, the other - to the ear, on the side of the face. During treatment, coins are applied as they adhere to the skin. When there is pounding in the ears, a coin is placed on the back of the neck.

In case of sinusitis, it is necessary to apply small copper coins to the eyes at night.

For heart pain, place a copper coin in the subclavian fossa. If the coin adheres to the skin, wear it for 10 days, fixing it with a band-aid and not removing it even at night: the pain disappears. The same treatment method is used to alleviate the post-infarction condition. For coronary heart disease, copper coins should be placed on the collar area and kept for 4 days.

Copper coins cure hemorrhoids and stop hemorrhoidal bleeding. To do this you will need two of them. In this case, one coin should be placed with its edge directly on the anus, and the second coin should be held higher, between the buttocks, but so that the coins do not touch each other.

For uterine fibroids, copper coins are applied to the lower abdomen at night.

Copper helps with diabetes because it activates the action of insulin in the blood. Therefore, using medical treatment, you can reduce insulin prescriptions or completely abandon it.

The use of copper calms the nervous system and helps with insomnia.

Copper resolves all benign tumors and heals burns after X-ray irradiation.

Copper is a good pain reliever during the deposition of oxalate stones in the kidneys.

Copper water

Copper is an excellent tonic for the liver, spleen, and lymphatic system. For this purpose, drink two teaspoons of copper water 3 times a day for a month.

Copper water is prepared as follows: rinse several copper plates of chemically pure copper or two copper coins of royal coinage in lime water, then place in an enamel bowl and pour in 1.5 liters of water. Boil until half the water has evaporated.

Source: https://bezbolnic.ru/celebnye-svojstva-medi.html

What foods contain copper, its role in the human body

Normal functioning of the body is possible only with a balanced content of microelements. One of the most important substances is Cuprum (copper). With its deficiency, numerous functions are disrupted: insufficient production of specific enzymes, improper formation of connective tissues, bones, pathology in organs. That's why it's so important to know which foods contain copper and include them in your daily diet.

Predominantly its reserves of Cu accumulate in the liver. The trace element is present in the meninges, muscles, excretory system, heart, but in smaller quantities. Copper ranks third in importance in the body (after zinc and iron). It is easy to replenish its deficiency by consuming the daily norm with food.

Biological role of copper

The body of a healthy person should contain at least 100 g of the microelement copper. It performs an important biological role:

• Takes part in the absorption and production of iron.
• A component of most enzymes involved in redox processes.
• Provides filling of the brain and tissues with the necessary amount of oxygen.
• Without the element, normal formation of tendons, skeleton, muscles, and cartilage is impossible.
• Promotes the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
• In childhood, it promotes bone growth.
• Deficiency of the substance leads to rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory processes in bones and tissues.
• Makes the walls of blood vessels strong and elastic.
• Maintains skin elasticity.

The substance received its name from the Greek word “Cyprus”. Its importance was established in 1928, as a result of numerous scientific studies.

What foods contain copper?

Copper is found in many foods, as well as drinking water. Let's look at the list of products containing the highest amounts of copper:

• all types of nuts (cashews, almonds, pine, peanuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and others);
• most berries, vegetables, fruits;
• cereals;
• fermented milk products (ryazhenka, cottage cheese, yogurt, kefir, etc.);
• seafood;
• raw egg yolks;
• sun-dried tomatoes;
• rose hip;
• sea ​​fish;
• legumes (lentils, soybeans, peas, red beans)
• bakery products made from rye flour;
• buckwheat and rice groats;
• liver.

Less of the element is found in chocolate, cocoa, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, herbs, and spices.

Table of foods containing copper (µg/100 g)

product number copper content copper mer product copper content

1	beef liver	12.8	10	rose hip	1.9
2	Cod liver	12.6	11	squid	1.7
3	fresh spinach	7.2	12	basil	1.4
4	sesame	4.3	13	wheat bran	1.4
5	pork liver	4.2	14	chocolate products	1.2
6	tomatoes	3.9	15	kidneys	1.2
7	live yeast	3.2	16	peas	0.8
8	cashew	2.4	17	Forest mushrooms	0.8
9	veal	2	18	apricots	0.18

Vitamins and preparations with copper

Copper preparations are prescribed if, for some reason, the results of clinical studies reveal a deficiency. The need for the substance increases with increased mental and physical stress.

These can be vitamins with copper, and active food additives (BAS).

The most popular drugs are the following:

• Vitamin complex "Vitrum" - is prescribed to strengthen the immune system after illnesses, as a prophylactic agent. In addition to copper, it contains important micro and macroelements and vitamins. Recommended for people on strict diets or with an unbalanced diet. Increases protection against viruses and bacteria. Recommended after courses of chemotherapy and antibiotic treatment.
• Vitamins "Duovit" - contain 1 gram of microelement. It is recommended to be taken in both therapeutic and preventive form. It has a balanced composition of nutrients.
• Active biological additive "Bio-copper" - indicated for severe deficiency of the element. Prescribed for pain in joints, bones, muscles, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, liver and other problems in the body.
• The drug "Tsimed" has a unique composition, a completely natural product. Contains plant extracts rich in Cuprum. It is recommended to take it for a month. Not prescribed for lactose intolerance.

Daily requirement of copper

For a healthy person, the daily intake of the element is up to 2.5 mg. If the need arises, the dosage is increased. If necessary, vitamin complexes and medications are prescribed. The course of treatment is carried out as prescribed by the attending physician.

The need for Cuprum for women increases during breastfeeding and pregnancy - up to 3 mg. If a woman does not receive a sufficient amount of the element per day, the risk of developing pathologies in the fetus increases.

Dosage in children:

• from birth to 2 years – 1 mg;
• 2-7 years – 1.5 mg;
• 7-18 years old – 2 mg.

Why is copper needed in the human body?

The role of copper in the body is enormous:

• Helps with cardiovascular pathologies.
• Increases tone during physical and mental stress.
• It has a regenerating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effect.
• Helps in the treatment of infectious bacterial diseases.
• Increases immunity and hemoglobin levels.
• There is a rapid restoration of bones after fractures and injuries.
• Improves metabolic, digestive and metabolic processes.
• Stimulates the activity of the stomach and intestines.
• The condition of nail plates, skin, and hair improves.
• Improves blood clotting.
• It has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the liver, pancreas, and urinary system.
• During the period of active growth, it promotes the proper formation of the skeletal system.
• Improves vision.
• Necessary for the production of hormones in the female body.
• Promotes the absorption of iron by the body, therefore it is recommended for blood diseases.
• Slows down the aging process.
• Prevention of osteoporosis, arthritis, rheumatism.
• Strengthens the walls of blood vessels, copper contributes to their strength and elasticity.
• Helps with hair loss.
• Has a beneficial effect on the immune system.
• Products high in the element are recommended to be included in the diet of everyone living in hazardous environmental zones or with high levels of radiation.
• Normalizes the buffering properties of blood in the body.
• Improves the functioning of the endocrine system.
• Copper is necessary for the production of collagen in sufficient quantities.
• An effective preventative against the development of cancer.
• Helps with digestive disorders.

Lack of copper in the body

Copper deficiency in the body is easy to notice. Common symptoms:

• blood diseases manifested by low hemoglobin;
• the appearance of bruises on the body at the slightest blow;
• tendency to infectious and colds;
• baldness;
• increased cholesterol levels;
• thyroid diseases;
• abnormal heart rhythm;
• pale skin;
• feeling of weakness, loss of strength;
• feeling of lack of air;
• damage to the cardiovascular system;
• osteoporosis (due to impaired mineralization in the bones);
• pigmentation;
• distress syndrome in newborns;
• A lack of copper in a woman’s body leads to insufficient production of sex hormones.

The causes of deficiency are caused by various factors. More often, the problem arises due to improper selection of diet, the habit of consuming semi-finished products, and fast foods.

Other reasons are poor-quality drinking water, impaired absorption of the substance due to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, prolonged treatment with antibiotics, hormonal drugs, antacids, and corticosteroids.

Excess copper in the body

Despite its importance, the microelement can cause harm. Large accumulation of copper in the body causes side effects and causes some diseases.

Symptoms of excess copper:

• abdominal pain, vomiting, stool upset, dizziness;
• stomach, intestinal bleeding;
• problems falling asleep, irritability, depression and other CNT disorders;
• increased temperature with a feeling of chills, convulsions, loss of consciousness;
• tachycardia;
• migraines, frequent headaches;
• renal failure, liver disease.

Microelement poisoning is especially dangerous. The substance can accumulate in the liver, brain, heart muscle and other organs. The result of intoxication is a violation of protein synthesis with all the ensuing consequences. Excessive intake of Cuprum is caused not only by improper consumption of foods, but also by careless handling of medications and vitamin complexes, work in hazardous industries, and the use of copper kitchen utensils.

Copper is extremely important in the human body.

However, you should not take medications uncontrolled without a doctor’s prescription. It is better to give preference to healthy foods and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Source: https://vitaminic.ru/vitaminy-i-mineraly/med-v-produktah

Features of copper cables | Where are copper wires used?

Cables with conductive cores made of electrical copper are actively used to transmit electricity.

Thanks to its excellent performance properties and wide load range, which ranges from 60V to 600V, this metal is becoming increasingly popular, displacing aluminum analogues from the market.

Copper cables use polyvinyl chloride insulation and a double PVC sheath, which provides the wires with excellent resistance to temperature and various damage.

The modern classification is as follows:

• Power. They are used to transmit electricity from the station to substations, municipal facilities and industrial enterprises. Rubber, paper and plastic are used as insulation. In armored copper cable, the covering is made of lead or aluminum.
• Household. They are mainly used to connect various devices to the electrical network. Wires may contain one or more strands.
• Tests. Designed for connecting electrical appliances and distribution mechanisms. Cables can be laid both indoors and outdoors.
• Special. They are used for signal transmission: for long-distance communication, high-frequency cables with a copper core are used, for local communication, low-frequency cables are used.

Benefits of using copper cables

The use of wires with copper conductors has a number of undeniable advantages. These include:

• High thermal conductivity. When installing power lines, as a rule, cables with copper conductors with a smaller cross-sectional diameter than aluminum are used.
• Flexibility. Copper wires are characterized by excellent resistance to kinks when twisted. Thanks to this, installation is simple.
• Oxidation resistance. Using cables made of this metal, you don’t have to worry about the need to replace it for several decades.
• Resistance to elevated temperatures. Even if a fire occurs, the fire does not spread, and the insulation does not release toxic substances.

Where is copper cable used?

One of the main areas of application for copper wires is the laying of power lines. Due to their excellent fire safety indicator, it is advisable to use them in industrial and manufacturing enterprises with a high risk of explosions and fires. In addition, they are perfect for residential and public spaces.

Cables with copper conductors are excellent at carrying current in a wide variety of conditions. Today there are a large number of options for cable and wire products on the market. They all differ in their size and design modifications. To build a reliable and durable electrical line, it is necessary to take these parameters into account.

Do not forget that failed copper cables can be sold as scrap metal at collection points. At the same time, copper wires are more valuable than their counterparts made of other metals. If you have any questions, please consult the specialists of SDM LLC.

Source: http://www.CvetMetLom.ru/info-metal/mednyy-kabel-vidy-preimushchestva-primenenie

What material is called solid copper - Metals, equipment, instructions

Copper is a highly conductive material. These are materials whose resistivity value is less than one tenth of a microohm per meter. For copper, this value is 0.017-0.018 μOhm*m. Copper is also a conductor in terms of electrical properties and a diamagnetic in terms of magnetic properties.

How is copper obtained?

Copper used in wires and cables is of fairly high purity. To obtain it, copper ores (sulfide, oxide and mixed) are used. Let me remind you what sulfide ores are - they are fossil raw materials that are mined in nature and consist of heavy metal (ore), sulfur (sulfide) and various impurities.

Sulfide ores account for almost all copper production and reserves (among ore production). The most common minerals in terms of deposits and feasibility of extraction among sulfide ores are chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S), bornite (Cu5FeS4).

name of the mineral chemical formula % copper color

chalcopyrite	CuFeS2	34,5	gold, yellow
chalcocite	Cu2S	79,8	black, gray, blue
bornite	Cu5FeS4	63,3	red, copper

In general, in the first stage, copper-containing ores are mined.

The mined ores must then be purified of all impurities and foreign metals to produce copper. For these purposes, the following methods are used: pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electrolysis. For example, after the pyrometallurgical method we will receive copper ingots in which the copper itself will be 90 percent. Not bad, but it could be better.

Then this blister copper is brought to 99.99% purity using electrolytic purification and we get what is used in the energy industry.

The influence of impurities on the properties of copper

The issue of copper purity is quite important:

• in the presence of 0.02% aluminum impurity, electrical conductivity decreases by approximately 10%. But aluminum is a fairly good conductor.
• in the presence of 0.1% phosphorus, the resistance increases by 55%, therefore the conductivity decreases as the reciprocal of the resistance
• if there is bismuth or lead in copper in an amount of more than 0.001%, then this causes red brittleness (cracking during hot pressure treatment)
• Oxygen in copper makes soldering difficult and increases resistivity. To avoid this, a phosphorus additive is introduced
• hydrogen - forms microcracks and increases brittleness

If several impurities are present, then there are situations where they interact and their influence increases significantly.

For the use of copper to transmit electricity, the presence of impurities has only a negative effect.

Copper grades for electrical engineering and in general

Copper grades consist of the letter “M”, which means copper. This is followed by a number from 0 to 4.

Sometimes one of the letters is then found that characterize the method of producing the metal: k - cathode, p - deoxidized with low residual phosphorus, f - deoxidized with high residual phosphorus, b - oxygen-free. Oxygen-free is M0, and deoxidized is M1. There are many grades of copper, let's look at some:

A special grade of copper is M1E. This is electrical copper, which is produced in the form of tires, rods of various diameters and sections. It can be extra hard, hard, semi-hard and soft. The conductivity of soft copper is a couple of percent higher.

Available in the form of tires, rods, circles. The rods, in turn, have a diameter from 5 to 40 mm and a cross-sectional shape - circle, square, hexagon. This type of copper has a limited shelf life - up to a year for soft copper and six months for hard copper.

Copper alloys in electrical engineering

There are various copper alloys, including bronze, brass and others. Some of them have found application in energy. Let's look at these alloys.

Bronzes are alloys of copper with tin, aluminum, silicon, and lead.

Among other impurities, the highest electrical conductivities are (in order of decreasing electrical conductivity): cadmium, chromium and beryllium bronze.

The most common tin bronze has a low electrical conductivity. Bronze is used for the manufacture of contacts, spring contacts, plates in parts of electrical machines, and high-strength wires.

Brass is an alloy of copper with zinc (these two substances make up the majority of the alloy) and other impurities. The percentage of zinc reaches 43%. Used for spring contacts, plug connectors.

Manganin is an alloy of copper with the addition of manganese and nickel. Used for the manufacture of additional resistors and shunts in measuring technology. If silver is used instead of copper, the electrical properties are improved.

This article provides basic concepts about the use of copper in the energy sector; a more in-depth study is possible by mastering special technical literature on this topic.

Liquid and gaseous dielectrics

SF6 gas

Source: https://spb-metalloobrabotka.com/kakoy-material-nazyvayut-tverdoy-medyu/

Immunology and biochemistry

Copper is a chemical element that in D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table has atomic number 29. Copper is located in the eleventh group of the fourth period. According to old ideas, this is a side subgroup of the first group of elements (Ib) and has all the properties of transition metals. Represented by the symbol Cu and pronounced cuprum.

Where is copper used as a metal?

The largest amount of Cu is used for the manufacture of electrical equipment (60%);
roofing materials and plumbing (20%); heat exchangers (15%) and alloys (5%). The main ancient copper alloys are bronze, brass (copper-zinc alloy), Cu-tin-zinc - an alloy for pistols, Cu-nickel - cupronickel - low-denomination coins. Cu has high electrical conductivity, is easy to process, and can be drawn into thin wire.

 The effects of copper on the body

Cu can be found in many types of food, drinking water and air. Therefore, we absorb significant amounts of Cu every day through eating, drinking and breathing. Minor absorption of copper is beneficial as it is a trace element that is essential for the human body. Although people can cope with proportionately large concentrations of copper, too much copper can cause health problems.

Cu concentrations in the air are generally quite low, so the body's exposure to copper through respiration is negligible. But people who live near factories that process copper ore into metal experience its adverse effects.  

Consequences for the body of prolonged contact with copper as an element

Professional contact with Cu is common and unsafe for the body. Prolonged exposure to metal fumes can irritate the nose, mouth and eyes, causing headaches, abdominal pain, dizziness, vomiting and diarrhea.

 Accidental or intentional ingestion of Cu salt solutions can cause liver, kidney damage and even death. The carcinogenic properties of this element have not been proven.

There are scientific publications that show a link between long-term exposure to high concentrations of Cu and decreased intelligence in adolescents.

Industrial exposure to copper fumes, dust or fog can lead to atrophic changes in the nasal mucosa. 

Copper as a trace element

In the body, Cu is present in mono- and divalent states and is associated with proteins. Contained in all tissues. Necessary for cellular respiration, protein synthesis, biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, synthesis of melanin pigment, collagen and elastin - connective tissue proteins. Cu is a cofactor (non-protein part) of many enzymes and plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system.

 Copper deficiency manifests itself in severe hematological and neurological diseases, while its excess is toxic. As a chemical element with variable valency (Cu+/Cu++), it is involved in the formation of free radicals, which leads to mitochondrial damage, DNA strand breakage, and tissue damage.

Copper is an essential trace element found mainly in the liver, brain, heart, kidneys and skeletal muscle.

The role of copper in the body

In cells and tissues of the body Cu2+:

• Controls or influences 17% of human genes.
• Increases the synthesis of anti-inflammatory proteins
• Suppresses the synthesis of inflammatory proteins
• Increases the content of antioxidant proteins (Cu-Zn-SOD)
• Protects tissues from oxygen radicals
• Blocks the release of oxidizing iron
• Suppresses bacterial infections
• Suppresses many tumor growth genes
• Promotes biological rejuvenation of skin and hair growth
• Accelerates the healing of wounds, bones, promotes stomach and intestinal health
• Improves hair transplantation 
• Increases the level of p63 - an anti-aging protein
• Promotes repair of damaged DNA in cells

Copper comes with food, is absorbed at the level of the duodenum, in the vena cava it binds to a specific protein carrier, in the liver it is included in ceruloplasmin, which circulates in the blood and reaches the membrane of cells of organs and tissues.

Recommended daily intake of copper

Recommended Daily Intake of Copper (milligrams/day)
Adults	0,9
Pregnant woman	1.0
Nursing mother	1.3

The WHO allows an upper limit on the daily dose of 10 mg.

Copper and neurological diseases

Table 3 shows human neurological diseases caused by impaired copper metabolism

Table 3 - Neurological diseases caused by impaired transport and redistribution of copper

Disease	Characteristic	Neuronal effect
Aceruloplasminemia (lack of ceruloplasmin in plasma)	Autosomal recessive trait Absence of ceruloplasmin Iron accumulation (liver, pancreas, basal ganglia)	Progressive neurodegeneration (retina, basal ganglia) Dystonia/abnormal gait, dysarthria, dementia
Alzheimer's disease (AD)	Mutations in amyloid precursor protein cause familial AD. Dementia and behavioral changes in adulthood Typically over 65 years of age	Amyloid (S-protein) accumulation Self-aggregation of plaques and tangles associated with cellular oxidative stress
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	In a small percentage of cases, the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) mutation is increased. Progressive muscle weakness in adults	Degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Death ultimately due to respiratory failure
Huntington's disease	Autosomal recessive traitAdolescent or adult diabetesSevere movement disorder	Polyglutamine triplet repeat expansion Oxidative activity Nigrostriatal neurodegeneration
Menkes disease	X-linked recessive gene Reduced absorption and distribution of copper Connective tissue problems	Progressive cerebral atrophy Dysmyelination Anomalies of intracranial vessels
Occipital horn syndrome	Mild allelic variant MenkesSymptoms of anemiaConnective tissue problems	Mild cerebral atrophy Slight delay in myelination
Parkinson's disease	Primary movement disorders Bradykinesia/akinesia Muscle rigidity/tremor	Death of dopaminergic neurons Accumulation of intracellular inclusions (Lewy bodies)
Prion diseases	Transmissible Neurodegenerative diseases Spongiform encephalopathy	Result of Prion Formation Mn instead of Cu
Wilson's disease	Autosomal recessive trait Carrying frequency: 1 in 90 Clinical picture Liver vs neurological	Predisposition to copper accumulation in the basal ganglia Neuronal loss, gliosis and degeneration

Source: http://biohimik.net/med-v-organizme-cheloveka

Copper Strand | "Mednik Consulting"

An integral component of every electrical product is copper wire. This is due to the fact that the material has unique technical characteristics (ductility, heat resistance and excellent electrical conductivity) and is inexpensive and safe. Another advantage of copper is its long service life and reliability, which is very important for electrical appliances.

Copper strand is a conductive conductor consisting of many copper wires twisted together. Such a core does not have an external insulating coating and can be used for various purposes. The strand has 6 classes and the higher the class, the greater the flexibility of the strand.

How is copper strand made?

To produce wires with good flexibility, special cable technology and cable production technology are used. The process itself is based on the processing of copper wire by annealing in an oxygen-free environment when heated to 500⁰C.

After this treatment, the wires are twisted together into strands. Next, they are insulated and rolled into stacks, after which they are placed on the prepared shell.

In the production of strands, copper wires with intersection sizes from 0.03 to 3 mm are used. Its quantity and twist intensity are selected so that it varies from 4 to 30.

When making a cable, several strands are twisted, the number of which varies from 20 to 40. Each subsequent turn is twisted using an increased twisting step.

Features of copper strand

The scope of application of a non-insulated cable product is influenced by the material itself from which the core is made - copper, since it has:

1.      Highest electrical conductivity. In terms of the degree of conduction of electrical impulses, copper is inferior only to a silver vein. And in comparison with other base metals, the material transmits higher electrical voltages, which allows for a reduction in insulation and reinforcement.
2.      High heat resistance. Copper cables run low heat, eliminating the risk of many cable overload problems.
3.      Excellent resistance to corrosion processes and environmental influences. When a bare copper wire begins to gradually oxidize, a film of CuO forms, preventing further oxidation.
4.      Good ductility, which makes it possible to produce wire less than a human hair thick, while it can be bent almost in any way without the threat of breaking. This makes copper universal, both for creating large electrical cables and for extremely thin wires (for example, in headphones).
5.      Copper cables are excellent conductors of electricity, but they only work well with large electrical charges. Such cores are not typically used in automotive parts or semiconductors where high signal loads are required. This is because copper is unable to control electrical surges. For more precise amounts of weak electrical charges, silver and gold wires are used, which operate more consistently with small amounts of electricity, ensuring sensitivity.
6.      Copper cable products are not used in devices where it is necessary to ensure a stable supply of electricity, since the material is subject to electromagnetic interference. Companies involved in the production of communications equipment resort to the use of optical fiber, which is not subject to electromagnetic interference.

Such characteristics have made copper strands the primary cable materials for various needs. Copper corrosion occurs only in highly aggressive environments when the copper strand is exposed to sulfur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxide, acids or hydrogen sulfide. Such characteristics allow the effective use of bare copper cable products in various conditions.

Much also depends on the need for flexibility of the cable product. For standard (straight) installation, conductors of classes 1 and 2 are used, and for combined installation (stationary and non-stationary), which requires greater flexibility when laying the cable, cable types 3,4, 5 or 6 are used.

Where is copper strand used?

The main areas of use of copper wires and strands are:

•        production of wires with one or multiple cores: ShVVP, PV3, PV1, PVS;
•        use in automotive and power cables: VVG, NYM, AMG;
•        antenna development: MA;
•        for film adaptation: PMK and PMK-T;
•        when assembling electric furnaces: MGE (the strand is twisted around the core);
•        when implementing grounding: MG;
•        when connecting brushes of electric motors: PShch.

Copper strands are also actively used in agriculture, construction, light and heavy industry.

Note! Copper strand, manufactured in accordance with all technical documentation standards, is a blank for the manufacture of high-quality electrical wires.

The production of bare copper wires is carried out in different types:

•        section diameter from 4 to 400 mm;
•        the number of wires that are twisted together is from 1 to 37 pieces.

Each type of copper wiring has a certain service life, which ranges from 10-15 years. However, the period of effective operation, with proper maintenance of the cable, is set at 3 to 4 years.

The quality of copper that is used in the production of wiring, as well as the degree of purity of the resource used, also plays a very important role. The difference in these indicators affects not only the pricing policy, but also the technical characteristics of a bare copper core in a specific area of ​​its use.

It is recommended to buy copper strand only from trusted manufacturers, since not only the efficiency of equipment operation and the transmission of stable electrical voltage through the network, but also the safety of wiring operation depends on its quality.

Source: https://mednic.ru/mednaya-strenga.html

Where is copper used?

The company offers to buy copper and rolled copper alloys from a warehouse in Moscow at factory prices, wholesale and retail. Shipment of products throughout Russia. Convenient payment and pre-order system.

Products Description

In the form of a ball, cylinder or plate, GOST 859-2001

M1 - diameter from 5 to 180 mm, in coils or in sections from 2 to 10 meters

M1M, M1T and M2M - thickness from 0.1 to 2.44 mm, width from 30 to 300 mm

M1 - thickness from 0.6 to 120 mm, sizes from 600 to 1500 mm

MNZH5-1 and MNZHMts - with a diameter from 10 to 258 mm, thickness from 1.5 to 5 mm, length 6000 mm

M1, MM, PMM and MnGIT - with a diameter from 0.3 to 6 mm, in coils, coils and measured pieces

M1 - diameter from 4 to 50 mm, thickness from 0.5 to 8 mm, length 3000 mm

Emmeti, IBP, Tiemme, Uni-Fitt, Viega. For joining pipes of different sections, making turns, forks, tees at angles

M1 - thickness from 3 to 12 mm, length 4000 mm

Copper has increased heat and electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion. Three types of safety margin: soft, semi-hard and hard.

To obtain additional characteristics, alloying additives are added to the copper alloy. Increased strength by adding tin, zinc and aluminum.

Magnetic properties of metal, copper is diamagnetic. This quality is used to create electrical products.

Rolled copper is an environmentally friendly and safe material for humans, used in the food industry, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and construction.

Increased thermal conductivity makes rolled copper indispensable in the manufacture of heaters, air conditioners and heat exchangers.

Copper is used to create strong and reliable roofing and drainage pipes, and containers for transporting gases and liquids.

Copper can be easily processed by hand and mechanically, and combined with natural stone, wood or glass to create decorative compositions.

Copper is one of the metals that surrounds humans and has been used by them for thousands of years. Used for joining metal parts made of dissimilar metals. In construction, roofing, piping, electronics and other fields.

Characteristics

Cu from the Latin Cuprum is a golden-pink ductile metal, in air it quickly becomes covered with an oxide film with a yellowish-red tint.

Copper is a metal with increased thermal and electrical conductivity, the second highest electrical conductivity among metals after silver. Specific electrical conductivity at 20°C: 55.5-58 MS/m.

Metal with a relatively high temperature coefficient of resistance: 0.4% / °C. Copper is a diamagnetic metal.

It is obtained from copper ores and minerals using pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and electrolysis. Copper has a low coefficient of friction and is used in sliding pairs.

Chemical composition of copper alloys

Copper alloys and their classification

• Copper and tin are one of the first alloys. The magnificent statues of Greece, works that still have unsurpassed artistic value today, were cast from tin bronze. Today, the production of the alloy with tin has been improved. The technological process involves electric arc furnaces, and the alloy is protected from oxidation in a vacuum. To increase the strength and ductility of bronze, the technological process includes hardening and aging of the alloy with tin.
• Aluminum bronze is an alloy of aluminum and copper, easily deformed and slightly susceptible to corrosion. Used for the manufacture of structural elements and parts exposed to high temperatures.
• Alloys of copper and lead are unsurpassed materials with anti-friction properties. Adding lead increases strength.
• Brass - a two-component or multi-component alloy based on copper, such as tombac or semi-tombac, is called brass.
• Nickel silver is a copper-nickel alloy with 5 to 35% nickel and zinc. The cost is cheaper than cupronickel, but is completely similar to it in appearance and properties.
• An alloy of copper and iron is possible due to the similar physical and chemical parameters of the metals, however, the difference in melting temperatures gives such an alloy high porosity.

Brasses are famous for their high strength due to their zinc content (40-45%). Ease of processing makes brass preferable to pure copper.

This copper-based alloy is used primarily in instrument making. The strength of brass, which contains a small percentage of aluminum, manganese and other metals, reaches 90 kg/mm². It is used in the manufacture of shut-off valves and bearing shells.

Areas of application

Two-phase alloys with increased strength, single-phase alloys are ductile.

Copper-nickel tubes are used in shipbuilding, turbine exhaust steam condenser tubes cooled by sea water, and areas exposed to seawater.

Copper is a component of hard solders, alloys with a melting point of 590-880°C, with increased adhesion to most metals.

Anodes are made of copper grades M1 or AMF containing phosphorus - an alloying additive for dissolving the anodes during electrolysis.

  If there is a letter “y” at the end of the brand designation, this means that the anodes made from it are characterized by very high quality. Copper-phosphorus anodes, which contain iron, lead and sulfur. A smaller amount of sludge is formed in the electrolyte, which means that the coating of the product will be strong, reliable and durable.

Having increased electrical conductivity, copper wire has become widespread in the electric power industry.

Copper bars are used in electrical engineering, cryogenic equipment, transformer substations, and are used as motor windings.

Copper busbar is used for mounting busbar ducts. In low-voltage equipment, electrical copper busbars are used for connection to electrical circuits.

In high-voltage equipment they are used in areas that require low reactive and active circuit resistance.

Oxygen-free copper busbars are used for space and vacuum equipment, and form the basis of switchgear, linear accelerators, superconductors and electronic devices.

Popular and indispensable in the field of microelectronics and nuclear energy.

In architecture, copper tape is used for roofing facades; due to the auto-attenuation of the corrosion process, the service life of the sheets is 100-150 years. In Russia, the use of copper sheets for roofs and facades is standardized by the federal Code of Rules SP 31-116-2006.

Copper is also used for domestic and industrial air conditioning systems.

Pipes for air conditioners are able to withstand increased pressure without deformation and at the same time remain flexible.

Annealed copper pipe is produced in lengths of 15-50 meters, strength 210-220 thousand kPa, elongation at break 50-60%.

Unannealed pipes are supplied in rods, strength 280-300 thousand kPa, elongation at break 10-15%. The diameter is selected based on the power of the device; the larger, the higher the refrigerant level.

The increased mechanical strength of seamless copper pipes of round cross-section is used for transporting liquids and gases: in internal water supply systems, heating, gas supply, air conditioning systems and refrigeration units.

In countries such as France, the UK and Australia, copper pipes are used for gas supply, and in the UK, USA, Sweden and Hong Kong for water supply.

In Russia, the production of water and gas pipes from copper is regulated by the national standard GOST R 52318-2005, and its application in this capacity by the federal Code of Rules SP 40-108-2004.

When installing plumbing systems, copper fittings are used as fasteners; they are used at pipe joints, at branches or at bends.

The fitting often acts as an adapter from one material to another. It is better to use fitting parts made of analog material.

If copper piping is used, the fitting must be made of the same material or brass that is compatible with copper.

The fitting connects pipes without welding or threading, which reduces the time for pipeline installation and also increases the quality, reliability and service life.

Copper rods are used in the production of parts for instrument making, the automotive and engineering industries, and also in the manufacture of jewelry, household utensils, and interior items.

In electrical engineering it is used for the manufacture of current-carrying structures, conductors, housing parts, grounding and current-carrying structures.

The following are made from copper rod: bushings, nails, rivets, nuts, bolts, washers, valves, gears, shafts, etc.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/gde-ispolzuetsya-med/

What is made from copper

Published: 03/11/2012:

Once upon a time, Lomonosov wrote that “Metal is a light body that can be forged,” directly pointing to the main distinguishing property of this material. Each of the known metals has its own history and unique qualities that distinguish it from others.

The era of widespread use of metals was ushered in with the advent of copper. There was even a “Copper Age” in history - a period of time from the late Neolithic to the new “Bronze” Age. It was at this time that the first copper jewelry appeared, and then weapons.

Over time, copper became more and more in demand.

How did copper appear?

Copper items found during excavations in the Ancient East date back to the fourth millennium BC, in Europe to the third. The copper water pipes in the Cheops pyramid have survived for 5,000 years. Various things people need are made from this durable and beautiful pinkish-red and honey-colored metal.

It is quite rare to find copper in nature in the form of nuggets. People came across such deposits in ancient times. The metal extracted from the depths turned out to be extremely surprising. It was easy to process, was resistant to moisture and did not rust.

When copper ore began to be mined in large quantities, smelting workshops began to operate, where it was experimentally discovered that this metal melts at a temperature of 1083 degrees and is characterized by high ductility.

A piece of copper can be rolled into thin foil just a few hundredths of a millimeter thick, and a wire can be drawn as thick as a human hair.

Use of copper

In the foreseeable past, copper was widely used in everyday life. Trays, chandeliers, samovars, buttons, bells, candlesticks and much more were made from it. The technology of past centuries consisted of parts made from this amazing metal. Without copper it was impossible to produce a watch, a loom, or even a steamship or a train.

Current industrial copper is divided into several grades. Each of them is used to produce different parts that require different degrees of drawing, forming and rolling resistance. Copper has high thermal and electrical conductivity.

If the thermal conductivity of granite is taken as one, then for steel this figure will be 21 times higher, while for copper it will be more than 170 times higher.

That is why pure copper is widely used for the manufacture of various parts in heating and refrigeration units, in many electronic devices, radio and electrical engineering.

Processing Features

Copper is easily soldered, so it is indispensable in the manufacture of boilers. Copper is also widely used in the production of radiators for cars, heat exchangers, solar panels and heating systems. The ability of copper to resist corrosion has made it possible to use various of its alloys in shipbuilding, in the smelting of pipes and shut-off valves for water-pressure systems. Such parts are harmless, so they are used to transport drinking water.

This amazing fact is well known: bacteria do not grow on copper parts, which is why it is often used in the production of specialized equipment for hospitals. The unique properties of copper are used for air conditioner parts.

Copper utensils, like many centuries ago, are valued all over the world. Chefs value it for its high heat output and ability to heat up evenly. The fact that this easy-to-work metal can be easily polished has made it possible to use it in jewelry.

Interior designers use copper to create unique pieces of furniture for the interior.

Copper as an additional component

Copper is a component of many alloys. Phosphorous copper is especially valued. Nowadays, various spring contacts and electrical wires are made from it, capable of restoring their shape after slight bends.

Copper coins are minted from an alloy of aluminum and copper. The “white” change found in our wallets also contains copper. It is used as an additive to nickel. The famous monument to Peter I, erected in St. Petersburg, is called “copper”, but in fact it is not made of copper, but of bronze.

Bronze is an alloy of copper with aluminum, tin, cadmium, manganese, lead, beryllium and other metals. Bronze must contain at least 50% copper. With different proportions, these will be completely different alloys: manganin, babbitt, etc.

The alloy of nickel and copper is used not only for minting coins, but also for implementing larger-scale projects, for example, designing spaceships and aircraft.

Source: http://inkar.ru/chto-proizvodyat-iz-medi.html

Copper in food and its role in the human body

Copper has gone hand in hand with humanity since ancient times. The element took part in the development of the material culture of society. The healing properties of copper were discovered by ancient doctors. Modern industry and medicine cannot do without the participation of Cu.

general characteristics

Copper (Cu, Cuprum) is a chemical element (group 11, period 4), which is a ductile transition metal of a golden-pink hue. The name Cuprum is derived from the name of the island of Cyprus, where copper was smelted in mines thousands of years ago.

Copper began to be used by humans for technical purposes in the list of the first among all existing useful elements . Early acquaintance with the element was due to the presence of Cu in nature in the form of fairly large nuggets.

Copper and bronze were widely used during two major eras - the Copper and Bronze Ages. The period of widespread distribution of copper objects is called the Copper Age. Stone tools were replaced by copper products due to better results in cutting, planing, drilling, sawing wood and processing bone. The Bronze Age replaces the Copper Age after the development of an alloy of copper and tin, resulting in bronze.

The inhabitants of Egypt obtained copper from turquoise and malachite by smelting at a temperature of 1083 0C. The process took place in a kind of furnace using blast. Already by the II-III century. Metal smelting was practiced in many countries of the ancient world. The end of the period ends in the X - XII centuries. BC, when copper and bronze tools were gradually replaced by iron ones. Having reached our time, Cu still retains its status as an important element.

Biological role of copper in the human body

Cuprum occupies a leading position among the chemical elements involved in the processes of ensuring human life. The human body contains an average of 100-200 mg of the component. Locations: muscles, bones, blood, brain, liver and kidneys. A lack of copper is detrimental to humans due to the participation of the component in very important internal processes.

• Cu is part of the enzymes responsible for redox activity.
• With its participation, iron exchange occurs in the body.
• A sufficient level of the element allows you to increase the absorption of high-molecular organic substances (proteins, carbohydrates).
• Tissues are provided with oxygen with the participation of copper.
• Without the participation of Cu, connective tissue does not form and bones do not grow.
• Bones, cartilage and tendons retain their structure with the participation of the element.
• The walls of blood vessels, alveoli, and skin acquire the necessary elasticity.
• Cu's ability to stop inflammatory processes is incredibly valuable. Copper is actively used to combat autoimmune diseases.
• With the participation of copper, hemoglobin is formed and red blood cells mature.

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Daily requirement

The body needs a daily intake of 2-5 mg of copper . Deficiency of the element almost never occurs, because normal nutrition ensures the supply of the required amount of the component.

Despite the invaluable importance of copper, an excess of the substance is not beneficial. Excessive concentrations occur as a result of increased intake of Cu from food or water. People working in hazardous industries are at risk. In excess, the element can come through copper utensils and household preparations.

Beneficial features

Copper plates are used when necessary to relieve pain, stop bleeding, eliminate insomnia, calm nervousness, and relieve inflammation in joints.

The use of copper will be more beneficial if you consult your doctor first. The use of copper has a number of contraindications. There is no clear list of prohibitions, but incompatibility with metal may occur. If an anxious and irritable state occurs, it is recommended to immediately stop therapy.

Copper water and coins are used for medicinal purposes . Coins dated before 1961 are suitable for preparing water and for treatment. The recipe for copper water is very simple: wash 10 coins in a solution of calcium hydroxide (lime water), boil in 1 liter of water until the liquid evaporates by half. The course of treatment takes 30 days. It is recommended to take a small amount of water (2 tsp) at least three times a day (but no more).

1. The element has a tonic effect. This property extends mainly to the liver, spleen and lymphatic system. Cu is a powerful fighter against extra pounds, swelling, and disorders of the lymph nodes.
2. A coin placed in the hole under the collarbone can soothe pain in the heart. The course of treatment will be 10 days.
3. You can relieve pain and speed up recovery from bruises and thrombophlebitis by placing a coin in the area where the symptoms are located.
4. Myoma, fibroma in women - the lower abdomen.
5. Hearing impairment - one coin is attached behind the ear (convex part), the second is fixed symmetrically on the other side.
6. Cervical osteochondrosis is the back region of the neck, the location of pain.
7. Headache is an area where painful sensations are concentrated.
8. Prevention of childhood rickets - wrists are wrapped in copper bracelets.

Symptoms of copper deficiency in the body

Ignoring copper deficiency can lead to undesirable processes :

• the development of anemia may be caused by impaired iron absorption;
• the blood picture is characterized by a decrease in the level of leukocytes and liquefaction;
• the cardiovascular system is deprived of the ability to fully function;
• bone mineralization is impaired;
• weaken the body's protective functions;
• the development of multiple sclerosis is observed;
• the thyroid gland does not perform its functions;
• loss of pigmentation (skin, hair);
• there is a delay in sexual development in girls, menstrual dysfunction, and the development of infertility;
• children are born with distress syndrome.

Signs of excess mineral

The first signs of excess should be a reason to visit a doctor to avoid complications :

• feeling of abdominal pain, nausea with accompanying vomiting, indigestion;
• dizzy and headache;
• heart rate is increased, breathing is difficult;
• disruptions in the gastrointestinal tract, impaired liver and kidney function;
• memory and sleep are disturbed, a depressive state occurs;
• The body temperature rises, the person shudders, there is increased sweating and a convulsive state.

Copper in food

Copper enters the human body through food. The level of copper content is determined by the presence of a certain amount of the element in the soil. For example, copper sulfate fertilizer will lead to an increase in the amount of Cu.

Ginseng leaves are a wonderful store of important microelements and vitamins. The presence of copper, calcium, iron, potassium, titanium and much more in high concentrations is noted here.

Everyone needs to know what their diet should be after food poisoning. What you can eat and drink, and how to behave if your child is poisoned.

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All about the beneficial properties of pomegranate - http://ialive.ru/pitanie/poleznye-produkty/svoystva-polza-i-vred-granata.html.

What foods are rich in copper?

Let's pay attention to the most popular sources of copper . Consumption of the proposed products will ensure that the required amount of the element enters the body for its full functioning. copper in food products is indicated in mg per 100 g of product.

Copper content table - TOP 20 products

Name of copper products

Cod liver	12,50
Pollock liver	10
cucumbers	8,4
Spinach	7
Cocoa powder	4,3
Sesame	4,1
Beef liver	3,8
Pork liver	3,7-7,5
Brewer's yeast	3,21,83
Hazelnut	1,8
Dog-rose fruit	1,8
Sunflower	1,5
Squid	1,4
Wheat bran	1,45
Chocolate	1,2
Peanut	1,14
Mushrooms (boletus)	0,9
Shrimps	0,85
Peas	0,75
Pasta (highest grade)	0,70

Copper is indispensable for human life. Its participation in almost all areas of our lives makes the element a leader in importance. However, the concept of the golden mean is also relevant for copper. You should not resort to amateur activities and try to increase copper levels for no apparent reason.

Source: http://ialive.ru/pitanie/mineraly/mikroelementy/med-v-produktakh-pitaniya.html

Where are copper pipes used and their characteristics

When it comes to installing or reconstructing a utility system, the question arises as to which pipes are best to use. Today there is a wide range of such products on the market. They are made from materials such as copper, steel, aluminum, metal-plastic and polymers.

The most expensive material is copper pipe. Therefore, in order to save money, it is used extremely rarely. But there are exceptions. Far-sighted people opt for a copper pipe. And this is not surprising. After all, with its help you can build a strong and durable pipeline that has high performance characteristics.

Variety of copper products

Copper pipes are classified according to different criteria. One of the main ones is the method of their manufacture. According to this criterion, products are divided into the following types:

• Unannealed copper pipes. Manufactured from pure metal by rolling or stamping. The pipes have high strength and can easily withstand pressure of 450 MPa. There are some drawbacks to using this method. The result is a material with reduced ductility, which somewhat limits its scope of application.
• Annealed. Pipe processing is carried out using a special technology. Its essence is to heat the material to 700 degrees and then cool it. Cooling is carried out gradually. As a result of this treatment, copper products lose strength. In return, its plasticity increases. Due to this feature, copper pipe is widely used for the construction of pipelines that have a complex configuration.

According to the standards, copper pipes are manufactured in three types, which have characteristic differences in terms of mechanical and operational properties. So, depending on the degree of hardness, copper products are divided into the following types:

• Solid. The products are widely used for pipeline construction, which must have high strength. The distribution of pipes during the installation process is carried out only by preheating. The pipeline may have numerous turns. To bend the pipe at the selected angle, you need to use a pipe bender.
• Semi-solid. Copper pipes of this type can easily withstand distribution if the diameter is increased by 15%. The product has greater ductility than the previous material. But, nevertheless, for bending you need a pipe bender.
• Soft pipes. Able to withstand distribution when the diameter increases by a quarter. In this case, ruptures and cracks do not occur. The product is easy to bend. To do this, you do not need to heat the material. Soft copper pipes are widely used for heating and water supply systems. They have also found wide application in laying heated floors.

Copper pipes are also classified according to their cross-sectional shape. They come in round or rectangular shapes. The latter option is much more expensive. Rectangular pipes are used for the manufacture of special conductors in electrical equipment.

Also, copper pipes can have different wall thicknesses (0.6 - 3 mm) and diameters (12 - 267 mm). Products with certain parameters are used in different areas.

Thus, for the installation of a gas pipeline, pipes are used whose wall thickness is 1 mm, and in plumbing - 2 mm.

Copper products with insulating coating

Among other things, copper pipes may have an additional insulating layer. Depending on this, they are divided into several types:

• Products with foam insulation based on rubber, polyurethane foam and polyethylene foam. Such pipes are used to reduce heat loss in heating and hot water supply systems. The thickness of the insulating layer will reach 3 cm.
• Copper pipes with a polyethylene coating, the thickness of which reaches 2.5 mm. Products often have a diameter of 12 – 54 mm. Often used in heating and cold water supply systems.
• Products with polyethylene insulation up to 3 mm thick. Pipes are laid using a hidden method in a monolithic structure. The product has design features that allow you to maintain the integrity of the pipeline during temperature fluctuations.

Copper pipes are not subject to corrosion processes. Therefore there is no need to apply a protective layer. But, as for additional insulation, it will not be superfluous, especially when it comes to the construction of a heating and water supply system. Especially often, such pipes are used for laying external networks that are subject to severe loads under the influence of the external environment.

Advantages of copper products

Due to their performance properties, copper pipes are widely used for transporting various liquids. Among the advantages of such products are:

• Plasticity and strength. Copper products have high strength and ductility. At low temperatures, these properties increase significantly. This makes it possible to use a copper pipeline for transporting non-freezing liquids.
• Resistant to sudden temperature changes. Copper pipes do not lose their performance properties at extreme temperatures. This also applies to high blood pressure. Such pipes can withstand a load of 400 atmospheres.
• Slight thermal expansion.
• The versatility of the material. For the construction of one or another utility line, you can use pipes with a small wall thickness. So, for example, if we take steel or plastic analogues, then to solve a similar problem we needed products whose wall thickness was several times greater.
• Resistant to chlorine and other chemicals that may be contained in the transport fluid. Upon contact with copper, an oxide is formed, which extends the life of the product.
• Copper pipes are not afraid of ultraviolet rays, chemically aggressive substances and corrosion. Thanks to these properties, the service life of the pipeline can reach 100 years or more.
• Copper inhibits the development of bacteria, which makes the pipeline safe.
• The inner walls of copper products have a smooth surface. Thanks to this, pipes with a small diameter can be used to construct the pipeline. At the same time, throughput is at a high level.
• Dismantled copper pipes can be reused to construct a new heating or water supply system pipeline.
• Copper pipes have an attractive appearance. This makes it possible to abandon the installation of decorative boxes. The products themselves can be used as a decorative element.

Due to the presence of such advantages, copper pipes are especially popular among professionals and are used in various fields.

Disadvantages of copper and products made from it

Of course, like any other building material, copper pipes have some disadvantages, among which are:

• High cost of copper products.
• Quite high electrical conductivity of the material. As a result, the pipeline may suffer as a result of the influence of stray currents on it.
• When passing products through a wall, special protective covers must be used. This is done in order to protect the pipeline from the negative effects of structures.
• Copper and aluminum products cannot be used simultaneously in the same pipeline. This may cause galvanic corrosion.
• If we are talking about steel pipes, then they should be located in front of copper products. This will reduce the risk of corrosion processes.

Scope of application

Copper pipes have many advantages, which has made it possible to use them in various fields. So, the products are used:

• in heating and water supply systems;
• in high pressure systems for oil supply;
• for transporting compressed air and gas;
• as freon tubes in refrigeration systems;
• for condensate drainage;
• in fuel systems;
• in air conditioning systems;
• for connecting various equipment.

Features of installation of copper pipelines

Before proceeding with the installation of the copper pipeline, it is necessary to take measurements and appropriate cuts. Here it is worth making sure that the cut is even. This result can be achieved using a special pipe cutter. The pipes in the main are connected by soldering or pressing.

The most common option is capillary soldering. With its help, you can achieve high reliability and tightness of connections. This method is often used to join rectangular copper pipes. In the process of capillary soldering, sockets and fittings are used. This option is ideal for constructing a pipeline that will be used at high temperatures.

As for pressing, they are performed using various fittings. This is especially true for self-fixing and compression products. In addition, during the construction of the pipeline, compression clamps and special flanges are used. The connection by pressing is used in those places where the pipeline will be exposed to open fire.

Copper pipe fittings

Crimping and solder fittings are used to connect copper pipes. The first products are made of brass. Inside there is a crimp ring that ensures the tightness of the connection. The connecting nut can be tightened manually or using a regular wrench. This greatly simplifies the installation of the pipeline.

The connection process is carried out using the following technology:

• The fitting is disassembled into its components.
• A clamp nut and also a crimp ring are placed on the copper pipe.
• The end of the pipe is inserted into the fitting.
• The nut is tightened by hand. In this case, it is worth making sure that the ring fits into the fitting without distortion.
• The nut is tightened tightly using a wrench.

Important: Connecting pipes using fittings must be done very carefully. Do not overdo it when tightening, as the crimp ring can cut through the walls of the product.

It is also worth noting here that clamp fittings are not a reliable option for connecting copper piping. After all, it is in such cases that leaks often occur. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically inspect the line for tightness of connections.

Source: https://trubadelo.ru/truby/truba-mednaya