Where and how is tin mined?

Where to get tin for soldering

Are you here

Today, tin is a common metal. However, in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was quite rare and valuable, so Russia bought it from other countries. Tin was used to coat iron products to protect them from rust.

From this metal, Russian craftsmen created dishes with relief patterns, since soft, pliable tin could easily be processed with a chisel. After casting the product, the master decorated it with intricate patterns or an engraved inscription.

Today, the Moscow Historical Museum has various examples of tin utensils that have been preserved from ancient times.

Briefly about malleable tin

Metal tin has such a crystal structure that when it is bent, the metal crystals crunch as a result of friction against each other. This crunch is a distinctive feature of pure tin from its alloys, which do not emit sounds when bent.

It is possible to apply various decorative coatings based on tin or any alloy made from it at home. At the same time, the question may arise, how to make tin yourself? It is extracted using electrochemical etching methods using an electrolyte solution, which you will need to make yourself, using pure tin and its salts.

Craftsmen can obtain tin at home in the following ways:

• Use chemical reactions to produce tin oxide and then melt it in a crucible. As a result, pure tin will be released.
• Obtain tin chloride, and then use electrolysis cans from cans with an electrolyte based on the existing chloride to isolate the tin.

How to get tin chloride at home?

A simpler and cheaper method for producing tin chloride is to use tin-lead solder.

1. You need to take concentrated hydrochloric acid, bring it to a boil and dissolve solder in it.
2. The next step is to strongly cool the solution, during which lead chloride will precipitate in it.
3. The resulting precipitate is filtered with decantation, and an electrolyte (which is practically pure tin chloride with a small amount of impurities) is prepared on the basis of the filtered solution.
4. Due to the rapid oxidation of stannous chloride, the resulting solution must be used immediately.

how to make tin chloride at home

How to get pure tin at home?

In order to make an electrolyte, you need to take a small portion of tin chloride as a seed. Later, after isolation, it will be possible to prepare a purer chloride solution. To do this, you need to take aqua regia or hydrochloric acid and dissolve the metal.

Pour an alkaline solution (9-10%) into a 7% solution of SnCl2 (chloridol), stirring constantly, as a result of which the formation and precipitation of a white precipitate - tin hydroxide - will be observed.

It is necessary to stir the solution until it becomes completely transparent, which will indicate the readiness of the electrolyte.

How to make tin at home? To do this, you will need a fairly large tin can (3-5 liters) and a lid made of dielectric material.

The cans have a tinned inner surface - that is, a layer of tin that protects the iron can itself from oxidation, and the food product contained in it from spoilage. Therefore, it is possible to extract tin from cans for reuse.

You need to remove the sticker from the jar and remove dirt from it, for which you need to boil it in a strong soda solution for 30 minutes. The following is done:

1. A carbon cathode is placed in the center of the jar.
2. Connect the anode to the can body.
3. Fill the electrolyte and connect the power supply (4V). To do this, you can take several batteries or a battery connected in series.
4. To increase the amount of tin produced, cut some old cans into pieces and pour them into the electrolyzer, but you must prevent them from coming into contact with the cathode. One medium-sized tin contains 0.5 g of tin.
5. The result of the experiment is the release of spongy tin at the cathode. It must be collected and melted in a crucible into a metal of a characteristic silver color. Why can tin be melted at home? Because it has a melting point of 239˚C, and iron, for comparison, has a melting point of 1538.85˚C.

about tin casting at home

Tin casting at home

Today, making small figurines and products from tin at home is not only interesting, but also quite profitable. After all, many collectors are willing to pay a lot of money for a tin soldier, a model of military equipment, or just a souvenir. Amateur artists who want to learn how to cast parts usually use tin for this, since it has the following positive qualities:

• Attractive beautiful color similar to silver.
• Tin is technologically advanced and has a low melting point.
• Plastic, easy to engrave and mint, “molded” with a soldering iron.

A skilled craftsman, using simple equipment, is able to transform a small silver ingot into a beautiful sculpture, lantern, candlestick, casket, medal, brooch, bracelet, cufflink and much more. In addition, openwork and relief plates are created from tin to decorate boxes, door hinges, handles, and keyholes. How is tin casting done at home? This process consists of the following stages and features:

1. The production of future products begins with the creation of color sketches on a sheet of paper.
2. Afterwards, polymer clay is taken and a figurine is prepared from it to create a shape. In this case, every smallest detail is applied with a stack and a thin awl.
3. Making the mold is the most critical stage. It must have the perfect connector. This is necessary for easy and safe removal of the casting. As a rule, casting molds are made collapsible, consisting of 2 parts.
4. The most optimal material for the mold is plaster or silicone, but in order to make a silicone mold, you need to spend much more material and time.
5. In addition, stores sell special sealants that are poured onto models, they harden and thus become reusable molds for pouring.

1. In cases where the future product will contain many small parts, the mold is made with an insert.
2. An important role is played by the size of the channel in the mold through which the metal is poured into it. The smaller it is, the slower the mold is filled, and there is a danger of the metal cooling quickly, which can lead to the formation of cavities.
3. When casting a part, the two halves of the mold should be folded together and placed between a plywood sheet about 12 millimeters thick. Then you need to tighten them with a tight elastic band.
4. After preparing the mold, the metal is heated. The readiness of the alloy for pouring is determined by the formation of a yellowish film. If the metal is overheated, the film will acquire a blue or purple tint.
5. Pouring metal into the mold must be done in a thin stream, while tapping the mold a little, thus preventing air retention in it. It is necessary to remember the rules for safe work with heated alloys.
6. After the mold is filled with metal, it must be left for some time to cool and harden the alloy inside it.
7. Then the mold is opened, and the finished product is carefully removed from it using tongs. As a rule, there are always defects on the first product. Therefore, the figurine is further processed - the flash (metal that has flowed into the seams between the two parts of the form) is removed. They are cleaned using tools such as a scalpel or scraper.
8. Next, the seams are sanded with fairly fine sandpaper. When making complex figures and products that are cast in separate parts, these parts are connected with a soldering iron.

1. Epoxy glue is used to glue small parts. The places where the parts were soldered and glued are carefully and carefully sanded.
2. Then you should prepare a strong solution of soda and wash the finished figurine with a thin brush to remove the flux.
3. If necessary, the finished product is painted with acrylic paints.

  Rules for soldering with a soldering iron

Having successfully mastered this fascinating ancient craft, a skilled craftsman will have the opportunity not only to do what he loves, but also to earn good money. Plus, it would make a great 10th wedding anniversary (tin anniversary) gift.

Source: https://respect-kovka.com/gde-vzyat-olovo-dlya-payki/

Where to get tin at home

Tin is a silvery metal characterized by softness and ductility. Since its melting point is relatively low, only 232 °C, tin is considered a low-melting metal. A stick made of pure tin produces a characteristic crunching sound when bent.

This is due to its crystalline structure. When deformed, friction occurs between the metal crystals, and this is the cause of the crunch. This is the distinguishing feature of pure tin from an alloy.

Getting tin at home

Today, tin in its pure form is quite rare. Even solder for a soldering iron has impurities. But inquiring minds constantly ask the question: “Where can I get pure tin?” You can get it quite simply, right in your kitchen, from an ordinary tin can. The trick is that such jars are tinned on the inside, that is, covered with a thin layer of tin. This is done to protect the metal from corrosion. To extract tin we need:

• tin,
• washing soda,
• several batteries (so that the total voltage is 9-12 Volts),
• alkali solution (its preparation will be described below).

The jar needs to be thoroughly cleaned first. To do this, pour a concentrated solution of washing soda into it and boil for 30 minutes. Next, you need to rinse it several times with water. The batteries need to be connected in series or you can use a car battery.

The positive contact connects directly to the can. Negative - with a carbon rod, which can be obtained from the same battery. He is inside her. Carefully lower the rod into the jar of solution. The main thing is that he does not touch her walls. After some time, spongy tin will begin to collect on the negative contact.

This will be accompanied by bubbles in the electrolyte. After completing the procedure, you need to take out the tin-coated rod, put it in a clean metal jar and put it on fire. The tin will be fused into an ingot.

Preparation of lye

It's very easy to make. To do this, you need to mix washing soda with slaked lime and boil the solution. As a result, caustic soda (alkali) is formed, and chalk will precipitate. After cooling and filtering, only an alkaline solution will remain.

Today, tin is a common metal. However, in the 16th and 17th centuries it was quite rare and valuable, so Russia bought it from other countries. Tin was used to coat iron products to protect them from rust.

From this metal, Russian craftsmen created dishes with relief patterns, since soft, pliable tin could easily be processed with a chisel. After casting the product, the craftsman decorated it with intricate patterns or an engraved inscription.

Today, the Moscow Historical Museum has various examples of tin utensils that have been preserved from ancient times.

Source: https://MyTooling.ru/instrumenty/gde-vzjat-olovo-v-domashnih-uslovijah

How diamonds are mined in Yakutia: deposits, methods

The physical properties of a diamond are so unique that this particular stone is considered the “king” among all others. It is both the hardest of all known minerals on Earth and the most expensive, although quite common.

Origin of diamonds

How long it took for crystals to form in nature is unknown, but in order for the carbon lattice of graphite to transform into the carbon lattice of diamond, the following conditions are necessary: ​​a depth of at least 100 kilometers, a pressure of 35-50 kilobars and a temperature above 1100 degrees Celsius.

As magma breaks through the sedimentary layer of the earth's crust, a tube is formed that may contain diamonds. Based on the deposit in the Kimberley area in southern Africa, such pipes began to be called kimberlite. Their age is about 400-700 million years.

Where are diamonds mined?

About 35 countries located on geologically stable continents are involved in mining. The largest explored deposits in terms of diamond content are located in South Africa, Russia, India, Brazil, and the northern part of America.

A deposit is considered “rich” if a ton of ore contains 3 carats (a little more than half a gram) of diamonds.

Diamond deposits in Russia

In the 19th century, in the Perm province, the first diamond was found by chance, by a 14-year-old serf peasant, Pavel Popov, who worked in a gold mine and, while panning gold-bearing ore, found a stone weighing half a carat.

Carat is a measure of the weight of a gemstone, based on the size of a carob seed (Ceratonia capita). The seed was brown in color, hard and flat and had a constant mass, so it was used as a measure since biblical times. 1 carat = 0.19 grams

Diamond mining in Russia is carried out in two areas: in the Arkhangelsk region and in Yakutia.

The search for diamond deposits in the USSR has been thought about since the 30s, when it was suggested that conditions similar to the African continent - ancient volcanic shields - could also exist in Siberia. After the Great Patriotic War, exploration expeditions began in Siberia.

Since 1949, ten kimberlite pipes have been explored. In 1954, geologist Larisa Popugaeva discovered the first primary deposit. She telegraphed in code: “We lit a pipe of Peace, the tobacco is excellent.” The kimberlite pipe was given the name “Mir”, and then the city received the name from it: Mirny. Twelve tubes are currently in industrial development.

Diamond deposits are divided into primary - bedrock and secondary - alluvial. By bedrock we mean kimberlites and lamproites (igneous rocks). Placer deposits are destroyed bedrock deposits, in which mineral is transported from eroded kimberlite pipes over a distance, sometimes several kilometers.

"Lomonosovskoye" field in the Arkhangelsk region

Information about this deposit first appeared in 1985, and in 1999 it was announced in the media that preparations were underway to begin its development.

The search for the mineral in the Arkhangelsk region differed from expeditions in Siberia. In Yakutia, they tracked it using the diamond’s “satellite” - pyrope (garnet). In the Arkhangelsk region - based on magnetic anomalies.

As a result, more than 50 kimberlite pipes were identified, about a third of which contain diamonds. Six pipes in the area of ​​the Pomorye village are close to each other and form a single Lomonosovskoye deposit. Its reserves are estimated at US$12 billion. The quality of the stones is quite high, not inferior to those from Yakutia.

In 2009, a very high quality stone (transparent rhombic dodecahedron) weighing 30.61 carats was found and named in honor of the 425th anniversary of Arkhangelsk. A year later, a unique stone weighing 50.1 carats was also mined.

Extraction is carried out in two ways: quarry and mine method. The borehole hydraulic extraction method tested at the beginning of development was unsuccessful.

Diamond mining in Yakutia

The city of Mirny is considered the “diamond capital” of Russia. It is located in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) at a distance of 1200 km from Yakutsk. The population of the city is about 35 thousand people and almost 80% of the population works in the Alrosa group of diamond mining enterprises (the name consists of the words “diamonds” and “Russia”). Alrosa accounts for about 99% of all diamonds mined in Russia and more than 30% in the world.

In 2017, a volume of 39 million carats is expected. Proven reserves of the company's deposits amount to 184.8 million carats, probable reserves – 468.5 million carats.

The development of deposits in Yakutia began in the 50s of the last century. The Mir pipe has been mined by opencast mining since 1957, and for almost 50 years the serpentine road in the quarry has reached 8 km from the surface to the bottom.

The diameter of the quarry is 1200 meters and the depth is 525 meters. Since 2001, the quarry has been mothballed, and mining continues using the shaft method.

How are diamonds mined?

The peculiarities of the nature of Yakutia are, first of all, extreme weather conditions; in winter the air temperature reaches 50 degrees below zero. It should also be noted that groundwater is mineralized to such an extent that it can dissolve rubber. And finally, at a depth of 400 meters, permafrost begins.

All these conditions directly affect mining methods. The city of Mirny is located in close proximity to the quarry.

After the mined ore is brought to the surface, it is delivered to a processing plant, where the rock is first crushed, then the diamond compounds are separated.

For small fractions, a foam cleaning method is used (chemicals form foam on water, to which diamond particles stick), as well as an X-ray method (irradiating the ore and blowing diamond-containing particles out of it).

After mechanical cleaning, manual labor is used to clean and sort the stones.

The stones are sorted by weight; large specimens are selected by specialists exclusively by hand. Their shape, size and color are assessed. Transparency and purity of the mineral are also important characteristics.

It should be noted that all diamonds have such unique characteristics that experts have developed more than 8 thousand positions by which they can be evaluated.

After selection, the stones are sent to the cutting plant.

Jewelry stones make up about 70% of all mined stones, the rest are used for technical purposes.

The industrial use of diamonds is for the manufacture of stone and metal working tools, medical instruments and watches.

The global diamond mining market is represented by 9 countries, of which more than two-thirds of the volumes come from Russia, Botswana and Congo.

It is a matter of pride that Russian diamonds have high quality characteristics that are important for jewelers:

• correct shape;
• transparent;
• high color properties.

How to distinguish a diamond?

Examine a diamond in the light - a real one “allows” the ray into itself and refracts it many times, due to which it shines very brightly. No glass or cubic zirconia is capable of this, even with the most complex cut. Only a real diamond has a double refraction - one ray from its surface goes straight, the second - to the side.

You cannot see through a diamond the surface on which you place it, no matter how transparent it is. If you look at its peaks through a diamond, they should not be visible.

A fake diamond will shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow, but a real one will shimmer in only one shade - grayish. The most reliable way to check authenticity is to breathe on the diamond. The real one doesn't fog up!

Source: https://vseprokamni.ru/interesno/kak-obrazujutsja-almazy-i-gde-ih-dobyvajut.html

Mining and receiving tin

A mixture of metals such as tin and copper - bronze, has been known to people since the 4th millennium BC. And data about pure metal appeared around the 2nd millennium BC. e. In those days, jewelry and dishes were made from this metal. However, due to low availability and high cost, tin items are not often found among Roman and Greek antiquities. Information about this metal is even present in the Bible.

Tin production

The production of tin involves a crushing process that involves subjecting ore-bearing rock (or cassiterite). During this operation, the ore is crushed to obtain an average particle size of 10 mm. This happens in special industrial mills.

Next, cassiterite, due to its fairly significant level of density and weight, is separated from the waste rock using a vibration-gravity method on a dressing table. In addition, the flotation method of enrichment and purification of rock can be used. The concentrated mixture of tin ore that is formed as a result of this procedure is subjected to furnace smelting.

During smelting, recovery occurs to a free state by including charcoal in the reduction process. For smelting, the ore is layered with charcoal.

Brand	Chemical composition, %	Application area
Sn, no less	Impurities, no more
Pb	Cu	Sb
O1PCh	99,915	0,025	0,01	0,015	In semiconductor technology; production of canning tin and preparation of chemical reagents; production of rods, tape and other products for electrical purposes; production of babbitts, alloys, solders, tin powder, modified gray cast iron.
O1	99,9	0,04	0,01	0,015
O2	99,565	0,25	0,03	0,05
O3	98,49	1,0	0,1	0,3

Applications of tin

Tin is an extremely important component of the mixture in the process of manufacturing structural titanium alloys. Tin dioxide is a fairly good abrasive that is used to “finish” the surface of optical glasses. Previously, tin salts served as dyes for wool.

In addition, this metal is widely used as a constituent element of the anode material for a chemical current source. Experts call the use of tin for creating lead-tin batteries very promising.

According to scientific research, at the same voltage as a lead battery, a lead-tin battery has 2.5 times higher capacity, as well as 5 times higher energy density per unit volume. Moreover, such a battery has a lower internal resistance.

Tin is also used in the process of creating tinplate in the production of food containers, in solders for electronics, and in alloys from which bearings are made. Another popular alloy is pewter. Dishes are made from this material.

Tin brands

Tin alloys are often used as antifriction materials or solders. With the help of anti-friction compounds, specialists are able to preserve machines and equipment by reducing friction losses. And solders are used to hold together the metal components of mechanisms. Among the antifriction alloys, the most popular are babbitts. All grades of tin are produced in the form of ingots. According to the chemical composition, the following brands are distinguished:

Tin deposits

The main tin production is concentrated in deposits located in southeast Asia, mainly in China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In addition, deposits of this metal are present in the countries of South America, namely in Bolivia, Peru, Brazil. Russian industry really needs tin. Our country consumes approximately 6.5–7 thousand tons annually.

However, 90% of this amount is imported. The main deposits of tin ore in our state are located in the eastern regions. About thirty years ago, the tin mining production cluster included nine mining and processing plants and more than 20 mines in Yakutia, the Khabarovsk region, the Primorsky and Transbaikal regions, as well as in the Jewish Autonomous Region.

But some enterprises quickly went bankrupt.

Over the past few years, the situation has begun to change for the better, but it is still very far from “Soviet” volumes. The establishment in 2013 of a zero tax rate on the mining of tin ores located in the Far East did not have a significant impact.

This year, a major investment program is being implemented, the goal of which is to increase production efficiency.

Source: http://mining-prom.ru/cvetmet/olovo/dobycha--i-poluchenie-olova/

Where to get tin at home - Metals, equipment, instructions

Despite its name - “resistant”, tin is not a durable metal. It is too light and malleable to be used for the production of any load-bearing structures.

But malleability at relatively low temperatures and plasticity make the substance very popular in the relevant field.

You will learn all this and even more from this article about how you can use tin, where to buy it for soldering, what solders are possible with it.

In the modern national economy, in the vast majority of cases, it is not tin that is used, but its various alloys.

Modern bronze often includes more than just copper and tin. Usually it also contains silicon, lead, aluminum and other additional components.

• The second most famous application is solders . These are alloys of tin and lead, silver, copper, as well as cadmium or bismuth. A distinctive feature of this alloy is its low melting point, the ability to form bonds with other metals and the high strength of such compounds. With the help of solders, a wide variety of metal parts are connected to each other, which cannot be connected to each other - due to too different melting temperatures, for example. Occasionally, pure tin solders are also used.

The properties of solder are determined by its composition. Traditionally it is used in radio and electrical engineering. But an alloy of 30% tin and 70% lead has a very wide range of solidification. This characteristic is used when soldering various types of pipes.

• Both tin itself and tin-lead alloys have good adhesion to the metal. And therefore, both are used for external coating of parts in order to protect products from corrosion and give them an attractive appearance. A layer is applied by immersing the object in a bath of melt, or using the electrolytic method from aqueous solutions.
• Another well-known alloy of tin, antimony and copper is known for its outstanding anti-friction properties. Such compositions, called babbitts, are used to coat various moving parts in order to reduce their wear.
• An alloy of metal with lead and antimony is used in the manufacture of typographic fonts. Its durability and resistance to fatigue allow the same set to be used for a long time.
• Another unusual use for combining metal with lead is in organ pipes. Tin is the most tonally resonant metal known. Its amount in the alloy determines the tone of the pipe.

This video will tell you about the uses of tin:

Tin is also used as a supply of an independent substance - with a share of up to 97–99%.

• Almost half of such pure metal as tin is used to coat cans. Well-known tin objects are a steel product coated with a thin layer of tin - 0.4 microns. The latter provides excellent anti-corrosion protection.
• A lot of different food containers and even dishes are made from tin, since the metal has excellent hygienic properties and is absolutely safe, unlike its medieval “brother”, which is an alloy with lead. Dishes made from this light silver metal are very beautiful. In addition, the high malleability and plasticity of the substance make it possible not only to stamp pots and plates, but to produce truly excellent tableware items. Accordingly, gifts made of tin are popular.
• Due to its excellent anti-corrosion properties, tin is also used in the manufacture of pipelines. These qualities are especially valuable when organizing a drinking water supply system. However, they are not widely used, since the material is quite expensive and, most importantly, scarce on the construction market.

We will talk about the heat, degree, specific melting temperature of tin for making products and soldering microcircuits, about the features of the use in industry of white, gray, chlorine, liquid tin, and its properties below.

Use of metal in construction

Low strength and hardness significantly limit the use of tin in the construction industry. And most alloys with metal require completely different characteristics.

However, the substance also found a place in this area.

Tin bronzes

An alloy of tin and copper is the best known use of the metal, with the possible exception of tinplate. Tin bronze has excellent anti-friction properties, is resistant to corrosion, is hygienic and is not afraid of frost. In addition, the material is extremely attractive in appearance and has excellent malleability.

These properties determine the scope of application of the tin alloy.

• Pipeline - resistance to high temperatures and very low shrinkage - less than 1%, determine the use of bronze pipes for any type of pipeline: hot and cold water supply, heating, and so on. Due to the fact that the material does not corrode, it is extremely durable: a bronze pipeline (not to be confused with ceramic) is designed to last for centuries. In addition, it is much easier to maintain. Its appearance only becomes more attractive over time: the correct black patina gives even a simple pipe elegance, the material does not lose its properties, and moreover, the material does not accumulate electricity, like steel, for example.
• Plumbing fixtures - bathtubs, washbasins, toilets made of this alloy not only “honestly” fulfill their role, that is, they are durable objects with excellent hygienic properties, they are often also very beautiful. The malleability of bronze allows you to turn your bathroom into an artistic masterpiece.
• The same applies to small accessories for the bathroom , toilet or kitchen. Bronze taps, watering cans, stands, heated towel rails and others will give any interior a completely luxurious look.
• Fittings of a different kind - handles, locks, door hinges and even curtain rings, a very sophisticated touch of the classic style.
• Stair railings and railings are perhaps the most effective use of bronze in a residential building, since they have a relatively large area. Forged or cast bronze railings are a way to make the interior not only unique, but also extremely luxurious and elegant.
• Sculptures and household items that can be made from metal - hangers, benches, holders, mirror frames and so on. Made of bronze, these products are a decoration for any home and in any style.

  How to glue silicone products at home

This video will tell you what to do if you don’t have enough tin for soldering:

Tin candlesticks, glass holders, buttons and toy soldiers have sunk into Summer. Today, pure tin, despite its much lower cost compared to past centuries, has much less application, since it is being replaced by cheaper and more accessible alloys.

However, lovers of retro styles will not fail to find a tin product to decorate the interior.

• Pewter fittings are mainly door handles, although other items can be found. Compared to bronze or brass, tin appears more modest and has less shine. However, for country or English styles this is an advantage. Well, the high malleability of the material significantly compensates for its dimness.
• Tin tableware - from the simplest “grandfather’s” mug, from which “such tasty water”, to exquisite cutlery. Pewter dishes are elegant and will compliment any living room. And even now you can surprise a lover of antiquity with a set of pewter dessert spoons.
• tin street lamps were widely used . They stopped using them a long time ago, but tin lamps of various kinds - from chandeliers to modest tabletops - are still made.

Tin is a rare metal, best known as a component of bronze, and it has found application in construction and everyday life in the form of a bronze alloy. However, tin household items and dishes are still used as decoration in the dining room.

Have you decided to make small crafts from tin yourself? Then watch this video first:

Source: https://spb-metalloobrabotka.com/gde-vzyat-olovo-v-domashnih-usloviyah/

Tin and its main alloys (page 1 of 3)

Introduction

Tin

Composition and properties of some tin alloys

Bibliography

Introduction

The most important stage of development was the use of iron and its alloys. In the middle of the 19th century, the converter method of steel production was mastered, and by the end of the century - the open-hearth method.

Iron-based alloys are currently the main structural material.

The rapid growth of industry requires the emergence of materials with a wide variety of properties.

The middle of the 20th century was marked by the appearance of polymers - new materials whose properties differ sharply from the properties of metals.

Polymers are also widely used in various fields of technology: mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries and a number of other fields.

The development of technology requires materials with new unique properties. Nuclear energy and space technology require materials that can operate at very high temperatures.

Computer technology became possible only by using materials with special electrical properties.

Thus, materials science is one of the most important, priority sciences that determines technical progress.

Tin is one of the few metals known to man since prehistoric times. Tin and copper were discovered before iron, and their alloy, bronze, is, apparently, the very first “artificial” material, the first material prepared by man.

The results of archaeological excavations suggest that even five millennia BC people knew how to smelt tin itself. It is known that the ancient Egyptians brought tin for the production of bronze from Persia.

This metal is described under the name “trapu” in ancient Indian literature. The Latin name for tin, stannum, comes from the Sanskrit "sta", meaning "solid".

Tin

Properties of tin:

Atomic number e50

Atomic mass 118.710

Isotopes

Stable 112, 114-120, 122, 124

Unstable 108-111, 113, 121, 123, 125-127

Melting point, °C 231.9

Boiling point, °C 262.5

Density, g/cm3 7.29

Hardness (Brinell) 3.9

in the earth's crust, % (mass) 0.0004

The production of tin from ores and placers always begins with beneficiation. Methods for enriching tin ores are quite varied. In particular, the gravity method is used, based on the difference in density of the main and accompanying minerals. At the same time, we must not forget that those who accompany them are not always empty breeds. They often contain valuable metals, such as tungsten, titanium, and lanthanides. In such cases, they try to extract all the valuable components from the tin ore.

The composition of the resulting tin concentrate depends on the raw materials, and also on the method by which this concentrate was obtained. tin in it ranges from 40 to 70%. The concentrate is sent to kilns (at 600-700°C), where relatively volatile impurities of arsenic and sulfur are removed from it.

And most of the iron, antimony, bismuth and some other metals are leached with hydrochloric acid after firing. After this is done, all that remains is to separate the tin from the oxygen and silicon. Therefore, the last stage of rough tin production is smelting with coal and fluxes in reverberatory or electric furnaces.

From a physicochemical point of view, this process is similar to the blast furnace process: carbon “takes away” oxygen from tin, and fluxes transform silicon dioxide into slag, which is light compared to metal.

There are still quite a lot of impurities in rough tin: 58%. To obtain grade metal (96.599.9% Sn), fire or, less commonly, electrolytic refining is used. And the tin needed by the semiconductor industry with a purity of almost six nines - 99.99985% Sn - is obtained mainly by the method of zone melting.

Tin is also obtained by reclaiming waste tinplate. In order to get a kilogram of tin, it is not necessary to process a hundredweight of ore; you can do it differently: “peel” 2000 old tin cans.

There is only half a gram of tin per jar. But multiplied by the scale of production, these half-grams turn into tens of tons. The share of “secondary” tin in the industry of capitalist countries is approximately a third of total production. There are about one hundred industrial tin recovery plants operating in our country.

It is almost impossible to remove tin from tinplate by mechanical means, so they use the difference in the chemical properties of iron and tin. Most often, tin is treated with chlorine gas. Iron does not react with it in the absence of moisture. Tin combines with chlorine very easily.

A fuming liquid is formed - tin chloride SnCl4, which is used in the chemical and textile industries or sent to an electrolyzer to obtain metal tin from it. And the “whirlwind” will begin again: they will cover steel sheets with this tin and get tinplate. It will be made into jars, the jars will be filled with food and sealed.

Then they will open them, eat the cans, and throw away the cans. And then they (not all, unfortunately) will again end up in “secondary” tin factories.

Other elements cycle in nature with the participation of plants, microorganisms, etc. The tin cycle is the work of human hands.

Alloys. One third of the tin is used to make solders. Solders are alloys of tin mainly with lead in different proportions depending on the purpose. An alloy containing 62% Sn and 38% Pb is called eutectic and has the lowest melting point among the alloys of the Sn - Pb system.

It is included in compositions used in electronics and electrical engineering. Other lead-tin alloys, such as 30% Sn + 70% Pb, which have a wide solidification range, are used for pipeline soldering and as filler material. Lead-free tin solders are also used.

Alloys of tin with antimony and copper are used as antifriction alloys (babbitt, bronze) in bearing technology for various mechanisms.

Composition and properties of some tin alloys

* Solders containing less than 50% Sn are classified as lead alloys

Many tin alloys are true chemical compounds of element #50 with other metals. When fused, tin interacts with calcium, magnesium, zirconium, titanium, and many rare earth elements. The compounds formed in this case are quite refractory. Thus, zirconium stannide Zr3Sn2 melts only at 1985°C.

And not only the refractoriness of zirconium is to blame here, but also the nature of the alloy, the chemical bond between the substances that form it. Or another example. Magnesium cannot be classified as a refractory metal; 651°C is far from a record melting point. Tin melts at an even lower temperature - 232°C. And their alloy - the Mg2Sn compound - has a melting point of 778°C.

Modern tin-lead alloys contain 90-97% Sn and small additions of copper and antimony to increase hardness and strength.

Connections. Tin forms a variety of chemical compounds, many of which have important industrial applications. In addition to numerous inorganic compounds, the tin atom is capable of forming a chemical bond with carbon, which allows the production of organometallic compounds known as organotin compounds. Aqueous solutions of tin chlorides, sulfates and fluoroborates serve as electrolytes for the precipitation of tin and its alloys.

Tin oxide is used in ceramic glazes; it gives the glaze opacity and serves as a coloring pigment. Tin oxide can also be deposited from solutions as a thin film on various products, which adds strength to glass products (or reduces the weight of vessels while maintaining their strength).

The introduction of zinc stannate and other tin derivatives into plastic and synthetic materials reduces their flammability and prevents the formation of toxic smoke, and this area of ​​application becomes the most important for tin compounds.

A huge amount of organotin compounds are used as stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride, a substance used to make containers, pipelines, transparent roofing material, window frames, gutters, etc. Other organotin compounds are used as agricultural chemicals, for making paints and preserving wood.

The most important connections:

Tin dioxide SnO2 is insoluble in water. In nature, the mineral cassiterite (tin stone). Obtained by oxidation of tin with oxygen. Application: to obtain tin, white pigment for enamels, glasses, glazes.

Tin oxide SnO, black crystals. It oxidizes in air above 400°C and is insoluble in water. Application: black pigment in the production of ruby ​​glass, for the production of tin salts.

Tin hydride SnH2 is obtained in small quantities as an impurity to hydrogen during the decomposition of tin alloys with magnesium by acids (i.e., under the action of hydrogen at the time of release). During storage, it gradually decomposes into free tin and hydrogen.

Tin tetrachloride SnCl4 is a liquid that fumes in air and is soluble in water. Application: mordant for dyeing fabrics, polymerization catalyst.

Tin dichloride SnCl2 is soluble in water. Forms a dihydrate. Application: reducing agent in organic synthesis, mordant for dyeing fabrics, for bleaching petroleum oils.

Tin disulfide SnS2, golden yellow crystals, insoluble. “Gold leaf” - for finishing wood and plaster to look like gold.

Source: https://mirznanii.com/a/189744/olovo-i-ego-osnovnye-splavy

Features of the structure, composition and technology of tin production

Tin has been known to mankind since the 4th millennium BC. e. Moreover, initially it was not tin itself that was used, but its alloy with lead, which gave the metal its name: translated from Sanskrit, tin means “resistant.” However, the metal became widespread later, when it began to be used in the manufacture of tin bronze.

And today the scope of metal is very wide. Therefore, this article will be devoted to the study of the structure, composition for soldering, production of tin, we will tell you what the specific melting and boiling temperature of tin is, and also consider manufacturing technologies and well-known metal manufacturers.

So, let's first find out where tin is found and what its chemical and molecular composition is.

Tin is a light metal - molecular weight is 50. At a normal temperature of +20 C, it is a shiny silver-white metal, fusible and malleable.

In terms of chemical properties, it is an amphoteric element, that is, it exhibits both acidic and basic properties. This is due to its prevalence and form of distribution - scattered.

For the physical properties of tin, its structure matters. Like many metals, a substance can have different modifications that significantly affect its qualities.

• At normal temperatures and above, the β-modification is stable, that is, white tin is the same silvery light metal with excellent malleability and ductility. Its melting point is quite low - +231 C, boiling point - +2270 C. This phase is stable above a temperature of +13.2 C. The β-modification conducts current like a typical metal.
• At temperatures below +13.2 C, the metal transforms into the α-modification - gray tin. It has a cubic crystal lattice similar to a diamond lattice. The substance has a lower density, is not malleable and is a semiconductor. The phase transition between β- and α-tin due to the difference in density causes an increase in volume. In this case, the tin products crumble into powder.

In the old days this phenomenon was called the “tin plague”. The soldiers suffered the most from it, because in the cold, buttons, spoons, and parts of uniforms simply crumbled, and the army lost its combat effectiveness.

• Another phase is isolated - γ-tin, which exists in the temperature range from 161 to 232 C. However, the phase has not received practical application.

Metal tin is not toxic, so the metal can be used in the food industry. Tin vapor and some of its compounds are dangerous. Tin density is 7280 (kg/m3).

Based on special technical literature, we can further tell you about the technology of tin production.

This video will tell you about the composition of tin:

The technology for obtaining tin is directly related to the form of its occurrence. Otherwise, it is not too different from traditional methods for producing non-ferrous metals. The scheme includes the following stages:

• ore processing;
• reduction smelting – production of rough metal;
• refining of rough metal using acceptable methods.

Necessary equipment and materials

• The form of tin presents significant difficulties in its production. It is considered appropriate to process ore containing 0.1% metal. And in placers its content may be even less - 0.01%. Tin is often accompanied by valuable and rare earth metals - W, Zr, Ta, Nb, which makes the processing of low-grade ore more promising.
• The most famous mineral form of the substance is cassiterite - tin oxide. This is actually called not an oxide, but an ore mineral. The oxide forms grains, precipitates and aggregates, in which the grain size can be 3–4 mm. The mineral has a very wide range of colors - from yellow to black. The red stone is called "ruby tin". Clear crystals are extremely rare and highly prized.

Cassiterite is included in minerals as microinclusions, various kinds of precipitates and inclusions.

The most famous deposits are in Russia, Malaysia, Indonesia and China.

• Sulfide compounds - stannines - are the second group of industrial importance. In Russian deposits this form is very common.
• Minerals are being developed that contain hydroxide compounds, as well as silicates and spinels - nigerite, for example.

Receiving raw materials

The method of extraction and obtaining raw materials suitable for smelting depends on the type of deposit. Placer minerals, for example, are easier to develop.

Placer deposits are usually composed of fine-grained sands. They are developed by dredging or using sand pumps.

• Dredging – includes elements of gravity enrichment. A dredge is a mining and processing plant that extracts ore from the bottom of rivers, lakes or artificial reservoirs. At the same time, all other gravity enrichment procedures are carried out - screening, jigging, concentration. Waste is dumped during operation.
• When using sand pumps , the soil is opened by some mechanical method, and then the sand is washed off with water jets into an artificial reservoir. The ore is then transported by a sand pump to the washing gallery - a system of long washing trays. Since cassiterite is quite heavy, it settles at the bottom. Then the concentrate is collected and served on the enrichment table.

The primary deposit is most often an inclined, less often a vertical adit. The ore is fed to mills and jaw crushers where it is crushed into sand. The ore is then enriched: pyrite and rock tailings are separated using gravity or flotation concentration methods. Sulfide ores are annealed or leached - this is how lead, gold, and copper are captured. Since the ore of the primary deposit is poorer, after roasting, gravity enrichment is again carried out.

In general, alluvial deposits produce cassiterite concentrate with a metal share of 70–76%, and primary deposits – 18–60%.

This video will tell you about tin mining:

The ore that is already enriched goes to the non-ferrous metal smelting plant. If necessary, the enrichment process is repeated, for example, by sublimation of tin. The ore is then crushed into powder and washed using special devices. In this way, ore concentrate is obtained.

The concentrate must be fired to remove arsenic and tungsten. To extract tungsten, sintering with soda can be performed.

Reduction smelting

For reduction, that is, obtaining metal from oxide, smelting with carbon-containing compounds is used. Two types of devices are used as equipment.

• Mine tin smelting – the oxide is reduced by charcoal, which is loaded layer by layer along with cassiterite. When heated, the metal is restored.
• Reverberatory furnaces - here the ore is fed along with coal and limestone.

In both cases, the resulting slags are too “rich” - containing up to 25% of the substance, so they are subjected to secondary smelting at a higher temperature and with new portions of coal. As a result, rough tin with a large proportion of iron is smelted - ferrous furnace coating.

Refining

Raw tin contains too many impurities, often valuable ones, so refining is an almost obligatory production step. Usually they resort to 2 methods.

• Thermal - the substance is placed in a steel hemispherical boiler, where it is heated to 300 C. To remove foreign impurities, various ingredients are added step by step: for example, lead is extracted by adding tin chloride, arsenic and antimony are fused with aluminum, iron and copper are removed with coal and sulfur. As a result of thermal refining, a metal containing up to 99.95% of the substance is obtained.
• Electrolytic refining is carried out in an electrolysis bath at a temperature of 35C. A solution containing 8% sulfuric acid, 3% stannous salt and 4% cresol and phenolsulfonic acid is used as an electrolyte. The purity of the metal reaches 99.995%.

Next we will talk about tin production plants in Russia and the world.

Tin production is not developing at such a rapid pace as it should, taking into account the severe shortage of metal on the market. There are several reasons for this:

• most of the deposits - more than 55% - are developed using the mining method, which increases the cost of ore extraction;
• reserves of known large deposits are being exhausted - in Peru, for example;
• severe environmental restrictions, which, for example, significantly affect ore mining in Indonesia;

Most new deposits are small, with limited resources.

As a result, the ranking of manufacturers has not changed for almost a decade.

• China remains the main supplier of tin to the metals market, in particular, Yunnan Tin Co, as well as Yunnan Chengfeng Nonferrous Metals Co and Gejiu Zili Mining & Smelting Co.
• Indonesia is represented by PT Timah - it is responsible for the production of almost 25% of tin.
• Third place is occupied by Malaysia - Malaysia Smelting Corp and Peru - Minsur.
• Thailand Smelting & Refining Co. is also known. from Thailand, and the Belgian company Metallo Chimique.

In Russia, tin mining declined during the post-Soviet period. Today, the largest enterprises include OJSC NOK - the Novosibirsk Tin Plant, which produces up to 11 thousand tons of metal per year. Considering that Russia's deposits are considered the richest in the world, this state of affairs is depressing.

Tin is a metal of considerable economic importance. Production is a difficult process and not the cheapest, since the metal content in the ore is low. However, modern technology compensates for this shortcoming.

This video will tell you how to make tin sulfur:

Source: http://stroyres.net/metallicheskie/vidyi/tsvetnyie/olovo/sostav-i-tehnologiya-proizvodstva.html

Tin. Production and Application

Tin is a chemical element, its atomic number in the periodic table is 50. It is a shiny white metal that is at the same time heavy, ductile and soft.

Man learned to use this metal quite a long time ago; it is widely used in industry. The alloy of tin with copper and bronze has not lost its popularity.

This metal is relatively soft and is used as a non-toxic, safe corrosion coating in alloys with other metals or in its pure form.

In industry, it is used in tinplate, which is used for the manufacture of containers. This metal is also used in solders for electronics in pipelines, and is often used as a coating. Thanks to tin, a variety of compounds can be obtained; many of them are applicable in industrial production.

Production

Metal is mined in ores; it is not found there in pure form; it is often accompanied by valuable metals. The ore is roasted and thus the sulfur is removed, treated with chlorine and other solutions in order to obtain a purer metal. The metal is smelted in shaft furnaces.

Shaft tin furnaces have been used since ancient times, they burn charcoal, which serves as a special reducing agent, and it is loaded in layers.

Coal is also used, but it is only applicable in reverberatory furnaces, where the ore is mixed with limestone and anthracite. As a result, slags rich in tin are formed, they are subjected to melting, the melting point is even higher.

After this, a metal with a high iron content is obtained. If pure tin is needed, it is cleaned of iron.

Tin

Humanity used this soft metal in their everyday life long before steel was produced. When was tin discovered? The first mention of tin dates back to 4000 BC. Today this element is still in demand, although from the point of view of being found in nature it is considered quite rare. It is used both in its pure form and in alloys with copper, i.e. in the form of bronze.

Tin mining methods

Tin can be found in tin ores, which are enriched using a variety of methods. In ancient times, such raw materials were simply washed to obtain tin concentrate (Sn content - 40-70%).

Next, the concentrate was fired in furnaces to remove volatile impurities, and then leached with hydrochloric acid to remove iron, bismuth and other metals. The resulting crude tin still contained about 7-8% impurities.

To obtain high-grade metal with a Sn content of 96.5-99.9%, electrolytic or fire refining is used. If the task is to obtain Sn with a purity of 99.99985%, zone melting technology is used.

However, nowadays, humanity is increasingly extracting tin in a different way: by melting down old tin cans, where Sn is applied to the tin in a thin layer. In this case, the material is treated with chlorine gas, which makes it possible to obtain tin chloride SnCl4. Further, its subsequent processing in an electrolyzer makes it possible to obtain metallic tin.

Tin: physical and chemical properties

There are two types of tin crystal lattice:

• cubic diamond type (gray tin) – up to 13.2°C
• tetragonal (white tin) – above 13.2°C

Sn is characterized by the following properties:

• density – 7.3 g/cm³ (20°C)
• melting point - 231.9°C
• boiling point - 2600°C
• thermal conductivity at 20°C - 65.8 W/(m*K)
• Brinell hardness - 50 MPa
• casting temperature - 260−300°С
• elastic modulus 55 GPa at 0°C and 48 GPa at 100°C

How to distinguish tin from lead? First of all, lead is much heavier and darker than Sn. In this case, the tin rod begins to crunch when deformed.

Source: https://fx-commodities.ru/articles/olovo/

How is tin mined?

Tin is considered one of the first metals that people began to use in everyday life; as a result, the use of tin gave rise to many industries. The question arises: “How is tin mined?” In practice, the process of making tin involves the extraction of tin ore, resulting in the smelting and subsequent refining of the tin.

The annual production of tin is quite small, especially considering that it is quite important for industry. So, on average, about two hundred and fifty tons of tin are mined per year.

Tin ore mining

There are different ways to mine tin ore, it all depends on the type of tin ore, as well as the source from which it will be mined.

Placer deposits of tin ore are the easiest to work with; they are called alluvial. As a rule, in such places of its birth there are granular sands. To develop them, dredging is used, and extraction using sand pumps is also used:

1. Dredging mining method. With the help of multi-bucket or suction dredges, tin placer can be extracted from the bottom of reservoirs.
2. Development of tin deposits using sand pumps. The first step is to open the deposit mechanically, after which, using powerful jets of water, the ore is crushed, which falls into a special storage pond, and from there, using a submersible sand pump, I raise the suspension to the surface, which then enters the washing gallery.

Refining of extracted material

The purity of the resulting tin will depend on the quality of the original ore, but in most cases refining is necessary. Refining is performed using two methods:

• Thermal refining is performed in special boilers, the temperature in which reaches 300 degrees. After adding coal and sulfur to the resulting melt, remove iron and copper.
• Electrolytic refining - this method was invented for the refining of Bolivian ores. Which are characterized by a high degree of pollution. The operating temperature is 35 degrees, refining is carried out in special electrolysis baths with auxiliary equipment. The result is tin, the purity of which is higher than that obtained from thermal refining.
• For semiconductor technology, additional cleaning is performed using the zone melting method.

We hope that you understand how tin is mined nowadays, but if you still have questions, ask them in the comments, we will be happy to answer every question.

Source: https://olovok.com/kak-dobyivayut-olovo/

Tin. Tin in the human body. Tin poisoning - In the moment

If you suddenly begin to experience a metallic taste in your mouth, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, along with headaches and dizziness, keep in mind that these signs most often indicate an oversaturation of your body with tin.

If, after your tests, this assumption is confirmed, then you will need appropriate treatment.

What kind of element is this - tin? And how does it affect our body?

The role and significance of tin

Tin as a metal is not toxic, therefore it is widely used in the food industry.

But as for the need for tin for the human body, this question remains open, since the vital necessity of this element has not been reliably established.

To date, it is only known that tin enhances growth processes and affects the activity of flavin enzymes involved in some redox reactions in the body; present in the gastric enzyme gastrin; promotes proper skeletal development.

The effect of tin on the immune system is ambiguous. It can either strengthen the immune system or weaken it for unknown reasons. Therefore, you cannot take tin preparations without prescriptions. And a doctor should prescribe them only after a preliminary determination of its amount in the body, based on the results of special tests.

Tin is present in the human body in the form of fat-soluble salts in concentrations from 0.5 to 4 μg/g. Most of it is found in bones (0.8 mcg/g). In the small intestine, kidneys and heart, tin is only 0.1 μg/g.

Where is tin found, tin in foods

Tin enters our body along with water, air in industrial cities, and food.

Moreover, tin can be present in food for several reasons - from plants growing on soil treated with fungicides and pesticides, from dishes and from plastic packaging, foil and cans.

Tin is also found in fluoride-containing toothpastes.

In fresh vegetables and milk, tin concentrations are insignificant - no more than 1 μg/g. This element is also present in sunflower seeds, beets, and potatoes. Green peas, both fresh and frozen, already contain 15.2 µg/g, corn – 28.9, and pistachio nuts – 35 µg/g of tin.

Whereas in fatty fish (cod and other species) and in fats in general, as well as in the tongue of cattle, the tin content can reach up to 130 μg/g.

Daily requirement for tin

During the day, up to 50 µg/g of tin enters the body of an adult from water, air and food, of which only 3 to 10 percent is absorbed in the stomach and intestines.

And since the optimal intake is 2-10 μg/g of tin during the day, there is no need for additional intake.

Tin shortage

A reduced tin content in the body is possible when it is consumed in an amount of less than 1 mg per day. But in our industrial age this is almost impossible.

Despite the fact that the vital necessity of tin for humans has not been established, the consequences of a lack of this element in the body of animals, identified experimentally, are known.

In animals, tin deficiency is accompanied by hearing impairment, disruption of the mineral composition of internal organs, and slower weight gain and growth.

Excess tin

Tin is not a particularly toxic metal, but a dose of 2 grams of tin is toxic for humans, but there is no data on the size of the lethal dose.

Although in general there is much more information about an excess of tin in the body than about a deficiency.

Excess tin accumulates in the muscles, skeleton, kidneys and liver.

If this happens for a long time, liver failure, anemia, and lung disease caused by inorganic dust – staniosis – develop. In the most difficult cases, the nervous system is affected.

Workers at factories producing linoleum, plastics, and fertilizers (pesticides and fungids) are at risk.

These enterprises widely use tin salts, the greatest toxicity of which is observed in the melt at temperatures above 600°C.

Such exposure to tin dust on the lungs for a long time (15-20 years) usually causes a lung disease such as pneumoconiosis in workers of these industries.

Under normal conditions of storage and use of tin, harmful impurities are not released in toxic doses.

Excess tin in the body can also be caused by dust and exhaust fumes from car tires. Accordingly, people living along highways not only have to inhale such polluted air, but also usually eat food grown nearby.

Tin pollution is quite common in large cities and industrial centers. This fully applies, of course, to Moscow and the Moscow region.

Excess tin in the body is manifested by the following symptoms:

• metallic taste in the mouth;
• constant headaches and dizziness;
• skin irritations;
• visual disturbances;
• changes in the lungs (staniosis);
• liver enlargement;
• abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea;
• loss of appetite;
• hyperglycemia;
• increased blood levels of proteins involved in metabolism (transaminases);
• decreased levels of copper and zinc in the body;
• children become overly excited, with signs of aggression.

How can you get rid of excess tin in the body?

Tin is excreted from the body along with urine and bile.

In case of chronic intoxication with tin and tin compounds, you will need to take hepatoprotectors, enterosorbents and symptomatic agents.

It will be necessary to follow a certain diet and take additional zinc and copper supplements.

Intravenous infusion (chelation therapy) may also be needed.

Hospitalization for specialized treatment is required only in severe cases of acute tin poisoning.

Source: https://vmomentte.ru/olovo-olovo-v-organizme-cheloveka-otravleniya-olovom.html

Where to get tin for soldering - Metalworker's Guide

   Tin (lat. Stannum; denoted by the symbol Sn) is a ductile (crunches when deformed at a fracture), malleable and fusible shiny metal of a silvery-white color, sometimes has a yellow tint.

Tin forms two allotropic modifications: below 13.2 °C, stable α-tin (gray tin) with a cubic diamond-type lattice; above 13.2 °C, stable β-tin (white tin) with a tetragonal crystal lattice.
Tin is used as a safe, non-toxic, corrosion-resistant coating in its pure form or in alloys with other metals.

The main industrial uses of tin are in tinplate (tinned iron) for food containers, in solders for electronics, in household piping, in bearing alloys, and in coatings of tin and its alloys. The most important alloy of tin is bronze (with copper). Another well-known alloy, pewter, is used to make tableware.

About 33% of all mined tin is consumed for these purposes. Up to 60% of tin produced is used in the form of tin alloys with copper, copper and zinc, copper and antimony (bearing alloy, or babbitt), with zinc (packaging foil) and in the form of tin-lead and tin-zinc solders.

   Many collection points are ready to buy tin, but only our company can offer a favorable and fair price in accordance with the current state of the metal market.

The world demand for tin, the price of which is quite high, and its alloys is constantly growing, and tin scrap .

On the other hand, the extraction of primary tin is much more expensive and has a significant negative impact on the environment; in general, tin extraction is currently low.

Against this background, its recycling becomes especially important, especially since companies like ours have appeared that can buy tin at a good price. We have a long history of receiving tin , helping to supply the food, radio and automotive industries.

   VeCo LLC will buy tin. The price is high!

   There are several main grades of produced tin. The difference is due to the content of the main element and the presence of impurities. Accordingly, the scope of application also differs. Tin metal comes in the following grades: OVCh000, OVCh00, 01PCh, O1, O2, O3, O4.

The first two grades have high purity content - 99.99 and 99.94% tin, respectively, and are used in semiconductor technology. O1, O2, O3, O4 are used in the manufacture of tin, solders, kitchen utensils and polishing tin alloys.

Here the metal content ranges from 99.6% to 99.9%

   One of the most common brands is O1PCh. tin metal - 99.91%, the rest is impurities of iron, copper, arsenic, bismuth. It is produced, as a rule, in the form of ingots, rods, and tin sheets.

   We accept tin contained in tin products, tin grade 01ПЧ, pieces of tinplate, tin-containing waste, tin wire, dishes, various tin products. Less common is a piece of tin, which, as a rule, is a waste of various industries.

   With us you can sell scrap tin at a competitive price!

   One of the most common uses of tin is tin solder, used to join materials. Tin for soldering belongs to the so-called soft solders and is widely used in radio electronics, instrument making, mechanical engineering and other areas of industry.

Solders can be pure or with impurities; only pure tin solders are used for soldering food equipment. Thanks to its ductility, tin rolls well into rods and wire of different diameters, which are convenient to use for soldering. Tin solders have high corrosion resistance, mechanical strength and good conductivity.

There are several main brands of solders - POS 90, POS40, POS30. Tin-lead solders of different brands differ in the percentage of tin in them and are designated accordingly.

So POS 30 solder contains 29-31% tin, POS 40 - 39-41% Sn, POS 90 - 89-91% Sn, the rest is lead, and also impurities of antimony, copper, nickel and zinc are present in small quantities. Typically, soldering tin comes in the form of wire wound on a spool.  

   VeCo LLC accepts tin for soldering, brands of tin solders POS 90, POS 40, POS 30 at a high price!

It will be convenient    to hand over tin We have been working for quite a long time; competent specialists have extensive experience in accepting and evaluating alloys.

In addition, we can very accurately determine the percentage composition of the product using a Niton spectrum analyzer. accept tin at competitive rates and regularly adjust them in accordance with the global market.

  The depletion of world reserves makes the reception of tin and its further processing a very important activity.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/gde-vzyat-olovo-dlya-payki/