How much does 1 cube of cast iron weigh - Metals and their processing

Cast iron weight

In this article we will dwell in detail on cast iron pipes, their advantages, and also tell you how to calculate the weight of a cast iron pipe. Cast iron pipes have been actively used in the installation of water supply and sewerage systems both in Russia and abroad for many decades. The diameter of cast iron pipes exists in the range from 65 to 1000 mm.

Today, such products have become popular again, largely due to the new, crack-resistant, nodular cast iron. And now they are in demand almost on a par with polymer ones.

Advantages and disadvantages

Cast iron pipes are a time-tested product. But everything becomes outdated at some point and compared to modern ones they have quite a few disadvantages:

Very heavy weight. The weight of one meter can reach 650 kg; it is impossible to do without special lifting equipment;
Difficulty in installing butt joints. Pipes are even divided into classes based on the type of connection and the pressure they can withstand;
Lack of long pipes due to difficulty in manufacturing;
Frequent manufacturing defects. It is especially important to carefully inspect the interior surface before purchasing.

The undeniable advantages include:

Durability. Can be in operation for more than 100 years;
High strength, immunity to mechanical stress;
No need for fittings. They can easily be laid in an arc of large radius;
Resistance to corrosion and overgrowth from the inside. In addition, the products are coated with a silicate-enamel anti-corrosion coating;
Resistance to low temperatures (up to 60 degrees below zero);
Plastic;
Ease of thermal insulation;
Resistance to changes in hydraulic pressure;
Low cost;
Easy to recycle.

Application area

Cast iron pipes are used, despite their heavy weight, in the construction of water supply and sewerage systems, gas and oil pipelines. The cast iron pipe is suitable for supplying drinking water, for draining atmospheric, waste, domestic and ground water.

When purchasing, you need to pay attention to their appearance. The surface must be smooth, without bumps, dents or stains; the cut should be uniform and fine-grained. When you tap the product, you will hear the same sound. But the most important thing is the absence of cracks; they become the main cause of leakage.

Cast iron pipe weight

In order to determine the weight of a cast iron pipe you need to know:

External volume,
Internal volume,
Wall thickness.

A pipe with a diameter of 80 mm and a wall thickness of 8 mm weighs approximately 13 kg. We take 1 m as the unit of calculation. Pipes exceeding 1000 mm and having a wall thickness of 27 mm weigh at least 620 kg. Products with a diameter of 170 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm weigh about 36 kg. The ton is only 27 m long.

Cast iron products with different characteristics naturally have different weights. Some are listed in the table below.

Please note that weight increases when additional parts are used. Additional elements include sockets, sealing gaskets and fittings. The latter are already included in the kit.

The type of connection also affects the weight. There are three classes of compounds: A, B and LA. The thickness of the walls plays a special role in the weight of the product, so a difference in thickness of 0.6 mm will mean a difference in the weight of one meter of pipe by 1 kg.

As you can see, cast iron products are very heavy and, if additional hydraulic or mechanical pressure is not applied to the pipes, the need for thick walls automatically disappears.

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Why do you need to find the mass of the pipeline?

The basic unit of mass measurement is the weight of one meter of cast iron pipe products. Typically, this indicator is looked for in cases where you plan to purchase products in bulk.

In such cases, pipelines are sold in tons: it does not matter what the weight of one meter of pipe is, because the footage is measured the other way around, based on how many meters are in a ton. If the purchase is made at retail, it does not matter what mass the pipe has.

The key attention is paid to its size. You also need to look for the weight of products to solve the following problems:

to determine the carrying capacity of the machine during transportation;
to find the cost of transportation;
to calculate labor costs for each shift;
to find the lifting capacity of a forklift or crane.

If the calculations are performed incorrectly, an accident may occur when transporting cast iron pipes or while working with them - for example, crane slings will break, hangers will break, beams will bend. You cannot be 100 percent sure of the success of the work without preliminary calculations.

Source: https://vodavdome.website/radiator/chugunnyj/ves-chuguna.html

Specific gravity of steel and cast iron

Various methods are used: a method based on weighing, a pycnometer method, a hydrometer method and others, depending on the state of aggregation of the substance under study, pressure and temperature, as well as the possible conditions of the experiment.

Determination of metal specific gravity

The body under test is first weighed in the air, let its weight be = g1, and then immersed in water.
Due to the loss in weight of the object (according to Archimedes' law), the scale pan to which the body is suspended rises. To bring the scales to the equilibrium position, it is necessary to put some weight - g2. Body specific gravity = g1 : g2

The body under test can have any shape, but it must not be too small (so that, in comparison with its weight, the weight of the thread used for hanging can be neglected).

Example: A piece of high-speed steel weighs g1 = 450 g Additional weight g2 = 55 g

Specific gravity ϒ = g1/g2 = 450/55 = 8.3 g/cm3

Cast iron has become quite widespread. Like other metals, it has a fairly large number of physical and mechanical properties, among which specific gravity can be noted. This indicator is often taken from technical literature in the production of a wide variety of products.

Definition and characteristics of density

Density is a physical quantity that determines the ratio of mass to volume. Almost all materials are characterized by a similar physical and mechanical indicator. It is worth considering that the corresponding density of aluminum, copper and cast iron differ significantly.

The considered physical and mechanical quality determines:

Some physical and mechanical properties. In most cases, an increase in density is associated with a decrease in the grain structure. The smaller the distance between individual particles, the stronger the bond formed between them, the hardness increases and the ductility decreases.
As the distance between particles decreases, their number and weight of the material increase. Therefore, when creating cars, airplanes and other equipment, a material is selected that is lightweight and sufficiently durable. For example, the density of aluminum kg m3 is about 2,700, while the density of metal kg m3 is more than twice that.

There are special tables of metal density , which indicate the indicator in question for steel and non-ferrous alloys, as well as cast iron.

Read also: What is the accuracy class of a measuring device

Distribution and use of cast iron

Cast iron came into widespread use many years ago. This is due to the fact that the material is quite simple to produce and has quite attractive performance properties. The following varieties of this material are distinguished:

High-strength: used in the production of products that must have increased strength. A similar structure is obtained by adding magnesium impurities to the composition. It is highly resistant to bending and other impacts not associated with variable loads.
Malleable cast iron: has a structure that is easily forged due to its high ductility. The production process involves annealing.
Half: has a heterogeneous structure , which largely determines the basic mechanical qualities of the material.

The specific gravity largely depends on the production method used, as well as the chemical composition. The properties of cast iron are affected by the following impurities:

When sulfur is added to the composition, the refractoriness decreases and the fluidity value increases.
Phosphorus allows the material to be used for the manufacture of various complex products . It is worth considering that by adding phosphorus to the composition, strength is reduced.
Silicon lowers the melting point and significantly improves casting properties.
Manganese can increase strength and hardness, but adversely affects casting properties.

When considering cast iron, it is worth paying attention to the following information:

Gray cast iron grade SCh10 is the lightest of all produced: 6800 kg/m 3 . As the grade increases, the specific gravity also increases.
The malleable variety of this metal has a value of 7000 kg/m3.
High strength has a value of 7200 km/m 3.

The density of metals, like other materials, is calculated using a special formula. It has a direct bearing on specific gravity. Therefore, these two indicators are often compared with each other.

Features of the table used

In order to calculate the weight of the future product, which will be made from cast iron, you should know its dimensions and density index. Linear dimensions are determined in order to calculate the volume. A calculation method is used to determine the weight of a product in cases where it is not possible to weigh it.

When considering methodological tables, it is worth paying attention to the following points:

All metals are divided into several groups.
For each material, the name and GOST are indicated.
Depending on the melting point, the density value is indicated.
To determine the physical value of specific gravity in kilograms or other changes, conversion of units of change is carried out. For example, if you need to convert grams to kilograms, then multiply the table value by 1000.

Determination of specific gravity is often done in special laboratories. This value is rarely used when carrying out actual calculations during the manufacture of products or the construction of structures.

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Cast iron is one of the most common and well-studied alloys in metallurgy. This material has long been known to man and is easy to manufacture and is used in all sectors of the national economy. At first glance, it does not seem particularly valuable: a hard but brittle metal cannot be used in the same way as steel. But the volume of its smelting is still very significant.

Chemical composition

This metal is an alloy of iron and carbon that contains small amounts of impurities. The percentage of iron reaches levels of more than 90%. Silicon, phosphorus, manganese and sulfur are also present. Carbon - no less than 2.14%. It defines the properties of the entire connection.

The role of carbon

First of all, carbon gives hardness. It is carbon that forms the strength characteristics of the alloy, which is an excellent material for foundry production. But it also reduces ductility and malleability.

Therefore, a hard but brittle metal has a limited range of applications. These are mainly metallurgy, mechanical engineering, automotive manufacturing, production of heavy special equipment, utilities and industrial design.

In cast iron, carbon is present in different forms: as cementite (Fe 3 C), or graphite (lamellar, spherical, flake). Graphite largely determines the properties of this material, which is currently divided into the following types:

Types of cast iron

Depending on the state of carbon in cast iron, there are:

The most common is gray cast iron. It has high strength, low shrinkage, low crystallization temperature, and is easy to process. It produces high-quality housings and parts for mechanical engineering (pistons, cylinders, boiler bodies and shut-off valves). Cast iron parts that work with shock-free loads have also proven themselves well: machine tool beds, various shafts and pulleys. carbon - from 2.4 to 3.8%. Marking - MF.
High-strength cast iron (DC) is produced using special heat treatment and the addition of additives (alloying). The graphite in it has a spherical shape and, when melted, combines with the elements of the iron crystal lattice. This improves mechanical properties, which makes it possible to produce reliable crankshafts, cylinder covers, cast pipes and heating devices. According to its characteristics, this type is close to some grades of steel.
Malleable cast iron is used for the manufacture of artistic products, metal decoration, but mainly for the production of manifolds and the production of parts for agricultural machinery and cars that have to work in difficult conditions. Along with others, it is used in the electrical industry. This alloy is a variety of white.
White cast iron. So named because of the characteristic white color at the fracture sites. Contains about three percent carbon in the form of carbide and cementite. It is fragile and brittle, therefore it is used in the manufacture of parts that are not subject to special loads.
The transitional stage between MF (gray) and BC (white) is half cast iron. It contains graphite and carbide in equal proportions, with a total carbon content of 3.5-4.15%. The material is used in the production of parts operating under friction conditions.

Read also: Tungsten, what kind of material is it?

Properties and characteristics

The density of cast iron ranges from 6800 to 7200 g/cm2. Due to the presence of graphite, it is significantly less than the density of steel - by about 8-10%. Density also depends on the content of magnesium, silicon and carbon.

Modifiers can significantly increase density, which increases the corrosion resistance of the material. This feature is taken into account in the manufacture of sewer pipes, manhole covers, etc.

The specific gravity of cast iron largely depends on the smelting method and the modifiers used. Even in a product (blank), the specific gravity indicators in its upper and lower parts differ by several percent. The content of graphite and the conditions of primary crystallization of the metal are also important. The average value varies from 7.1 to 7.5 g/cm2.

Other characteristics, such as the mass of cast iron in the product and ductility, depend on the production technology. Thermal conductivity remains unchanged - 1200 degrees Celsius.

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Interesting facts about cast iron

Interesting information about cast iron is as follows:

Not found in nature, it is an alloy.
First obtained by the Chinese.
Cast iron coins were in circulation for some time.
The production technology came to Russia through the masters of the Golden Horde.
The British built the cast iron bridge in the 18th century.
The world's main producer is China.
Household items (pans, pots, irons) have been used for many centuries with minor modifications.

Relevance of cast iron

At least one and a half thousand years have passed since the production of the first iron-carbon alloy. It would seem that the latest technologies of scientific and technological progress should have completely supplanted it. But no.

Simple and reliable, cast iron is still indispensable in many areas of human activity. And in some cases it is preferred to new, more “advanced” materials.

A cast iron bathtub can be an indicator of a good financial situation for a middle class representative. The wrought-iron fence of the mansion characterizes the owner not only as a rich man, but also as a person with a certain artistic taste. And the famous Kasli casting is ranked by art historians on a par with the best examples of artistic sculpture.

Source: https://morflot.su/udelnyj-ves-stali-i-chuguna/

Products – Tekhmashholding – group of companies, official website

Cast Iron Specific Gravity Table

Since cast iron is a complex material, it is not possible to independently calculate its specific gravity in the field. These calculations are carried out in special chemical laboratories. However, its average specific gravity is known. This parameter is: for gray cast iron from 6.6 to 7.8 g/cm3, for white cast iron from 7.0 to 7.8 g/cm3. To simplify the calculations, below is a table with the values of such parameters as the weight of cast iron, the specific gravity of cast iron, as well as these values depending on the units of calculation.

Material	Specific gravity (g/cm3)	Weight 1 m3 (kg)
White cast iron	From 7 to 7.8	From 7000 to 7800
Gray cast iron	From 6.6 to 7.8	From 6600 to 7800

Properties of cast iron

carbon in the composition gives the alloy increased hardness, while reducing viscosity and ductility. Carbon can be used in two types: graphite and cementite. Cast irons contain permanent impurities such as manganese, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur, and also, rarely, alloying elements such as nickel, aluminum, chromium, vanadium and others. The melting point of cast iron ranges from 1150 to 1200 degrees Celsius, which is 300 degrees Celsius lower than that of pure iron.

Specific gravity - cast iron

Page 1The specific gravity of cast iron is 7 2, which means the weight of the blank is about 3 25 - 7 2 or 23 kg. This takes at least I1 / minutes of time with great skill in mental calculations. [1]The specific gravity of cast iron is assumed to be 7.25 kg. [3]As the temperature increases, the specific gravity of cast iron decreases. [4] To determine the weight of the casting, you must first calculate its volume (according to the drawing) and multiply it by the specific gravity of the cast iron. [5]The specific gravity of cast iron decreases with increased porosity. [6]The specific gravity of cast iron decreases with increased mountainousness. [7]Specific gravity (f in G/cm3 or kg/m3) and density increase with decreasing amount of graphite, silicon and aluminum content and porosity in cast iron. As temperature increases, the specific gravity of cast iron decreases in accordance with the coefficient of thermal expansion. [8] The highest safe peripheral speed for cast iron flywheels is assumed to be 25 M Icsk. Taking into account the influence of the spokes and considering the specific gravity of cast iron equal to 7 4, determine the maximum tensile stress in the flywheel rim at the indicated peripheral speed. [9] Shortening the length of the piston skirt is a constructive measure. A much more effective measure for reducing the weight of the piston is the use of appropriate materials, mainly special aluminum alloys. The specific gravity of these alloys, as is known, is up to 2-5 times less than the specific gravity of cast iron. [10]Aluminum alloy pistons weigh less than cast iron pistons. The specific gravity of an aluminum alloy (- 2 9 g / cm8) is less than the specific gravity of cast iron ( - 7 3 g / cm3), therefore a piston made of an aluminum alloy, despite its massiveness (for reasons of strength), is 25 - 30% lighter than a cast iron one piston Reducing the weight of the piston, as noted above, reduces the inertia forces and, consequently, the specific pressure on the connecting rod and main journals, wear and friction work, and also reduces the stress in the parts of the crank mechanism. [11] Magnesium introduced into cast iron at temperatures above 110°C evaporates, which can lead to the release of liquid cast iron. In addition, magnesium ignites in air. The specific gravity of magnesium is much less than the specific gravity of cast iron, and therefore it is very difficult to lower magnesium to the bottom of the ladle so that its vapors can penetrate the entire layer of liquid cast iron. During modification, cast iron cools down greatly, which is also undesirable. All these difficulties do not allow us to consider the currently developed magnesium modification process to fully satisfy mass production technology. The difficulties of modifying with magnesium are somewhat reduced if, instead of pure magnesium, alloys with a small content of this element are introduced. Ligatures are used in the production of small castings. [12]Pages: 1www.ngpedia.ru

Specific gravity of steel. Specific heat capacity of steel

Education June 6, 2014 Steel is considered an alloy of iron with other chemical compounds. Among the components included in the composition, carbon is present in an amount of 2.14%. Thanks to its presence, iron alloys acquire their strength. The specific gravity of steel is 75500–77500 N/m³. The alloy may sometimes contain alloying elements. The specific heat capacity of steel at 20 °C is measured at 460 J/(kg*°C), or 110 cal/(kg*°C).

Classification

There are various parameters according to which the material in question is characterized. For example, steel can be used for instrumental or structural purposes. High-speed alloy is considered one of the types of tooling. There are also differences according to the chemical composition. Depending on what elements are present in the alloy, they are divided into alloyed and carbon. A classification based on the level of carbon concentration has also been adopted. So, there are three types of alloys: 1. Low carbon. It contains carbon content up to 0.25%.2. Medium carbon steel. This alloy contains about 0.25-0.6% carbon.3. High carbon steel. This alloy contains about 0.6-2% carbon. Alloy steel is classified in a similar way according to the percentage of alloying elements: 1. Low alloy steel contains up to 4%.2. In a medium-alloyed alloy, up to 11% is present.3. High alloy steel. It contains more than 11%. Steel is produced using various methods and using special technologies. Depending on one or another method, the alloy contains different metallic inclusions. This indicator affects the specific gravity of steel. When classifying alloys according to the amount of impurities, they distinguish: 1. Mixtures of ordinary quality.2. Quality.3. High quality.4. Particularly high quality. There is also a classification according to the structural composition of the material. For example, ferritic, bainitic, austenitic, pearlitic and martensitic alloys are produced. Undoubtedly, the structural composition also affects the specific gravity of steel. Alloys are also divided into two-phase and multiphase. This depends on the presence of phases in the structure. Alloys are also classified according to the nature of solidification and the degree of deoxidation. So, there is calm, semi-calm and boiling steel.

Steel production methods

Cast iron is used as a raw material for making steel. The presence of large amounts of carbon, phosphorus and sulfur in its composition makes it brittle and brittle. To process one material into another, it is necessary to reduce the content of these substances to the desired concentration. At the same time, both the specific gravity of the steel and its properties will change. This or that method of producing alloys involves different ways of oxidizing carbon in cast iron. Most often used: 1. Open hearth method of steel smelting. It should be noted that this option has recently competed poorly with other methods.2. Converter method. Today, most steel products are manufactured using this technology.3. Electrothermal is one of the advanced technological methods for producing steel. As a result, the produced material is of very high quality.

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Density of cast iron and specific gravity in kg: determining the value from the table of metal densities - Machine

17.12.2019

Density of cast iron

By neglecting the relatively small influence of a number of elements in ordinary cast iron, the density of cast iron can be calculated.

where C, S, P are mass fractions of elements,%; Cr—mass fraction of graphite,%; P—porosity, %; 15 Sv; 2.7S; 14.5 (P-0.1) - the amount of iron carbides, manganese sulfides and phosphide eutectic, respectively.

The given formula gives quite satisfactory agreement with experimental data.

In table 1 shows the density of various groups of cast irons.

The highest density is characterized by white cast irons that do not contain free graphite inclusions, and some alloy cast irons (chrome, nickel, chromium-nickel).

Table 1. Density of cast iron

Cast iron groupCast iron gradeStructure

Density, t/m2

White—Perlite, carbides

7,4-7,75

With flake graphite SCh15, SCh18 Ferritic, ferrite-pearlite

6,8-7,2

SCh20-SCh25Pearlite

7,0-7,3

SCh30, SCh35Pearlite

7,2-7,4

High-strength with vermicular or spherical graphiteHF 35-HF 45Ferritic

7,1-7,2

HF 60-HF 80Pearlite

7,2-7,3

HF 100Bainite

7,2-7,35

MalleableKCh 30-6/KCh 37-12Ferritic

7,2-7,24

KCh 45-7/KCh 65-3 Perlite

7,3-7,5

Alloyed Nickel with 34-36% NiAustenitic

7,5-7,7

Nickel with copper type ChN15D7H2 - non-resist -

7,4-7,6

Chrome type ChH28, ChH32—

7,3-7,6

Chrome-nickel—

7,6-7,8

Silicon type C15, C17 Ferritic

6,7-7,0

Cast iron with 12% Mn—

7,1-7,3

Aluminum: with 5-8% Al type ChYu22Sh - chugal -

6,4-6,7

Ferritic
5,6-6,0

In gray cast iron, the density is usually greater, the higher the strength of the cast iron.

High-strength cast iron, all other things being equal (the same content of silicon, pearlite and graphite), is characterized by a higher density than cast iron with flake graphite. However, in many cases this density may actually be lower than that of gray cast irons due to the higher carbon and silicon content or greater ferritization of the matrix.

Austenitic cast irons are also characterized by higher density due to their denser structure, especially when alloyed with nickel and chalk, the density of which is greater than that of iron.

Give examples of inorganic polymers, expand

When alloyed with manganese, the density of austenite decreases slightly. The density of ferritic silicon and aluminum cast irons is even lower.

In all cases, the density of castings is affected by porosity (gas, shrinkage), the value of which usually ranges from 0.5 to 1.2% depending on the composition of the cast iron, the nature of crystallization and technological factors (feed efficiency, wall thickness, etc.

), which, in turn, are determined by the manufacturability of the casting design. The most important are the feeding conditions and the hydrostatic pressure under which the casting hardens.

Therefore, the density in the upper parts of large castings can be 5% less than in the lower parts, and in the center - 10% less than at the periphery.

The density of graphitized cast iron also decreases with increasing casting wall thickness due to an increase in the degree of graphitization and coarsening of graphite:

Wall thickness, mm Density, t/m 3

10	12,5	25	37
7,23	7,14	7,08	7,02

As the rigidity of the shape increases, the pre-shrinkage expansion and, consequently, the shrinkage porosity decreases. Therefore, castings made in metal molds, other things being equal, are denser than castings made in sand molds.

In our design organization you can order a calculation of the density of cast iron based on a technological specification and/or a technological diagram of the production process.
Density is a physical quantity defined as the ratio of the mass of a body to the volume occupied by this body.
Density of cast iron = 7000 - 7300 kg/m3 (under normal conditions).

The density of cast iron can vary depending on environmental conditions (temperature and pressure). For the exact density of cast iron depending on environmental conditions, see the reference literature.

You can calculate density using this online density program.

This page provides basic, basic information about density. The exact density value depends on temperature and pressure. In our design organization you can order a density calculation for any material.

What is the density of cast iron? Link to main publication

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PHYSICS: Density, mass and volume problems - Answers and solutions

Formulas used in physics problems involving density, mass and volume.

Density is equal to the ratio of the mass of a body to its volume. Density is denoted by the Greek letter ρ (rho).

EXAMPLES OF SOLVING PROBLEMS

Problem No. 1. Find the density of milk if 206 g of milk occupy a volume of 200 cm3?

Problem No. 2. Determine the volume of a brick if its mass is 5 kg?

Problem No. 3. Determine the mass of a steel part with a volume of 120 cm3

Problem No. 4. The dimensions of two rectangular tiles are the same. Which of them has the greater mass if one tile is cast iron and the other is steel?

Solution: From the table of density of substances (see at the end of the page) we determine that the density of cast iron ( ρ2 = 7000 kg/m3 ) is less than the density of steel ( ρ1 = 7800 kg/m3 ). Consequently, a unit volume of cast iron contains less mass than a unit volume of steel, since the lower the density of a substance, the less its mass if the volumes of the bodies are the same.

Problem No. 5. Determine the density of chalk if the mass of a piece of it with a volume of 20 cm3 is 48 g. Express this density in kg/m3 and g/cm3.

Answer: The density of chalk is 2.4 g/cm3 , or 2400 kg/m3 .

Problem No. 6. What is the mass of an oak beam with a length of 5 m and a cross-sectional area of 0.04 m2?

ANSWER: 160 kg.

SOLUTION. From the formula for density we obtain m = p • V. Taking into account the fact that the volume of the beam V = S • l, we obtain: m = p • S • l.

We calculate: m = 800 kg/m3 • 0.04 m2 • 5 m = 160 kg.

Problem No. 7. A block whose mass is 21.6 g has dimensions of 4 x 2.5 x 0.8 cm. Determine what substance it is made of.

ANSWER: The bar is made of aluminum.

Task No. 8 (increased difficulty). A hollow copper cube with an edge length a = 6 cm has a mass m = 810 g. What is the thickness of the walls of the cube?

ANSWER: 5 mm.

SOLUTION: Volume of the cube = a3 = 216 cm3 . The volume of the walls VC can be calculated by knowing the mass of the cube mK and the density of copper p : VC = mK / p = 91 cm3 .

Consequently, the volume of the cavity VP = - VC = 125 cm3 . Since 125 cm3 = (5 cm)3 , the cavity is a cube with edge length b = 5 cm .

It follows that the thickness of the walls of the cube is equal to (a - b)/2 = (6 - 5)/2 = 0.5 cm .

Problem No. 9 (Olympiad level). The mass of a test tube with water is 50 g. The mass of the same test tube filled with water, but with a piece of metal weighing 12 g in it is 60.5 g. Determine the density of the metal placed in the test tube.

ANSWER: 8000 kg/m3

SOLUTION: If some of the water from the test tube had not poured out, then in this case the total mass of the test tube, water and a piece of metal in it would be equal to 50 g + 12 g = 62 g. According to the conditions of the problem, the mass of water in a test tube with a piece of metal in it is equal to 60.5 g. Consequently, the mass of water displaced by the metal is equal to 1.5 g, i.e., it is 1/8 of the mass of the piece of metal. Thus, the density of metal is 8 times greater than the density of water.

Problems on density, mass and volume with solutions. Substance density table.

Reference material for “Problems on density, mass and volume“

How, knowing only the mass, calculate the density?

If the volume of a body (substance) is unknown or not explicitly specified in the conditions of the problem, then try to measure, calculate or find out using indirect (additional) data.
If the substance is granular or liquid, then it is usually located in a container, which usually has a standard volume. So, for example, the volume of a barrel is usually 200 liters, the volume of a bucket is 10 liters, the volume of a glass is 200 milliliters (0.2 liters), the volume of a tablespoon is 20 ml, the volume of a teaspoon is 5 ml. It’s easy to guess the volume of three-liter and liter jars from their name.
If the liquid does not occupy the entire container or the container is non-standard, then pour it into another container, the volume of which is known. If there is no suitable container, pour the liquid using a measuring cup (jar, bottle). While scooping out the liquid, simply count the number of such cups and multiply by the volume of the measuring container.
If the body has a simple shape, then calculate its volume using the appropriate geometric formulas. So, for example, if a body has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, then its volume will be equal to the product of the lengths of its edges. That is: V par. = a • b • c , where Vpar. is the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped, and a, b, c are the values of its length, width and height (thickness), respectively.
If the body has a complex geometric shape, then try (conditionally!) to break it into several simple parts, find the volume of each of them separately and then add the resulting values.
If the body cannot be divided into simpler figures (for example, a figurine), then use the Archimedes . Place the body in water and measure the volume of displaced liquid. If the body does not sink, then “drown” it using a thin stick (wire).
If it is problematic to calculate the volume of water displaced by a body, then weigh the spilled water, or find the difference between the initial and remaining mass of water. In this case, the number of kilograms of water will be equal to the number of liters, the number of grams will be equal to the number of milliliters, and the number of tons will be equal to the number of cubic meters.

Lesson summary “Problems on density, mass and volume with solutions .

Next topic: “Tasks on gravity and body weight.”

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Battery weight, size, volume, power and other characteristics of cast iron radiators. | The engineer will tell you how to do it

Despite the fact that the development of the production of heating devices does not stand still, people still continue to use cast iron models, despite some of their shortcomings. And all thanks to the fact that cast iron products have a number of undoubted positive qualities.

Characteristics of cast iron heating radiators

Before purchasing a cast iron radiator, you need to consider its technical characteristics, which will suit the features of your heating system.

Weight of cast iron radiator section

The weight of 1 section of a standard cast iron radiator is 7.5 kilograms.

Thus, the weight of a cast iron battery is:

2 sections will be 15 kilograms.

3 sections will be 22.5 kilograms.

4 sections will be 30 kilograms.

5 sections will be 37.5 kilograms.

6 sections will be 45 kilograms.

7 sections will be 52.5 kilograms.

8 sections will be 60 kilograms.

9 sections will be 67.5 kilograms.

10 sections will be 75 kilograms.

11 sections will be 82.5 kilograms.

12 sections will be 90 kilograms.

13 sections will be 97.5 kilograms.

14 sections will be 105 kilograms.

Cast iron radiator section size

The height of each section of the cast iron radiator is 59 centimeters (590 mm)

Size of 1 section of a standard cast iron radiator: 59 cm height and 10.8 cm width

Thus, the length of a cast iron battery is:

2 sections will be 21.6 cm.

3 sections will be 32.4 cm.

4 sections will be 43.2 cm.

5 sections will be 54 cm.

6 sections will be 64.8 cm.

7 sections will be 75.6 cm.

8 sections will be 86.4 cm.

9 sections will be 97.2 cm.

10 sections will be 108 cm.

11 sections will be 118.8 cm.

12 sections will be 129.6 cm.

13 sections will be 140.4 cm.

14 sections will be 151.2 cm.

Volume of cast iron radiator section

The volume of 1 section of a standard cast iron radiator is 1.5 liters.

Thus, the volume of a cast iron battery is:

2 sections will be 3 liters.

3 sections will be 4.5 liters.

4 sections will be 6 liters.

5 sections will be 7.5 liters.

6 sections will be 9 liters.

7 sections will be 10.5 liters.

8 sections will be 12 liters

9 sections will be 13.5 liters.

10 sections will be 15 liters.

11 sections will be 16.5 liters.

12 sections will be 18 liters.

13 sections will be 19.5 liters.

14 sections will be 21 liters.

Heat dissipation of a cast iron radiator

The power of a cast iron radiator directly depends on the area of its outer surface and lies in the ability to release heat energy at the highest possible coolant temperature. Basically, this value ranges from 80 to 200 watts per section . To calculate the required power, the following formula is used: for 25-30 cubic meters. m. battery power should be 1 kW . If there are several external walls, the power indicator increases.

Dimensions of cast iron radiator

In the Soviet Union, the overall dimensions of cast iron radiators had a certain standard. In one section, the distance between the centers of the coolant supply and discharge pipes ranged from 30 to 50 cm. The width of the section was not standardized and varied among different manufacturers.

Almost all modern batteries also have these standards.
The most popular model among cast iron products is MS-140. (installed in many “Khrushchev” and 9-story buildings of the 60-80s). The distance between the centers of the pipes is 50 cm; battery height 58.8 cm; width 9.3 cm; depth - 14 cm.

The variety of overall battery sizes is explained by the needs of customers.

Manufacturers of cast iron radiators

Most of the Russian market is represented by domestic models. This can be explained by the fact that the cost of transporting cast iron batteries makes up a large part of its final cost. The main manufacturers include:

CHAZ – Cheboksary Aggregate Plant (Russia)
Minsk Heating Equipment Plant (Belarus)
Kiran (Ukraine)
Viadrus (Czech Republic)

Construction of cast iron radiators

Almost all cast iron products are composite, consisting of separate sections connected by nipple bushings. Gray cast iron is used in their manufacture. Paronite gaskets are installed between the individual sections. Horizontally, the flow of water always goes in one direction. Vertically, the current flows through channels, of which there are one or more. Depending on the number of vertical channels, the area and power of the battery increases.

Due to the need to maintain strength and surface area, manufacturers cannot change the weight-to-power ratio much. The large weight of the battery means reinforced fastenings.

But most radiators do not have special structural elements.
Therefore, they are simply hung on special brackets mounted into the wall. It is also possible to install radiators on the floor on special feet. Other characteristics of cast iron radiators

Before purchasing a cast iron battery, you should pay attention to some other parameters:

The highest operating pressure value.
V coolant in one section.
The highest value of the coolant temperature.

These maximum parameters for cast iron radiators are more important than for analogues made of other materials. But at the same time they differ for different types of products. This should be taken into account in order to avoid breakthroughs in the heating system.

Advantages of cast iron heating radiators

Heating appliances made of cast iron are very resistant to aggressive coolant environments. This is explained by the physical parameters of this metal. Cast iron radiators can remain corrosion-free for a very long time, even at elevated temperatures. In addition, virtually no harm is caused to cast iron and various chemicals added to the coolant.

If the device becomes clogged or leaks, they can be easily repaired. Blockages that occur in the radiator can be caused by the properties of the coolant with a high content of Ca and Mg salts.

As a result of deposits on the inner wall of the device, it narrows, which leads to a deterioration in the heating rate and normal heat transfer. A leak in a cast iron battery can occur as a result of wear of the gaskets between the sections.

It is better to eliminate all the problems described above during the summer preventive shutdown of water supply.

The cost of a cast iron battery is approximately equal to the cost of analogues made of aluminum and steel. But at the same time, it is worth noting that cast iron withstands water shocks much better and can withstand pressure surges of about 16 bar.

Cast iron devices can be used at high temperatures and pressures, due to their low coefficient of thermal expansion.

The heat output of the heater is quite high. To achieve the greatest effect from this property, special reflectors should be placed behind the cast iron radiator.

Installation of a cast iron radiator is easy, due to the fact that the radiator sections are connected using a threaded connection and paronite gaskets. The battery is connected to the ends of the pipes in the same way. A special key is used for threading, which can be used to disconnect any section without removing the side ones.

Very long product life of more than 50 years. The only thing is that during this time it is necessary to regularly remove deposits and replace gaskets.

Disadvantages of cast iron radiators

Cast iron products have many positive aspects, but like everything else they have their drawbacks:

It is difficult to install auto systems in cast iron models. room temperature control. This is due to the fact that even after the radiator is completely turned off, it will continue to heat the air due to its inertia of heat transfer.

Due to the large volume of coolant, after turning on the battery, it will take more than 30 minutes to heat it up. Moreover, the room itself will hardly warm up during this period of time.

Very heavy weight compared to analogues made from other materials. The weight of one section is 7.5 kg. And there are 6 or more such sections. Therefore, assistance will be required when carrying and installing a cast iron battery.

All cast iron batteries are represented by products of the same appearance. This is due to the peculiarities of casting cast iron parts. In order to somehow diversify the models, some manufacturers apply a pattern to the outer surface of the radiator. At the same time, the cost of the product increases by more than 10 times.

Cast iron does not withstand water hammer. According to the requirements of GOST 8690-94, a cast iron radiator must withstand short-term pressure of 1.5 MPa.

Source: https://ribler.ru/otoplenie/harakteristiki-chugunnyh-radiatorov-otopleniya-skolko-vesit-odna-sekciya-razmer-pljusy-i-minusy/

Weight of a cast iron radiator: viewed from all sides

How are radiators made?

Since the advent of the first cast iron heating device, little has changed in production technology. All modern radiators are made by casting from cast iron alloy.

Since the shape of the battery changed over time, adjustments were also made to the production process: the radiator began to be manufactured section by section. After casting, finished products are assembled at the factory. Each section is fastened to the next one using threaded nipples.

Therefore, if a leak occurs in the radiator, it most often occurs either at the point where the device is attached to the heating system, or at the threaded joint of individual sections.

The number of sections of radiators may vary, depending on the manufacturer. Cast iron products produced in the Czech Republic are produced in ten sections, radiators from the Lugansk Foundry and Mechanical Plant of the MS140 brand are produced in four and seven sections. Cast iron batteries were very popular in the USSR.

Thin steel radiators, although much lighter, often failed to heat the room, leaked and flooded neighbors. If a cast iron radiator was installed in the room, then such a room was the warmest place in the house. Therefore, having started repairs, Soviet citizens tried to change heating appliances to cast iron ones, obtaining a product that was in short supply.

In many apartments, despite the large selection of modern heating appliances, cast iron radiators, the owners still have a very “warm” relationship with them.

Unlike their metal “brothers,” cast iron radiators had another obvious advantage: they were easy to paint. Every owner of a living space in an apartment building, at least once, has encountered the problem of painting radiators.

Plate and tubular radiators required annual renewal, and painting them was very inconvenient and time-consuming. With cast iron radiators, the painting process was much faster, since they did not have “tricky” shapes and small parts.

From the factory, the heating devices were supplied primed, so you could choose any paint color and paint the surface of the radiator to your own taste.

It was not easy for one person to install a cast iron battery. It wasn't a matter of connection complexity; in order to lift and hold the cast iron radiator, at least the effort of two people was required.

How much do cast iron standard ones weigh?

The common feature that unites them is the material of manufacture, namely cast iron. When we mention cast-iron batteries, the classic cast-iron accordion radiators immediately come to mind, which were installed and still serve well in:

Preschool and school educational institutions;
Medical institutions (hospitals and clinics);
In all residential premises (dormitories, apartments, private houses and cottages);
State and public organizations.

The classic example of an accordion battery can be found everywhere.

The overwhelming majority are the MS-140 or MS-90 model. There were no other mass production models observed in the past period.

To be fair, I note that in past years, the Minsk-110, NM-140, NM-150, R-90, RKSh and others models were produced in small series. Currently, they are not produced, and their scope of application was limited to regions close to the manufacturer.

Famous movie characters had to wear radiators of the MS-140-500 series.

So what is the weight of one section of an old-style cast iron battery? What value does the factory manual contain? And here it is impossible to answer with one number, since the dimensions of the section play a role.

For example, the cast iron battery of the MS-140 series has 2 varieties (center distance):

Accordingly, if we are talking about MS-140-300, then the average weight of one fin of a cast-iron battery is 5.7 kg. And if we are talking about MS-140-500, then one such section will show 7.1 kg on the scales.

Weight depends on the dimensions of the section.

The MS-90 series is also quite common. In comparison with the 140 series, the weight of the old-style cast iron battery section is 6.5 kg at 500 mm.

For models MS-90 and MS-140, the difference lies in the shallower section depth.

Let's summarize : we have determined 3 different weights of the most common series (MS-90 and MS-140) - 6.5 kg, 5.7 kg and 7.1 kg, respectively. Can these values be considered final?

No, and here's why.

Regulatory document regulating the production of cast iron radiators

The existing standard (GOST 8690-94) describes the main parameters and dimensions of manufactured radiators. As for the weight of the sections, this standard contains a specific gravity value of 49.5 kg/kW.

This standard applies to block and cast iron heating radiators intended for use in heating systems with coolant temperatures up to 150 °C (423 K) and excess operating pressure up to 0.9 MPa (9 kgf/cm2).

To dismantle such a monster, it must first be sawed.

In fact, the manufacturer must comply with the specified values, but the weight of a separate section is not regulated by GOST. In practice, this is expressed by the fact that the products of different enterprises differ in weight.

As of the beginning of 2017, I know the products of several enterprises that produce MS-140 radiators, their modifications and products of our own design:

Foundry and Mechanical Plant (Ukraine, Lugansk);
Heating equipment plant (Republic of Belarus, Minsk);
Boiler and radiator plant (Russia, Nizhny Tagil);
"Descartes" (Russia, Novosibirsk);
"Santekhlit" (Russia, Bryansk).

Let's look at the product range and determine how much cast iron batteries from different manufacturers weigh.

Nizhny Tagil

The manufacturer issues a passport for each product indicating the number of sections.

The company produces 4 models from cast iron:

Product	Exact weight of the cast iron section of the radiator, kg
MS-140-M-300	5,40
MS-140-M2-500	6,65
MS-90	5,475
T-90 M	4,575

Manufacturer from Belarus

"Barelief" is a single-channel sectional radiator of modern design.

This manufacturer offers 9 types of cast iron radiators:

Product	Exact weight of the cast iron battery fin, kg
MS-140M	6,7
B-Z-140-300	5,4
2K60P (two-channel sectional)	3,7
2K60	5,1
2KP100-90-500	5,5
1K60P-60x500 (single-channel)	3,84
2KPM-90X500	4,6
2K60P-300	3,7

Santekhlit

The company has been idle since last year, but its products are still sold in stores.

Let's find out how much one rib of a cast iron battery weighs from the manufacturer "Santekhlit" - the former "Lubokhonsky Iron Foundry":

Product	Exact weight, kg
MS-85	4,45
MS-140M	7,1
MS-140-300	6,1
MS-110-300	4,45
MS-110-500	5,6

How much does a cast iron battery/radiator section weigh?

According to the passport: RADIATOR “MS-140 M” SHTAZH.632472.004 PS the weight of the cast iron section of the radiator is 7.2 kg. The rest comes from plugs and connections.

Therefore, to the question: “ How much does a cast iron battery weigh 1 section? “You can safely answer “ a little over 7 kilograms .”

Accordingly, you can find out how much a battery from several sections of the MS-140 radiator weighs:

Weight of cast iron battery of 2 sections: 14.94 kg

Weight of cast iron battery of 3 sections: 22.06 kg

Weight of cast iron battery of 4 sections: 29.18 kg

Weight of cast iron battery of 5 sections: 36.30 kg

Weight of cast iron battery of 6 sections: 43.42 kg

Weight of cast iron battery of 7 sections: 50.54 kg

Cast iron battery of 8 sections weighs: 57.76 kg

Weight of cast iron battery of 9 sections: 64.98 kg

Cast iron battery 10 sections weighs: 72.20 kg

Source: https://isanshop.ru/pechi/ves-chugunnyh-radiatorov-otopleniya.html

Types and brands of cast iron, what the alloy is made of and its density, specific gravity and mass

Weight of cast iron pipe and other parameters: dimensions, diameters, service life, etc.

Despite the fact that the weight of a cast iron pipe is relatively high, and the production of pipes made of high-quality steel and metal polymers is developing rapidly, cast iron is still of great interest for the construction of communications in modern conditions.

Methods for making cast iron pipes

Storage of cast iron pipes in production

In the manufacture of cast iron pipes, various methods are used, including:

sand casting method;
centrifugal and semi-continuous casting method;
de Lavaux centrifugal casting method.

Life time

Cast iron pipes have a very long service life. Most manufacturers claim a period of 80 years. However, there is evidence that sewer pipes made of this material can be used even for up to 100 years! Of course, it is possible to leave them in the system for such a period of time provided that preventive repairs of cast iron pipes are performed.

Undoubtedly, the service life of cast iron pipes gives them first place in terms of durability among pipes made from other materials.

In addition, sewerage systems made of cast iron pipes have the lowest accident rate. Such high performance qualities are explained by the following factors:

cast iron is completely resistant to corrosion, and therefore pipes made of this material are not subject to overgrowth of the walls from the inside;
the anti-corrosion coating does not include slag;
There are no fistulas or seams in cast iron pipes.

Cast iron pipe size

Coatings can extend the service life of pipes

The diameters of cast iron pipes, which are produced in modern production, range from 50 to 1200 mm. The smallest wall thickness of such products is 10 mm. The diameter of the pipe corresponds to its length. The length of the finished pipe can be 2-7 m.

Depending on the production method used, cast iron pipes are divided into types and classes.

According to the connection method, cast iron pipes are produced in 2 types:

bell-shaped - one end of which has a bell, and the other is smooth;
socketless - such pipes are smooth at the ends.

The sizes of cast iron pipes are distinguished using a nominal diameter value equal to the internal diameter of the pipe. So, a cast iron pipe DN 100 has:

internal diameter – 100 mm;
outer diameter – 104 mm.

Internal (Dy) and external (Dout) diameters of the pipe

A large number of cast iron pipes are produced, with nominal diameters from 50 to 400 mm and characterized by high strength. They have smooth edges and are usually 3 meters long.

Detachable pipes are produced in various lengths, ranging from 0.15 to 3.00 m. Experts advise using pipes that comply with the French NF standard.

In the marking used in this case, the first part of the entry indicates the brand, the second indicates compliance with the standard and clarification of the type of cast iron, and the last indicates the nominal diameter and area of use.

Pipe weight

Cast iron pipes that are used to construct internal sewage systems in buildings must comply with GOST 6942-98. The shaped parts used for their mating must also strictly comply with the characteristics specified in this GOST. The ratio of the nominal diameter of the pipe and its weight with a length of 2 m according to GOST “Cast Iron Pipes” is as follows:

with a diameter of 50 mm the weight will be 11 kg,
weight of cast iron pipe 100 mm – 25 kg,
the weight of a cast iron pipe 150 mm is 40 kg.

Some examples of such relationships allow us to visualize the existing variety of cast iron pipes:

If the outer diameter of a cast iron sewer pipe is 80 mm and its wall thickness is 8 mm, then 1 m of such pipe will weigh 13 kg. Therefore, 1 ton of pipes in this case will be 75 m long.
A pipe 1 m long, with a diameter of 170 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm, weighs 36 kg. The length of 1 ton of pipes will be 27 m.
Cast iron pipes, characterized by a large outer diameter (more than 1000 mm), having a wall thickness of 27 mm, weigh from 620 kg.

The weight of the pipe itself and the weight of the parts that are used for connections when installing communications - all this must be taken into account to determine the actual weight of 1 m of pipe.

In connection with the pressure indicator for which they are designed, pipes with socket connections are distinguished into 3 classes - A, B, LA. In this case, the degree of pressure that the pipe can withstand primarily depends on the thickness of its wall.

Class A, cast iron pipe: weight and other parameters

Class B pipe parameters

Parameters of LA class pipes

It is important to take into account that if the outer diameter is the same - 81 mm, but the wall thickness of the cast iron pipe is different, for example, 7.4 mm for one and 8 mm for the other, then the weight of 1 m of such pipes will not be equal.

When making a calculation to determine how much a cast iron pipe weighs, you must remember that the estimated weight of 1 m of pipe may differ significantly from its actual weight. Actual weight may vary depending on various factors, such as atmospheric humidity levels - rain can increase the actual weight of any cast iron pipe by up to 5%. Our article, as well as tables from GOST, will help determine only the approximate weight.

Source: https://vse-o-trubah.ru/massa-chugunnoj-truby.html