What group of metals does titanium belong to?

What group of metals does titanium belong to?

The most significant for the national economy were and remain alloys and metals that combine lightness and strength. Titanium belongs specifically to this category of materials and, in addition, has excellent corrosion resistance.

Titanium is a transition metal of group 4, period 4. Its molecular weight is only 22, which indicates the lightness of the material. At the same time, the substance is characterized by exceptional strength: among all structural materials, titanium has the highest specific strength. The color is silvery white.

The video below will tell you what titanium is:

Titanium is quite common - it ranks 10th in terms of content in the earth's crust. However, it was only possible to isolate truly pure metal in 1875. Before this, the substance was either obtained with impurities, or its compounds were called titanium metal. This confusion led to the use of metal compounds much earlier than the metal itself.

This is due to the peculiarity of the material: the most insignificant impurities significantly affect the properties of the substance, sometimes completely depriving it of its inherent qualities.

Thus, the smallest proportion of other metals deprives titanium of its heat resistance, which is one of its valuable qualities. A small addition of non-metal turns a durable material into brittle and unsuitable for use.

This feature immediately divided the resulting metal into 2 groups: technical and pure.

• The first is used in cases where strength, lightness and corrosion resistance are most needed, since titanium never loses the latter quality.
• High purity material is used where a material is needed that can operate under very high loads and high temperatures, but is also lightweight. This, of course, is aircraft and rocket engineering.

The second special feature of a substance is anisotropy. Some of its physical properties change depending on the application of forces, which must be taken into account during application.

Under normal conditions, the metal is inert and does not corrode either in sea water or in sea or city air. Moreover, it is the most biologically inert substance known, which is why titanium prostheses and implants are widely used in medicine.

At the same time, as the temperature rises, it begins to react with oxygen, nitrogen and even hydrogen, and in liquid form it absorbs gases. This unpleasant feature makes it extremely difficult to obtain the metal itself and to manufacture alloys based on it.

The latter is only possible when using vacuum equipment. The complex production process turned a fairly common element into a very expensive one.

Relationship with other metals

Titanium occupies an intermediate position between two other well-known structural materials - aluminum and iron, or rather, iron alloys. In many respects, the metal is superior to its “competitors”:

• The mechanical strength of titanium is 2 times higher than that of iron and 6 times higher than that of aluminum. At the same time, strength increases with decreasing temperature;
• corrosion resistance is much higher than that of iron and even aluminum;
• At normal temperatures, titanium is inert. However, when increased to 250 C, it begins to absorb hydrogen, which affects the properties. In terms of chemical activity, it is inferior to magnesium, but, alas, superior to iron and aluminum;
• the metal conducts electricity much weaker: its electrical resistivity is 5 times higher than that of iron, 20 times higher than that of aluminum, and 10 times higher than that of magnesium;
• thermal conductivity is also much lower: 3 times less than iron, and 12 times less than aluminum. However, this property causes a very low coefficient of thermal expansion.

Advantages and disadvantages

In fact, titanium has many disadvantages. But the combination of strength and lightness is so in demand that neither the complex manufacturing method nor the need for exceptional purity stops metal consumers.

The undoubted advantages of the substance include:

• low density, which means very low weight;
• exceptional mechanical strength of both titanium metal itself and its alloys. As temperatures increase, titanium alloys outperform all aluminum and magnesium alloys;
• the ratio of strength and density - specific strength - reaches 30–35, which is almost 2 times higher than that of the best structural steels;
• When exposed to air, titanium is coated with a thin layer of oxide, which provides excellent corrosion resistance.

Metal also has a lot of disadvantages:

• Corrosion resistance and inertness only applies to products with an inactive surface. Titanium dust or shavings, for example, self-ignite and burn at a temperature of 400 C;
• A very complex method of obtaining titanium metal provides a very high cost. The material is much more expensive than iron, aluminum or copper;
• the ability to absorb atmospheric gases when the temperature rises requires the use of vacuum equipment when melting and producing alloys, which also significantly increases the cost;
• titanium has poor antifriction properties - it does not work on friction;
• metal and its alloys are prone to hydrogen corrosion, which is difficult to prevent;
• Titanium is difficult to machine. Welding it is also difficult due to the phase transition during heating.

Next, the composition and structure of titanium are considered.

Titanium sheet

Properties and characteristics

The physical properties of a substance are highly dependent on its purity. The reference data describes, of course, pure metal, but the characteristics of technical titanium may differ markedly.

• The density of the metal decreases when heated from 4.41 to 4.25 g/cm3. The phase transition changes the density by only 0.15%.
• The melting point of the metal is 1668 C. The boiling point is 3227 C. Titanium is a refractory substance.
• On average, the tensile strength is 300–450 MPa, but this figure can be increased to 2000 MPa by resorting to hardening and aging, as well as the introduction of additional elements.
• On the HB scale, hardness is 103 and this is not the limit.
• The heat capacity of titanium is low - 0.523 kJ/(kg K).
• Specific electrical resistivity - 42.1·10-6 ohm·cm.
• Titanium is a paramagnet. As the temperature decreases, its magnetic susceptibility decreases.
• Metal in general is characterized by ductility and malleability. However, these properties are strongly influenced by the oxygen and nitrogen in the alloy. Both elements make the material brittle.

The substance is resistant to many acids, including nitric, sulfuric in low concentrations and almost all organic acids with the exception of formic acid. This quality ensures titanium is in demand in the chemical, petrochemical, paper industries, and so on.

Structure and composition

Titanium, although it is a transition metal and has a low electrical resistivity, is still a metal and conducts electric current, which means an ordered structure. When heated to a certain temperature, the structure changes:

• up to 883 C, the α-phase with a density of 4.55 g/m3 is stable. cm. It is distinguished by a dense hexagonal lattice. Oxygen dissolves in this phase with the formation of interstitial solutions and stabilizes the α-modification - it moves the temperature limit;
• above 883 C, the β-phase with a body-centered cubic lattice is stable. Its density is slightly less - 4.22 g / cubic meter. see. This structure is stabilized by hydrogen - when it is dissolved in titanium, interstitial solutions and hydrides are also formed.

This feature makes the metallurgist's work very difficult. When titanium is cooled, the solubility of hydrogen sharply decreases, and hydrogen hydride, the γ-phase, precipitates in the alloy.

It causes cold cracks during welding, so manufacturers have to use extra effort after melting the metal to clean it of hydrogen.

We will tell you below where you can find and how to make titanium.

This video describes titanium as a metal:

Titanium is very common, so there are no difficulties with ores containing the metal, and in fairly large quantities. The starting raw materials are rutile, anatase and brookite - titanium dioxides in various modifications, ilmenite, pyrophanite - compounds with iron, and so on.

But the technology for melting titanium is complex and requires expensive equipment. The extraction methods are somewhat different, since the composition of the ore is different. For example, the scheme for obtaining metal from ilmenite ores looks like this:

• obtaining titanium slag - the rock is loaded into an electric arc furnace along with a reducing agent - anthracite, charcoal and heated to 1650 C. At the same time, iron is separated, which is used to produce cast iron and titanium dioxide in the slag;
• The slag is chlorinated in mine or salt chlorinators. The essence of the process is to convert solid dioxide into gaseous titanium tetrachloride;
• in resistance furnaces in special flasks, the metal is reduced with sodium or magnesium from chloride. As a result, a simple mass is obtained - a titanium sponge. This technical titanium is quite suitable for the manufacture of chemical equipment, for example;
• if a purer metal is required, they resort to refining - in this case, the metal reacts with iodine in order to obtain gaseous iodide, and the latter, under the influence of temperature - 1300–1400 C, and electric current, decomposes, releasing pure titanium. An electric current is supplied through a titanium wire stretched in a retort, onto which a pure substance is deposited.

  How to use a metal lathe

To obtain titanium ingots, titanium sponge is melted in a vacuum furnace to prevent hydrogen and nitrogen from dissolving.

The price of titanium per 1 kg is very high: depending on the degree of purity, the metal costs from $25 to $40 per 1 kg. On the other hand, the body of an acid-resistant stainless steel apparatus will cost 150 rubles. and will last no more than 6 months. Titanium will cost about 600 rubles, but will be used for 10 years. There are many titanium production facilities in Russia.

The influence of the degree of purification on the physical and mechanical properties forces us to consider the use of titanium from this point of view. Thus, technical, that is, not the purest metal, has excellent corrosion resistance, lightness and strength, which determines its use:

• chemical industry - heat exchangers, pipes, housings, pump parts, fittings and so on. The material is indispensable in areas where acid resistance and strength are required;
• transport industry - the substance is used to make vehicles from trains to bicycles. In the first case, the metal provides a smaller mass of compounds, which makes traction more efficient, in the latter it gives lightness and strength, it’s not for nothing that a titanium bicycle frame is considered the best;
• naval affairs - heat exchangers, exhaust mufflers for submarines, valves, propellers, etc. are made from titanium;
• in construction - an excellent material for finishing facades and roofs. Along with strength, the alloy provides another important advantage for architecture - the ability to give products the most bizarre configuration; the alloy's ability to shape is unlimited.

Pure metal is also very resistant to high temperatures and retains its strength. The application is obvious:

• rocket and aircraft manufacturing - the casing is made from it. Engine parts, fastening elements, chassis parts and so on;
• medicine – biological inertness and lightness makes titanium a much more promising material for prosthetics, including heart valves;
• cryogenic technology – titanium is one of the few substances that, with decreasing temperature, only become stronger and do not lose their ductility.

Titanium is a structural material of the highest strength with such lightness and ductility. These unique qualities provide it with an increasingly important role in the national economy.

The video below will tell you where to get titanium for a knife:

Source: http://ooo-asteko.ru/k-kakoy-gruppe-metallov-otnositsya-titan/

Features of titanium and its alloys

Today, titanium ranks 4th in terms of industrial use. However, its active extraction and production begins only in the 40s of the 20th century. Titanium and its alloys have unique characteristics and require more careful consideration in metalworking.

Basic information

Titanium is a silver-colored metal that is included in group 4 of period 4 in the periodic table. According to official data, it ranks 10th in distribution in nature.

Initially, the metal was used in the national economy, but after its super strength and low specific gravity were discovered, titanium and its alloys began to be used in the construction of aircraft, ships, rockets and cars.

History of discovery

Titanium oxide was first discovered in 1791. This discovery was made by W. Gregor (English). He took a sample of ferruginous sand on a Cornwall beach and carried out research on it. As a result of experiments, the scientist isolated an oxide of an unknown metal, which he never gave a name. Another scientist called this element titanium - Martin Heinrich Klaproth (German). In 1825, another researcher, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, was able to isolate a sample of this metal from its oxide.

Production and manufacturing

Due to its prevalence in nature, mining ore containing titanium is not difficult. The most common types of ore that contain this metal are brookite, ilmenite, anatase and rutile. However, further processing of titanium (melting, hardening and aging) is considered expensive. There are several stages in obtaining pure metal from ore:

1. First of all, titanium slag is extracted by heating ilmenite to 1650 degrees.
2. Next, the slag goes through a chlorination process.
3. After this, titanium sponge is produced using resistance furnaces.
4. To obtain pure metal, the final processing step is the refining process.

If you need to obtain titanium ingots, a sponge based on it is melted in a vacuum furnace.
Titanium production. Titanium is one of the strongest metals in the world!

Advantages and disadvantages

Like any other metal, titanium has its strengths and weaknesses. Benefits include:

• light weight;
• corrosion resistance;
• resistance to high temperatures;
• high strength - greater than that of the best steels.

Flaws:

1. Dust and chips remaining after processing titanium workpieces can ignite at a temperature of 400 degrees.
2. This metal is difficult to weld and is practically impossible to cut.
3. The costly method of obtaining metal from ore causes its high cost.

However, despite the existing disadvantages, the material and its alloys are widely used in various industries.

Titanium Products

In construction stores you can find a variety of products made from this metal. It is used to produce wire, tape and foil, rods, and pipes. You can also purchase titanium in solid sheets.

Application area

Due to the advantages that titanium has, it is used in various industries:

• naval affairs;
• construction;
• medicine;
• mechanical engineering;
• shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing;
• chemical industry.

The peculiarities of the use of this metal make it more popular every year. It is actively used in the national economy.

Characteristics and properties

The characteristics of titanium directly depend on the amount of impurities contained in its composition. Physical parameters:

1. Specific strength - 450 MPa.
2. Melting point - 1668 degrees.
3. Boiling point - 3227 degrees.
4. The tensile strength of the alloys is 2000 MPa.
5. The elasticity of titanium is 110.25 GPa.
6. Metal hardness - 103 HB.
7. The yield strength is 380 MPa.

The structure and properties of this metal determine its low electrical conductivity. Under normal conditions, titanium has a high resistance to corrosion processes.

Physical properties of metal

Titanium is a silvery-white metal. It is refractory, slightly heavier than aluminum. However, with slightly more weight, titanium has three times the strength. Amenable to various processing methods. Resistant to moisture and acids. The main properties of titanium have been described above.

Chemical properties of titanium

Under normal conditions, an oxide film forms on the surface of this metal, which protects it from the destructive effects of moisture and acids.
The chemical properties of titanium include its resistance to alkalis and chlorine solutions. Has an oxidation state of +4. It begins to interact with oxygen at a temperature of 600 degrees. Titanium filings may spontaneously ignite when heated. Titan / Titanium. Chemistry made simple

Types of alloys

Titanium alloys can be divided into three large groups:

1. Compounds based on chemical compounds. Representatives of this group have a heat-resistant structure and low density. A decrease in density directly affects a decrease in the weight of the material. Such alloys are used in the manufacture of parts for cars, frames for aircraft and hulls for ships.
2. Heat-resistant alloys with low density. This is an analogue of compounds with nickel, but at a lower price. Depending on the chemical composition, the resistance of the titanium alloy to high temperatures varies.
3. Structural - high-strength connections that are easy to process due to their high ductility. These alloys are used to make parts that are installed in equipment that operates under heavy loads.

When producing titanium alloys, official markings are used that indicate what metals it is combined with.

Properties and applications of titanium alloys

Titanium alloys do not have the main disadvantages of pure metal. When adding third-party materials, its characteristics change. Key properties of titanium alloys:

• resistance to corrosion processes;
• low density;
• high specific strength.

Alloys are also more resistant to high temperatures. Thanks to increased protection against acids and alkalis, alloys based on this material have gained popularity in the chemical industry and medicine. They are used in construction, production of equipment, cars, airplanes, rockets and ships.

Titanium and compounds based on it are common in various industries.
This metal has unique characteristics that set it apart from other materials. Due to the difficulties of obtaining pure metal, its price is quite high. Titanium is the STRONGEST METAL ON EARTH!

Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/titan-i-ego-splavy

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What group of metals does titanium belong to? - a metalworker's guide

Titanium was originally named "gregorite" by British chemist Reverend William Gregor, who discovered it in 1791. Titanium was then independently discovered by the German chemist M. H. Klaproth in 1793. He named it titan after the Titans of Greek mythology - "the embodiment of natural strength." It was not until 1797 that Klaproth discovered that his titanium was an element previously discovered by Gregor.

Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a shiny metal with a silvery color, low density and high strength. It is resistant to corrosion in seawater and chlorine.

The element is found in a number of mineral deposits, mainly rutile and ilmenite, which are widespread in the Earth's crust and lithosphere.

Titanium is used to produce strong light alloys. The metal's two most useful properties are corrosion resistance and its hardness-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed state, this metal is as strong as some steels, but less dense.

Physical properties of metal

It is a strong metal with low density, quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment), shiny and metalloid white. Its relatively high melting point of over 1650 °C (or 3000 °F) makes it useful as a refractory metal. It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity.

On the Mohs scale, the hardness of titanium is 6. According to this indicator, it is slightly inferior to hardened steel and tungsten.

Commercially pure (99.2%) titanium has an ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa, which is similar to common low-grade steel alloys, but titanium is much lighter.

Chemical properties of titanium

Like aluminum and magnesium, titanium and its alloys immediately oxidize when exposed to air. It reacts slowly with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.

Atmospheric passivation gives titanium excellent corrosion resistance almost equivalent to platinum. Titanium is able to resist attack from dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chloride solutions and most organic acids.

Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen, reacting at 800°C (1470°F) to form titanium nitride. Due to their high reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen and some other gases, titanium filaments are used in titanium sublimation pumps as absorbers for these gases. These pumps are inexpensive and reliably produce extremely low pressures in ultra-high vacuum systems.

Common titanium-containing minerals are anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile and titanite (sphene). Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite are of economic importance, but even these are difficult to find in high concentrations.

Titanium is found in meteorites and has been found in the Sun and M-type stars with surface temperatures of 3200°C (5790°F).

Currently known methods for extracting titanium from various ores are labor-intensive and expensive.

Production and manufacturing

Currently, about 50 grades of titanium and titanium alloys have been developed and used. Today, 31 classes of titanium metal and alloys are recognized, of which classes 1–4 are commercially pure (unalloyed).

They differ in tensile strength depending on oxygen content, with class 1 being the most ductile (lowest tensile strength with 0.18% oxygen) and class 4 the least ductile (highest tensile strength with 0.40% oxygen). ).

The remaining classes are alloys, each of which has specific properties:

• plastic;
• strength;
• hardness;
• electrical resistance;
• specific corrosion resistance and their combinations.

In addition to these specifications, titanium alloys are also manufactured to meet aerospace and military specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards and country-specific specifications, as well as end-user requirements for aerospace, military, medical and industrial applications.

A commercially pure flat product (sheet, slab) can be easily formed, but processing must take into account the fact that the metal has a "memory" and a tendency to bounce back. This is especially true for some high-strength alloys.

Titanium is often used to make alloys:

• with aluminum;
• with vanadium;
• with copper (for hardening);
• with iron;
• with manganese;
• with molybdenum and other metals.

Areas of use

Titanium alloys in sheet, plate, rod, wire, and casting form find applications in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright burning particles.

Because titanium alloys have a high tensile strength-to-density ratio, high corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, high crack resistance, and the ability to withstand moderately high temperatures, they are used in aircraft, armor, naval vessels, spacecraft, and missiles.

For these applications, titanium is alloyed with aluminum, zirconium, nickel, vanadium and other elements to produce a variety of components, including critical structural members, firewalls, landing gear, exhaust pipes (helicopters) and hydraulic systems. In fact, about two-thirds of titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames.

Because titanium alloys are resistant to seawater corrosion, they are used for propeller shafts, heat exchanger rigging, etc. These alloys are used in housings and components of ocean surveillance and monitoring devices for science and the military.

Specific alloys are used in oil and gas wells and nickel hydrometallurgy for their high strength. The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to aggressive environments such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in bleaching). Other applications include ultrasonic welding, wave soldering.

Additionally, these alloys are used in automotive applications, especially in automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight, high strength and stiffness are essential.

Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse shafts; cricket, hockey, lacrosse and football helmets, as well as bicycle frames and components.

  The most thermally conductive metal

Due to its durability, titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry (particularly titanium rings). Its inertness makes it a good choice for people with allergies or those who will be wearing jewelry in environments such as swimming pools.

Titanium is also alloyed with gold to produce an alloy that can be sold as 24 karat gold because 1% Ti alloyed is not enough to require a lower grade.

The resulting alloy is approximately the hardness of 14 karat gold and is stronger than pure 24 karat gold.

Precautionary measures

Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses . Whether in powder or metal filing form, it poses a serious fire hazard and, if heated in air, an explosion hazard.

Properties and applications of titanium alloys

Below is an overview of the most commonly found titanium alloys, divided into classes, their properties, advantages and industrial applications.

7th grade

Grade 7 is mechanically and physically equivalent to Grade 2 pure titanium, except for the addition of the intermediate element palladium, making it an alloy. It has excellent weldability and elasticity, the most corrosion resistance of all alloys of this type.

Class 7 is used in chemical processes and manufacturing equipment components.

Grade 11

Class 11 is very similar to Class 1, except for the addition of palladium to improve corrosion resistance, making it an alloy.

Other beneficial properties include optimum ductility, strength, toughness and excellent weldability. This alloy can be used especially in applications where corrosion is a problem:

• chemical treatment;
• production of chlorates;
• desalination;
• marine applications.

Ti 6Al-4V, class 5

Ti 6Al-4V alloy, or grade 5 titanium, is the most commonly used. It accounts for 50% of total titanium consumption worldwide.

Source: https://ssk2121.com/k-kakoy-gruppe-metallov-otnositsya-titan/

Non-ferrous metals - properties, groups, application

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Non-ferrous metals are a special class of stainless metals and alloys that do not contain iron. This includes tin, copper, zinc, nickel, silver, and gold. Metals are called non-ferrous because each of them has a specific color. They are distinguished by their strength and durability, since they form a protective oxide film on their surface and are resistant to negative environmental factors.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 20 types of non-ferrous metals, and today their number already exceeds 70. Non-ferrous metallurgy is engaged in the extraction, enrichment of ores and smelting of such materials. The production method is high-temperature smelting. Behind each product there is a long and painstaking work - metals are machined and go through forging, welding, pressing, stamping, priming and other processes.

Properties

Non-ferrous metals have high thermal and electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, stability in the temperature range and inertness to aggressive environments. Unlike iron, they do not react to moisture and oxygen, dissolve gases when heated (except for intertwined ones) and easily interact with them.

Groups

Scientists divide non-ferrous metals into several groups:

• Heavy. Tin, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, etc. Extracted from sulfide and oxidized polymetallic ores. World production of metals in this category reaches several million tons per year.
• Lungs. Aluminum, titanium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, beryllium, strontium, barium and other elements in this group have the lowest specific gravity among other non-ferrous metals.
• Noble ones. Gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium are among the rare precious metals and are characterized by increased resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
• Small ones. Representatives of the group are mercury, cobalt, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, etc. Mined in small quantities along with heavy metals.
• Refractory. Known as the most wear-resistant metals. These include zirconium, vanadium, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and other elements with high density and melting point.
• Rare earths. Represented by 17 silver-white metals: holmium, thulium, scandium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, lutetium, promethium, etc. They have the same chemical properties.
• Absent-minded. Rubidium, thallium, gallium, indium, scandium, germanium, rhenium, hafnium, selenium, etc. They are not found in nature as individual elements. Extracted from minerals and ores of other metals.
• Radioactive. Uranium, thorium, protactinium, radium, actinium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium and other elements obtained as a result of nuclear reactions. Such metals emit neutrons, protons, alpha and beta particles or gamma quanta.

Application

In recent years, the demand for non-ferrous metals has increased sharply. They influence the development of many industries and are widely used in aircraft and mechanical engineering, radio electronics, rocket and nuclear technology, high technology, as well as in everyday life.

Non-ferrous metals are an irreplaceable raw material in the production of rolled metal, large structures and small products.

You can order non-ferrous metals and alloys on our website. The catalog page presents a wide range of products with detailed descriptions and prices. The cost per 1 kg depends on the type of material and varies from 135 to 2200 rubles. We accept funds to the bank account. Read more about the conditions for purchasing non-ferrous metals in Moscow and Russian regions here.

Source: https://ferrolabs.ru/blog/zvetnye-metally/

Titanium - metal

Titanium is a high-strength metal with many unique properties. Initially it was used in the defense and military industries. The development of various branches of science has led to the wider use of titanium.

Titan in aircraft manufacturing

 In addition to its high strength, titanium is also lightweight. This metal is widely used in aircraft construction. Titanium and its alloys, due to their physical and mechanical properties, are irreplaceable structural materials.

Interesting fact: until the 60s, titanium was mainly used to make gas turbines for aircraft engines. Later, the metal began to be used in the production of parts for aircraft consoles.

Today, titanium is used to make aircraft skins, power elements, engine parts, and more.

Titanium in rocketry and space technology

In outer space, any object is subject to both very low and high temperatures. In addition, there is also radiation and particles that move at high speed.

Materials that can withstand all harsh conditions include steel, platinum, tungsten and titanium. According to a number of indicators, preference is given to the latter metal.

Titanium in shipbuilding

In shipbuilding, titanium and its alloys are used for ship cladding, as well as in the manufacture of pipeline and pump parts.

The low density of titanium makes it possible to increase the maneuverability of ships and at the same time reduce their weight. The high corrosion and erosion resistance of the metal helps to increase the service life (parts do not rust and are not susceptible to damage).

Navigation instruments are also made from titanium, since this metal also has weak magnetic properties.

Titanium in mechanical engineering

Titanium alloys are used in the production of pipes for heat exchange equipment, turbine condensers, and the internal surfaces of chimneys.

Thanks to its high-strength properties, titanium allows you to extend the life of equipment and save on repair work.

Titanium in the oil and gas industry

Pipes made of titanium alloys will help achieve drilling depths of up to 15-20 km. They are highly durable and are not subject to such severe deformation as other metals.

Today, titanium products are successfully used in the development of deep-sea oil and gas fields. Bends, pipes, flanges, adapters, etc. are made from high-strength metal. Plus, the corrosion resistance of titanium to sea water plays a huge role in high-quality operation.

Titanium in the automotive industry

Reducing the weight of parts in the automotive industry helps reduce fuel consumption and thereby reduce the volume of exhaust gases. And here titanium and its alloys come to the rescue. For cars (especially racing cars), springs, valves, bolts, transmission shafts and exhaust systems are made from titanium.

Titanium in construction

Due to its ability to withstand most known negative environmental factors, titanium has also found application in construction. It is used for external cladding of buildings, cladding of columns, as roofing materials, cornices, soffits, fastening devices, etc.

Titanium in medicine

And in medicine, a huge niche has been occupied by products made of titanium and its alloys. This strong, lightweight, hypoallergenic and durable metal is used to produce surgical instruments, prostheses, dental implants, and intraosseous fixators.

Titan in sports

Thanks to the same strength and lightness, titanium is also popular in the production of sports equipment. This metal is used to produce parts for bicycles, golf clubs, ice axes, utensils for tourism and mountaineering, blades for skates, knives for scuba diving, pistols (sports shooting and law enforcement).

Titanium in consumer goods

Titanium is used to make fountain and ballpoint pens, jewelry, watches, dishes and garden utensils, cases for mobile phones, computers, and televisions.

Interesting: bells are made from titanium. They have a beautiful and unusual sound.

Other uses of titanium

Among other things, titanium dioxide has found widespread use. It is used as a white pigment for the production of paints and varnishes. This white powder has high hiding power, i.e. able to cover any color over which it is applied.

When titanium dioxide is applied to the surface of paper, it acquires high printing properties and smoothness.

It is the designation E171 on packages of chewing gum and candies that indicates the presence of titanium dioxide. In addition, this compound is used to color crab sticks, cakes, medicines, creams, gels, shampoos, minced meat, noodles, and to lighten flour and glaze.

Titanium sheet - rolled and sheet titanium VT1-0, VT20, OT4.

Source: http://meta-torg.ru/titan-metall.html

What group of metals does titanium belong to? titanium is a metal. Tungsten Applications - Legitimate Advice

Many people are interested in the slightly mysterious and not fully studied titanium - a metal whose properties are somewhat ambiguous. Metal is both the strongest and most fragile.

The strongest and most fragile metal

It was discovered by two scientists with a difference of 6 years - the Englishman W. Gregor and the German M. Klaproth.

The name titan is associated, on the one hand, with the mythical titans, supernatural and fearless, and on the other hand, with Titania, the queen of fairies.

This is one of the most common materials in nature, but the process of obtaining pure metal is particularly complex.

Properties of titanium

22 chemical element of D. Mendeleev's table Titanium (Ti) belongs to group 4 of period 4.

The color of titanium is silver-white with a pronounced shine. Its glare shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow.

This is one of the refractory metals. It melts at a temperature of +1660 °C (±20°). Titanium is paramagnetic: it is not magnetized in a magnetic field and is not pushed out of it. The metal is characterized by low density and high strength.

But the peculiarity of this material is that even minimal impurities of other chemical elements radically change its properties.

In the presence of an insignificant proportion of other metals, titanium loses its heat resistance, and the minimum of non-metallic substances in its composition makes the alloy brittle.

This feature determines the presence of 2 types of material: pure and technical.

1. Pure titanium is used where a very light substance that can withstand heavy loads and ultra-high temperature ranges is required.
2.  The technical material is used where parameters such as lightness, strength and corrosion resistance are valued.

The substance has the property of anisotropy. This means that the metal can change its physical characteristics based on the force applied. You should pay attention to this feature when planning the use of the material.

Titanium loses strength at the slightest presence of impurities of other metals

Studies of the properties of titanium under normal conditions confirm its inertness.

The substance does not react to elements in the surrounding atmosphere. Changes in parameters begin when the temperature rises to +400°C and above.

Titanium reacts with oxygen, can ignite in nitrogen, and absorbs gases.

These properties make it difficult to obtain a pure substance and its alloys. Titanium production is based on the use of expensive vacuum equipment.

Titanium and competition with other metals

This metal is constantly compared to aluminum and iron alloys. Many chemical properties of titanium are significantly better than those of competitors:

1. In terms of mechanical strength, titanium is 2 times greater than iron, and aluminum 6 times.
   Its strength increases with decreasing temperature, which is not observed among competitors. The anti-corrosion characteristics of titanium significantly exceed those of other metals.
2. At ambient temperatures the metal is completely inert. But when the temperature rises above +200°C, the substance begins to absorb hydrogen, changing its characteristics.
3. At higher temperatures, titanium reacts with other chemical elements. It has a high specific strength, which is 2 times higher than the properties of the best iron alloys.
4. The anti-corrosion properties of titanium significantly exceed those of aluminum and stainless steel.
5. The substance does not conduct electricity well. Titanium has an electrical resistivity 5 times higher than that of iron, 20 times higher than that of aluminum, and 10 times higher than magnesium.
6. Titanium is characterized by low thermal conductivity, this is due to its low coefficient of thermal expansion. It is 3 times less than that of iron, and 12 times less than that of aluminum.

How is titanium obtained?

The material ranks 10th in distribution in nature. There are about 70 minerals containing titanium in the form of titanic acid or titanium dioxide. The most common of them and containing a high percentage of metal derivatives are:

• ilmenite;
• rutile;
• anatase;
• perovskite;
• brookite.

The main deposits of titanium ores are located in the USA, Great Britain, Japan, large deposits have been discovered in Russia, Ukraine, Canada, France, Spain, and Belgium.

Titanium mining is an expensive and labor-intensive process

Extracting metal from them is very expensive. Scientists have developed 4 methods for producing titanium, each of which is functional and effectively used in industry:

1. Magnesium-thermal method. The extracted raw materials containing titanium impurities are processed and titanium dioxide is obtained. This substance is subjected to chlorination in mine or salt chlorinators at elevated temperatures. The process is very slow and is carried out in the presence of a carbon catalyst. In this case, solid dioxide is converted into a gaseous substance - titanium tetrachloride. The resulting material is reduced with magnesium or sodium. The alloy formed during the reaction is heated in a vacuum unit to ultra-high temperatures. As a result of the reaction, magnesium and its compounds with chlorine evaporate. At the end of the process, a sponge-like material is obtained. It is melted and high quality titanium is obtained.
2. Calcium hydride method. The ore is subjected to a chemical reaction to produce titanium hydride. The next stage is the separation of the substance into its components. Titanium and hydrogen are released during heating in vacuum units. At the end of the process, calcium oxide is obtained, which is washed with weak acids. The first two methods relate to industrial production. They make it possible to obtain pure titanium in the shortest possible time at relatively low costs.
3. Electrolysis method. Titanium compounds are exposed to high current. Depending on the feedstock, compounds are divided into components: chlorine, oxygen and titanium.
4. Iodide method or refining. Titanium dioxide obtained from minerals is doused with iodine vapor. As a result of the reaction, titanium iodide is formed, which is heated to a high temperature - +1300+1400°C and is exposed to electric current. In this case, the following components are isolated from the source material: iodine and titanium. The metal obtained by this method has no impurities or additives.

Which alloy to choose for prosthetics?

Which alloy to choose for prosthetics?

High-quality prosthetics largely depends on the correct choice of materials and alloys used.

In dental technology, only those materials that meet the requirements of biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance should be used. Only alloys of gold and platinum are not subject to corrosion at all, and therefore do not adversely affect the patient’s health.

Precious metal alloys have good technological characteristics (casting properties, ease of processing, strength, ductility, ability to weld and solder), excellent aesthetic properties: color, shine, light reflection, etc.

), provide the necessary functionality and reliability of the prosthesis for a long time, but they are not affordable for the vast majority of patients.

Metal-free structures (inlays, onlays, ceramic crowns and even removable structures (clasp), which have recently become widely used by dentists, undoubtedly have excellent aesthetic properties, but we should not forget that all plastics, composites and ceramic systems are facing materials and in terms of strength (and prostheses must withstand considerable loads, i.e., fulfill their functional purpose), these materials cannot be compared with metal alloys. Requirements for the physical and mechanical properties of the material - strength, elasticity, wear resistance, etc. - inevitably leads to the choice of metal alloys as the basis (frame) for the prosthesis.

The number of alloys offered is immeasurably diverse; just flip through a dental reference book, in which you can currently find over 1000 alloys.

But medical requirements stipulate that the number of alloys in the human oral cavity should still be limited, in order to minimize potential galvanic effects and possible corrosion, one should strive to use as few alloys as possible in prosthetics.

First of all, it is necessary to state the fact that in world practice in the so-called. developed countries have abandoned the use of alloys with high nickel content.

Nickel-containing alloys may cause allergies in some patients.

Statistical studies conducted in the USA have shown that about 5% of women and less than 1% of men may have allergic reactions. ["Restorative denial materials". Edited by Roben G. Craig, Ph.D. Marcus L. Ward Professor Enierilus. The CVMosby Company. Tenth edition . 1997]. Any pathology, other than allergic reactions, as a result of the use of nickel-containing alloys has not been described in the literature.”

Usually, allergies are observed in persons who have increased sensitivity to other allergens: pollen, wool, penicillin, honey, black caviar, etc. Taking into account all of the above, the orthopedic doctor, before proceeding with prosthetics, must find out from the patient about his tendency to any allergic reactions, and if suspected, refer for additional studies to specialized institutions or use appropriate materials.

In Russia, 99% of all dental castings are made from the cheapest, most convenient (for dental technicians) alloys with a nickel content of at least 20%. (cellite, dental, etc.).

For 60 years, metal alloys based on cobalt and chromium have proven themselves as substitutes for precious metal alloys. Due to their excellent mechanical properties combined with proven biocompatibility, dental alloys with optimized properties are widely used in prosthetics (see Table 1).

Cobalt and chromium alloys behave well in continuous production, have a high elasticity modulus, which guarantees fastening strength (immobility), despite the thin walls of the prosthesis. Cobalt and chromium alloys have an elasticity modulus almost 2 times greater than that of nickel alloys and for aesthetic reasons it is preferable, as it allows you to create an elegant and stable structure with appropriate walls and edges in the interdental space.

Another promising alternative to cobalt-chromium alloys is titanium. Due to the remarkable biocompatibility and incredible stability of titanium, this metal is becoming increasingly widespread, especially in implantology.

What are the advantages of titanium over other dental materials?

• Titanium is 100% biocompatible with bone and oral tissues - there is no metallic taste in the mouth or allergic reactions, which is especially important for patients with allergies, for example, to nickel or chromium.

• Due to its low specific gravity (4 times lighter than gold and 2 times lighter than conventional dental alloys), titanium is the most suitable metal for the manufacture of complex, volumetric structures, such as are necessary, for example, for prosthetics on 4 or more implants in one jaw. The weight of the clasp made of cobalt-chrome alloy is 15-20g. , a clasp of the same size made of titanium weighs half as much.
• Unlike all other dental alloys, titanium is a radiolucent material, which allows you to control the quality of castings (absence of internal pores, microcracks, etc.) before coating and final processing of the product.

• Due to the relatively low thermal conductivity of titanium, crowns made from titanium are the most suitable material when it comes to preserving “living” (without depulpation) teeth - sensitive teeth under titanium crowns are not exposed to hot or cold food.

• Titanium is not subject to corrosion, is durable, has elastic elasticity - an ideal material for making the base of a complete removable denture of the upper jaw. The thickness of the titanium plate is 0.3-0.7 mm, high precision in reproducing the smallest details of the prosthetic field is unattainable for plastic or stamped metal bases. Foreign dental practice confirms significant relief in the patient’s adaptation to the prosthesis, preservation of good diction and taste sensations when eating in patients.

• An important factor is the price - it is not much more than for castings from alloys and an order of magnitude less than for products made from precious metal alloys.

Inlays, onlays, solid and veneered crowns and bridges, clasp dentures and solid bases for complete removable dentures, combined dentures and prosthetics on implants, including the implants themselves - this is the range of applications of titanium, which was not dreamed of 10-20 years ago.

Decisive in choosing an alloy for prosthetics is, of course, the word of an orthopedic doctor - only a doctor can assess the general condition of the patient’s oral cavity and choose the optimal design of the prosthesis, taking into account the cost of work acceptable to the patient. The state of the dental industry as a whole and the availability of possible options for performing work allow you to make the right choice.

Non-precious alloys for ceramic cladding

Alloy	Firm	A country	V %	Vickers	Specific weight, g/cm 3	Coef. linear thermal expansion 10 -6 K -1
Co	Cr	Ni
DENTAL NSA vac	"DINA&WEST"	Russia	23,5	63,2	220	8.1	14,1
Heranium NA	HERAEUS	Germany	24	59,3	185-200	8.3	14,4
Viron 99	BEGO	Germany	22,5	65	180	8.2	14,0
Virobond S	BEGO	Germany	61	26	—	310	8.5	14,2
Heranium R	Heraeus - Kulzer	Germany	59	25	—	320-330	8.8	14.0
Remanium Star	DENTAURUM	Germany	61	25	—	340	8.6	13,8

Titanium

Titanium

DENTAURUM

Germany

Sod. titanium 99.5% Ti ( remaining Fe,O,N,H,C)

200

4.5

9.6

Source: https://textarchive.ru/c-2287864.html

Non-ferrous metals - what are they? Classification and their properties:

All existing metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The first category includes iron and alloys based on it. In the modern world, non-ferrous metals are the most valuable materials used in production. Due to their advantages, they are widely used in those industries where a high degree of resistance to aggressive environmental conditions is extremely important.

Concept

Non-ferrous metals are substances that do not contain iron. They are usually used in the form of alloys. Due to their properties, they are very popular in leading industries: mechanical engineering, rocket, aviation, medical, electronics, instrument making, etc.

Non-ferrous metals are often various types of rolled products intended for subsequent production of products. Contrary to their name, they do not always have bright shades and a sparkling shine. However, all non-ferrous metals are valuable materials.

There is no clear classification; most often they are conditionally divided into the following groups:

• heavy;
• lungs;
• small;
• alloying;
• noble;
• rare.

Each group contains many names of substances that have different costs. For example, at a non-ferrous metal collection point, a kilogram of copper scrap is bought for an average of 300 rubles, and silver - 7-30 thousand rubles (depending on its category).

Extraction and processing

Obtaining valuable substances is a labor-intensive and economically expensive process. Their content in the earth's crust is insignificant and in their pure form they are extremely rare.

After mining, the ore is sent to a non-ferrous metals plant for processing. Despite the complexity of the beneficiation processes and subsequent production of blanks, in a number of properties all types of non-iron materials have no analogues, which explains their popularity.

The method of processing non-ferrous metals depends on the substance from which they are composed. The main technologies include:

• pressing;
• punching;
• rolling;
• drawing;
• forging.

Properties

Non-ferrous metals are substances that have valuable benefits:

• high degree of thermal conductivity;
• low density;
• low melting point;
• corrosion resistance.

Depending on the type of alloy, the values ​​of the indicators differ, however, these properties are very important in the production processes of leading industries.

Heavy non-ferrous metals

This group includes:

• copper,
• lead,
• zinc,
• nickel,
• tin.

Copper is a golden-pink metal with a high ductility rate. Its main property is electrical conductivity, due to which it is used mainly in instrument making and radio electronics. In addition, copper has remarkable corrosion resistance and is easy to process. In combination with zinc it forms brass, and with other elements it forms bronze.

Lead is a toxic, gray metal. Despite its properties, it is extremely in demand in the automotive, weapons and medical industries. Lead has a low melting point (327°C), it is malleable and can be easily rolled into thin sheets. Its compounds are added to fuel to improve the quality characteristics of the latter, but at the same time, during vehicle operation, exhaust gases significantly pollute the environment.

Zinc in its pure form is a blue-white metal. When interacting with air, its surface becomes dull due to the appearance of an oxide film. In terms of volume of use in leading industries, zinc ranks 4th.

Nickel is a silvery-white metal. Plastic, which simplifies the processing process. Is ferromagnetic. Often, nickel is used in the form of alloys with steel, iron, chromium, gold, silver, magnesium, etc. In its pure form, it serves as a material for the manufacture of pipes, sheets, spirals, etc.

Tin is a white or gray metal that darkens as it turns into a powder. It has a low melting point (232°C) and good ductility even when cold. In combination with bismuth and cadmium, tin is used to produce reliable fasteners.

Light non-ferrous metals

Examples of substances belonging to this group:

Aluminum is the leader in mining and production volumes throughout the world. It has high electrical conductivity, which decreases due to the addition of various impurities. Difficult to weld, but easy to process in other ways.

Aluminum alloys are widely used in the aviation, rocket, mechanical engineering, and chemical industries. The characteristics of the material, combined with its low cost, make it one of the most popular.

For example, at a non-ferrous metals collection point, a kilogram of aluminum is bought for 35–90 rubles.

Magnesium is a silvery-white substance. The oxide film of the metal is quite resistant to aggressive environmental influences; its destruction occurs when heated to 600°C. At the same temperature, magnesium burns at an astonishing rate. It is mainly used in the military industry and in the production of pyrotechnic products. In the form of alloys - in the automotive and aviation industries.

Titanium is a very refractory substance with increased strength and resistance to deformation. Its peculiarity is its paramagnetic property. In its pure form it is used for the manufacture of various workpieces, in the form of alloys - for the production of parts and mechanisms of increased strength and wear resistance.

Small non-ferrous metals

These include:

Antimony is a silvery-white metal with a bluish tint. An extremely fragile substance that can be crushed even with your fingers. It is used in the form of alloys, significantly increasing the hardness of the metal connected to it. In addition to industrial use, antimony is also popular in the medical industry - it is effective for treating inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane of the eyes.

Mercury is a metal that has a liquid state of aggregation. It has been used for many years in the medical industry (thermometers) and advanced technologies (position sensors, ion engines).

Cadmium is a white substance with a bright metallic luster. Along with increased hardness, it is easy to cut with a knife. Its properties are similar to mercury and zinc. In its pure form, it is poisonous to any living beings.

Alloying non-ferrous metals

Examples of substances in this group are:

• tungsten,
• molybdenum,
• vanadium,
• cobalt.

Tungsten is a silvery-white metal that resembles platinum in appearance. It is one of the most refractory and dense substances. It is used in the production of cutting tools (including medical ones), ammunition, jewelry, aircraft and missile parts.

Molybdenum is a soft, silvery substance that is not found in nature in its pure form. In terms of strength, it is slightly inferior to tungsten, but is easier to process. It is mainly used in the aviation and missile industries.

Vanadium is a silvery-white metal characterized by high ductility. It is rarely used in its pure form; its main purpose is to increase corrosion resistance and improve the mechanical properties of steel used in the automotive industry.

Cobalt is a silvery substance with a yellowish or bluish tint. Alloys based on it are used for the production of tools and parts of medical equipment.

Noble non-ferrous metals

These include:

Gold is a chemically resistant metal. The oxidation process does not start even when it is molten. Only a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids (“regia vodka”) can dissolve metal. It has high viscous properties and is easy to process. On the non-ferrous metals exchange, gold is highly valued - the price for 1 gram is 2,450 rubles.

Silver is a malleable and ductile metal. It has very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Despite its ductility, it is very refractory. Does not oxidize under the influence of oxygen.

Platinum is valued above all else among jewelers and is used in its pure form. It has excellent anti-corrosion properties and high resistance to any chemicals and deformations. At the collection point for non-ferrous metals, 1 gram of platinum scrap is bought for 1,600 rubles.

Rare non-ferrous metals

Examples of substances included in this group:

Niobium is a gray metal with a bright steely sheen. It has paramagnetic properties and has a very high refractoriness index. Widely used in the aviation industry and radio engineering.

Tantalum is a silver-colored substance with high hardness and density. Despite this, it is easy to process. Used in the metallurgical, chemical and nuclear industries.

Finally

Both ferrous and non-ferrous metals are extremely popular materials. They are widely used in most industries: mechanical engineering, aviation, missile, nuclear, military, construction, medical, metallurgical, jewelry, instrument-making, electrical, chemical, etc. At the same time, non-ferrous metals are valued higher due to their properties.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/339228/tsvetnyie-metallyi---eto-kakie-klassifikatsiya-i-ih-svoystva

Classification of non-ferrous metals

Depending on their physical properties and purpose, they are divided into the following groups:

• Light non-ferrous metals. The list of this group is large: it includes calcium, strontium, cesium, potassium, and lithium. But the most commonly used metals in the metallurgical industry are aluminum, titanium and magnesium.
• Heavy metals are very popular. These are the well-known zinc and tin, copper and lead, as well as nickel.

• Noble metals such as platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, rhodium. Gold and silver are widely used to make jewelry.
• Rare earth metals - selenium and zirconium, germanium and lanthanum, neodymium, terbium, samarium and others.
• Refractory metals - vanadium and tungsten, tantalum and molybdenum, chromium and manganese.
• Minor metals such as bismuth, cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, mercury.
• Alloys – brass and bronze.

Light metals

They are widespread in nature. These metals have low density. They have high chemical activity. They are strong connections. The metallurgy of these metals began to develop in the nineteenth century. They are obtained by electrolysis of molten salts, electrothermy and metallothermy. Light non-ferrous metals, the list of which has many items, are used for the production of alloys.

Aluminum

Refers to light metals. It has a silvery color and a melting point of about seven hundred degrees. In industrial conditions it is used in alloys. It is used wherever metal is needed. Aluminum has low density and high strength. This metal is easy to cut, saw, weld, drill, solder and bend.

Alloys are formed with metals of various properties, such as copper, nickel, magnesium, silicon. They are highly durable and do not rust in adverse weather conditions. Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity.

Magnesium

It belongs to the group of light non-ferrous metals. It has a silver-white color and a film oxide coating. It has a low density and is easy to process. The metal is resistant to flammable substances: gasoline, kerosene, mineral oils, but is susceptible to dissolution in acids. Magnesium is not magnetic. It has low elastic and casting properties and is susceptible to corrosion.

Titanium

This is a light metal. It is not magnetic. It has a silver color with a bluish tint. It has high strength and corrosion resistance. But titanium has low electrical and thermal conductivity. Loses mechanical properties at a temperature of 400 degrees, becomes brittle at 540 degrees.

The mechanical properties of titanium are enhanced in alloys with molybdenum, manganese, aluminum, chromium and others. Depending on the alloying metal, alloys have different strengths, including high-strength ones. Such alloys are used in aircraft construction, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding. They are used to produce rocketry, household appliances and much more.

Heavy metals

Heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is very wide, are obtained from sulfide and oxidized polymetallic ores. Depending on their types, methods for obtaining metals differ in the method and complexity of production, during which the valuable components of the raw material must be completely extracted.

Metals in this group are hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Metals obtained by any method are called rough. They undergo a refining procedure. Only after this can they be used for industrial purposes.

Copper

Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is presented above, are not all used in industry. In this case we are talking about a common heavy metal – copper. It has high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and ductility.

Copper alloys are widely used in industries such as mechanical engineering, and all due to the fact that this heavy metal is well alloyed with others.

Zinc

It also represents non-ferrous metals. The list of names is large. However, not all heavy non-ferrous metals, which include zinc, are used in industry. This metal is fragile. But if you heat it to one hundred and fifty degrees, it will be forged without problems and rolled with ease. Zinc has high anti-corrosion properties, but it is susceptible to destruction when exposed to alkali and acid.

Lead

The list of non-ferrous metals would be incomplete without lead. It is gray in color with a hint of blue. The melting point is three hundred twenty-seven degrees. It is heavy and soft. It is hammer forged well and does not harden. It is poured into various shapes. Resistant to acids: hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, nitric.

Brass

These are alloys of copper and zinc with the addition of manganese, lead, aluminum and other metals. The cost of brass is less than copper, but its strength, toughness and corrosion resistance are higher. Brass has good casting properties. Parts are produced from it by stamping, rolling, drawing, and rolling. This metal is used to make shell casings and much more.

Use of non-ferrous metals

Not only the metals themselves, but also their alloys are called non-ferrous. The exception is the so-called “ferrous metal”: iron and, accordingly, its alloys. In European countries, non-ferrous metals are called non-ferrous metals.

Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is quite large, have found wide application in various industries all over the world, including in Russia, where they are the main specialization. They are produced and mined in all regions of the country.

Light and heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is represented by a wide variety of items, constitute a branch of industry called “Metallurgy”. This concept includes the extraction, enrichment of ores, and smelting of both metals and their alloys.

Currently, the non-ferrous metallurgy industry has become widespread. The quality of non-ferrous metals is very high, they are durable and practical, and are used in the construction industry: they are used to decorate buildings and structures. They are used to produce profile metal, wire, tapes, strips, foil, sheets, and rods of various shapes.

Source: https://steelfactoryrus.com/k-kakoy-gruppe-metallov-otnositsya-titan/